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Copyright of Journal of Engineering Geology / Gongcheng Dizhi Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to solve the problem of poor target direction finding accuracy of conventional complex acoustic intensity method under the condition of low SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio), an underwater target direction finding method based on vector hydrophone single channel instantaneous phase difference weighting is proposed in this study. According to the characteristics that the instantaneous phase difference corresponding to the line spectrum frequency unit of underwater target is relatively stable and the instantaneous phase difference corresponding to the background noise frequency unit changes randomly, the variance weighting of the instantaneous phase difference of each channel frequency unit of vector hydrophone is carried out to enhance the SNR gain of the line spectrum and effectively restrain the energy interference of the background noise, thus realizing the high precision direction finding of underwater target. Simulation analysis and experimental verifications show that the direction finding accuracy of the proposed method is 15.8% higher than that of the conventional complex acoustic intensity method under the condition of low SNR at -20~10 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Synthetic Fiber Industry is the property of Sinopec Baling Petrochemical Company and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transportation Science & Technolgy is the property of Transportation Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polymer Materials Science & Engineering is the property of Sichuan University, Polymer Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Peking University Education Review is the property of Peking University Education Review Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Xinyang Normal University Natural Science Edition is the property of Journal of Xinyang Normal University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences is the property of Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science Technology & Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Technology Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To reveal the regulatory role of Hederagenin on IL-6 and its possible immune mechanism for inhibiting the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Methods: ①Bioinformatics was used to analyze the immune pathways regulated by IL-6: the GEO2R tool was used to analyse differentially expressed genes in GeneChip dataset GSE14632 and the Immport database was used to download immune genes, intersecting genes were screened between differentially expressed genes and immune genes. The KOBAS database was used to perform KEGG enrichment analysis of intersecting genes. ②Experimental validation of the regulation of IL-6 by HD: Western blot was used to detect the relative expression of IL-6 protein in HepG2 cells under HD（ 0, 30, 60 and 120 μg/ml） intervention. H22 tumour-bearing mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, 12 cases in each group: control group; CTX group, 25 mg/kg; HD low dose group, 100 mg/kg; HD medium dose group, 200 mg/kg; HD high dose group, 400 mg/kg. Mice were administered intraperitoneally for 14 days. On day 15, all animals were weighed and executed and the tumours were removed. Western blot was used to detect the relative expression of IL-6, KRAS, RAF1, MEK2, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, AKT, NF-κB p50, PD-L1 and p-STAT3 proteins in the tumours of each group. Results: Bioinformatics analysis revealed that MAPK signaling pathway, PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway were regulated by IL-6; the result of in vitro experiment showed that the relative protein expression of IL-6 in HD（ 30, 60 and 120 μg/ml） intervention groups showed a decreasing trend compared to control group（ P<0.01）; the results of in vivo experiment showed that the relative proteins expression of IL-6, KRAS, RAF1, MEK2, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, AKT, NF-κB p50, PD-L1 and p-STAT3 in HD （100, 200 and 400 mg/kg） intervention groups showed an overall decreasing trend compared to control group （P<0.01）. Conclusion: HD may regulate the activity of PD-1/PD-L1 and MAPK immune signaling pathways in liver cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of IL-6 protein, resulting in the damage of adaptive immune response of liver cancer, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The offshore installation of traditional caissons generally relied on traditional manual operations and construction experience, and the application degree of informatization, intelligence and big data was relatively low, and the factors such as long offshore operations, intensive personnel, and fatigue operations had a great impact on safety and quality. Aiming at the high risk points of traditional caisson shipment and installation, taking the No.9 and No.10 automated container berths project in Dalanping South Operation of Qinzhou Port as an example, an innovative technology for unmanned operation of large caisson shipment and installation accuracy and intelligent control of installation accuracy was proposed. The field implementation results show that the large caisson intelligent installation technology effectively solves the key issues of traditional caisson installation quality, safety and economy, and is the future development direction of caisson installation construction, and has high engineering practical significance, which can be promoted and applied in similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Vegetation plays an important role in ecological environment monitoring. Studying vegetation cover change can provide reference for regional ecological environment protection. The region of Altay in Xinjiang belongs to the ecological function zone of water conservation mountain grassland, with rich natural resources and beautiful scenery. However， the ecological environmental problems were gradually emerging under the national development strategies. Therefore, monitoring the dynamics of vegetation change in the area with multi-source remote sensing data is necessary to explore the relationship between the economic development and ecological environment protection. Methods: This paper uses multisource remote sensing long time series data with breaks for additive seasonal and trend, topographical position and geostatistical analysis methods to monitor the vegetation cover dynamics in Altay of Xinjiang, China during 2000—2019. Results: This paper processed large number of multisource remote sensing data along with human activity data and showed that during the study period, the number of vegetation breakpoints increased year by year from 2003 to 2009, and then gradually decreased after 2009. Meanwhile, seven types of vegetation breakpoint trends were detected, among them, the more number of breakpoints from degradation to growth type was identified, and the types of disturbance degradation and continuous degradation were less. From the interannual change curve, the dynamic change of vegetation coverage showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, that is, the vegetation coverage showed a degradation trend from 2000 to 2008 and a significant improvement trend from 2008 to 2019, and the degradation was greater than the improvement. Meanwhile, the east slope with an elevation of more than 900 m and a slope of more than 15° (from north to east and from south to east) is the dominant topographic location of vegetation degradation type, accounting for 62.4%. Conclusions: The protection of ecological environment in Altay of Xinjiang still needs to be further strengthened and effective protection measures should be taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cross-Strait Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Southeast University / Dongnan Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Southeast University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Harbour Engineering is the property of Editorial Office of China Harbour Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences is the property of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Telecommunications Science is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three different sugarcane-based biochars were prepared as adsorption materials by the methods of direct carbonization, CO2 activation, and H3PO4 activation methods based on bagasse. The surface structure of sugarcane-based biochar was characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and pore size surface area analyzer（BET）. The adsorption performance of different sugarcane-based biochars on hydrogen sulfide（H2S） and ammonia（NH3） was tested on a fixed adsorption bed, and the effects of the adsorption temperature, the pollutant concentration, and the intake flow rate on the adsorption of H2S and NH3 on sugarcane-based biochar were investigated. The results showed that the he sugarcane-based biochar prepared by the H3PO4 activation had the largest specific surface area and total pore volume, reaching 1 181. 038 m~2·g-1 and 1. 174 cm~3·g-1,respectively. Increasing the adsorption temperature, intake air concentration and intake air flow rate were not conducive to the adsorption of H2S and NH3 by sugarcane-based biochar. The optimum adsorption process conditions were an adsorption temperature of 25 ℃,H2S and NH3 inlet concdntrations of 30×10-6,and an inlet gas flow rate of 1 000 mL·min-1. Under these conditions, the sugarcane-based biochar had the longest dynamic equilibrium adsorption time for H2S and NH3,and the dynamic equilibrium adsorption amounts reached 5. 96,5. 11 mg·g-1,respectively. The sugarcane-based biochar prepared by H3PO4 activation can be applied to the adsorption of H2S and NH3,and had a good application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to theoretically explain the mechanism of induced ground pressure and propose solutions, theoretical research was conducted to address the lack of understanding of the mechanism and the absence of deeper theoretical basis for specific engineering measures. The study simulated on-site water injection and pressure relief projects by altering the moisture content of the rock, and analyzed the changes in the mechanical properties of the rock. The experimental results showed that conventional pressure relief measures meet the concept of preventing induced ground pressure. The applicable conditions and optimal states of existing warning methods were reviewed, and the external factors leading to warning failures were explained. For example, due to the special structure of the rock, both natural and saturated states meet the conditions under water injection and pressure relief, while the dry state does not meet the conditions, making it difficult to accurately detect pre-disaster signals and predict rock failure. The rock near the deep working face underground tends to have lower water content due to the development of pores and fractures, as well as the influence of self-weight or mining disturbances, making prediction and prevention challenging. This has a significant impact on controlling the parameters of water injection and pressure relief. The analysis results can provide a theoretical basis for improving the accuracy of induced ground pressure warning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fishery Modernization is the property of Fishery Modernization Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering is the property of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electric Power Automation Equipment / Dianli Zidonghua Shebei is the property of Electric Power Automation Equipment Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electric Power Automation Equipment / Dianli Zidonghua Shebei is the property of Electric Power Automation Equipment Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Practical Electrocardiology is the property of Journal of Practical Electrocardiology Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the experiment study the effects of fermented total mixed rations (fermented total mixed ration, FTMR) prepared with different alfalfa and oat mixing ratios on the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, and immunity of lambs. Select 25 small-tailed Han sheep × Uzhumuqin sheep in good health and consistent body condition (17.09±0.32) kg, and randomly divide the lambs into 5 groups according to the principle of close weight. Feeding FTMR prepared with different alfalfa and oat ratios, the proportions of alfalfa and oats in the diets of each test group were FTMR1 (alfalfa：oats=29：35), FTMR2 (alfalfa ：oats=30： 30), and FTMR3 (alfalfa：oats=34：29), FTMR4 (alfalfa：oats=35：26) and FTMR5 (alfalfa：oats=39： 25), the nutritional levels of the diets in each group are basically the same. The pre-test period is 7 days, and the trial period is 23 days. The test is weighed at the beginning and end, and blood is collected. The results indicated that the average daily weight gain, total weight gain and dry matter intake of the FTMR1 group were significantly higher than other treatments (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the total weight gain and average daily weight gain of the FTMR2, FTMR3, FTMR4 and FTMR5 groups (P>0.05); the height of the FTMR3 group was significantly higher than that of the FTMR2 group (P<0.05); the blood routine index values of the sheep among the groups were all within the normal range, except for the ALB and GLU content in the treatment groups without significant differences (P> 0.05), the mixing ratio of alfalfa and oats had a significant effect on the blood biochemical indexes of test sheep in each treatment group (P<0.05). The ALT content of FTMR2 and FTMR5 group was significantly lower than that of FTMR4 group, ALP content of FTMR5 group was significantly lower than other treatments (P<0.05), TG content of FTMR5 group was significantly lower than other treatments (P<0.05); immunity index of FTMR5 group was significantly higher than other treatments (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in immunity indexes among other groups (P>0.05). It can be seen that FTMR prepared by mixing alfalfa and oats has significant effects on lamb growth and development, blood biochemistry and immunity, and the feeding effect of FTMR5 group is the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yellow River is the property of Editorial Board of Yellow River and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Yellow River is the property of Editorial Board of Yellow River and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the effect of Chinese herbal medicine for replenish essence and boost Qi on the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) based on the theory of the essence and qi complement each other and the effect of methyltransferase METTL3, WTAP, and PPARγ on osteogenic differentiation. Methods BMSCs were randomly divided into control group, induction group, essence filling group, Qi supplementing group, and replenish essence and boost Qi group. The drugs in the essence filling group were Antler extract, the drugs in the Yiqi group were astragaloside IV, and the drugs in the Qi filling group were Antler extract combined with astragaloside IV. ELISA method was used to detect the changes of ALP content in each group at 6, 12 and 18 days. Gene transcription of METTL3, WTAP, and PPARγ in each group was detected with qRT-PCR. The protein expressions of METTL3, WTAP, and PPARγ in each group were detected using Western blotting. Results The ALP test result showed that the ALP activity in the replenish essence and boost Qi group was better than that in the essence filling group and the boost Qi group, and the ALP activity of the replenish essence and boost Qi reached the highest value on the 12th day. The result of qRT-PCR and Western blotting showed that compared to those in the control group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of methyltransferase METTL3 and WTAP in all drug groups were significantly up-regulated (P<0.01), while the mRNA and protein expression levels of PPARγ were significantly down-regulated (P<0.01). Conclusion All the essence filling method, boost Qi method, and replenish essence and boost Qi method promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which may be achieved by increasing the expressions of METTL3 and WTAP and decreasing the expression of PPARγ, thus promoting the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and decreasing the lipogenic differentiation. Among the three groups, the replenish essence and boost Qi group is significantly better than the medication alone group, indicating that the replenish essence and boost Qi effectively improve the proliferation of BMSCs to osteogenic differentiation and delay the process of osteoblast apoptosis, which has guiding significance for the prevention and treatment of PMOP and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to study the effect of different row spacing on the growth, yield and quality of forage maize. The experiment was a large area comparison design, and the designs were equal row spacing (S1), wide and narrow row spacing (S2), double row spacing next to each other (S3), and double space spacing (S4). The results showed that compared with S1, both S2 and S4 modes were beneficial to dry matter accumulation and feed quality improvement of forage maize, reasonable distribution of leaves in canopy, favorable ventilation and light transmission, longer duration of green leaf area, slower senescence rate at late growth stage, conducive to silage, and higher fresh weight yield, grain yield, crude protein content and crude fat content. There was no significant difference between S2 and S4 forage maize yield and quality. The dry matter accumulation rate of S3 mode was slow, the leaf premature aging was serious in late stage, and the fresh weight yield and grain yield and quality were lower than other treatments. The study indicates that two rows and one row can be planted in two-ratio space mode with reasonable canopy, ventilation and light, which can contribute to accumulation of photosynthates and dry matter, increase maize yield, save power and fertilizer, and improve soil fertility through fallow cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunnel Construction / Suidao Jianshe (Zhong-Yingwen Ban) is the property of Tunnel Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)