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Rapid development in the field of nanostructured materials has triggered the fabrication of advanced wound dressings to overcome the limitations of current wound therapy. Among these nanomaterials, nanocellulose has gained extensive attention because of its diverse range of structures, ranging from rod-like cellulose nanocrystals to lengthy and entangled cellulose nanofibers, and a unique 3D network of bacterial nanocellulose. In addition, nanocellulose exhibits unique properties and excellent biocompatibility. Recent advances in nanocellulose, particularly nanocellulose composite materials, for advanced wound dressings are discussed in this study. Technological advances, challenges, and prospects of nanocellulose-based advanced wound dressings have been comprehensively explored and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with an oxygen group serves as a reactive site for the pathway of lithium‐ion transport. Reducing the PEO crystal domain in solid electrolytes is an extremely efficient approach for enhancing the mobility of ions. The present study applied various EO/Li molar ratios to modify the physical and electrochemical properties of PEO nanocomposite reinforced by nanocellulose. An elevated lithium salt concentration causes a gradual decline in crystallinity and mechanical strength. The electrochemical performance of the 13 EO/Li molar ratio voltammogram and charge–discharge shows efficient Li‐ion transport with 5.6 × 10−4 S/cm conductivity at room temperature and 131 mA h g−1 initial discharge capacity. The shifting glass transition and melting point at lower temperatures (−40.5 to −44.5°C and 45.3–43.8°C) suggest greater ion mobility throughout the large non‐crystalline structure. Lithium ions are limited by membrane weakening and re‐crystallization caused by high lithium salt (EM_11) concentrations. EM_13 has the highest specific capacity, operating voltage, and lithium transfer number depends on balanced electrochemical performance and physical features. XPS surface chemistry analysis explains LiF, Li2CO3, and Li2O solid electrolyte interfaces (SEI) in EM samples. A lower Li2O (11.62 at.%) than LiF (38.4 at.%) after cycling enhances Li‐ion diffusion and cell reversibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: This study indicated that the CCHC-type zinc finger protein PbrZFP719 involves into self-incompatibility by affecting the levels of reactive oxygen species and cellulose content at the tips of pollen tubes. S-RNase-based self-incompatibility (SI) facilitates cross-pollination and prevents self-pollination, which in turn increases the costs associated with artificial pollination in fruit crops. Self S-RNase exerts its inhibitory effects on pollen tube growth by altering cell structures and components, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and cellulose content. Presently, only a limited number of genes have been implicated in the gametophytic SI. In this study, the CCHC-type zinc finger proteins (ZFP), PbrZFP719, was found to be more highly expressed in pollen grains and pollen tubes than other ZFPs. Experimental over-expression of PbrZFP719 via pollen magnetofection and its knockdown using antisense oligonucleotides demonstrated that PbrZFP719 positively mediates pollen tube growth in pear. Further analyses revealed that variations in PbrZFP719 expression correlate with the changes in ROS levels and cellulose content at the tips of pollen tubes. Notably, PbrZFP719 expression was reduced in pollen tubes treated with self S-RNase. These results suggest that self S-RNase can inhibit pollen tube growth by decreasing ROS levels and cellulose content through the downregulation of PbrZFP719 expression. The information provide insights into a novel mechanism by which self S-RNase inhibits pollen tube growth during SI reaction and offers a refined approach for gene over-expression in pollen tube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UiO–66–NH2(Ti/Zr) modified by Ti metal oxide (TiO2) was used to catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose to prepare 5-HMF. Under the optimal reaction conditions of H2O(NaCl)/THF(1/4 mL), 190 °C, 2 h and 50 mg UNT-3(Ti/Zr) (TiO2 and UiO–66–NH2 with mass of 1.5 and 0.1 g, respectively), the yield of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural reached 59.88%. UiO–66–NH2(Ti/Zr) nanocomposites with different mass ratios were successfully prepared by simple solvent evaporation method. SEM and TEM have shown that the modified UiO–66–NH2(Ti/Zr) are wrapped into sphere by TiO2 densely attached to the surface of UiO–66–NH2, which provides favorable conditions for the uniform dispersion of TiO2 and coordination of the Lewis acidic site of UiO–66–NH2. NH3–TPD results confirmed the existence of super-strong, strong, middle and weak acid sites in UiO–66–NH2(Ti/Zr), and Py-FTIR confirmed the existence of Brønsted and Lewis acids. After four cycles, the yield of 5-HMF and FUR decreased slightly from 59.88 to 51.89% and 9.11 to 7.66%, respectively, and the yield of 5-HMF could still remain above 50%. The results showed that the modified composite treatment of TiO2 with rich Lewis acid/base and UiO–66–NH2 could provide a certain idea for the extensive application of biomass research in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the abundant and naturally accessible cellulose-based adsorbent for organic dye treatment. Mature banana leaf powder (BLP) and activated carbon from banana leaves (AC-BLP) were investigated as ecofriendly and biodegradable methyl blue (MB) dye adsorbents. FTIR, SEM, EDS, and pHpzc studies characterized the BLP and AC-BLP. The highest removal values were obtained with 100 mg/L dye at pH 6.0, 50 min for BLP, and 30 min for AC-BLP, and 300 K. BLP and AC-BLP have 82% and 98% elimination efficiency under optimal conditions. Langmuir, Freundlich, pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order kinetics equations were used to study BLP and AC-BLP equilibrium isotherms and kinetics. Our experimental results fit the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9998 and 0.9993) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9975 and 0.9984) better. The adsorption capacity (qmax) of AC-BLP (386 mg/g) was 4.58 times higher than BLP (84.24 mg/g), according to the Langmuir isotherm model. Both adsorbents absorbed the most MB dye at 300 K. These thermodynamics show that MB dye adsorption for BLP and AC-BLP was spontaneous and exothermic. An ANN model was used to find the correlation between experimental and predicted values. When combined with Global Reactivity Descriptors like HOMO and LUMO analyses, Density Functional theory (DFT) provides a systematic and insightful approach to understanding MB adsorption on cellulose surfaces. Most statistical and computational data validated our experimental results and proved MB removal's superiority on BLP and AC-BLP adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to stave off the growth of electronic waste (e‐waste) that poses a critical environmental dilemma, scientists often look into nature as an unending inspirational pool of materials and chemical processes that ensure functionality, performance and safe dissolution at the end of life cycle. This short review highlights only four organic polymer materials of natural origin (i.e. cellulose, lignin, shellac and silk) from the very large pool of natural (bio)polymeric materials and looks not only into the recent developments at the industrial scale but also into the emerging niche applications of these materials, while highlighting their implementation into electronics and sensor development. This review exemplifies that natural polymeric materials have great potential for the development of eco‐friendly electronics, in other words the class of industrial products that has carefully considered the important issues of biocompatibility, biodegradability (even compostability), cost of production and energy expanded in production (i.e. the carbon footprint). © 2024 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Various agricultural sidestreams have been demonstrated as feedstock to produce cellulose. To the best of our knowledge, there is no research work on the potential of agricultural sidestream from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), a neglected and underutilised crop to produce cellulose fibres. Conventional methods to produce cellulose consume large amounts of chemicals (NaOH) and produce a high amount of effluent waste. Herein, we investigated extrusion pre‐treatment without and with an alkali followed by bleaching as an alternative method to conventional alkaline pre‐treatment followed by bleaching to produce cellulose fibres from cowpea sidestream. RESULTS: Cellulose extracted by extrusion without and with mild alkali followed by bleaching consumed about 20 times less NaOH compared to the conventional method and produced less effluent waste. Extrusion with mild alkali followed by bleaching resulted in higher cellulose yield, purity, and crystallinity compared to extrusion without an alkali followed by bleaching. However, the conventional method resulted in higher cellulose yield, purity and crystallinity compared to extrusion pre‐treatment followed by bleaching. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that micro‐sized cellulose fibres with an average diameter of 10–15 μm were extracted using both methods. Notably, cellulose fibres extracted using extrusion pre‐treatment were shorter than those extracted using the conventional method. CONCLUSION: Extrusion pre‐treatment is a promising continuous alternative to alkaline pre‐treatment to produce micro‐sized cellulose fibres from low‐value, underutilised cowpea lignocellulosic sidestream, for potential use as a filler in composite plastics. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThermo-responsive cellulose-based hydrogels have emerged as a transformative class of biomaterials, offering significant potential in diverse applications. This review provides a systematic examination of the diverse landscape of these hydrogels, categorized by their underlying responsive mechanisms. We explore the inherent thermo-responsiveness of cellulose derivatives, including methylcellulose (MC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and elucidate their unique phase transition behaviors. Furthermore, we delve into cellulose hydrogels functionalized with thermo-responsive side chains, focusing on poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and its synergistic blends. We also highlight the emerging field of multi-responsive cellulose hydrogels, emphasizing their unique capabilities and potential applications across various sectors. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the design, development, and application of these versatile materials, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to harness the potential of thermo-responsive cellulose-based hydrogels in advancing biomaterials, biomedicine, and beyond. This review offers a timely and comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in thermo-responsive cellulose hydrogels, guiding future research and innovation in this exciting field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a facile strategy of filling the O/W emulsions with cellulose particles to prepare edible oleogels was reported. Two preparation processes, particle filling in water phase of emulsion (PFWP) and one pot dispersing (OPD) are adopted. The effect of cellulose particle concentration and water content on the formation and properties of oleogels were evaluated. Results showed that both of the two processes (PFWP and OPD) could form an oleogels, within a wide range of particle concentration (20 wt% – 40 wt%) and water contents (15 wt% – 25 wt%). The formed oleogels have good centrifugal stability, thixotropic recovery properties and thermostability. The storage moduli of the oleogels increased with an increase of cellulose particle concentration, which is associated with the stronger capillary bridges network. Our results provide a fast and simple approach for oil structuring, which should have great potential application in food industry, especially in food bakery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nematic order parameter S is one of the most crucial material parameters of the nematic phase, which governs all of the material's anisotropic properties. The enhancement of its measurement precision has always been a great concern. In this Letter, a weak measurement scheme with a modified shift pointer is presented to achieve an ultrasensitive probe of S or the director's orientational angle θ. Using this scheme, we have demonstrated a real-time monitoring of the orientational process of cellulose nano-crystal molecules in solutions and measured the orientational direction of polymer nanowires. A typical precision on the order of 10 − 3 is achieved in the measurement of S and θ. Compared with the current existing techniques, the present scheme not only offers higher measurement precision but also maintains extreme cost-efficiency, thereby holding significance for the research of orientational materials and devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nHIGHLIGHTSHalophilic bacteria are promising candidates for biofuel production because of their efficient cellulose degradation. Their cellulases exhibit high activity, even in the presence of inhibitors and under extreme conditions, making them ideal for biorefinery applications. In this study, we isolated a strain of Halomonas elongata (Kadal6) from decomposed cotton cloth on a Rameshwaram seashore. Morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA analyses revealed that Kadal6 was 99.93% similar to the cellulase-producing strain, H. elongata MH25661. The tolerance of the cellulase to inhibitors was assessed through molecular docking with a cellulase model of MH25661 generated by I-TASSER and experimentally using response surface methodology (RSM) with Kadal6. A molecular docking study indicated a high inhibition constant for ethanol, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and furfural. Cellulase from H. elongata Kadal6 (CellHe) showed a maximum inhibition rate of 44.27% at 55 °C, 15% ethanol, and 6.5 g/L furfural and HMF. The enzyme retained 50% of its activity in the presence of these inhibitors, and remained unaffected at 1 g/L furfural and HMF, although inhibition occurred at 3 g/L. H. elongata cellulase demonstrated significant tolerance to inhibition both in vitro (RSM) and in silico, indicating its potential for biorefinery applications in harsh environments.Halomonas elongata strain kadal6, isolated from partially decomposed cotton cloth at the seashore of Rameshwaram, shows a strong capacity for the breakdown of cellulose into glucose molecules.The resistance of the isolated strain to inhibition was assessed using response surface methodology and molecular docking analysis.In silico analysis revealed that CellHe possesses favorable industrial traits for biofuel production and showed tolerance to ethanol, HMF, and furfural, which are crucial for efficient cellulose hydrolysis.Cellulase was predicted to have a maximum inhibition rate of 44.27%, that is, cellulase remained approximately 50% active after exposure to inhibitory compounds under harsh conditions.Halomonas elongata strain kadal6, isolated from partially decomposed cotton cloth at the seashore of Rameshwaram, shows a strong capacity for the breakdown of cellulose into glucose molecules.The resistance of the isolated strain to inhibition was assessed using response surface methodology and molecular docking analysis.In silico analysis revealed that CellHe possesses favorable industrial traits for biofuel production and showed tolerance to ethanol, HMF, and furfural, which are crucial for efficient cellulose hydrolysis.Cellulase was predicted to have a maximum inhibition rate of 44.27%, that is, cellulase remained approximately 50% active after exposure to inhibitory compounds under harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milli- and micro-capsules are developed to facilitate the controlled release of diverse active ingredients by passive diffusion or a triggered burst. As applications expand, capsules are required to be increasingly multi-functional, combining benefits like encapsulation, response, release, and even movement. Balancing the increasingly complex demands of capsules is a desire to minimize material usage, requiring efficient structural and chemical design. Designing multifunctional capsules with complex deformation should be possible even after minimizing the material usage through use of sparse fiber networks if the fibers are coated with responsive polymers. Here capsules are created with a shell made from a mesh of nanoscale bacterial cellulose fibers that provide mechanical strength at very low mass levels, while a coating of thermoresponsive Poly(N -isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAM, on the fibers provides control of permeability, elastic response, and temperature response. These properties are varied by grafting different amounts of polymer using particular reaction conditions. The addition of PNIPAM to the cellulose mesh capsule enhances its mechanical properties, enabling it to undergo large deformations and recover once stress is removed. The increased elastic response of the capsule also provides reinforcement against drying-induced capillary stresses, limiting the degree of shrinkage during dehydration. Time-lapse microscopy demonstrates thermoreversible swelling of the capsules in response to temperature change. Cycles of swelling and shrinkage drive solvent convection to and from the capsule interior, allowing exchange of contents and mixing with the bulk fluid on a time scale of seconds. Because the cellulose capsules are produced via emulsion-templated fermentation, the polymer-modified biocapsule concept introduced here presents a pathway toward the sustainable and scalable manufacture of multifunctional responsive capsules.   [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide evidence that when testing cellulose paper modified with copper particles (CuPs), the particle size and the analysis method influence the antimicrobial activity observed by this material. Commercial CuPs of nanometric size (2.7 nm, CuNPs) and micrometric size (2.5 µm, CuMPs) were used to modify cellulose paper sheets. CuPs were incorporated during the pulp disintegration phase (stage 1) of the sheet formation process, according to the ISO 5269-1:2005 standard. Modified paper sheets retained 16% and 14% of CuNPs and CuMPs, respectively. Additionally, CuPs were distributed randomly on the fiber surfaces, often forming aggregates. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the modified paper sheets was evaluated using ISO 20645:2004 and ISO 20743:2013. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity assessed using each standard method is conditioned by the mechanism of action of the CuPs and, therefore, by their size. It was concluded that ISO 20645:2004 is suitable for evaluating the antibacterial effect of paper/CuNPs, as nanoparticles diffuse from the paper and are released into the culture medium. In contrast, ISO 20743:2013 can be used for both CuNP- and CuMP-based paper, as it evaluates the antibacterial effect based on the direct interaction between the copper particle and the bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic concerns the so-far-unknown mechanism of the bubble effect (b.e.) in a large mass of moist cellulose heated with mineral oil. The well-known b.e. occurs in the Hot Spot area, i.e., in the place where the hot metal of the windings is in contact with the insulation paper. The authors first showed that cyclic heating of a windings model causes the drying of both the insulation paper and pressboard, but the paper dries faster. For this reason, the bubble effect inception temperature can be lower in the pressboard than in the paper. Next, the authors showed that the bubble effect in the pressboard is very intense and causes a sudden and very large increase in pressure in the tank. Moreover, if the tank seal is suddenly damaged because of this, the number and volume of bubbles will increase dramatically. Next, the influence of the mass of cellulose to the mass of oil ratio on the pressure increase dynamics was tested. This experiment showed that the greater the mass of cellulose to the mass of oil, the greater the increase in pressure in the test chamber. The authors also determined that the characteristics of the bubble effect initiation temperature in the pressboard samples, depending on their moisture content, ranged from 2.0 to 4.8%. The experiment showed that the b.e. in the pressboard proceeds in the same way as in paper insulation. The research results showed that, in addition to the well-known b.e. in the winding paper in the Hot Spot area, the b.e. can occur in a large mass of pressboard cellulose, which can be much more dangerous for the transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The scoby pellicle of symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast is a by‐product from kombucha fermentation. While a portion is used as starter culture, the remainder is often discarded, yet it can be a valuable source of bacterial cellulose. RESULTS: Scoby from black, green and oolong tea kombucha fermentation was assessed for its hydrocolloid effects in mango jam‐making through evaluation of physicochemical, textural and sensory characteristics. Quality of jam was significantly improved with water activity reduction up to 22.22% to 0.679, moisture content reduction up to 37.06% to 19.92%, and a pH drop up to 5.9% to 3.19 with the use of 20 to 100 g kg−1scoby. In colour analysis, presence of scoby led to a brighter jam due to higher L* values from 30.98 to a range of 31.82 to 40.83. Texture of jam with scoby gave higher gel strength and adhesiveness, with the most prominent effects from the black tea kombucha. Overall acceptability in sensory test scoring was above 70% on a nine‐point hedonic scale with the 40 g kg−1 green tea kombucha scoby jam chosen as the most preferred. CONCLUSION: Scoby gave significant contributions to jam stability, appearance and texture, showing potential as a clean‐label food ingredient. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Rice bran, a by‐product of rice processing, has not been fully utilized except for the small amount used for raising animals. The raw material source requirements of microcrystalline cellulose are becoming increasingly extensive. However, the characteristics of preparing microcrystalline cellulose from rice bran have not been reported, which limits the application of rice bran. RESULTS: Microcrystalline cellulose was obtained from rice bran by alkali treatment, delignification, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. The morphology, particle size distribution, degree of polymerization, crystallinity, and thermal stability of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose were analyzed. The chemical compositions, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared analysis for rice bran microcrystalline cellulose showed that the lignin and hemicellulose were successfully removed from the rice bran fiber matrix. The morphology of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose was shown to be of a short rod‐shaped porous structure with an average diameter of 65.3 μm. The polymerization degree of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose was 150. The X‐ray diffraction pattern of rice bran microcrystalline cellulose showed the characteristic peak of natural cellulose (type I), and its crystallization index was 71%. The rice bran microcrystalline cellulose may be used in biological composites with temperatures between 150 °C and 250 °C. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the feasibility of using rice bran as a low‐price source of microcrystalline cellulose. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cellulose/chitosan IPN hydrogels were prepared via simultaneous dual-click strategy. • The hydrogels exhibited excellent pH and temperature responsiveness. • The hydrogels possessed good cell compatibility and could use for drug-carrier. • The azide–alkyne and amino-anhydride reaction can proceed facilely in water. Herein, an interpenetrating network hydrogel (IPN-Gel) based on cellulose and chitosan was synthesized via simultaneous amino-anhydride and azide–alkyne click reaction in water in one pot. The samples were characterized by various analytical methods including FTIR, SEM, XRD, XPS, 1H NMR and so forth. The fabrication conditions were optimized by single factor experiments with water uptake (WU) and gel mass fraction (GMF) as two indexes. The WU and GMF of the IPN-Gel prepared under optimized conditions were 1192.37 % and 74.00 %, respectively. Its WU descended with the ascension in temperature, and first descended and then gradually ascended with the ascension in pH, confirming that the IPN-Gel had thermal/pH dual responsiveness. Using 5-Fu as a model drug, the release behavior of 5-Fu in IPN-Gel was explored. Its release behavior could be regulated by changing temperature and pH values, and it followed the Korsmeyer Peppas model. The viability of 4 T1 cells and HUVEC cells exceeded 80 % after 48 h of incubation at a high concentration of 200 μg/mL IPN-Gel, and hemolytic percentage was below the allowed limit of 5 %. The study provides a new strategy for the preparation of the IPN-Gel with biocompatibility, swelling reversibility and controllable drug release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the critical examination of prior research on PVDF/cellulose membranes and their applicability in water treatment contexts. Raw water sources are typically laden with contaminants, organic compounds, soil particulates, and humic substances, all of which contribute to membrane fouling. The challenge escalates when membranes lack adequate hydrophilicity, resulting in heightened costs for water treatment, notably in regions with swampy or peaty water sources. Despite the potential of hydrophilic biopolymers like cellulose as a solution, their complex and crystalline structure poses handling difficulties. This review aims to deepen our understanding of the significant potential of PVDF/cellulose membranes as sustainable and effective solutions for water treatment. These membranes showcase promising attributes such as high water flux and straightforward production processes. Our goal is to promote the broader utilization of this widely available biopolymer to enhance the performance and sustainability of PVDF membrane filtration in water treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to enhance fibre-matrix adhesion in bio-based fibre-reinforced polyolefins without using adhesion promoters. The primary focus is to establish a cross-linking mechanism between cellulose fibres and polyethylene by applying UV irradiation to a UV-transparent matrix and UV-absorbing fibres. The influence of UV treatment on the composite properties is evaluated by tensile, interfacial and interlaminar shear strength tests. The UV irradiation decreases the critical fragment length in single fibre fragmentation tests, indicating an improved fibre-matrix adhesion. The UV-irradiated composites’ tensile strength and Young’s modulus are found to be ~10% (for 3- and 8-minute irradiation) and ~50% (for 8-minute irradiation), respectively, higher than those of the untreated samples. Furthermore, the UV irradiation leads to an improvement in the interlaminar shear strength by 25%. The variation of the UV-irradiation time (3 min and 8 min) and the comparison of the properties of semi-finished composite sheets and composites also reveal chemical and physical changes in the regenerated cellulose fibres due to heat adsorption. The proposed mechanism of interfacial crosslinking is confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The results suggest an approach to overcome poor compatibility between hydrophobic polyolefin matrix and hydrophilic cellulose-based fibres, resulting in adhesive-free bio-based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc-ion energy storage technology is currently undergoing intensive exploration. The construction of high-efficiency batteries remains a significant obstacle to the further advancement of novel battery types and enhanced electrochemical performance. Nowadays, cellulose, an abundantly available biopolymer, is garnering attention as a promising green material for energy storage devices, particularly zinc ion-based energy storage devices. Its unique characteristics such as renewability, biodegradability, and excellent chemical stability make it a versatile candidate for various components of zinc-ion energy storage systems. By strategically modulating the properties of cellulose, advanced materials can be developed to enhance the capabilities of zinc-ion storage devices. This review summarizes the structures and characteristics of cellulose before delving into the recent progress achieved in research on zinc-ion energy storage systems using cellulose-based materials. These advancements include cellulose-derived carbon materials for zinc-ion capacitors, flexible zinc-ion capacitors based on cellulose-derived substances, cathodes incorporating cellulose-based hybrids and binders, anodes with cellulose host architectures, surface-modified, self-supporting cellulose separators, cellulose modification of separators, cellulose gel electrolytes and electrolyte additives, and there are prospects for future applications of cellulosic materials in zinc-ion energy storage systems. Through strategic modulation of their properties, the adaptability and efficiency of cellulosic materials in various components of zinc-ion energy storages can be significantly enhanced. Further studies focusing on innovative approaches for modifying, optimizing, and designing cellulosic materials are expected to unlock new avenues for sustainable high-performance energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spherical selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) were synthesized by green chemical reduction method using biocompatible chitosan (CS) or as reported herein for the first time, cationic cellulose nanofibers (CCNFs) as stabilizers. CNFs were cationized using (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC), followed by high-pressure homogenization. The anionic demand of the CCNFs was found to be 2000 ± 2 µeq/g and the degree of substitution was 0.25 ± 0.01. The optimization of Se NP synthesis was done using response surface methodology with controlled composite design. Two response surface models were developed to optimize the size and stability of CS-Se NPs and CCNF-Se NPs. Concentrations of Na2SeO3, ascorbic acid, and CS or CCNFs were used as three variables, and their interaction was studied as a function of size and zeta potential. The results indicate that the variables fitted into the model and was validated using a combined contour plot of size and zeta potential. From the model, CS-Se NPs of size and zeta potential in the range between 10 and 70 nm and 30–40 mV were synthesized, while CCNF-Se NPs of size and zeta potential in the range between 50 and 85 nm and 30–35 mV were synthesized. EDX spectra confirmed elemental Se formation, and XRD pattern verified the presence of α-monoclinic Se crystallites. Additionally, the FTIR spectra confirmed the interaction between the stabilizing agent and Se NPs. Thus, CS- and CCNF-stabilized Se NPs were sustainably synthesized making them suitable for incorporation into CNFs and can be used as an active agent in food packaging application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The materials characteristics of natural wood but also the properties of artificial cellulose/hemicellulose-based wood-inspired composite materials result from the molecular level organization and interactions between cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Here, we use atomistic detail molecular dynamics simulations to examine the adsorption of model lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) consisting of a glucomannan polysaccharide chain with differing lignin fragment linkages to the crystalline facets of cellulose nanocrystals. The findings show that on crystalline cellulose surfaces exceeding in surface dimensions the length of the adsorbed hemicellulose chain, the LCCs can adopt orientations both parallel and perpendicular to the surface chains with response depending on the crystalline facet. The observation of perpendicular orientations is unexpected, as previous molecular level modelling studies systematically report parallel LCC adsorption orientation, however on cellulose interfaces modelling the narrow natural wood cellulose fibrils. Here, the perpendicular adsorption orientation is stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding and adsorption of the hemicellulose chain with negligible chain bending. Overall, the results show that component dimensions (hemicellulose chain length vs cellulose crystalline surface dimensions) combined with understanding the differences of adsorption response at the difference crystal facets are crucial in understanding wood-inspired materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell wall extensibility is a key biophysical characteristic that defines the rate of plant cell growth. It depends on the wall structure and is controlled by numerous proteins that cut and/or (re)form links between the wall constituents. Cell wall extensibility is currently estimated by different in vitro biomechanical tests. We used the creep method, in which isolated cell walls are extended under a constant load and their time-dependent deformation (creep) is recorded to reveal the biophysical basis of growth inhibition of Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls in the presence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), one of the most active natural brassinosteroids. We found that EBL rendered the walls of hypocotyl cells softer, i.e., more deformable under mechanical force, which was revealed using heat-inactivated cell walls to eliminate endogenous activities of cell-wall-loosening/tightening proteins. This effect was caused by the altered arrangement of cellulose microfibrils. At the same time, EBL made the walls less extensible, which was detected with native walls under conditions optimized for activities of endogenous cell-wall-loosening proteins. These apparently conflicting changes in the wall mechanics can be an adaptation by which EBL enables plant cells to grow under stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to prepare ferromagnetic iron oxides (magnetite and/or maghemite) using the coprecipitation method of an iron salt in a basic environment stimulated by ultrasound, with cellulose added at the start of the synthesis and after 15 min in order to perform an in situ and partial in situ synthesis. The structures, morphology, and properties of composites are analyzed by IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, DSC, and magnetic measurements. The cumulative effect of the ultrasonic waves is observed by a reduction in the degree of crystallinity of the native cellulose compared to the composites (from 73.2 to 36.4, respectively 38.3). The vibrating sample magnetic measurement shows a single hysteresis curve characteristic of ferromagnetic materials with superparamagnetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvaging biomass waste to crafting value added products is a significant step towards attaining environmental sustainability. Affirming the statement, this article presents a novel study on synergistic integration of biosorbents, namely, cellulose, lignin, and pectin, with another biobased material, i.e., Camellia sinensis, for the adsorptive detoxification of organic contaminants, i.e., safranin O (SO), ciprofloxacin (CF), and chlorpyrifos (CP). The successful synthesis of composites was established via characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, and FESEM. Further, comparative adsorption of model pollutants by the fabricated composites was systematically scrutinized with respect to pH, contact time, initial concentration, and adsorbent dosage. These investigations demonstrated the potential of synthesized materials as efficient adsorbents for SO, CF, and CP with up to 95% removal capacity. The obtained experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and Langmuir's isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 32.78 mg g−1 for SO, 24.87 mg g−1 for CF, and 62.89 mg g−1 for CP, respectively. This work unveils the potential of fabricated materials as low-cost yet sustainable materials with high adsorption performance. Also, to the best of our knowledge, no such study has been done till date which presents this information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workers in the composite manufacturing sector and the general public have felt the effects of environmental deterioration and the health risks posed by the unprecedented usage of synthetic fibres and fillers in the composite industries. This research provides an insight to overcome this issue by using recycled poultry feather fibre (PFF) and tamarind kernel cellulose (TKC) polysaccharides as alternate reinforcement in composite manufacturing. The composites were prepared using hand layup process and post cured at 120°C for 24h. Results revealed that the composite containing 40 vol% of PFF and 3vol% of TKC has a tensile strength of 163 MPa, a tensile modulus of 6.10 GPa, a flexural strength of 191 MPa, a flexural modulus of 6.48 GPa, and an Izod impact toughness of 6.8 J. Moreover, with increase in the concentration of TKC in the composite, the thermal properties enhanced. Similarly, the contact angle also measured in hydrophobic range of 78° even after the addition of hydrophilic reinforcements. These sufficient strength and eco-friendly attributes enriched composites with domestic waste recycled reinforcements could be used as working material including automobiles, sporting goods, packaging of foods or drugs, transportation, and aircrafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

De-oiled palm cake cellulose (PKC) and palm sprout fiber (PSF)-reinforced vinyl ester resin composites were the focus of this investigation. Composites made up of varying amounts of cellulose were tested for their mechanical, fatigue, and dynamic mechanical behavior (DMA) in this investigation. Cellulose was extracted from the de-oiled palm cake using a modified chemical process, and the composites were fabricated using the hand layup method. The study concluded that the mechanical, fatigue, and DMA properties might be improved by adding fibers. Compression strength was 158 MPa, tensile strength was 155 MPa, Izod impact toughness was 5.13 J, and flexural strength was 178 MPa for the V4 composite classification. Maximum fatigue life counts of 33,451, 30,172, and 24,281 for composite designation V4 are also recorded for 30%, 60%, and 90% of UTS, respectively. The composite material designated V5 has a storage modulus of 104.5% higher and a loss factor of approximately 23.52% higher than that of plain resin. These composites have the potential for use in commercial, residential, and vehicular settings due to their high mechanical and fatigue qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) with or without thermoplastic starch is often used as a biodegradable matrix in composites reinforced with 5 and 10 wt% of either microfibrillated cellulose or cellulose nanocrystals. If dispersion of the fillers is well studied, their orientation in melt blended composites requires further understanding. In this study, the effect of a controlled shear rate on the orientation of the filler was investigated to understand how shear rate affects orientation and how orientation affects mechanical properties of the composites. To this end, composites prepared by melt mixing and then compressed were taken as a reference state of low orientation. On the contrary, to orient the fillers, extrusion through a slit die with a determined shear rate was carried out. Results of tensile tests, microscopic observations, atomic force microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis in the melt showed that orientation of fillers in the flow axis was possible for shear rates higher than 13 s−1. The orientated samples presented enhanced mechanical properties in the elastic domain as opposed to unoriented samples. In general, orientation of fillers leads to uniaxial stiffness at lower filler content with much better ductility. However, this was observed only on samples for which the percolation of the filler was not obtained in the unoriented state, otherwise, orientation proved to be detrimental to the elastic mechanical properties because of the rupture in the formed network. Highlights: Orientation can be controlled during processing.Sufficient shear rate is required.Orientation improves mechanical properties.Orientation might have a negative effect on rigidity in case of existing network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a new type of biodegradable material that has been applied in many fields such as extrusion, injection molding, film drawing, and spinning. In contrary, it does not have flame retardancy. In this paper, N‐PCDL was synthesized by amidation reaction between COOH of PCDL and NH2 of tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), followed by an Atherton‐Todd reaction of unreacted NH2 at the other end of TEPA with PH of DOPO to prepare a novel lignin‐based flame retardant containing nitrogen and phosphorus (NP‐PCDL). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectroscopy (1H NMR) analysis results showed that proton peaks of CONH, PN, and NH appeared in the NP‐PCDL spectrum, while the characteristic absorption peak of PH bond disappeared in DOPO, the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that the degraded lignin consisted of elements C and O, while NP‐PCDL consisted of elements C, O, N and P. The above results indicated that NP‐PCDL was successfully prepared. NP‐PCDL accounted for 3% (mass percentage, the same below), 5% and 10% of PLA, then lignin based flame‐retardant PLA composites were prepared by internal mixing and injection molding. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the residual carbon of PLA/3% NP‐PCDL, PLA/5% NP‐PCDL and PLA/10% NP‐PCDL at 800°C were higher than that of pure PLA, with the increase of 56.56%, 97.54%, and 301.64%, respectively; The analysis of SEM, XPS, and Raman showed that PLA/NP‐PCDL formed dense, regular and highly graphitized residual carbon with phosphorus nitrogen structure during the combustion process. At the same time, NH3, H2O and PO˙ free radicals were released, which could dilute combustible gases, destroy free radical chain reaction, isolate combustible gases and heat, so as to play a flame‐retardant role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulases are an ensemble of enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose chains into fermentable glucose and hence are widely used in bioethanol production. The last enzyme of the cellulose degradation pathway, β‐glucosidase, is inhibited by its product, glucose. The product inhibition by glucose hinders cellulose hydrolysis limiting the saccharification during bioethanol production. Thus, engineered β‐glucosidases with enhanced glucose tolerance and catalytic efficiency are essential. This study focuses on the rational engineering of β‐glucosidase from Acetivibrio thermocellus (WT‐AtGH1). Recombinant WT‐AtGH1 exhibited activity on cellobiose and p‐nitrophenyl‐β‐d‐glucoside as substrates and retained around 80% of its activity over 48 h at 55 °C, pH 5.5. However, WT‐AtGH1 showed low glucose tolerance of 380 mm as compared to the required IC50 value of > 800 mm for industrial use. Thus, a rational design approach was utilized to enhance the glucose tolerance of this enzyme. We determined the 3 Å resolution crystal structure of WT‐AtGH1. The structure‐based engineered G168W‐AtGH1 and S242W‐AtGH1 mutants exhibited improved glucose tolerance of 840 and 612 mm, respectively. Surprisingly, S242L‐AtGH1 mutant showed ~ 2.5‐fold increase in the catalytic efficiency as compared to WT‐AtGH1. A combinatorial effect of improved glucose tolerance, as well as enhanced catalytic efficiency, was observed for the G168W‐S242L‐AtGH1 mutant. All the mutants with enhanced properties showed considerable stability at industrial operating conditions of 55 °C and pH 5.5. Thus, we present mutants of WT‐AtGH1 with improved glucose tolerance and kinetic properties that have the potential to increase the efficiency of saccharification during biofuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soda lakes are unique double-extreme habitats characterized by high salinity and soluble carbonate alkalinity, yet harboring rich prokaryotic life. Despite intensive microbiology studies, little is known about the identity of the soda lake hydrolytic bacteria responsible for the primary degradation of the biomass organic matter, in particular cellulose. In this study, aerobic and anaerobic enrichment cultures with three forms of native insoluble cellulose inoculated with sediments from five soda lakes in south-western Siberia resulted in the isolation of four cellulotrophic haloalkaliphilic bacteria and their four saccharolytic satellites. The final aerobic enrichment included a cellulotrophic bacteroidetes (strain ABcell3) related to Sporocytophaga accompanied by a hemicellulolytic Marinimicrobium strain ABcell2. The anaerobic enrichments resolved in three primary cellulotrophic bacteria and their three saccharolytic bacteroidetes satellites. The culture selected on amorphous cellulose (ac) included a new cellulotrophic member of the Chitinispirillaceae (Fibrobacterota)—strain ANBcel5, and two different saccharolytic satellites from the Marinilabiliales and Balneolales orders. The final enrichment selected on Sigma 101 cellulose consisted of an endospore-forming cellulotrophic strain ANBcel31 belonging to the genus Herbivorax (Acetivibrionales) and its saccharolytic satellite from the Balneolales order. The anaerobic enrichment on a filter paper yielded a binary consortium with the cellulotrophic endospore-forming Halanaerobiales strain ANBcel28 in obligate syntrophy with a cellobiose-utilizing Natronincola. A functional genome analysis of the cellulotrophic isolates confirmed the presence of a large repertoire of genes encoding excreted cellulases, mostly from the GH9 and GH5 families, and indicated that in the endospore-forming anaerobic strains, ANBcel28 and ANBcel31 most of their endo-glucanases are assembled in cellulosomes. Overall, this study showed that cellulose can be mineralized in soda lakes at moderately saline and highly alkaline conditions either by aerobic or fermentative haloalkaliphilic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm Leaf Manuscripts represent a significant component of the world's cultural heritage. Investigating their primary chemical components and understanding the transformations these materials undergo under environmental influences are crucial for elucidating their material characteristics and aging mechanisms and developing effective strategies for preventive conservation. This study utilized infrared absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis to examine changes in the primary chemical components of Palm Leaf Manuscripts under varying relative humidity conditions over extended periods. The findings reveal that dry environments lead to surface cracking, while humid environments promote mold growth, both of which contribute to the degradation of the primary chemical components. These degradative processes reduce cellulose crystallinity and thermal stability. The deterioration is particularly severe under high humidity, with hemicellulose degrading faster and more extensively than cellulose under the same conditions. After 200 days of aging at 10% RH and 90% RH, cellulose degradation reached 19.82% and 54.40%, respectively, while hemicellulose degradation was 34.78% and 64.28%. Correspondingly, the relative crystallinity of cellulose decreased by 8.01% and 13.11%. In contrast, samples maintained at 50% RH exhibited minimal deterioration, with cellulose and hemicellulose degrading by only 4.08% and 13.55%, respectively, and a 6.61% reduction in cellulose crystallinity. These results suggest that a relative humidity of 50% is optimal for the preservation of Palm Leaf Manuscripts. This study offers significant insights into the ageing mechanisms and preventive conservation of Palm Leaf Manuscripts, as well as other cellulose-based organic heritage materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose is a homopolymer composed of β-glucose units linked by 1,4-beta linkages in a linear arrangement, providing its structure with intermolecular H-bonding networking and crystallinity. The participation of hydroxy groups in the H-bonding network results in a low-to-average nucleophilicity of cellulose, which is insufficient for executing a nucleophilic reaction. Importantly, as a polyhydroxy biopolymer, cellulose has a high proportion of hydroxy groups in secondary and primary forms, providing it with limited aqueous solubility, highly dependent on its form, size, and other materialistic properties. Therefore, cellulose materials are generally known for their low reactivity and limited aqueous solubility and usually undergo aqueous medium-assisted pretreatment methods. The cationization of cellulose materials is one such example of pretreatment, which introduces a positive charge over its surface, improving its accessibility towards anionic group-containing molecules or application-targeted functionalization. The chemistry of cationization of cellulose has been widely explored, leading to the development of various building blocks for different material-based applications. Specifically, in coloration applications, cationized cellulose materials have been extensively studied, as the dyeing process benefits from the enhanced ionic interactions with anionic groups (such as sulfate, carboxylic groups, or phenolic groups), minimizing/eliminating the need for chemical auxiliaries. This study provides insights into the chemistry of cellulose cationization, which can benefit the material, polymer, textile, and color chemist. This paper deals with the chemistry information of cationization and how it enhances the reactivity of cellulose fibers towards its processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the use of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNF) in different concentrations to reinforce the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix. Both nanofillers significantly improved the elastic modulus and tensile strength of PVA biocomposite films. The optimum concentration of CNF and LCNF was 6% relative to PVA, which improved the tensile strength of the final PVA biocomposite with CNF and LCNF by 53% and 39%, respectively, compared to the neat PVA film. The addition of LCNF resulted in more elastic films than the addition of CNF to the PVA matrix. The elongation at break of the PVA biocomposite with 2% of LCNF was more than 100% higher than that of the neat PVA film. The integration of tannic acid (TA) into the PVA-LCNF system resulted in antioxidant-active and more water-resistant PVA biocomposites. The three-component biocomposite films with 2 and 6% LCNF and 10% TA exhibited a more than 20° higher contact angle of the water droplet on the surfaces of the biocomposite films and absorbed more than 50% less water than the neat PVA film. New formulations of biocomposite films have been developed with the addition of LCNF and TA in a polymeric PVA matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to investigate the deterioration of 18th‐century Indian Bank's Promissory Notes written using iron‐gall ink. The research employs non‐destructive techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy to analyze the elemental composition and structural characteristics of both the iron‐gall ink and the paper support. The analytical findings indicate that the acid hydrolysis of the iron‐gall ink complex has led to corrosion and weakening of the document. The reactivity of Fe3+ ions, indirectly assessed through XRD analysis by measuring the crystalline index (Crl) of the paper, indicates a loss of strength in the cellulose fibers. The combination of FTIR and XRD data also reveals the utilization of gypsum as a filler in the paper, likely intended to enhance its gloss and opacity. SEM photomicrographs further illustrate the presence of iron crystals on the paper surface, a result of the non‐uniform distribution of the ink and oxidation of ferrous ions also supported by surface mapping of iron. The paper's composition is identified as cellulose I, a common variety found in nature. These findings collectively provide insights into the degradation processes affecting both the iron‐gall ink and the paper support. The innovative calcium phytate treatment was applied for document conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution poses a considerable environmental threat as toxic substances accumulate in ecosystems, causing prevailing ecological damage and generating risks to human health. We characterized physicochemically unmodified cellulose samples extracted from Ecuadorian biodiversity and used them as potential decontaminants of heavy metal ions in water. The isolated materials underwent characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Initial testing of heavy metal adsorption involved 2.0 mmol/L and 10.0 mmol/L copper (Cu2+) solutions as models. The results demonstrated a removal percentage of Cu2+ ions by non-modified cellulose, reaching up to 88.75 ± 2.49% and 54.96 ± 2.51%, respectively using material F25. Additionally, natural (F25, F27, F28, and OP) and control (C1, C, and Af) celluloses were selected to study the removal of Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ ions from control isolated metal ion solutions ranging from 1 to 100 mg/L. The findings revealed that samples C, OP, and F25 effectively removed Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ ions when they were present isolated in solutions at concentrations as high as 30 mg/L. Furthermore, assays with mixed metal ion solutions exhibited promising removal of heavy metal ions using OP + F25. Overall, the results suggest that non-modified cellulose derived from biomass holds potential as a material for effectively removing toxic heavy metal ions from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid dispersion materials of abietic acid (ABA) were prepared with methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) using a conventional solvent evaporation method. In these materials, ABA was incorporated in an amorphous form. During dissolution tests, ABA from ABA/MC and ABA/HPMC solid dispersion materials initially rapidly dissolved, followed by a decrease in the dissolution rate before eventually plateauing. The dissolution of ABA from ABA/CMC-Na solid dispersion materials was similar, although it increased slightly with an increased shaking time over a long period. ABA from ABA/MC solid dispersion materials exhibited a higher dissolution rate compared with ABA from both ABA/HPMC and ABA/CMC-Na solid dispersion materials. The amount of undissolved material from ABA/cellulose derivative solid dispersion materials was lower compared with ABA/cellulose nanofiber and ABA/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber solid dispersion materials. In addition, both ABA/MC and ABA/HPMC solid dispersion materials exhibited good growth-inhibitive effects against Trametes versicolor, a representative of white-rot fungus, compared with ABA/CMC-Na, ABA/cellulose nanofiber and ABA/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber solid dispersion materials. Consequently, MC proved to be the most effective water-soluble carrier for ABA in water among the cellulose derivatives tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly solutions in the medical industry has driven the exploration of new materials and technologies. Waste-based textile biosensors hold significant promise due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and potential for disease monitoring and diagnostics. This article discusses the characteristics and utilization of three biopolymers: silk, cellulose, and chitosan. These polymers have unique structures that make them appropriate for applications as natural, lightweight, low-density polymers with advantageous chemical and easily degradable properties. The incorporation of biosensors, particularly those integrated into textiles, has become integral for non-invasive medical monitoring. Recent advances in biopolymer-based sensors are highlighted, underscoring their potential for continuous health monitoring and personalized healthcare. The inherent advantages of these sustainable materials, combined with their sensing capabilities, position biopolymer textile waste-based biosensors as a promising solution for wearable and implantable biomedical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the recommended (6.5 mg/kg) or enhanced (13 mg/kg) level of CuNPs in the diet in combination with different types of dietary fibre – cellulose (control), inulin, pectin, or psyllium on the Cu biodistribution and level of selected minerals parameters in the blood of rats. Rats were randomly divided into 10 groups. The first two groups were fed control diets containing cellulose and a mineral mixture with standard or enhanced content of CuCO3. Experimental groups were fed a diet supplemented with CuNPs (6.5 or 13 mg/kg) and combined with different types of fibre (cellulose, pectin, inulin, or psyllium). After the feeding period blood, liver, brain, and thigh samples were collected. In the samples of water, diet, urine, faeces, liver, brain, and thigh the Cu content was determined to assess Cu biodistribution in the body. Additionally, the concentrations of minerals (Cu, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn) in the blood plasma samples were measured. The replacement of CuCO3 with CuNPs in the diet beneficially influenced the biodistribution of Cu in the body by reducing its excretion, improving its digestibility, and utilization, reducing its accumulation in the brain and muscle, and increasing levels of Ca, P, Mg, Zn and Fe in the blood. Increasing the level of CuNPs in the diet increased total Cu intake. The addition of pectin, inulin and psyllium to the diet with a high content of CuNPs significantly increased the excretion of Cu, with no negative effect on its digestibility, and utilization, and prevented its excessive accumulation in the brain and muscle of rats, especially in the case of inulin. The results suggest that the addition of dietary fibre to the diet of rats ensures homeostasis of this element in the case of excessive intake of CuNPs by modifying the bioavailability of Cu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as an ideal enzyme support because of their porous structural superiority. However, MOFs@enzyme composites have usually compromised their hydrolysis efficiency due to the narrow space inducing unfavourable enzyme conformations. Herein, a thermo‐responsive poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (PD) was fixed onto the surface of UiO‐66‐NH2 (UiO) through a post‐synthetic modification protocol. Using poly(2‐vinyl‐4,4 dimethylazlactone) (V) as a linker, PVD‐UiO@cellulase composites were fabricated after cellulase was immobilized onto the UiO surface through covalent bonding. The composites conferred favorable cellulase conformations, boosting hydrolysis efficiency and stability, which relied on the soft PVD shell and confinement effect yielded by the curled PVD chains at high temperatures. Compared with free cellulase, the proposed composites exhibited a 33.1‐fold enhancement of the Kcat values at 50 °C. The PVD‐UiO@cellulase composites were applied to the hydrolysis of cellulose in the stalks and leaves of Epipremnum aureum. The results highlight the potential of smart PVD‐UiO@cellulase composites in the hydrolysis of cellulose, affording a valuable platform for the preparation of unique MOFs@enzyme composites and their industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: CesA proteins response to arsenic stress in rice involves structural and regulatory mechanisms, highlighting the role of BES1/BZR1 transcript levels under arsenate exposure and significant downregulation of BZR1 protein expression. Plants interact with several hazardous metalloids during their life cycle through root and soil connection. One such metalloid, is arsenic and its perilous impact on rice cultivation is a well-known threat. Cellulose synthase and cellulose synthase-like (CesA/CSL) gene family build major constituent of cell wall polysaccharides, however, their interaction and responses to arsenic stress remains enigmatic. The current study describes the structural, functional, and regulatory behavior of CesA proteins using in silico tools with datasets of 367 sequences and an in vitro germination model. Interpro analysis revealed six types of domains, further classified into two major clades: cellulose synthase and glycosyl transferase family group 2 exhibiting polyphyletic grouping. The MEME suite analysis identified the frequent occurrence of “QXXRW” among 35 identified conserved motifs. Further observation of the regulatory mechanism of CesA identified 36 types of trans-regulatory elements involved in hormone signaling, developmental regulation, stress response, etc. Among these, hormone signaling comprises of 7 types of elements, with BES1 being less studied, sequences containing BES1 sites were selected. Additionally, 56 cis-regulatory elements were identified. Arsenate exposure increased transcript level of CesA and BES1/BZR1 compared to control. Western blot analysis revealed a significant downregulation of the BZR1 protein expression in arsenate stressed seedlings. This research shed light on the regulation of CesA mediated by (BES1/BZR1) and brassinosteroid signalling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, rice straw‐derived cellulose was converted into carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) using alkalization followed by an etherification reaction. The synthesis conditions for this chemical modification were optimized such that CMC with a high degree of substitution (1.02) was obtained. Infrared spectra of the synthesized CMC clearly showed an increased intensity of the C═O bond at 1600 cm−1, confirming successful carboxymethylation. Further, X‐ray diffraction analysis demonstrated a decrease in cellulose crystallinity owing to partial rearrangement from a crystalline to an amorphous phase during initial alkalization reaction. The obtained CMC biopolymer was subsequently cross‐linked to form a composite hydrogel matrix reinforced with bentonite clay. The hydrogel showed about 91% adsorption capacity for methylene blue dye as a model contaminant in aqueous media. Therefore, this study shows that lignocellulosic agrowaste is a rich source of cellulose, and its derivatives such as CMC possess the potential to realize the waste to wealth sustainability goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active hydroxyl group of cellulose plays a crucial role in regulating the microstructure of cellulose-derived hard carbon, which ultimately affects its sodium storage capacity. Through small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and X-ray atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, we proved that modification of cellulose by esterification crosslinking can introduce more closed pores into the carbonized hard carbon, which is beneficial for promoting sodium ion storage. Our results demonstrate that by optimizing the conditions used for esterification cross-linking modification, the sodium storage capacity of cellulose-derived hard carbon could be increased from 254 to 348 mAh g−1, with an increase in plateau capacity from 140 to 230 mAh g−1. This study makes a significant contribution towards establishing industrial applications for cellulose-derived hard carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for eco-friendly, cost-effective, and scalable methods to synthesize carbon quantum dots (CQDs) remains a critical goal in nanotechnology. In this work, nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) were successfully synthesized using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and urea through a rapid one-step microwave-assisted method. The use of renewable cellulose as a precursor aligns with sustainable practices, offering a pathway to transform agricultural waste into valuable nanomaterials. Characterized by TEM, XRD, Raman, XPS, and PL spectroscopy, the N-CQDs demonstrated outstanding optical properties, including strong excitation-dependent fluorescence with an emission maximum at 420 nm. The N-CQDs exhibited exceptional selectivity and sensitivity toward Fe3+, achieving a detection limit of 75 nM. Additionally, the pH-dependent fluorescence and stability in diverse conditions highlight the N-CQDs' versatility in environmental monitoring. This study establishes a foundation for using agricultural waste to produce high-performance nanostructures for sensing applications, advancing green nanotechnology and environmental solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharide hydrocolloids have garnered increasing attention from consumers, experts, and food processing industries due to their advantages of abundant resources, favorable thickening properties, emulsification stability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and high acceptance as food additives. This review focuses on the application of polysaccharide hydrocolloids and their beneficial roles in meat products by focusing on several commonly used polysaccharides (i.e., cellulose, chitosan, starch, sodium alginate, pectin, and carrageenan). Firstly, the recent advancements of polysaccharide hydrocolloids used in meat products are briefly introduced, along with their structure and potential application prospects. Then, the beneficial roles of polysaccharide hydrocolloids in meat products are comprehensively summarized and highlighted, including retarding lipid and protein oxidation, enhancing nutritional properties, improving texture and color quality, providing antibacterial activity, monitoring freshness, acting as a cryoprotectant, improving printability, and ensuring security. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of polysaccharide hydrocolloids in meat products are also introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels derived from Qihuang residue (QH, a Chinese herb) were synthesized as adsorbents to remove heavy metals and dyes from aqueous solutions. The hydrogels were prepared by incorporating chitosan (CTS) and cross-linking with epichlorohydrin (EPI). After including CTS, rheological measurements demonstrated that the hydrogel had good mechanical properties with a storage modulus of 26,600 Pa for the QH/CTS-5-EPI hydrogel. Adsorption studies showed that the QH/CTS-5-EPI hydrogel exhibited the highest adsorption capacities, achieving 105.4 mg/g for Cu (II) and 557.0 mg/g for Cr (III) at pH 4.0, with an initial metal concentration of 700 mg/L. Furthermore, it achieved adsorption capacities of 102.7 mg/g for methylene orange (MO) at pH 2.0 and 111.6 mg/g for rhodamine B (RB) at pH 4.0, with an initial dye concentration of 300 mg/L. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were described by the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively, indicating a chemisorption and monolayer adsorption mechanism. The influence of ionic strength on adsorption performance showed that Na+ and Cl− ions exerted different impacts, reducing the adsorption of Cu (II) and Cr (III) by approximately 72% and 37%, respectively, while for dyes, a modest increase was measured in removing RB and MO at their lower concentrations. Compared to previously reported adsorbents, the QH/CTS-5-EPI hydrogel exhibited superior adsorption performance for heavy metals and dyes. The saturated hydrogel was successfully regenerated and retained an adsorption capacity of > 70% after eight regeneration cycles. This demonstrates that Chinese herb residue-derived hydrogels are promising, environmentally friendly adsorbents for removing heavy metals and dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]