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The evaluation of tenderness associated with greater trochanteric pain (GTP) syndrome is amenable to bias and depends on the examiner's experience. In this study, we tested whether the use of an electronic pressure algometer enhanced the reliability of this evaluation.Pressure-pain threshold (PPT) was measured with an electronic algometer in 18 patients who developed GTP after total hip arthroplasty and in matched controls. Both groups were evaluated with visual analog scale.The PPT measurements showed large interindividual variability across patients. The correspondence of the PPT measurements in asymptomatic patients was good. We found good validity for the algometer used. The PPT ratio of 0.8 (affected vs. unaffected side) can be used as a cut-off ratio. The PPT measurements at the greater trochanter (local pain) were significantly lower than at the ilio-tibial band (radiated pain). There was no correlation between PPT measurements and visual analog scales. Despite the acceptable sensitivity and specificity of pressure algometer, because of low positive predictive value and large interindividual variability, pressure algometer has a limited value as a screening test.The examination of tenderness associated with GTP is facilitated by the used algometer. It is the intraindividual body-side PPT differences that yield the most sensitive measurement for the assessment of deep pain. A cut-off value of 0.8 can be used for diagnostic purposes. Interindividual differences might be considerable and could mask pathologic diagnostic findings.

To determine the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in Kelantanese pre-school children and to identify risk factors that best predict the presence of ID.Children (aged eight to 26 months) who attended eight primary health clinics in the district of Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, from September to November 1999, were invited to participate in the study. Parents were interviewed for potential risk factors of ID and blood was taken for the analysis of haemoglobin (HB), mean corpuscular volume and serum ferritin (SF) level after obtaining a verbal consent. The possible risk factors for ID were compared between the iron deficient (SF less than 12 microgrammes per litre) and iron sufficient (SF greater than 12 microgrammes per litre) groups using multiple logistic regression.Among 490 children, 319 (65.1 percent, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] 60.7- 69.2 percent) had anaemia (HB less than 11.0 g/dL). 191 children (38.9 percent, 95 percent CI 34.7-43.5 percent) had ID. 155 children (31.6 percent, 95 percent CI 27.6-36.0 percent) had IDA (HB less than 11.0 g/dL and SF less than 12 microgrammes per litre). Independent risk factors for ID were prolonged breast feeding for more than six months (p-value is 0.003, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.5, 95 percent CI 1.5-4.0) and failure to receive formula milk (p-value is 0.004, adjusted OR 1.6, 95 percent CI 1.2-2.0). Other dietary factors were not significantly associated with ID.The prevalence of ID and IDA among Kelantanese children is high, and is mainly attributed to prolonged breast feeding beyond six months of age and failure to introduce formula milk at later infancy.

1. Chick embryos were orally immunised at day 16 of incubation by injection of heat-killed Campylobacter jejuni organisms into the amniotic fluid. The response to vaccination was observed at 5 d after hatching or, in some birds which received a postnatal oral booster vaccination, at 7 d after hatching, and the response was observed at 14 d of age. 2. The titres of antibody in serum, bile and intestinal scrapings, the distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the spleen, duodenum and ileum and the expression on peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of the T cell surface markers CD3, CD4 and CD8 were determined. 3. Whereas low titres of anti-flagellin antibody were detected in serum, bile and intestinal scrapings of unimmunised birds, high titres were observed in immunised birds. 4. An increase in antibody of all isotypes was detectable in serum but the elevation in IgA antibody in intestinal scrapings and bile was particularly striking. This response was reflected in a dramatic increase in immunoglobulin-containing cells, detected by fluorescent histology, particularly those associated with IgA and IgM isotypes in the spleen and intestine of immunised birds. 5. Secondary oral boosting after hatching resulted in a depression in serum anti-flagellin antibody in immunised birds compared to pre-boosting titres (although still significantly higher than in non-immunised controls) but an increase in IgA antibody in intestinal scrapings and bile. The number of immunoglobulin-containing cells was also increased after boosting. 6. Neither immunisation regimen caused a significant change in the numbers of circulating CD3, CD4 or CD8 T cells. 7. These results indicate that in ovo oral immunisation with C. jejuni antigens stimulates the precocious development of immunity in chicks.

We generalize several results of relatively normal nearlattices in terms of n -ideals. We introduce the notion of relative n -annihilators in a nearlattice and include some interesting results on this. Several characterizations of the set of principal n -ideals P ­ n ( S ) are given which form s a relatively normal nearlattice in terms of relative n -annihilators. It is shown that P­ n ( S ) is relatively normal if and only if for any two incomparable prime n -ideals P and Q , P U Q =L. Keywords: Relatively normal nearlattice; Relative n -annihilator; Incomparable prime n -ideals. © 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.3955 J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 35-42 (2011)

Background Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants are at increased risk for developing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and lower oxygen saturation limits have decreased the incidence of severe ROP. Although oxygen is known to constrict the ductus arteriosus (DA), a localized ductal wall tissue hypoxia is required for permanent closure of the DA. Objective To compare the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and the need for ductal ligation in ELBW infants before and after implementation of lower oxygen saturation limits. Methods Retrospective data analyses of prospectively collected data on ELBW infants admitted to one of our neonatal intensive care units 4 years before and after the implementation of a new oxygen saturation limit for prevention of ROP were included in the study. Patients with a gestational age of less than 23 weeks were excluded. During the period prior to the implementation of the lower saturation limits (83-89%), ELBW infants requiring oxygen were maintained at oxygen saturations of 89 to 94%. Results A total of 186 ELBW infants comprised our study population. There were 108 patients (birth weight [BW] 744 ± 125 g, gestational age [GA] 25.8 ± 1.6 weeks) before and 78 patients (BW 777 ± 128 g, GA 25.9 ± 1.7 weeks) after the implementation of the lower oxygen saturation limit protocol. There was a significant reduction in the incidence of stage III or greater ROP (26% vs 11%, p = .015). However, the incidence of PDA (52% vs 55%) and ductal ligation (41% vs 42%) was unchanged. Conclusions The use of the lower oxygen saturation limits in ELBW infants resulted in a significant reduction in severe ROP without significantly impacting the incidence of PDA or the need for DA ligation.

An MS-algebra is an algebra (L; ∨, ∧, ∘, 0, 1) of type (2, 2, 1, 0, 0) such that (L; ∨, ∧, 0, 1) is a distributive lattice with smallest element 0 and greatest element 1, and x ↦ x∘ is a unary operation such that l∘ = 0, x ≤ x∘∘ for all x ∈ L, and (x ∧ y)∘ = x∘ ∨ y∘ for all x, y ∈ L. These algebras belong to the class of Ockham algebras introduced by Berman [3]; see also [2,10,15]. A double MS-algebra is an algebra (L, ∨, ∧, ∘, +, 0, 1) of type (2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0) such that (L, ∘) and (Ld, +) are MS-algebras, where Ld denotes the dual of L, and the operations ∘, + are linked by the identities x∘+ = x∘∘ and x+∘ = x++. We refer to [5, 6, 7, 8] for the basic properties of MS-algebras and double MS-algebras. Concerning the latter, the properties x∘∘∘ = x∘, x+++ = x+, and x∘ ≤ x+will be used frequently. The class of double MS-algebras is congruencedistributive and consequently the results of [13] can be applied. As to general results in lattice theory and universal algebra, the reader may consult [1, 9, 12].

The magnetic susceptibilities and resistivities of Cr alloys containing 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 3.0 and 10.0% Pt have been measured over a wide range of temperatures. Anomalies occurring in these measurements have been associated with the onset of antiferromagnetism, and it has been found that the variation of anomaly temperature with concentration is typical of solutes which are to the right of chromium in the Periodic Table.

The magnetic phase transition in the (NiAs‐type) system Mn0.5Te0.5−xSbx was investigated by electrical resistivity and x‐ray powder diffraction techniques. Crystallographically, the lattice parameter (a) was found to decrease smoothly with x, while (c) behaved in a steplike manner with the changeover taking place at 0.2 1.63) which typifies the metallic nature (at x>0.3) in nickel arsenides. On the other hand, the shapes of the electrical resistivity curves exhibited a gradual evolution with increasing x values, confirming the proposed phase transition. A plot of resistivity minima versus x showed a clear inversion in the range 0.2

SynopsisA solution is given to an open question of Blyth and Varlet concerning bistable subvarieties of MS-algebras.

The CIb‐type intermetallic Cu0.9Pd0.1Mn Sb has been investigated by neutron diffraction and inelastic scattering techniques. Below 42 K, both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic contributions were detectable in neutron diffractograms while pure ferromagnetism was detectable at up to 453 K. A canted spin structure was proposed to explain the coexistence of both components. However, no sudden enhancement in the ferromagnetic contribution was detected at around TN (42 K) when the assumed canted spins are supposed to flip into a purely ferromagnetic ensemble. An inelastic incoherent scattering measurement was performed in order to investigate exchange interaction by observing transitions due to Zeeman levels at 5 and 80 K. The discrepancy between experimentally observed magnetic parameters and those calculated using molecular field theory was explicit. Suggesting that the material is magnetically inhomogeneous and the coexistence of two magnetic phases might be appropriate for this compound. This may emphasiz...