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In vitro mutagenesis with methylhydroxylamine and nitrosomethylurea was used to obtain a number of Bacillus subtilis mutants impaired in flavin-dependent response. Mutants displayed varying degree of flavin-dependent repression of riboflavin synthase and of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityl-lumasine accumulation. Single nucleotide substitutions were detected by DNA sequencing in all of the mutants, affecting the 48 b.p. target area between the mRNA start and the AUG of the first gene.

A total of 102 children aged 5 to 14 years with virus hepatitis B were examined for the status of the mononuclear phagocytic system in accordance with the absolute monocyte count in the circulating blood, esterase and acid phosphatase activity in the monocytes, for function of organ macrophages of the liver and spleen using dynamic scintigraphy with TC-colloid and for macrophages of the skin by the "skin window" method. The rise of the absolute count and lowering of the functional and metabolic activity of blood monocytes were directly proportional to the gravity of virus hepatitis B. The changes persisted for a long time, namely up to 1.5 to 3 months since the disease onset. There was a progressive drop of the functional activity of Kupffer cells in the liver with a maximum decrease seen within 4 to 6 weeks since the disease onset, followed by returning to normal in cyclic disease and preservation of the changes in lingering and chronic virus hepatitis B. Spleen macrophages play an active compensatory role, maintaining normal "purifying" function of the mononuclear phagocytic system. That compensatory response tension appeared high in lingering and especially in chronic virus hepatitis and may serve as a criterion for process chronicity. The changes in the mononuclear phagocytic system observed in cyclic course of mild and medium-gravity virus hepatitis B may be regarded as normal adaptive reaction and do not require any drug correction. The latter one may only be indicated in patients with grave, lingering or chronic disease patterns associated with break down or depletion of the adaptive mechanisms of the system in question.

A nanolocalized electron beam has been formed by electrons passing through a quartz microcapillary. The authors have demonstrated that such electrons are capable of producing the image of a dielectric nanoaperture. Using the capillary and a metal tip illuminated by femtosecond laser pulses, the authors have developed a photoelectron source based on nanolocalized photoelectron bunches with low angular divergence. It allows the observation of femtosecond-laser-induced processes on a surface with high temporal and spatial resolutions.

The history of literacy in Russia may be divided into four periods: 1) the Kievan, from the tenth to the thirteenth centuries (before the Mongol invasion); 2) the medieval (Muscovite), from the middle of the thirteenth to the end of the seventeenth centuries; 3) the imperial, from the eighteenth century to 1917; and 4) the Soviet, after 1917. For each of these periods distinctive sources have been preserved that call for special handling and methodologies.

Using the EPR method at the frequency 1010 Hz and T=1.7-4.2K the authors have studied the local crystalline fields of the Eu2+ ions in SmB6 single crystal. The spectrum is described by the spin-Hamiltonian of cubic symmetry with the following parameters: b4=-45.7*10-4 cm-1; b6=0.021*10-4 cm-1; g=1.932+or-0.005; 151A=33.4*10-4 cm-1; 153A=14.9*10-4 cm-1. They believe that SmB6 is a paramagnet of the Van Vleck type.

Soviet historical scholarship currently possesses an arsenal of approaches and methods for studying the past. Nevertheless, lacunae continue to exist in the data available for the investigation of certain problems, and their elimination is closely associated with the search for new ways to increase the informational output of a given source.2

In the 1860s the Russian government carried out a series of major reforms that had important consequences for key dimensions of Russian society—its economy, judiciary, local administration, army, censorship, and education. Historians have generally agreed that these reforms exerted a profound influence upon Russian historical development, but they have not arrived at an analogous consensus on how the reforms of the 1860s affected the general development of the country as a whole or the peasantry in particular. In this article I seek to analyze the immediate effect of the reforms of the 1860s on the fundamental institution of the peasantry—the commune. I shall employ a sociological approach, a mode of analysis for which the specialized literature is both rich and diverse, in an attempt to determine the underlying structural principles of the commune and to construct an analytical model for the functions and the development of the repartitional land commune.

Cereal Price Movement in Russia from the 18th Century to the Beginning of the 20th Century Between 1707 and 1914, whereas the general price index in Russia is six times greater, cereal prices increase tenfold. Ending in the Russian market being almost aligned on European prices, this movement is accompanied by a levelling of regional prices throughout the country, for the benefit, on the one hand, of zones closest to the markets, and on the other hand favouring the lowest price areas. Correlation analysis shows that price dynamics was determined by the evolution in money supply, the volume of exports, world market and grain export prices, production costs and extent of the crop. This indicates that even before the reforms in the 1860's, the principles of merchant production, had pervaded Russian economy and society., Mironov Boris. Le mouvement des prix des céréales en Russie du XVIIIe siècle au début du XXe siècle. In: Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations. 41ᵉ année, N. 1, 1986. pp. 217-251.

The Kiev-Geodynamics-2 program complex was used for determination of earth-rotation parameters and station coordinates from the full set of the MERIT SLR data. The results have been compared with other realizations that have been reported to the Coordinating Centre at the BIH. Other researches in the reduction of SLR data and in instrumen-tation are considered.

1. Steel 09G2S with ferritic-martensitic structure, subjected to stipulated thermoplastic strengthening (STPS), has high indices of structural strength; this opens up prospects of its use in building structures and pipelines. 2. As a result of STPS, consisting in combined deformation at temperatures of the austenitic region and of the intercritical interval, the structural components of the dualphase steel 09G2S become refined and a substructure forms in the ferrite; this doubles the threshold value of the stress intensity factor and reduces by a factor of about 1.8 the speed of fatigue crack propagation under cyclic load in comparison with the analogous characteristics of steel treated by the standard regime. At that σu increases from 800 to 880 N/mm2;δ from 540 to 650 N/mm2; δ from 17 to 19%.

An attempt is being made in the USSR to combine two approaches toward crime: persuasion and compulsion. Non-governmental bodies such as public-order squads and comrades' courts try to prevent antisocial acts before they occur and to exert social pressure in the early stages of a lawbreaker's career. This type of collective pressure is gradually narrowing the sphere of application of compulsion. The author adds that mistaken leniency should not be permitted in the case of serious crimes. Kommunist, 1961, No. 3.

During the period of the comprehensive building of communism, problems related to shaping a new kind of human being, overcoming remnants of the past, uprooting anti-social phenomena and, in particular, the most serious of these - crime - are coming to be of ever greater significance in the activity of Party organizations.

This paper discusses the passage of monoenergetic radiation through rectangular, cylindrical, and ring-shaped test holes. It is assumed that the sources are located at the far end and on the lateral surface of the test hole. Formulas are derived for calculating the radiation flux in test holes passing through both the shield and the core of the reactor. The results of the theory are compared with experiment.

The evolution of prices in Russia is one of the least-studied fields of economic history. This applies fully to prices in the eighteenth century. Contemporaries who studied those prices included M. M. Shcherbatov, F. Hermann, I. G. Georgi, and H. Storch. The history of prices in the eighteenth century attracted the attention of I. S. Mordvinov, V. Shchetkin, A. Fomin, and A. Semenov during the first half of the nineteenth century, and of V. O. Kliuchevskii, A. G. Brikner, V. I. Semevskii, and P. N. Miliukov during the second half. (1) Among Soviet historians, the problem of the rise in prices during the eighteenth century interested S. G. Strumilin, P. I. Liashchenko, B. B. Kafengauz, and N. L. Rubinshtein. (2) The attention of researchers has been attracted more to the reasons for the change in prices than to the prices themselves, their fluctuations by districts, and so forth. In analyzing the reasons for the rise in prices, all these investigators except Rubinshtein took as point of departure the assum...

The authors measured the differential and integral cross sections for the inelastic scattering of neutrons by niobium through the time-of-flight method on a spectrometer at the KG-0.3 accelerator. The flux of primary neutrons was obtained from the /sup 3/T(d, n)/sup 4/He reaction. A detailed description of the spectrometer, the electronics, and the measurement procedure is presented.

The problem of suppressing the background from accompanying processes in recording ionizing radiation arises fairly frequently. In determining the composition of a mixture of fissile nuclides in spent reactor fuel from the fall in the delayed-neutron flux [i], a pronounced background may be produced by instantaneous neutrons in the spontaneous fission of isotopes of plutonium, curium, californium, etc.

On the bas i s of expe r imen ta l data on the in t ens i t i e s and depo la r i za t ion of the l i nes , and a theore t ica l ca l cu la t ion of the f r equenc ies of the v ib ra t ions of s y m m e t r y type Blu, they ass igned the v ib ra t iona l f r equenc ie s of py rene to defini te s y m m e t r y types . Zhi rnov [2] made a theore t i ca l study of the v i b r a t ional s p e c t r u m of coronene . The study was based on the a s s u m p t i o n that the re a re no 7r-electron bonds between the cen t ra l "benzene" and pe r iphe ra l "coronene" r ings , and that the force i n t e r ac t i on between them is equal to zero . In the model adopted, the force field of the cen t r a l r i ng is de sc r ibed by the s y s t e m of force cons tan t s for benzene . The ca lcu la t ion c a r r i e d out for the Six v ib ra t iona l f r equenc i e s of s y m m e t r y type Alg provided a qual i ta t ive exPlanat ion for the r ep roduc t ion of v a r i o u s v i b r a t i o n a l f r equenc ies of the s p e c t r u m of benzene in the v ib ra t iona l s p e c t r u m of coronene . As f a r as we know, the v ib ra t iona l s p e c t r u m of pe ry lene has not been ca lcula ted . It is well known that a r e l i ab l e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the v ib ra t iona l spec t r a of molecu les is poss ib le only on the bas i s of a theore t i ca l ca lcu la t ion of the f r equenc ie s of the v ib ra t ions of all s y m m e t r y types. We t r i ed to ca lcu la te the f r equenc ie s of the v ib ra t ions of py rene , u s i n g the i n t e r ac t i on coeff ic ients for the naphthale.ne mo lecu l e , obtained by Kra inov [3] as zero th approxi mat ion . In this case , however , we encounte red diff icu l t ies a s soc ia t ed with the ambigu i ty of the a s s i g n m e n t of the s t r u c t u r a l e l emen t s of the condensed r ings to the co r r e spond ing e l emen t s of the naphthalene mo l e cule . The r e su l t i ng ambigu i ty in some of the e l emen t s of the force cons tant o r i n t e r ac t i on coeff ic ient m a t r i c e s should be e l imina ted by se l ec t ion of the opt imal v e r s ion. Unfor tunate ly , the so lu t ion of d i f ferent v e r s i o n s of the s e c u l a r equat ions did not give sa t i s f ac to ry r e st i l ts . It was thus i m p o s s i b l e to put forward even erap i r i ea l ru les for the t r a n s f e r a b i l i t y of i n t e r ac t i on coeff ic ients . Under these condi t ions , it was na tu ra l to t ry to obt a in the s t r e t ch ing force cons tan ts of py rene , pe ry lene , and coronene by means of quan tum-chemica l methods . We shal l subsequent ly follow the method proposed by Coulson and Longuet-Higgins [4], appl icable for the ca lcu la t ion of the force cons tan ts of complex conjugated s y s t e m s . The total ene rgy of the e lec t rons E of the molecule is expressed as the sum of the ene rg ie s of the 7re l ec t rons E~ and the ~ e l e c t r o n s Ecr , f rom which i t i s poss ib le to obta in an addit ive r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of the force cons tan ts

We have tested possibilities of Escherichia coli strains dependent on drugs streptomycin and paromomycin for selection of spontaneous mutations in the RP4 kan gene specifying resistance to aminoglycosids--kanamycin, neomycin and paromycin. A set of kan gene mutations were obtained, classified ad mapped.

All the structural genes of riboflavin biosynthesis are shown to be located on the 2.8 MD DNA fragment, using the collection of plasmids, carrying the Bacillus subtilis riboflavin operon fragments and Bacillus subtilis strains, containing various deletions of rib-operon for analysis. The proximal Bgl II site is shown to be located between promoter P1 and the first structural gene ribG. The distal Hind III site of fragment C is the left bound of the rib-operon.

The effect of temperature reduction in a cyclotron target by means of forming cooling ribs on its back surface is investigated. It is experimentally found that ribs 1 mm thick and 5 mm long decrease the temperature of the target back surface 3, 4 times in comparison with a non-ribbed target. A formula for evaluation of temperature of the ribbed target is presented.

A time-of-flight spectrometer for the measurement of gamma correlated neutron spectra from (n,xnJ;) reactions is described. The operation and the main parameters are discussed. The resolution in the neutron channel is 2.2 ns/m at the 150 keV neutron energy threshold. A simultaneous measurement of the time-of-flight and amplitude distributions makes it possible to study gamma correlated neutron spectra as well as the prompt gamma spectra in coincidence with selected energy neutrons. In order to test the spectrometer, measurements of the neutron spectrum in coincidence with the 845 keV gamma line of 56Fe were carried out at an incident neutron energy of 14.1 MeV.

Genes controlling sporulation of Bacillus subtilis SHgW are localized in the region of 210 degrees of Bac. subtilis chromosome between lys genes and the rib operon. The method of constructing deletions of definite size was used in the deletion mapping.

Evidence is presented that streptomycin-dependent mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 are incompatible with the functional activity of streptomycin-resistance genes coding for aminoglycoside adenilyl transferase. On the basis of this phenomenon, a method for selection of streptomycin-sensitive mutations in these genes is proposed, and the possibility of the direct selection of hybrid DNA molecules carrying inserts inactivating streptomycin-resistance genes is discussed. The effectiveness of the method for isolation of streptomycin-sensitive R100.1 plasmid derivatives was demonstrated.

An analysis of immediate results of the operative treatment of 186 patients (choledochoduodenoanastomosis - in 86 patients, tight suture of the common bile duct - in 94 patients, external drainage of the hepatocholedocus - in 4 patients, papillosphincterotomy - in 2 patients) showed them to have no substantial difference in using choledochoduodenoanastomosis and tight suture of the common bile duct.