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Background: Computed tomographic (CT) imaging has shown some horses with sinonasal diseases to have changes in their sinus bony structures. Scintigraphic and clinical evidence of sinus osteitis have also been reported. However, no study has objectively examined for the presence and degree of osteitis in equine sinonasal disease. Objectives: To assess for the presence and extent of osteitis of sinus-related bony structures by examination of CT images of horses with clinically and sinoscopically confirmed unilateral sinonasal disease. Study design: Retrospective examination of CT images of horses with confirmed, mainly chronic (>2 month duration) unilateral sinus disease of different aetiologies. Methods: Bone thickness at designated sites of the maxillary bone (n=3), frontal bone (n=1), infraorbital canal (n=2) and bony nasolacrimal duct (n=1) were measured, as were the maximal diameters of the infraorbital canal and the bony nasolacrimal duct on both affected and control sides. Maxillary bone density (in Hounsfield Units) was also assessed bilaterally. Bone thickness was compared between affected and controlled sides using paired statistical tests. Results: Bone was significantly thicker in the affected sinuses compared to the control sides at the three maxillary bone sites (all, P

storai Borkent, 1997b: 14. New name for canariensis Storå. canariensis Storå, 1936: 36 (as variety of flavoscutellata Zetterstedt, preoccupied by Dasyhelea canariensis (Santos Abreu, 1918)). Canary Islands (Spain)., Published as part of Borkent, Art & Dominiak, Patrycja, 2020, Catalog of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), pp. 1-377 in Zootaxa 4787 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4787.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4280910, {"references":["Borkent, A. (1997 b) The Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) described by Santos Abreu from the Canary Islands. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 44, 3 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 4800440102","Stora, R. (1936) Fam. Ceratopogonidae. In R. Frey (ed.). Die Dipterenfauna der Kanarischen Inseln und ihre Probleme: 31 - 38, pl. 6. Societas Scientiarum Fennica, Commentationes Biologicae 6 (1), 1 - 237.","Santos Abreu, E. (1918) Ensayo de una Monografia de los Tendipedidos de las Islas Canarias. Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona 14 (2), 159 - 326, 1 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8537"]}

A list of all valid 6,206 extant and 296 fossil species of Ceratopogonidae described worldwide is provided, along with all their synonyms. A full citation and the country of origin of the type is given, with some larger countries also providing a more specific state or province. For the first time, worldwide, nomina dubia are identified. Numbers of species of each genus and subgenus are listed. Within subfamilies and tribes, genera are listed alphabetically. Five species have newly recognized authors, four have new names and 28 new combinations are recognized, with these listed in a table. A commentary on the state of the systematics in the family and particularly of Culicoides Latreille is given. The museums of the world are listed with the types of various authors of Ceratopogonidae species indicated. Authors providing regional catalogs, as well as summation of various collections are tabulated. The rate of description since 1758 indicates a steady progression of description, with, for example, 1,231 valid species described since the compilation of the world species by Borkent & Wirth (1997), till the end of 2018. The diversity in each Region is compared and the numbers of species shared between adjacent Regions presented.

sternalis Remm, 1980: 110 . Tajikistan., Published as part of Borkent, Art & Dominiak, Patrycja, 2020, Catalog of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), pp. 1-377 in Zootaxa 4787 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4787.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4280910, {"references":["Remm, H. (1980) New species of the family Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) from the Middle Asia [in Russian, English summary]. Tartu Riikliku Ulikooli Toimetised 516, 85 - 128."]}

The Canadian Diptera fauna is updated. Numbers of species currently known from Canada, total Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), and estimated numbers of undescribed or unrecorded species are provided for each family. An overview of recent changes in the systematics and Canadian faunistics of major groups is provided as well as some general information on biology and life history. A total of 116 families and 9620 described species of Canadian Diptera are reported, representing more than a 36% increase in species numbers since the last comparable assessment by JF McAlpine et al. (1979). Almost 30,000 BINs have so far been obtained from flies in Canada. Estimates of additional number of species remaining to be documented in the country range from 5200 to 20,400.

We investigated the floral characteristics, floral biology and floral visitors of the six Bornean Tacca species: T. bibracteata (only floral characteristics), T. borneensis, T. havilandii, T. leontopetaloides, T. palmata and T. reducta, and T. cristata from Peninsular Malaysia. All species are protogynous with pollen strings extruded post flower opening. Blooming of all species started from dawn except for T. leontopetaloides which flowered from dusk. While T. borneensis, T. cristata, T. havilandii, T. leontopetaloides and T. reducta are facultatively autogamic as the pollen/ovule ratios (P/O ratios) were low, T. bibracteata is facultatively xenogamic as its P/O ratio was higher. Four species (T. borneensis, T. cristata, T. havilandii and T. reducta) were tested for autonomous self‐pollination but all failed to set fruit. Manual self‐ and cross‐pollination treatments of T. borneensis, T. cristata and T. havilandii showed reduced fruit set and seed set. In contrast, T. reducta was highly self‐compatible. The showy bracts and bracteoles of T. borneensis are needed to guarantee pollination success but is not so in the other species investigated. Tacca are pollinated by two pollination guilds of female midges: two species of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) and Culicoides hinnoi. The floral biology and mating system of Tacca species indicate that most fruits and seeds were produced in samples resulting from natural pollination.

Pleurothallidinae (Epidendreae) are a megadiverse Neotropical orchid subtribe comprising > 5100 species, most of which are probably pollinated by Diptera. The role of pollinators as drivers of species diversity is largely unknown because knowledge of pollination systems in Pleurothallidinae is still scarce. Here, we addressed the pollination of Trichosalpinx s.s. through study of floral anatomy, pollinator behaviour and floral traits shared with other angiosperms to elucidate its pollination mechanisms. We identified midge specimens with DNA barcoding and morphology, documented pollination with video recordings, studied the anatomy of flowers by combining microscopy (light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) and histochemistry and analysed floral scents with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. We found that two Trichosalpinx spp. are pollinated exclusively by female biting midges of a Forcipomyia (Euprojoannisia) sp. (Ceratopogonidae). The midges land on the motile lip and appear to suck substances from its papillose surface. We detected secretion of carbohydrates and proteins on the lip and sepals, and thus, Trichosalpinx might stimulate a protein collection instinct in female biting midges. The well-developed mandibles and poorly developed laciniae of the pollinators indicate that they mainly feed on invertebrate hosts from which they draw haemolymph. Thus, Trichosalpinx flowers offer small quantities of proteins and carbohydrates that may act as flavour teases and together with the colour, fragrances, trichomes and movement of the lip, they probably form part of a complex deceptive system. Some other angiosperms that are also pollinated by biting midges possess similar dark purple flowers with ciliate ornamentation and use myophily, sapromyophily or kleptomyiophily as strategies to exploit different families of Diptera as pollinators. One Forcipomyia sp. (Euprojoannisia) is kleptoparasitic, suggesting that kleptomyiophily may have evolved in Trichosalpinx. The similar floral morphology among members of Trichosalpinx and some species of the closely related genera Anathallis and Lankesteriana suggests that they are also pollinated by biting midges. Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación/[026-2011-SINAC]/SINAC/Costa Rica Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación/[073-2012-SINAC]/SINAC/Costa Rica Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación/[R-SINAC-DE-077]/SINAC/Costa Rica Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación/[SINAC-SEGASP-PI-R-019-2015]/SINAC/Costa Rica Leiden University/[]//Países Bajos Universidad de Costa Rica/[814-B6-140]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Jardín Botánico Lankester (JBL)

Seven new species of Downeshelea Wirth and Grogan 1988–D. casimirensis, D. costaricensis, D. eclectica, D. jarina, D. litorale, D. marambaia and D. moravia–are described and illustrated based on male and female specimens from Central and South America. The new species are compared with their similar congener D. multilineata (Lutz). A redescription of D. multilineata is presented and its neotype designated. These eight species were included in the multilineata species group, and a diagnosis and identification key are presented for each. Fil: Santarém, Maria Clara Alves. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil Fil: Borkent, Art. Royal British Columbia Museum; Canadá Fil: Spinelli, Gustavo Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Felippe Bauer, Maria Luiza. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil