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Hintergrund Das starke Leistungswachstum kombiniert mit dem Fachkräftemangel in der häuslichen Pflege verlangt nach einer anpassungsfähigen Betriebsorganisation. Das niederländische Buurtzorg-Modell orientiert sich am Ansatz der Holokratie und verspricht eine Reorganisation der Pflege im Privathaushalt, welche sich positiv auf die Zufriedenheit der Mitarbeitenden und die Personzentrierung auswirkt. Das Buurtzorg-Modell stößt auch in der Schweiz auf reges Interesse. Ziel Ziel war es, Informationen darüber zu erhalten, wie die unterschiedlichen Mitarbeitenden-Gruppen mit den Veränderungen umgehen, welche durch die Umstrukturierung hin zum Buurtzorg-Modell ausgelöst wurden. Methode Der Reorganisationsprozess in 3 häuslichen Pflegediensten in der Deutschschweiz wurde multimethodisch untersucht und nachgezeichnet (11 Interviews mit Leitungspersonen und Coaches, 7 Fokusgruppengespräche, 12 problemzentrierte Interviews mit Mitarbeitenden, 5 teilnehmende Beobachtungen bei Teamsitzungen). Um Veränderungen im Prozess zu erfassen, erfolgte die Datenerhebung zu zwei Zeitpunkten mit neun Monaten Abstand. Die Analyse erfolgte nach der strukturierten Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring. Ergebnisse Für die Adaption des Buurtzorg-Modells waren Anpassungsleistungen bei Rollen und Aufgaben sowohl auf individueller als auch Team- und Organisationsebene erforderlich. Dies ging einher mit einer von Berufsabschlüssen möglichst losgelösten Arbeitsteilung, was zu neuen Zusammenarbeitsformen führte. Dies eröffnete Chancen aber auch Spannungsfelder, die durch die neue Rolle der Coaches unterstützend begleitet wurden. Schlussfolgerungen Den Wandel in gedrängter Zeit zu leisten, erweist sich als Kraftakt. Für die betriebliche Praxis wichtig sind genügend und geeignete Reflexionsmöglichkeiten und Austauschgefäße, um die diskutierten Spannungsfelder auszuloten und aufzufangen. Außerdem braucht es den Auf- und Ausbau einer breit verankerten betrieblichen Lernkultur, damit sämtliche Mitarbeitende begleitet in die neue Arbeitsweise hineinwachsen können.

With an unbridled exploitation of natural resources, much of the world's biodiversity has been decreasing over the years. With all the Amazonian wealth, Brazil is given the advantage in the search for national development, through the proper exploitation of these resources, minimizing damage to the environment. In this sense, Bioprospection emerges as a tool for Sustainable Development, which can be understood as the systematic search for organisms, genes, enzymes, compounds, processes and parts from living beings, which have economic potential and eventually lead to the development of a product. Many fungi live in symbiotic or commensal associations in beetle intestines and these fungi have an as yet unknown ability to produce as yet unknown substances. In view of these relationships, this research aims to carry out a Bioprospection of filamentous fungi extracted from the gut of Amazon beetles. The results are promising when highlighting the antifungal activity against strains of Candida sp species whit the studied extract fractions from Fusarium Incarnatum – equisetti species. Con una explotación desenfrenada de los recursos naturales, gran parte de la biodiversidad mundial ha ido disminuyendo a lo largo de los años. Con toda la riqueza amazónica, Brasil tiene ventaja en la búsqueda del desarrollo nacional, a través de la adecuada explotación de esos recursos, minimizando los daños al medio ambiente. En este sentido, la Bioprospección surge como una herramienta para el Desarrollo Sostenible, el cual puede entenderse como la búsqueda sistemática de organismos, genes, enzimas, compuestos, procesos y partes de los seres vivos, que tengan potencial económico y que eventualmente conduzcan al desarrollo de un producto. . . Muchos hongos viven en asociaciones simbióticas o comensales en los intestinos de los escarabajos y estos hongos tienen una capacidad aún desconocida para producir sustancias aún desconocidas. En vista de estas relaciones, esta investigación tiene como objetivo realizar una Bioprospección de hongos filamentosos extraídos del intestino de escarabajos amazónicos. Los resultados son prometedores al destacar la actividad antifúngica frente a cepas de la especie Candida sp con las fracciones de extracto estudiadas de Fusarium Incarnatum – especie equisetti. Com uma atividade exploratória desenfreada dos recursos naturais, muito da biodiversidade mundial vem diminuindo com o passar dos anos. Com toda a riqueza Amazônica dá-se a vantagem ao Brasil pela busca pelo desenvolvimento nacional, através da exploração adequada destes recursos, minimizando danos ao ambiente. Neste sentido a Bioprospecção surge como uma ferramenta do Desenvolvimento Sustentável, que pode ser entendida como a busca sistemática por organismos, genes, enzimas, compostos, processos e partes provenientes de seres vivos, que tenham potencial econômico e eventualmente, levam ao desenvolvimento de um produto. Muitos fungos vivem em associações simbiônticas ou comensais em intestinos de Besouros e estes fungos possuem uma capacidade ainda desconhecida de produção de substâncias ainda desconhecidas. Tendo em vista estas relações, esta pesquisa objetiva realizar uma Bioprospecção de fungos filamentosos extraídos do intestino de besouros da Amazônia. Os resultados são promissores ao destacar a atividade antifúngica contra cepas de espécies de Cândida sp com as frações de extratos estudadas proveniente de espécie de Fusarium Incarnatum-equisetti.

The ability to form precise, episodic memories develops with age, with young children only able to form gist-like memories that lack precision. The cellular and molecular events in the developing hippocampus that underlie the emergence of precise, episodic-like memory formation are unclear. In mice, the absence of a competitive neuronal engram allocation process in the immature hippocampus precluded the formation of sparse engrams and precise memories until the fourth postnatal week, when inhibitory circuits in the hippocampus mature. This age-dependent shift in precision of episodic-like memories involved the functional maturation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in subfield CA1 by extracellular perineuronal nets which is necessary and sufficient for the onset of competitive neuronal allocation, sparse engram formation, and memory precision.One-Sentence SummaryEpisodic-like memory precision requires maturation of hippocampal inhibitory interneurons by the extracellular matrix.

Ein Grab mit silbertauschiertem Reitersporn von Pinneberg-Ratsberg (Kr. Pinneberg) aus der Übergangsphase zur jüngeren Römischen Kaiserzeit. Ein Beispiel für die Elitenkommunikation zwischen Südskandinavien, Schleswig-Holstein und dem Donauraum Ein 1983 geborgenes Brandgrab aus Pinneberg-Ratsberg (Kr. Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein) enthält als Beigaben persönliche Ausrüstungsteile, Geräte und Waffen. Das Männergrab datiert in die Übergangsphase von älterer zu jüngerer Römischer Kaiserzeit (Phase B2/C1a) und somit in die Zeit der Markomannenkriege. Ein im Beigabeninventar enthaltener silbertauschierter Reitersporn belegt die zu dieser Zeit bestehenden Kontakte elbgermanischer Eliten in einem Gebiet zwischen Südskandinavien und dem Donauraum., Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Bd. 51 Nr. 4 (2021): Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt

Automated transport will gradually reshape our definition of mobility, and the change it brings will hardly make a stop at Switzerland’s borders. In recent years and with increasing intensity, researchers, policymakers and practitioners have been engaging with automated driving. In many respects, discussions mirror those in other countries, though they are much more strongly driven and shaped by public transport providers than by car manufacturers.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar uma proposta de intervenção de melhorias na gestão comercial de uma fábrica de vidros localizada no Paraná. Trata-se de um relato técnico que, após a realização de encontros para conhecer a estrutura da empresa, conversas com o coordenador do setor comercial e a aplicação da ferramenta, possibilitou uma visão mais clara do ambiente em que a empresa está inserida e do seu modelo de negócios. Para a coleta de dados foram realizados encontros onlines e presenciais, com aplicação de um diagnóstico e das ferramentas de análise estratégica Business Model Canvas e Matriz SWOT, além da análise da estrutura da empresa. Diante das situações levantadas com a aplicação das ferramentas foi possível identificar oportunidades de melhorias a fim de auxiliar a empresa em seu desenvolvimento da área comercial, como principais propostas, foram sugeridas: a padronização da identidade visual da empresa, criação de material de apoio para os vendedores e clientes, ampliação do envolvimento nas redes sociais e site, implementação do pós-vendas, plano de capacitação da equipe de vendas, e ações de engajamento da equipe.

Arbidol (ARB) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug approved in Russia and China for the treatment of influenza. ARB was tested in patients as a drug candidate for the treatment at the early onset of COVID-19 caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite promising clinical results and multiple ongoing trials, preclinical data are lacking and the molecular mechanism of action of ARB against SARS-CoV-2 remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that ARB binds to the spike viral fusion glycoprotein of the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain as well as its more virulent variants from the United Kingdom (strain B.1.1.7) and South Africa (strain B.1.351). We pinpoint the ARB binding site on the S protein to the S2 membrane fusion domain and use an infection assay with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) pseudoviruses (PVs) pseudotyped with the S proteins of the Wuhan strain and the new variants to show that this interaction is sufficient for the viral cell entry inhibition by ARB. Finally, our experiments reveal that the ARB interaction leads to a significant destabilization and eventual lysosomal degradation of the S protein in cells. Collectively, our results identify ARB as the first clinically approved small molecule drug binder of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and place ARB among the more promising drug candidates for COVID-19.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The correlation between imaging findings and clinical status in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension is unclear. We aimed to examine the evolution of idiopathic intracranial hypertension-related MR imaging findings in patients treated with venous sinus stent placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (median age, 26.9���years) were assessed for changes in the CSF opening pressure, transstenotic pressure gradient, and symptoms after venous sinus stent placement. Optic nerve sheath diameter, posterior globe flattening and/or optic nerve protrusion, empty sella, the Meckel cave, tonsillar ectopia, the ventricles, the occipital emissary vein, and subcutaneous fat were evaluated on MR imaging before and 6���months after venous sinus stent placement. Data are expressed as percentages, medians, or correlation coefficients (r) with P values. RESULTS Although all patients showed significant reductions of the CSF opening pressure (31 versus 21 cm H2O; P���=���.005) and transstenotic pressure gradient (22.5���versus 1.5���mm Hg; P = .002) and substantial improvement of clinical symptoms 6���months after venous sinus stent placement, a concomitant reduction was observed only for posterior globe involvement (61.5% versus 15.4%; P���=���.001), optic nerve sheath diameter (6.8��� versus 6.1���mm; P���

This study investigated the diversity of yeast species associated with rotting wood in Brazilian Amazonian rainforests. A total of 569 yeast strains were isolated from rotting wood samples collected in three Amazonian areas (Universidade Federal do Amazonas-UFAM, Piquiá, and Carú) in the municipality of Itacoatiara, Amazon state. The samples were cultured in yeast nitrogen base (YNB)-D-xylose, YNB-xylan, and sugarcane bagasse and corncob hemicellulosic hydrolysates (undiluted and diluted 1:2 and 1:5). Sugiyamaella was the most prevalent genus identified in this work, followed by Kazachstania. The most frequently isolated yeast species were Schwanniomyces polymorphus, Scheffersomyces amazonensis, and Wickerhamomyces sp., respectively. The alpha diversity analyses showed that the dryland forest of UFAM was the most diverse area, while the floodplain forest of Carú was the least. Additionally, the difference in diversity between UFAM and Carú was the highest among the comparisons. Thirty candidates for new yeast species were obtained, representing 36% of the species identified and totaling 101 isolates. Among them were species belonging to the clades Spathaspora, Scheffersomyces, and Sugiyamaella, which are recognized as genera with natural xylose-fermenting yeasts that are often studied for biotechnological and ecological purposes. The results of this work showed that rotting wood collected from the Amazonian rainforest is a tremendous source of diverse yeasts, including candidates for new species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A resistência microbiana é um problema global e consequentemente se faz necessário a busca intensiva por novos agentes antimicrobianos e antifúngicos de fontes naturais, através da exploração de novos nichos e habitats. Os besouros da família Passalidae vivem e se alimentam de madeira em decomposição e seus intestinos são ricamente colonizados por diferentes micro-organismos. Os actinomicetos representam uma das classes importantes de bactérias por sua capacidade de produzir uma ampla gama de metabólitos secundários. Foi isolado 103 cepas de actinomicetos. Seguindo para os testes de atividade antimicrobiana preliminar com o método de difusão ágar sendo selecionados cinco melhores para testes posteriores. Foi realizado fermentações líquida com caldo de amido caseína e CZAPEC e meio sólido com ágar batata-dextrose e amido. Ao final dos processos fermentativos, os cultivos foram submetidos a extração em acetato de etila, com a obtenção dos extratos brutos, o material foi filtrado, concentrado e seco, e calculado os rendimentos. Os extratos foram analisados quanto a atividade antimicrobiana, antifúngica e quanto a concentração inibitória mínima pela técnica de microdiluição. Foi realizada cromatografia em camada delgada CCD na proporção clorofórmio metanol (70:30) para avaliar a complexidade das amostras. Em seguida o extrato bruto da cepa BA16.2.1foi selecionado como mais promissor e seguiu para purificação e isolamento de frações ativas em HPLC preparativa em MS/MS. Através deste estudo espera-se obter frações ativas e identificadas quanto a sua atividade antimicrobiana e antifúngica. Microbial resistance is a global problem and consequently it is necessary to intensively search for new antimicrobial and antifungal agents from natural sources, through the exploration of new niches and habitats. The beetles of the Passalidae family live and feed on decaying wood and their intestines are richly colonized by different microorganisms. Actinomycetes represent one of the important classes of bacteria for their ability to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites. 103 strains of actinomycetes were isolated. Moving on to the preliminary antimicrobial activity tests with the agar diffusion method, the top five being selected for further testing. Liquid fermentations were carried out with casein starch broth and CZAPEC and solid medium with potato-dextrose and starch agar. At the end of the fermentation processes, the cultures were subjected to extraction in ethyl acetate, obtaining the crude extracts, the material was filtered, concentrated and dried, and the yields were calculated. The extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial and antifungal activity and for the minimum inhibitory concentration using the microdilution technique. CCD thin layer chromatography was performed in the chloroform methanol ratio (70:30) to assess the complexity of the samples. Then the crude extract of the BA16.2.1 strain was selected as the most promising and proceeded to purification and isolation of active fractions in preparative HPLC in MS/MS. Through this study it is expected to obtain active and identified fractions regarding their antimicrobial and antifungal activity. La resistencia microbiana es un problema global y, en consecuencia, es necesario buscar intensamente nuevos agentes antimicrobianos y antifúngicos de fuentes naturales, mediante la exploración de nuevos nichos y hábitats. Los escarabajos de la familia Passalidae viven y se alimentan de madera en descomposición y sus intestinos están ricamente colonizados por diferentes microorganismos. Los actinomicetos representan una de las clases importantes de bacterias por su capacidad para producir una amplia gama de metabolitos secundarios. Se aislaron 103 cepas de actinomicetos. Pasando a las pruebas preliminares de actividad antimicrobiana con el método de difusión en agar, se seleccionaron los cinco primeros para realizar más pruebas. Las fermentaciones líquidas se realizaron con caldo de caseína-almidón y CZAPEC y en medio sólido con patata-dextrosa y agar almidón. Al finalizar los procesos de fermentación, los cultivos se sometieron a extracción en acetato de etilo, obteniendo los extractos crudos, el material se filtró, concentró y secó, y se calcularon los rendimientos. Se analizó la actividad antimicrobiana y antifúngica de los extractos y la concentración inhibitoria mínima mediante la técnica de microdilución. La cromatografía de capa fina CCD se realizó en la relación cloroformo metanol (70:30) para evaluar la complejidad de las muestras. Luego se seleccionó el extracto crudo de la cepa BA16.2.1 como el más prometedor y se procedió a la purificación y aislamiento de las fracciones activas en HPLC preparativa en MS/MS. A través de este estudio se espera obtener fracciones activas e identificadas en cuanto a su actividad antimicrobiana y antifúngica.

Rising air temperatures threaten the snow reliability of ski resorts. Most resorts rely on technical snowmaking to compensate lacking natural snow. But increased water consumption for snowmaking may cause conflicts with other sectors’ water uses such as hydropower production or the hotel industry. We assessed the future snow reliability (likelihood of a continuous 100-day skiing season and of operable Christmas holidays) of the Swiss resort Andermatt-Sedrun-Disentis throughout the twenty-first century, where 65% of the area is currently equipped for snowmaking. Our projections are based on the most recent climate change scenarios for Switzerland (CH2018) and the model SkiSim 2.0 including a snowmaking module. Unabated greenhouse gas emissions (scenario RCP8.5) will cause a lack of natural snow at areas below 1800–2000 m asl by the mid-twenty-first century. Initially, this can be fully compensated by snowmaking, but by the end of the century, the results become more nuanced. While snowmaking can provide a continuous 100-day season throughout the twenty-first century, the economically important Christmas holidays are increasingly at risk under the high-emission scenario in the late twenty-first century. The overall high snow reliability of the resort comes at the cost of an increased water demand. The total water consumption of the resort will rise by 79% by the end of the century (2070–2099 compared to 1981–2010; scenario RCP8.5), implying that new water sources will have to be exploited. Future water management plans at the catchment level, embracing the stakeholders, could help to solve future claims for water in the region.

Der Wasserkraft kommt eine wichtige Rolle zu. Ihr rechtlicher Rahmen stellt sich kompliziert dar, wenn Grenzgewässer genutzt werden. Während die Wassernutzung üblicherweise eine kantonale Angelegenheit ist, liegt die Zuständigkeit für Grenzgewässer beim Bund. Er muss jedoch die kantonalen Interessen zu berücksichtigen. Wie soll der Bund einen betroffenen Kanton einbeziehen? Die Antwort führt zum vertikalen, kooperativen Föderalismus und verbindet Erkenntnisse der Bereiche des Wasserrechts und des Föderalismus.

This thesis presents how the blockchain technology is used in Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. IoT is something present in our everyday life and the IoT applications rely on constrained devices, devices far less powerful than a computer. Using these constrained devices forces us to define new protocols and use new tools to ensure security in these applications. In this thesis, we ask ourselves if the blockchain, a distributed ledger technology, can be a tool used to increase security in IoT applications. To answer this question, we propose two contributions : a consensus algorithm reducing the energy consumption of the blockchain nodes, and a publish/subscribe protocol presenting data delivery guarantees.; Cette thèse traite de l’utilisation de la Blockchain dans les applications liées à l’Internet des Objets (IoT). L'IoT est un domaine présent dans notre quotidien et les applications IoT reposent sur l'utilisation d'objets contraints, des appareils informatiques beaucoup moins puissants qu’un ordinateur. L'utilisation de ces objets contraints force la définition de nouveaux protocoles et l'utilisation de nouveaux outils pour assurer les communications et la sécurité des applications. Dans cette optique, nous nous posons la question de savoir si la blockchain, une technologie de registre distribuée, peut être un outil permettant de répondre à ce problème de sécurité. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons réalisé deux contributions: un algorithme de consensus réduisant la consommation énergétique des noeuds blockchain, et un protocole publish/subscribe fournissant des garanties de livraison des données.

Although the recent advances on the relationship of its major groups, the systematics of the rich fauna of Neotropical snakes is far from being a consensus. In this sense, derived groups presenting continental distributions have represented a main challenge. The taxonomy of the snake tribe Echinantherini is one of the most contentious among the diverse family known as Dipsadidae. The tribe is poorly sampled in phylogenetic studies, resulting in conflicting hypotheses of relationships among its taxa. Moreover, several rare and micro endemic species of Echinantherini have never been evaluated within a comprehensive phylogenetic framework. Here, we assess for the first time the phylogenetic position of the rare Echinanthera amoena within Echinantherini. We based our analyses on a comprehensive multilocus dataset including 14 of the 16 species described for the tribe. Our results support the monophyly of Echinantherini and strongly indicate E. amoena as a unique lineage, phylogenetically positioned apart from all other congeners. From the three current genera (Echinanthera, Taeniophallus, and Sordellina) our results indicate that Echinanthera and Taeniophallus are paraphyletic, since the T. affinis species group is positioned as sister to Echinanthera (except E. amoena) clustering apart from the clade formed by the T. brevirostris and T. occipitalis groups. We describe new genera for the T. affinis and T. occipitalis species groups and an additional monospecific genus for E. amoena. Although we did not evaluate the phylogenetic position of T. nebularis, we described a new genus and removed it from Echinantherini since its morphology strikingly departs from all species now included in the tribe. Finally, we redefine the genera Echinanthera and Taeniophallus and we provide comments about further directions to study the biogeography and the evolution of morphological traits in Echinantherini.

The cepafungins are a class of highly potent and selective eukaryotic proteasome inhibitor natural products with potential to treat refractory multiple myeloma and other cancers. The structure-activity relationship of the cepafungins is not fully understood. This account chronicles the development of a chemoenzymatic approach to cepafungin I. A failed initial route involving derivatization of pipecolic acid prompted us to examine the biosynthetic pathway for the production of 4-hydroxylysine, which culminated in the development of a 9-step synthesis of cepafungin I. An alkyne-tagged analog enabled chemoproteomic studies of cepafungin and comparison of its effects on global protein expression in human multiple myeloma cells to the clinical drug bortezomib. A preliminary series of analogs elucidated critical determinants of potency in proteasome inhibition. Herein we report the chemoenzymatic syntheses of 13 additional analogs of cepafungin I guided by a proteasome-bound crystal structure, 5 of which are more potent than the natural product. Enzymatic strategies enabled the facile synthesis of oxidized amino acids in the macrocycle warhead as well as the tail fragment. Additional analogs were prepared by chemical methods to further explore the SAR at other regions of the scaffold. These studies reveal the criticality of the macrocyclic L-lysine oxidation regio-/stereochemistry introduced in the natural product biosynthesis relative to other possible lysine oxidation patterns found in nature. The lead analog was found to have seven-fold greater proteasome b5 subunit inhibitory activity and has been evaluated against several multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma cell lines in comparison to the clinical drug bortezomib.

As resinas compostas estão presentes a mais de 50 anos na Odontologia, sendo frequentemente aprimoradas devido a sua ampla demanda e versatilidade clínica. Sua principal utilização consiste em restaurações diretas, sobretudo devido a alta demanda estética atual tornando se um material de primeira escolha. Contudo, a grande variedade de resinas e suas diferenças quanto as propriedades de cada produto disponível no mercado podem tornar difícil a tomada de decisão sobre qual compósito utilizar durante a prática clínica. As resinas macro particuladas apresentavam boa capacidade mecânica, no entanto, baixa lisura superficial dificultando polimento, sendo mais susceptível a pigmentação. Micro particuladas exibem ótimas propriedades estéticas e lisura superficial, polimento e brilho, contudo, menores propriedades mecânicas. As resinas híbridas e micro híbridas aliam propriedades mecânicas e estéticas satisfatoriamente, o que leva alguns autores a mencioná-las como materiais restauradoras universais. Já as nanoparticuladas ou nanohíbridas foram introduzidas com o objetivo de melhorar ainda mais as propriedades das resinas híbridas, também apresentando ótimas características estéticas e mecânicas. Recentemente as resinas bulk-fill surgem com a premissa de praticidade clínica aliada a propriedades semelhante às resinas tradicionais. Tem-se como objetivo deste trabalho, informar sobre as resinas compostas, de acordo com suas partículas de carga, vantagens, desvantagens e indicações. Composite resins have been present in dentistry for more than 50 years and are frequently improved due to their wide demand and clinical versatility. Its main use consists of direct restorations, mainly due to the current high aesthetic demand making it a material of first choice. However, the wide variety of resins and their differences in the properties of each product available on the market can make it difficult to decide which composite to use during clinical practice. The macro particulate resins had good mechanical capacity, however, low surface smoothness making polishing difficult, being more susceptible to pigmentation. Microfill composites show excellent aesthetic properties and surface smoothness, polishing and gloss, however, less mechanical properties. Hybrid and micro-hybrid resins combine mechanical and aesthetic properties satisfactorily, which leads some authors to mention them as universal restorative materials. Nanoparticulates or nanohybrids were introduced with the objective of further improving the properties of hybrid resins, also presenting excellent aesthetic and mechanical characteristics. Recently, bulk-fill resins appear with the premise of clinical practicality combined with properties similar to traditional resins. The objective of this work is to inform about composite resins, according to their charge particles, advantages, disadvantages and indications. Las resinas compuestas han estado presentes en odontología durante más de 50 años y con frecuencia se mejoran debido a su amplia demanda y versatilidad clínica. Su uso principal consiste en las restauraciones directas, debido principalmente a la alta demanda estética actual que lo convierte en un material de primera elección. Sin embargo, la amplia variedad de resinas y sus diferencias en las propiedades de cada producto disponibles en el mercado pueden dificultar la decisión de qué composite utilizar durante la práctica clínica. Las resinas de macropartículas tenían buena capacidad mecánica, sin embargo, la baja suavidad de la superficie dificultaba el pulido, siendo más susceptibles a la pigmentación. Las micropartículas muestran excelentes propiedades estéticas y de superficie lisa, pulido y brillo, sin embargo, menos propiedades mecánicas. Las resinas híbridas y microhíbridas combinan satisfactoriamente propiedades mecánicas y estéticas, lo que lleva a algunos autores a mencionarlas como materiales restauradores universales. Se introdujeron nanopartículas o nanohíbridos con el objetivo de mejorar aún más las propiedades de las resinas híbridas, presentando también excelentes características estéticas y mecánicas. Recientemente, aparecen las resinas bulk-fill con la premisa de practicidad clínica combinada con propiedades similares a las resinas tradicionales. El objetivo de este trabajo es informar sobre las resinas compuestas, según sus partículas de carga, ventajas, desventajas e indicaciones.

Summer skiing on glaciers is a leisure activity highly dependent on natural factors like weather and glacier conditions. While the literature agrees that climate change is shaping the fate of summer skiing, longer time series covering both the supply and demand side of glacier/summer skiing, and research that combines natural and non-natural factors affecting the summer ski market are missing. To close this research gap, we conducted a detailed supply-side analysis of nine Austrian glacier ski areas focusing on the number of operating days (in the summer half-year, as well as for meteorological and astronomical summer ski definitions), show how these numbers evolve over time, test how they correlate with meteorological and glaciological data using time-series regression models on a yearly and monthly basis, and highlight how managerial decisions come into play when trying to explain the summer ski supply’s decline. Between 2002 and 2019, summer ski operating days in Austrian glacier ski areas declined by 48.3% in the summer half-year, 65.2% in the meteorological, and 62.3% in the astronomical summer parallel to rising mean temperatures and shrinking glaciers. This decrease is strongest in June to September and weakest in May and October but in two glacier ski areas, the operating days in the summer season remain constant or are even on the rise. This is in line with model results indicating that meteorological and glaciological data only explain parts of the variance of the decline trends. Operators’ agency, strategies, and decisions play an important role underlining that global warming is not monocausally determining summer ski operation.

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers. The team collaboration and manuscript development are supported by the web-based team science platform: science-i.org, with the project number 202205GFB2. We thank the following initiatives, agencies, teams and individuals for data collection and other technical support: the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative (GFBI) for establishing the data standards and collaborative framework; United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program; University of Alaska Fairbanks; the SODEFOR, Ivory Coast; University Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB, Ivory Coast); the Queensland Herbarium and past Queensland Government Forestry and Natural Resource Management departments and staff for data collection for over seven decades; and the National Forestry Commission of Mexico (CONAFOR). We thank M. Baker (Carbon Tanzania), together with a team of field assistants (Valentine and Lawrence); all persons who made the Third Spanish Forest Inventory possible, especially the main coordinator, J. A. Villanueva (IFN3); the French National Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns (raw data 2005 and following annual surveys, were downloaded by GFBI at https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/spip.php?rubrique159; site accessed on 1 January 2015)); the Italian Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns raw data 2005 and following surveys were downloaded by GFBI at https://inventarioforestale.org/; site accessed on 27 April 2019); Swiss National Forest Inventory, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL and Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Switzerland; the Swedish NFI, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU; the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa (89967 and 109244) and the South African Research Chair Initiative; the Danish National Forestry, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, UCPH; Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel of Brazil (CAPES, grant number 88881.064976/2014-01); R. Ávila and S. van Tuylen, Instituto Nacional de Bosques (INAB), Guatemala, for facilitating Guatemalan data; the National Focal Center for Forest condition monitoring of Serbia (NFC), Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia; the Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems (Germany) for providing National Forest Inventory data; the FAO and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for undertaking the SAFE (Safe Access to Fuel and Energy) and CBIT-Forest projects; and the Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR), the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network (AfriTRON) and the ForestPlots.net initiative for their contributions from Amazonian and African forests. The Natural Forest plot data collected between January 2009 and March 2014 by the LUCAS programme for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment are provided by the New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank https://nvs.landcareresearch.co.nz/. We thank the International Boreal Forest Research Association (IBFRA); the Forestry Corporation of New South Wales, Australia; the National Forest Directory of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of the Argentine Republic (MAyDS) for the plot data of the Second National Forest Inventory (INBN2); the National Forestry Authority and Ministry of Water and Environment of Uganda for their National Biomass Survey (NBS) dataset; and the Sabah Biodiversity Council and the staff from Sabah Forest Research Centre. All TEAM data are provided by the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network, a collaboration between Conservation International, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian Institution and the Wildlife Conservation Society, and partially funded by these institutions, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and other donors, with thanks to all current and previous TEAM site manager and other collaborators that helped collect data. We thank the people of the Redidoti, Pierrekondre and Cassipora village who were instrumental in assisting with the collection of data and sharing local knowledge of their forest and the dedicated members of the field crew of Kabo 2012 census. We are also thankful to FAPESC, SFB, FAO and IMA/SC for supporting the IFFSC. This research was supported in part through computational resources provided by Information Technology at Purdue, West Lafayette, Indiana.This work is supported in part by the NASA grant number 12000401 ‘Multi-sensor biodiversity framework developed from bioacoustic and space based sensor platforms’ (J. Liang, B.P.); the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture McIntire Stennis projects 1017711 (J. Liang) and 1016676 (M.Z.); the US National Science Foundation Biological Integration Institutes grant NSF‐DBI‐2021898 (P.B.R.); the funding by H2020 VERIFY (contract 776810) and H2020 Resonate (contract 101000574) (G.-J.N.); the TEAM project in Uganda supported by the Moore foundation and Buffett Foundation through Conservation International (CI) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS); the Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences (TREECHANGE, grant 6108- 00078B) and VILLUM FONDEN grant number 16549 (J.-C.S.); the Natural Environment Research Council of the UK (NERC) project NE/T011084/1 awarded to J.A.-G. and NE/S011811/1; ERC Advanced Grant 291585 (‘T-FORCES’) and a Royal Society-Wolfson Research Merit Award (O.L.P.); RAINFOR plots supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the UK Natural Environment Research Council, notably NERC Consortium Grants ‘AMAZONICA’ (NE/F005806/1), ‘TROBIT’ (NE/D005590/1) and ‘BIO-RED’ (NE/N012542/1); CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+ funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the European Union, the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety and the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP-FTA) and donors to the CGIAR Fund; AfriTRON network plots funded by the local communities and NERC, ERC, European Union, Royal Society and Leverhume Trust; a grant from the Royal Society and the Natural Environment Research Council, UK (S.L.L.); National Science Foundation CIF21 DIBBs: EI: number 1724728 (A.C.C.); National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800374) and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2019BC083) (H.L.). UK NERC Independent Research Fellowship (grant code: NE/S01537X/1) (T.J.); a Serra-Húnter Fellowship provided by the Government of Catalonia (Spain) (S.d.-M.); the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grant 442640/2018-8, CNPq/Prevfogo-Ibama number 33/2018) (C.A.S.); a grant from the Franklinia Foundation (D.A.C.); Russian Science Foundation project number 19-77-300-12 (R.V.); the Takenaka Scholarship Foundation (A.O.A.); the German Research Foundation (DFG), grant number Am 149/16-4 (C.A.); the Romania National Council for Higher Education Funding, CNFIS, project number CNFIS-FDI-2022-0259 (O.B.); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2019-05109 and STPGP506284) and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (36014) (H.Y.H.C.); the project SustES—Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797) (E.C.); Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del estado de Durango (2019-01-155) (J.J.C.-R.); Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, Government of India (file number PDF/2015/000447)— ‘Assessing the carbon sequestration potential of different forest types in Central India in response to climate change’ (J.A.D.); Investissement d’avenir grant of the ANR (CEBA: ANR-10-LABEX-0025) (G.D.); National Foundation for Science & Technology Development of Vietnam, 106-NN.06-2013.01 (T.V.D.); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (T.J.E.); a Czech Science Foundation Standard grant (19-14620S) (T.M.F.); European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007– 2013) under grant agreement number 265171 (L. Finer, M. Pollastrini, F. Selvi); grants from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (J.F.); CNPq productivity grant number 311303/2020-0 (A.L.d.G.); DFG grant HE 2719/11-1,2,3; HE 2719/14-1 (A. Hemp); European Union’s Horizon Europe research project OpenEarthMonitor grant number 101059548, CGIAR Fund INIT-32-MItigation and Transformation Initiative for GHG reductions of Agrifood systems RelaTed Emissions (MITIGATE+) (M.H.); General Directorate of the State Forests, Poland (1/07; OR-2717/3/11; OR.271.3.3.2017) and the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (BIOSTRATEG1/267755/4/NCBR/2015) (A.M.J.); Czech Science Foundation 18-10781 S (S.J.); Danish of Ministry of Environment, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Forest Monitoring Program—NFI (V.K.J.); State of São Paulo Research Foundation/FAPESP as part of the BIOTA/FAPESP Program Project Functional Gradient-PELD/BIOTA-ECOFOR 2003/12595-7 & 2012/51872-5 (C.A.J.); Danish Council for Independent Research—social sciences—grant DFF 6109– 00296 (G.A.K.); Russian Science Foundation project 21-46-07002 for the plot data collected in the Krasnoyarsk region (V.K.); BOLFOR (D.K.K.); Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, Government of India (grant number BT/PR7928/ NDB/52/9/2006, dated 29 September 2006) (M.L.K.); grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (J.N.K.); Korea Forest Service (2018113A00-1820-BB01, 2013069A00-1819-AA03, and 2020185D10- 2022-AA02) and Seoul National University Big Data Institute through the Data Science Research Project 2016 (H.S.K.); the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grant 442640/2018-8, CNPq/Prevfogo-Ibama number 33/2018) (C.K.); CSIR, New Delhi, government of India (grant number 38(1318)12/EMR-II, dated: 3 April 2012) (S.K.); Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, government of India (grant number BT/ PR12899/ NDB/39/506/2015 dated 20 June 2017) (A.K.); Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) #88887.463733/2019-00 (R.V.L.); National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800374) (H.L.); project of CEPF RAS ‘Methodological approaches to assessing the structural organization and functioning of forest ecosystems’ (AAAA-A18-118052590019-7) funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia (N.V.L.); Leverhulme Trust grant to Andrew Balmford, Simon Lewis and Jon Lovett (A.R.M.); Russian Science Foundation, project 19-77-30015 for European Russia data processing (O.M.); grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (M.T.E.M.); the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (BIOSTRATEG1/267755/4/NCBR/2015) (S.M.); the Secretariat for Universities and of the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia and the European Social Fund (A. Morera); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (V.J.N.); Pinnacle Group Cameroon PLC (L.N.N.); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (M.R.N.); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2018-05201) (A.P.); the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 20-05-00540 (E.I.P.); European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement number 778322 (H.P.); Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi, government of India (grant number YSS/2015/000479, dated 12 January 2016) (P.S.); the Chilean Government research grants Fondecyt number 1191816 and FONDEF number ID19 10421 (C.S.-E.); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Priority Program 1374 Biodiversity Exploratories (P.S.); European Space Agency projects IFBN (4000114425/15/NL/FF/gp) and CCI Biomass (4000123662/18/I-NB) (D. Schepaschenko); FunDivEUROPE, European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement number 265171 (M.S.-L.); APVV 20-0168 from the Slovak Research and Development Agency (V.S.); Manchester Metropolitan University’s Environmental Science Research Centre (G.S.); the project ‘LIFE+ ForBioSensing PL Comprehensive monitoring of stand dynamics in Białowieża Forest supported with remote sensing techniques’ which is co-funded by the EU Life Plus programme (contract number LIFE13 ENV/PL/000048) and the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Poland (contract number 485/2014/WN10/OP-NM-LF/D) (K.J.S.); Global Challenges Research Fund (QR allocation, MMU) (M.J.P.S.); Czech Science Foundation project 21-27454S (M.S.); the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 20-05-00540 (N. Tchebakova); Botanical Research Fund, Coalbourn Trust, Bentham Moxon Trust, Emily Holmes scholarship (L.A.T.); the programmes of the current scientific research of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (V.A.U.); FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology—Project UIDB/04033/2020. Inventário Florestal Nacional—ICNF (H. Viana); Grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (C.W.); grants from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (B.W.); ATTO project (grant number MCTI-FINEP 1759/10 and BMBF 01LB1001A, 01LK1602F) (F.W.); ReVaTene/ PReSeD-CI 2 is funded by the Education and Research Ministry of Côte d’Ivoire, as part of the Debt Reduction-Development Contracts (C2Ds) managed by IRD (I.C.Z.-B.); the National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF, grant 89967) (C.H.). The Tropical Plant Exploration Group 70 1 ha plots in Continental Cameroon Mountains are supported by Rufford Small Grant Foundation, UK and 4 ha in Sierra Leone are supported by the Global Challenge Research Fund through Manchester Metropolitan University, UK; the National Geographic Explorer Grant, NGS-53344R-18 (A.C.-S.); University of KwaZulu-Natal Research Office grant (M.J.L.); Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dirección General de Asuntos de Personal Académico, Grant PAPIIT IN-217620 (J.A.M.). Czech Science Foundation project 21-24186M (R.T., S. Delabye). Czech Science Foundation project 20-05840Y, the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (LTAUSA19137) and the long-term research development project of the Czech Academy of Sciences no. RVO 67985939 (J.A.). The American Society of Primatologists, the Duke University Graduate School, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the National Science Foundation (grant number 0452995) and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (grant number 7330) (M.B.). Research grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico (CNPq, Brazil) (309764/2019; 311303/2020) (A.C.V., A.L.G.). The Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (grant number CKJ-JYRC-2022-83) (H.-F.W.). The Ugandan NBS was supported with funds from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the Austrian Development Agency (ADC) and FAO. FAO’s UN-REDD Program, together with the project on ‘Native Forests and Community’ Loan BIRF number 8493-AR UNDP ARG/15/004 and the National Program for the Protection of Native Forests under UNDP funded Argentina’s INBN2.

Habitatbäume sind eine Schlüsselkomponente der Waldbiodiversität. Seit rund 20 Jahren ist die Bedeutung von Baummikrohabitaten (BMH) als Lebensraum für Tausende teils hochspezialisierte Arten bekannt, und BMH finden zunehmend Eingang ins Waldmonitoring. Mit der Einführung der ersten europäischen Typologie der BMH verfügen das Schweizerische Landesforstinventar (LFI) und die Inventur im Buchenurwald Uholka-Schyrokyj Luh in der Ukraine als erste Grossrauminventuren über repräsentative Referenzdaten. Auch wenn die Reproduzierbarkeit bei einigen BMH-Typen eher schlecht ist, sind nach drei Erhebungsjahren des fünften LFI doch erste aufschlussreiche Vergleiche möglich. Im Schweizer Wald weisen 60% der stehenden lebenden Bäume ab 12 cm Brusthöhendurchmesser mindestens ein BMH auf. Am häufigsten in Stück pro Hektare sind solche mit Flechtenbewuchs (73), Moosbewuchs (67), Stammfusshöhlen (53), Kronentotholz (47) und Harzfluss (37), selten jene mit tiefen Mulmhöhlen (4), Spalten (1), Spechtbruthöhlen (1) und Pilzfruchtkörpern (1). Am geringsten ist die Anzahl BMH-Typen an Tannen (0.6), am grössten an Arven (1.6), Eichen (1.4) und Kastanien (1.3). Generell nimmt die Anzahl verschiedener BMH-Typen mit zunehmendem Baumdurchmesser zu. Die BMH-Dichte variiert je nach Waldfunktion, Waldeigentum, letzter Nutzung, Höhenlage und Geländeneigung. Die tiefen Werte im Mittelland und im östlichen Jura könnten Handlungsbedarf indizieren. Die BMH-Dichte an lebenden Bäumen ist im Schweizer Buchenwald gleich gross wie im Buchenurwald Uholka-Schyrokyj Luh. Allerdings sind tiefe Baumhöhlen, Rindentaschen, Kronentotholz und mehrjährige Pilzfruchtkörper im Buchenurwald häufiger, im Buchenwald dagegen Dendrotelme, Moos- und Efeubewuchs. Der wohl wichtigste ökologische Unterschied liegt im Totholzvolumen, das im Buchenurwald insgesamt fast dreimal so hoch ist wie im Buchenwald, bei den Dürrständern sogar fast sechsmal so hoch.

Reprogramming known medicines for a novel target with activity and selectivity over the canonical target is challenging. By studying the binding interactions between RNA folds and known small-molecule medicines and mining the resultant dataset across human RNAs, we identified that Dovitinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor, binds the precursor to microRNA-21 (pre-miR-21). Dovitinib was rationally reprogrammed for pre-miR-21 by using it as an RNA recognition element in a chimeric compound that also recruits RNase L to induce the RNA's catalytic degradation. By enhancing the inherent RNA-targeting activity and decreasing potency against canonical RTK protein targets in cells, the chimera shifted selectivity for pre-miR-21 by 2500-fold, alleviating disease progression in mouse models of triple-negative breast cancer and Alport Syndrome, both caused by miR-21 overexpression. Thus, targeted degradation can dramatically improve selectivity even across different biomolecules, i.e., protein versus RNA.