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Rural Paraguay presents interesting opportunities for investigating the subtle differences in the use of medicinal plants across seasons and the urban versus rural dichotomy in a local setting. This study investigates three aspects of plant-based medicinal use in rural Paraguay: 1) seasonal differences and 2) differences between urban and rural residents and 3) the source of medicinal plants used to treat thirteen common ailments. Interviews performed in January through March 2015 and repeated in June through August 2015 revealed small differences between seasons and between places of residence but a larger homogeneity in the two populations, a homogeneity that stems from the recent migration of urban residents from nearby rural communities. We also found that the important cultural and preventive medicinal use of plant-based additions to yerba mate contributes to the similarities between the urban and rural populations. The findings suggest the continued strength of medicinal plant use going into the near future.

Bearing in mind the growing interest in Yerba Mate, a comprehensive study has been prepared containing the most important aspects and possibilities of its use. The introduction of the work contains the species characteristics of Yerba Mate, as well as information about the origin and places of cultivation. The next part focuses on the analysis of the composition, pointing to purine alkaloids, polyphenols, saponins, and minerals as groups of active compounds responsible for the clinical activity of Yerba Mate. The review of the results of preclinical and clinical studies indicates activity in relation to the stimulating effect, reducing weight by stimulating lipolysis, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The information about the action of Yerba Mate is supplemented by the characteristics of its potential toxicity in terms of PAHs content (in particular benzo[α]pyrene) and preparation as a determinant of increased irritation. The current data on the effects of Yerba Mate and the wide safety margin of its use position this raw material as a valuable component of functional food. The growing frequency of consuming Yerba Mate, conditioned by the availability resulting from the globalization of the market and the information provided about it’s the pro-health effects, will position Yerba Mate’s popularity among wider population groups.

Background: Yerba mate, a popular, tea-like beverage prepared from the dried leaves of Ilex paraguariensis , is widely consumed, and has several reported health benefits. Compared with other herbal teas, the effect of yerba mate on human cells in the context of cancer has not been extensively studied. The method of extraction of bioactive compounds from the yerba mate leaves plays an important role in its effect on cancer cells. Methods : In this study we assessed the viability, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic effect of the aqueous yerba mate extract, prepared using the same conditions employed for consumption, on different human colorectal cancer cell lines (Caco-2, HT-29, and HCT116) and on the non-tumorigenic human colon epithelial cell line (NCM460). Results: Cytotoxicity of aqueous yerba mate extract was studied and a dose-dependent decrease in viability was observed in all the tested cell lines. At 24 hrs., viability decreased to 19.7% with Caco-2 cells, 2.7% with HCT116, and 8.4% with HT-29 cells at a concentration of 4.8 mg/mL of yerba mate extract. The effect was less prominent on the NCM460 cell line where the viability of cells at the same concentration was 65.2%. Yerba mate extract also showed concentration-dependent anti-proliferative effects as determined by the WST-1 proliferation kit. IC50 values ranged between 0.22-0.69 mg/mL at 24 hr for cell lines tested. To study whether cell death was due to apoptosis, Caco-2 cells were stained with Annexin V-FITC assay and an increase in the percentage of late apoptotic Caco-2 cells was observed with yerba mate extract at 0.6-4.8 mg/mL. Cell cycle analysis using DNA content by flow cytometry showed an increase in the percentage of Caco-2 cells in the subG0/G1 phase and the G0/G1 phase after treatment with 2.4 mg/mL extract. Collectively, our data suggest that yerba mate aqueous extract exhibits an anti-proliferative effect on tested cell lines by inducing apoptosis. Conclusions: Yerba mate aqueous extract exhibits a strong anti-proliferative activity against adenocarcinoma cell lines studied and constitutes a promising functional food adjuvant to anti-cancer therapy. Further work is needed to identify active components and mechanisms of action. Keywords: Aqueous extract, yerba mate, anti-proliferative activity, adenocarcinoma cell lines

O chimarrão é uma bebida típica da região Sul do Brasil e produzida a partir das folhas e ramos de Ilex paraguariensis que formarão a erva-mate. O objetivo desta revisão é fornecer um resumo conciso das pesquisas publicadas nos últimos 10 anos com ênfase na espécie Ilex paraguariensis, suas características gerais, composição química e seus principais benefícios à saúde. Este estudo é uma revisão exploratória descritiva da literatura a respeito da atividade biológica e ação farmacológica da planta Ilex paraguariensis A. St. - Hill. As bases de dados Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), National Library of Medicine (Pubmed), Scopus e Academic Google foram utilizadas para a pesquisa. Os principais compostos químicos identificados no extrato de erva-mate são: polifenóis (ácido clorogênico) e xantinas (cafeína e teobromina). Entre os efeitos potencialmente benéficos à saúde humana estão atividades como: antioxidante, antiinflamatório, antimicrobiano, antiobesidade, antidiabético, neuroprotetor, proteção cardiovascular, regulação da microbiota intestinal e anticâncer. Portanto, as bebidas produzidas a partir de Ilex paraguariensis apresentam grande potencial como fonte de compostos biológicos para a indústria farmacêutica e nutracêutica.

Infectious diseases are reported to be one of the major causes of death in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) warns of an increase in the deaths number because of antibacterial resistance. Lately, a trend towards searching for new active antibacterial compounds in plants has been observed. Ilex paraguariensis, known as Yerba Mate, is a plant known to be rich in numerous bioactive compounds that have an important role in human health. In this study, Yerba Mate was extracted with acetone: water (1:1) and further fractionated with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The obtained fractions were tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella species. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values on S. aureus ranged from 1.56 to 3.12 mg/mL for both the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. Whereas for the water fraction, the MIC values ranged from 0.78 to 3.12 mg/mL on S. aureus and ranged from 1.56 mg/mL to 3.12 mg/mL on Salmonella species. The aqueous fraction was further treated with different enzymes to mimic in vivo digestion and the fractions obtained were then tested for antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the Yerba Mate aqueous fraction was run on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and collected fractions were tested for antibacterial activity, to identify the active metabolite. Fraction 3 was tested on different strains of S. aureus and the MIC values ranged from 0.19 to 1.56 μg/mL. A novel pyrazinone, Libanstin, from Ilex paraguariensis was identified using NMR spectroscopy.

Kombucha is a non-alcoholic fermented beverage traditionally produced from a sugared tea that presents a sour and refreshing taste This work aimed to develop, characterize and evaluate the sensory acceptance of Kombucha beverages made from oolong, a traditionally tea used for Kombucha production, or yerba mate tea, which is very popular and easily found herb in Brazil. The characterization was related total soluble solids (TSS), sugars, pH, titratable acidity (TA), organic acids (OA), alcohol content (AC), phenolics (PHE), flavonoids (FL), antioxidant activity (AA), besides, the sensory acceptance by potential consumers. Total soluble solids decreased 8.3% in formulation with oolong and 7.0% in formulation with yerba mate tea. The pH ranged from 4.3 and 4.5 to 2.8 and 3.1 after 14 days, respectively. Titratable acidity reached 8.97 g.L-1 in oolong tea and 6.75 g.L-1 in yerba mate tea. Acetic acid was the highest organic acid identified and quantified at the end of fermentation time. Flavonoids decreased during fermentation in both samples, while reducing capacity did not differ throughout fermentation time. Regarding the antioxidant capacity, in the formulations with oolong and yerba mate, it presented higher inhibitory capacity of the ABTS radical of 90.22 and 68.75%, while the DPPH radical inibitory capacity was 89.74% in oolong and 86.72% in yerba mate. Kombucha formulated with yerba mate tea resulted in a sour and refreshing beverage, with higher global acceptance compared to oolong tea, both drinks exhibiting antioxidant potential in vitro. La kombucha es una bebida fermentada sin alcohol, tradicionalmente producida a partir de un té azucarado, tiene un sabor ácido y refrescante. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo desarrollar, caracterizar y evaluar la aceptación sensorial de Kombucha a base de oolong, tradicionalmente utilizado para la producción de esta bebida y mate, muy popular y fácil de encontrar en Brasil. Los productos se caracterizaron por sólidos solubles totales (TSS), azúcares, pH, acidez titulable (TA), ácidos orgánicos (OA), contenido alcohólico (AC), fenólicos (PHE), flavonoides (FL), actividad antioxidante (AA), además de la aceptación sensorial por parte de los bebedores potenciales. El TSS disminuyó un 8,3% en la formulación de oolong y un 7,0% en la formulación de té de yerba mate. El pH osciló entre 4,3 y 4,5 a 2,8 y 3,1 después de 14 días, respectivamente. La acidez titulable alcanzó 8,97 g.L-1 para Kombucha oolong y 6,75 g.L-1 para yerba mate. El ácido acético fue el ácido orgánico más grande identificado y cuantificado al final del tiempo de fermentación. Los flavonoides disminuyeron durante la fermentación en ambas muestras, mientras que la capacidad reductora no difirió en este proceso. En relación a la capacidad antioxidante, en las formulaciones con oolong y yerba mate presentó mayor capacidad inhibitoria del radical ABTS de 90.22 y 68.75%, mientras que la capacidad inhibitoria del radical DPPH fue de 89.74 para oolong y 86.72% para yerba mate. La kombucha formulada con té de yerba mate resultó en una bebida ácida y refrescante, con mayor aceptación global en comparación con el té oolong, ambas bebidas exhibieron potencial antioxidante in vitro. O Kombucha é uma bebida fermentada não alcoólica, tradicionalmente produzida a partir de um chá açucarado, apresenta um sabor ácido e refrescante. Este trabalho teve como objetivo, desenvolver, caracterizar e avaliar a aceitação sensorial de Kombucha à base de oolong, tradicionalmente utilizado para a produção desta bebida e erva-mate, muito popular e facilmente encontrada no Brasil. Os produtos foram caracterizados quanto aos sólidos solúveis totais (SST), açúcares, pH, acidez titulável (AT), ácidos orgânicos (OA), teor de álcool (AC), fenólicos (PHE), flavonóides (FL), atividade antioxidante (AA), além da aceitação sensorial por potenciais consumidores da bebida. Os SST diminuíram 8,3% na formulação com oolong e 7,0% na formulação com chá de erva-mate. O pH variou de 4,3 e 4,5 para 2,8 e 3,1 após 14 dias, respectivamente. A acidez titulável atingiu 8,97 g.L-1 no Kombucha oolong e 6,75 g.L-1 no de erva-mate. O ácido acético foi o maior ácido orgânico identificado e quantificado ao final do tempo de fermentação. Os flavonóides diminuíram durante a fermentação em ambas as amostras, enquanto a capacidade redutora não diferiu neste processo. Em relação à capacidade antioxidante, nas formulações com oolong e erva mate apresentou maior capacidade inibitória do radical ABTS de 90, 22 e 68,75%, enquanto a capacidade inibitória do radical DPPH foi de 89,74 para oolong e 86,72% para erva-mate. O Kombucha formulado com chá de erva-mate resultou em uma bebida ácida e refrescante, com maior aceitação global em comparação ao chá oolong, ambas as bebidas exibiram potencial antioxidante in vitro.

As empresas buscam formas para manterem-se no mercado, fidelizar seus clientes e conquistar novos. O Brasil tem passado por um período no qual as empresas precisam inovar utilizando os recursos já disponíveis ou os que gerem retornos rápidos para manterem suas atividades. Este estudo busca demonstrar como uma empresa de erva-mate vem superando o período de pandemia com pequenas implementações para aumentar suas vendas. Isso leva ao objetivo desse estudo, que é descrever o processo de inovação de uma empresa do mercado ervateiro. O método utilizado foi de revisão bibliográfica e estudo de caso. A empresa buscou, por meio da utilização de divulgação de seus produtos pela internet, manter as vendas no período de pandemia, e para tanto criou um site e melhorou a estratégia operacional com a terceirização de uma máquina empacotadeira. Os resultados evidenciaram que houve um crescimento de vendas e consequentemente de lucros para empresa, além de conquistar novos clientes, mantendo suas atividades. Os resultados levaram a concluir que as implementações utilizando recursos tecnológicos alavancaram as vendas, e com isso comprovam que é possível manter-se competitivo e melhorar o faturamento nos negócios com pequenas implementações.

Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. is an arboreal species whose leaves are used in the preparation of mate and in the cosmetics and food industries. Due to diffi culty found in the sexual propagation of the species, this paper aimed to test effi ciency of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in saplings production from semi-woody cuttings. On the fi rst experiment, cuttings were taken from young plants, immersed in diff erent concentrations of IBA and established in substrate. On the second experiment, cuttings were established in four diff erent substrates previously submersed in IBA. A concentration of 3.0 mg L-1 of IBA and a substrate composed of biostabilized pine bark, limestone and vermiculite + carbonized rice hull, have shown a greater effi ciency in rooting of young I. paraguariensis saplings, and could be used to facilitate yerba mate propagation.

Element contents and radical scavenging activity in commercial Yerba mate tea blends from Paraguay and Argentina were determined. The potential health risk for the consumers was also calculated. El...

This study evaluated whether long-term supplementation with dietary yerba mate has beneficial effects on adiposity and its related metabolic dysfunctions in diet-induced obese mice. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups and fed their respective experimental diets for 16 weeks as follows: (1) control group fed with high-fat diet (HFD) and (2) mate group fed with HFD plus yerba mate. Dietary yerba mate increased energy expenditure and thermogenic gene mRNA expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) and decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA expression in WAT, which may be linked to observed decreases in body weight, WAT weight, epididymal adipocyte size, and plasma leptin level. Yerba mate also decreased levels of plasma lipids (free fatty acids, triglycerides, and total cholesterol) and liver aminotransferase enzymes, as well as the accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets and lipid content by inhibiting the activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes, such as FAS and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, and increasing fecal lipid excretion. Moreover, yerba mate decreased the levels of plasma insulin as well as the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and improved glucose tolerance. Circulating levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and resistin were also decreased in the mate group. These findings suggest that long-term supplementation of dietary yerba mate may be beneficial for improving diet-induced adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis.

Las primeras relaciones entre el corregimiento de Cuyo y Paraguay fueron un resultado de la estrategia defensiva de España Durante el siglo XVII el comercio de vino y yerba mate consolidó la articulación de estas regiones Basado en fuentes primarias y secundarias, el artículo subraya el rol de Santa Fe, puerto sobre el río Paraná, y analiza cómo el flujo de recursos relacionó Paraguay con Chile, vía el puerto de Santa Fe, Córdoba y Mendoza en Cuyo.

Enzymatic browning affects the sensory and nutritional quality of fresh-cut apples and limits their shelf-life. Yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis), a plant widely consumed in South America as an infusion, could potentially be used in minimally processed fruits and vegetables as a natural additive to prevent browning, due to its high content of phenolic compounds with antioxidant capacity. The effects of the concentrations of ascorbic acid, citric acid, and yerba mate in an aqueous dipping solution on the instrumental color parameters, antioxidant capacity, and sensory quality of “Granny Smith” fresh-cut apples were modeled and the solution was optimized to obtain treated apples with maximum antioxidant capacity and minimum browning, without affecting the natural flavor of the fruits. The optimal composition obtained (1.2% yerba mate + 0.9% citric acid + 1.0% ascorbic acid) increased the antioxidant capacity of the apples by 36%. The sensory acceptability test carried out on the “Granny Smith” fresh-cut apples treated with the optimal dipping solution showed that more than 78% of the surveyed consumers liked the color, flavor, and texture of the apples.

Immobilization induces oxidative damage to the brain. Ilex paraguariensis extracts (Mate) and their major natural compound, chlorogenic acid (CGA), exert protective effects against reactive oxygen species formation. Here, the effects of Mate and CGA on oxidative damage induced by chronic immobilization stress (CIS) in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum were investigated. For CIS, animals were immobilized for 6 h every day for 21 consecutive days. Rats received Mate or CGA by intragastric gavage 30 min before every restraint session. Endpoints of oxidative stress (levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms of glutathione) were evaluated following CIS. While CIS increased oxidized lipid and carbonyl levels in all brain regions, CGA (and Mate to a lesser extent) attenuated lipid and protein oxidation as compared with control groups. GSH/GSSG balance showed a tendency to increase in all regions in response to stress and antioxidants. Taken together, our results support a protective role of dietary antioxidants against the neuronal consequences of stress.

This review aims to make an outline of the existing clinical studies from the past twenty years concerning to mate effects in human health. Physiological effects have been attributed to phenolics, methylxanthines and saponins. Antilipemic activity was more consistent than glycaemic control. Mate seems to protect low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) from oxidation in whole plasma. Results from isolated LDL-c particles are contradictory. The antioxidant enzymatic complex was positively modulated, indicating that mate might help in the redox homeostasis maintenance. Most clinical trials did not find a significant positive effect of mate consumption on glycaemia. However, it seems that mate hypoglycaemic effect is more evident in type-2 diabetes mellitus subjects. Mate had no effect on anti-glycation in vivo . It has shown potential to increase energy expenditure and weight loss. Carcinogenicity is related to consumption temperature, not mate itself. Long-term randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies are essential to provide more consistent data.

Nutritional factors have been associated with osteoporosis and fractures. The intake of coffee may increase the risk of fracture whereas the intake of black and green tea is associated with its reduction. Recently, consumption of yerba mate was associated with increased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Nonetheless, its influence on fracture is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of yerba mate tea intake on fractures, bone markers, calcium homeostasis, and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. A case-control study was carried out in South Brazil, 46 women with fractures and 49 controls completed the study. There was no significant difference between the frequency of fractures in women who drank mate tea and women who did not (48.3% vs. 48.5%, p = .99). Moreover, there was no significant difference concerning the serum levels of total calcium, phosphorus, PTH, vitamin D, P1NP, and CTX in the subjects with the history of yerba mate use when compared to controls. Higher serum levels of NOx were found in women who drank the yerba mate infusion. In conclusion, the yerba mate intake is not associated with fracture, and it appears to have a neutral effect on the bone metabolism.

Beverages prepared from antioxidant-rich plants are sources of polyphenols, the bioactivity of which depends on bioaccessibility in the gastrointestinal tract. This work evaluated the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of widely consumed beverages such as chamomile tea, yerba mate, a coffee blend (65% roasted: 35% green), and coffee-like substitutes such as chicory, malt and a soluble cereal mixture. Additionally, the bioaccessibility of the two beverages with the highest antioxidant capacity was evaluated using an in vitro digestion model.; Results: Total phenolic content ranged from 11.15 mg 200 mL-1 in chamomile tea, up to 154.53 mg 200 mL-1 in mate or 215.05 mg 200 mL-1 in the blend. These results correlated with the antioxidant capacity analysed by ferric reducing antioxidant power, oxygen radical scavenging capacity and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid methods. Yerba mate and the coffee blend showed an average polyphenol recovery after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of 57% and 78%, respectively. Although both beverages showed similar phenolic composition, polyphenols in coffee were more stable than in yerba mate. Alkaline pH in the intestinal digestion stage was responsible for the observed reduction in polyphenol stability.; Conclusion: Regular consumption of the studied beverages provides considerable amounts of antioxidants which are relatively stable after simulated digestion, and thus have the potential to prevent oxidative stress-related disorders. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

This study analysed 100 plants employed in Brazil as ingredients to infusions for their caffeic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA), 4-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA), 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DQA), and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DQA) contents. The samples were collected from public markets and analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The highest concentrations of chlorogenic acids were found in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), 9,2g·100g-1, white tea (Camellia sinensis), winter's bark (Drimys winteri), green tea (Camellia sinensis), elderflower (Sambucus nigra), and Boehmeria caudata (known as assa-peixe in Brazil), 1,1g·100g-1. The present work showcased the investigation of chlorogenic acids in a wide range of plants not yet studied in this regard and also resulted in a comparative table which explores the content of six isomers in the samples.

An inexpensive TLC method is proposed for quantification of caffeine in food and beverage commercial products. The extraction is carried out with dichloromethane and the residue is analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The chromatograms are sprayed with a reagent containing iodine for visualization and the area of the spots is determined by freely available software. A good correlation was observed between contents of caffeine and TLC spot areas. Quantification of caffeine was carried out for a medicine tablet, coffee and guarana powders, a kola soft drink and a yerba mate beverage. Values close to the contents expected or within the admitted ranges were obtained. The method may be inadequate if high precision is essential, but it might be useful if values approximate to the real caffeine contents are satisfactory. Since the method requires no costly equipment, it seems to be feasible for chemistry teaching at several academic levels.

Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas and averaging 84 ± 18 (mean ± SD) days in milk and 598 ± 55 kg of body weight were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding Yerba Mate (YM) on intake, digestibility, milk production, milk composition, and milk concentration of antioxidants when cows were fed a corn silage-based diet containing ground canola seed. The treatments fed for ad libitum intake were: a total mixed ration not supplemented (0 g/d), or supplemented (250, 500 or 750 g/d) with dried leaves of YM. Experimental periods consisted of 14 d of diet adaptation and 7 d of data collection and sampling. Increased supplementation of the diet from 0 to 750 g/d YM had no effect on milk production or yields of protein and fat, and decreased milk yields of lactose and total solids and milk urea N concentration. Digestibility of dry matter, protein and neutral detergent fiber was similar among diets and ether extract digestibility decreased with the level of YM supplementation. Concentrations of total polyphenols and production of conjugated diene hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in milk were similar among diets. The reducing power in milk increased with the inclusion level of YM in the diet, thus suggesting that antioxidant activity of milk can be enhanced with this feeding strategy although it was clearly insufficient to overcome the negative effects on milk fat synthesis probably caused by the high levels of fat added to diets as ground canola seed.

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is used to produce a beverage typically consumed in South America countries, and presents peculiar land-based characteristics due to geographical origin. Such characteristics have recently become a matter of interest for many producers as specific features of yerba mate tend to influence product acceptance in new markets, prices and commercial advantages. This scenario justifies the developing of frameworks tailored to correctly classify products according to their authenticity. This paper uses Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and data describing concentration of chemical elements to classify commercial yerba mate samples according to their place of origin. Aimed at enhancing data interpretability, we propose a novel variable selection method that applies quadratic programming to reduce redundant information among the retained variables and maximize their relationship regarding the sample place of origin; sample categorization is then performed using alternative classification techniques. When applied to the NIR dataset, the proposed method retained average 8.79% of the original wavenumbers, while leading to 1.9% more accurate classifications when compared to categorization using the full spectra. As for the elements dataset, we increased average classification accuracy by 3.5% and retained 47.22% of the original elements. The proposed method also outperformed two other approaches for variable selection from the literature. Our findings suggest that variable selection frameworks help to correctly identify the origin and authenticity of yerba mate samples, making model construction and interpretation easier.

Yerba mate extracts are naturally enriched with several antioxidant compounds. Therefore, this natural product constitutes a fertile field of research directed to test its antioxidant and therapeutic properties in the Central Nervous System. We tested the ability of yerba mate to prevent the chemically-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation, glutathione balance (GSH:GSSG) disruption and mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro in rat brain synaptosomal/mitochondrial fractions, and compared these effects with those of its most abundant compound chlorogenic acid (CGA). Yerba mate prevented glutathione depletion and mitochondrial dysfunction, and these effects were correlated with its ability to prevent ROS formation. CGA prevented oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction, but its effects were less intense than those of the extract. Our results suggest that the protective properties exhibited by yerba mate cannot be merely attributable to its main component CGA. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microwave technology was assessed and compared with traditional kiln drying to analyze the moisture content of yerba mate leaves/sticks. The moisture content was also measured by near-infrared spec...

Ilex laurina K., a Colombian plant whose infusion presents antioxidant and antiproliferative properties, belongs to a species of Yerba Mate tea. Objective: Evaluate the nutritional and physiochemical properties of an infusion using Ilex laurina K. leaves as a potential raw material, functional food and substitute for the conventional Ilex paraguariensis tea. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional and physiochemical properties of an infusion using Ilex laurina K. leaves as a potential raw material, functional food and substitute for the conventional Ilex paraguariensis tea. Materials and Methods: Phytochemicals and carbohydrates by HPLC analysis, solubility, mineral measurement using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and sensorial analysis. Results: The Ilex laurina K. infusión compared with Ilex paraguariensis infusion found higher concentrations of chlorogenic acid (429.2 ± 20.2 versus 47.4 ± 1.9 mg / kg), p-coumaric (47.3 ± 2.4 versus 24.4 ± 0.9 mg / kg), xanthines (1.4-1.8 times), iron, copper, zinc, and the likes of caffeic acid (52.6 ± 18.8 versus 47.4 ± 1.9 mg / L) (p> 0.05). Ferulic acid (21.5 ± 1.6 mg / L) and fructose (0.4 ± 0.003 g / L) were detected, while glucose (0.8 ± 0.007 g / L) and higher concentrations of magnesium and manganese (p0,05). Se detectaron ácido ferúlico (21,5±1,6 mg/L) y fructosa (0,4±0,003 g/L), mientras en la de Ilex paraguariensis se encontró glucosa (0,8±0,007 g/L) y mayores concentraciones de magnesio y manganeso (p

Concentrated mate (CM) obtained by nanofiltration, which is a rich source of phenolic compounds, was microencapsulated by spray drying using three different DE (dextrose equivalent)-values of maltodextrin: DE10.2 (M10), DE15.2 (M15) and DE18.6 (M20). A sample of CM with no addition of maltodextrin was also spray dried and denominated as Control. All the samples were characterized in relation to their yield, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, moisture content, water activity, dissolution, hygroscopicity, color, SEM particle microstructure, and thermal properties. The storage stability of the microcapsules was investigated at three different storage temperatures (5 °C, 25 °C and 45 °C) for 90 days. The M10 sample showed higher drying yield and better results for dissolution, hygroscopicity, moisture content and thermal properties than the M15 and M20 samples. However, the DE-values of the maltodextrin used as wall material had no effects on the total phenolic content or on the antioxidant activity of the microcapsules. In comparison to maltodextrins DE15.2 (M15) and DE18.6 (M20), maltodextrin DE10.2 (M10) produced more stable microcapsules, and thus was considered to be the most effective wall material for stabilizing the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of CM.

The beverage obtained from the yerba mate tea, besides being the most consumed in Brazil, has high concentrations of chlorogenic acids. In this study, a central composite design was employed to establish the best infusion time, temperature and water volume to maximize the extraction of chlorogenic acids 5-caffeoylquinic (5CQ), 3.4-dicaffeoylquinic (3.4 DQ), 3.5-dicaffeoylquinic (3.5 DQ) and 4.5-dicaffeoylquinic (4.5 DQ), from the leaves and stems of yerba mate tea (beverage ready for consumption). Analyses were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography and the optimum conditions were obtained through the use of the desirability function of Derringer and Suich. The maximum chlorogenic acids content in the beverage was obtained when the infusion was prepared with 2 g of mate tea, in 300 mL of water at 95 °C, under infusion for 16 min. The optimal conditions were applied for the preparation of beverages from 15 commercial samples of yerba mate tea, and it was observed that the sum of the concentration of the four compounds showed variation of up to 79 times between the average of the samples, which can be attributed to climatic conditions of cultivation of the plant and/or of processing.

O objetivo deste artigo e descrever e analisar a presenca da pequena producao mercantil dentro do complexo ervateiro catarinense, centrado nos municipios de Mafra, Canoinhas e Porto Uniao, desde o final do seculo XIX ate 1945. Alem da introducao teorica, o artigo esta dividido em quatro topicos: no primeiro sera discutido o processo de ocupacao e colonizacao do planalto norte-catarinense, desde o final do seculo XIX ate a formacao das colonias de imigrantes. em seguida, sera apresentado um panorama geral das etapas do beneficiamento da erva-mate e os elementos constitutivos de um complexo regional agrario mercantil. No terceiro topico, serao detalhadas a presenca e a combinacao da pequena producao mercantil dentro do complexo ervateiro nos tres municipios selecionados para o estudo e, por fim, breves consideracoes finais.

The clarification of a crude yerba mate extract using membrane processes was evaluated as a treatment to reduce the turbidity of the aqueous extract prior to its use in food products. The variations in the permeate flux and the concentrations of some phenolic and methylxanthine compounds were investigated during crossflow filtration with α-alumina (MF-alumina) and polyetherimide (MF-PEI) microfiltration membranes and a polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane (UF-PES). All membrane systems reduced the initial turbidity (207 ± 25 NTU) to zero. The loss of bioactive compounds was lowest for the MF-PEI membrane (11.0–15.5%). The highest permeate flux (36.33 ± 0.71) was observed for the MF-PEI at 0.02 MPa. Also, in the case of the MF-PEI, the permeate flux of the clarified yerba mate extract showed an initial sharp decrease followed by a gradual decline and subsequent stabilization, resulting in the final permeate flux being approximately 65.0% lower than the initial permeate flux. Almost 66% of the total resistance to permeation was attributed to the polarized layer. The predominant fouling mechanism is due the cake layer, indicative of superficial fouling.

The development of suitable analytical methods to obtain metrologically traceable results in the determination of toxicants in food matrices is an important issue, as food represents the main way of assumption of many contaminants, among which the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). The present work deals with the set up and internal validation of an analytical method carried out at INRiM for the quantification by gascromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) of some priority PAHs in green tea ( Camellia sinensis ) and yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis ), in order to obtain metrologically traceable results. Two approaches for the quantification were applied: an external calibration, for determining the GC–MS calibration curves by means of standard reference solutions and an internal calibration by using perdeuterated standards. For the external calibration, Weighted (WLS) and Weighted Total (WTLS) Least Squares fitting procedures were applied. The measurement uncertainty evaluation was carried out by applying the Law of Propagation of Uncertainty.

The genome of a novel rhabdovirus was detected in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.). The newly identified virus, tentatively named "yerba mate virus A" (YmVA), has a genome of 14,961 nucleotides. Notably, eight open reading frames were identified in the antigenomic orientation of the negative-sense, single-stranded viral RNA, including two novel accessory genes, in the order 3′-N-P-3-4-M-G-L-8-5′. Sequence comparisons of the encoded proteins as well as phylogeneticanalysis suggest that YmVA is a new member of the genus Cytorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae. YmVA?s unique genomic organization and phylogenetic relationships indicate that this virus likely represents a distinct evolutionary lineage among the cytorhabdoviruses. Fil: Bejerman, Nicolas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola.; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Acevedo, Raúl Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: de Breuil, Soledad. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola.; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Ruiz, Oscar Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas; Argentina Fil: Sansberro, Pedro Alfonso. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola.; Argentina Fil: Dietzgen, Ralf G.. The University of Queensland; Australia Fil: Nome, Claudia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola.; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Debat, Humberto Julio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola.; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina

We report the first comprehensive multilocus molecular characterization of cultivated Ilex paraguariensis plants belonging to a breeding program. Using nuclear and homologous chloroplastidic molecular markers, we have genotyped 158 plants from four plantation sites. Analyses of the nuclear data (187 variable dominant loci) allowed detecting high diversity (0.569), the occurrence of four distinct genetic clusters, and a low but significant differentiation among sites. Additionally, 20 chloroplastidic alleles were identified applying five microsatellite polymorphic markers, and a high chloroplastidic diversity was recognized (0.505); two haplogroups were distinguished amongst the 63 haplotypes detected. Our results from both nuclear and plastidic markers indicate that most genetic variation reside within plantations sites (≥ 95%), and that these plantations were established on highly variable materials (either as seeds or plantlets) derived from, at least, 63 maternal lineages. Moreover, our study suggests that the genetic structure within each plantation site was most likely shaped by past admixture favored by farmers´ practices during the establishment of each plantation. Also, subsequent constraints in gene flow and/or a low level of shared polymorphism among plantations could have contributed to current structure.

Yerba mate is highly consumed in South America and has become a popular beverage worldwide because of its healthy properties: antioxidant, vaso-dilating, lipid-reducing, anti-glycation, anti-inflammatory and weight-reducing effects, among others. These effects have been attributed to its high content in polyphenols, mainly chlorogenic acidS, but also quercetin, kaempferol and rutin. Other components in mate are methylxhantines, saponins, vitamins, minerals and alkaloids.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of regularly consuming a moderate, realistic amount of yerba mate (3 beverages/day) on cardiovascular health and anthropometric parameters, in healthy and cardiovascular risk subjects.A randomized, crossover, controlled study was performed in normocholesterolemic (NC, n = 25) and hypercholesterolemic (HC, n = 27), non-smoker, non-vegetarian, men and women, with BMI 18–25 kg/m2. After a run-in stage, the effects of consuming three servings/day of mate during 8 weeks (mate stage) were compared with an isotonic drink during the same time (control stage). Along the study, polyphenol rich foods were restricted. At the beginning and the end of each intervention, blood pressure was measured, urine and blood samples were collected. Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol concentrations were measured. Dietary records and physical activity questionnaires were completed in each stage. Results were statistically studied using a mix model with repeated measures and Bonferroni test (SPSS 23.0).The regular consumption of yerba mate decreased blood lipid concentrations [TC (p < 0.001), LDL (p = 0.001), TG (p = 0.027)] and blood pressure [systolic (p < 0.001), diastolic (< 0.001)] in both groups, with greater effects in HC than NC. Thus, it may be concluded that moderate consumption of yerba mate reduces cardiovascular risk, particularly in hypercholesterolemic subjects.Funded by the Spanish State Research Agency, projects AGL2010-18269 and AGL2015-69986-R

Microfibrillated cellulose films have been gathering considerable attention due to their high mechanical properties and cheap cost. Additionally, it is possible to include compounds within the fibrillated structure in order to confer desirable properties. Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil, yerba mate leaf extract has been reported to possess a high quantity of caffeoylquinic acids that may be beneficial for other applications instead of its conventional use as a hot beverage. Therefore, we investigate the effect of blending yerba mate extract during and after defibrillation of Eucalyptus sp. bleached kraft paper by ultrafine grinding. Blending the extract during defibrillation increased the mechanical and thermal properties, besides being able to use the whole extract. Afterwards, this material was also investigated with high content loadings of starch and glycerine. The results present that yerba mate extract increases film resistance, and the defibrillated cellulose is able to protect the bioactive compounds from the extract. Additionally, the films present antibacterial activity against two known pathogens S. aureus and E. coli, with high antioxidant activity and increased cell proliferation. This was attributed to the bioactive compounds that presented faster in vitro wound healing, suggesting that microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) films containing extract of yerba mate can be a potential alternative as wound healing bandages. Made available in DSpace on 2020-11-28T09:04:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Washington-yerba-mate-extract-in-microfibrillated-cellulose-and-corn-starch-films-as-a-potential-wound-healing-bandage.pdf: 3176320 bytes, checksum: 645519d2bcaa60bd1eb708d850ba77ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) is a native species from South America and is a rich source of bioactive compounds. There is a lack of research efforts on the phytochemical investigation of callus culture from this species. In the present study, an effort was made to optimize callus culture conditions and to identify secondary compounds. Calli were induced from 10 genotypes using leaf explants and the best genotype was selected to evaluate the effects of cytokinin types and concentrations on callus induction and biomass accumulation. The best genotype and cytokinin treatment were used to conduct one last experiment with sucrose concentrations in culture media and its effects on calli biomass, antioxidant activity and secondary compounds accumulation. Callus initiation was genotype dependent, and the 6-156-6 line had the best response. Zeatin supplemented medium showed higher callus induction rate (82%) and higher biomass accumulation after 120 days (328.2 mg). Higher biomass and secondary compounds accumulation were observed for calli on 3% sucrose medium. Antioxidant activity was not affected by sucrose concentrations. Yerba mate callus culture allowed the accumulation of chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, theobromine and caffeine. Made available in DSpace on 2020-11-12T19:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana-Grunennvaldt-et-al-2020.pdf: 2458046 bytes, checksum: 2b9d4b4ac4490ff775e3d409a43f475a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

In this work, yerba mate nanoparticles (YMNs) were extracted from Ilex paraguairiencis yerba mate wastes and further used to improve the overall performance of mechanically recycled PLA (PLAR). Recycled PLA was obtained by melt reprocessing PLA subjected to an accelerated ageing process, which involved photochemical, thermal and hydrothermal ageing steps, as well as a final demanding washing step. YMNs (1 and 3 wt. %) were added to the PLAR during the melt reprocessing step and further processed into films. The main goal of the development of PLAR-YMNs bionanocomposites was to increase the barrier properties of recycled PLA, while showing good overall performance for food packaging applications. Thus, optical, structural, thermal, mechanical and barrier properties were evaluated. The incorporation of YMNs led to transparent greenish PLAR-based films with an effective blockage of harmful UV radiation. From the backbone FTIR stretching region (bands at 955 and 920 cm&minus, 1), it seems that YMNs favor the formation of crystalline domains acting as nucleating agents for PLAR. The morphological investigations revealed the good dispersion of YMNs in PLAR when they are used in the lowest amount of 1 wt. %, leading to bionanocomposites with improved mechanical performance. Although the addition of high hydrophilic YMNs increased the water vapor transmission, the addition of 1 wt. % of YMNs enhanced the oxygen barrier performance of the produced bionanocomposite films. These results show that the synergistic revalorization of post-consumer PLA and nanoparticles obtained from agri-food waste is a potential way for the production of promising packaging materials that meet with the principles of the circular economy.

The objective was to examine the effectiveness of mate tea (MT, Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire) and caffeine from mate tea (MC) on in vitro lipid accumulation and in vivo diet-driven-obesity. MC and decaffeinated mate (DM) were obtained using supercritical CO2 extraction and mainly composed of caffeine and caffeoylquinic acids, respectively. MC reduced lipid accumulation (41%) via downregulation of fatty acid synthase (Fasn) (39%) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Rats fed a high-fat-high-sucrose-diet and 0.1% of caffeine from MC, MT, or DM. MC attenuated weight gain (16%) and body fat accumulation (22%). MC reduced Fasn expression in both adipose tissue (66%) and liver (37%). MC diminished pyruvate kinase (PK, 59%) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP, 50%) hepatic expression. In silico, neochlorogenic acid interacted with PK and MTP allosteric sites. FAS β‐ketoacyl reductase domain showed the highest affinity to 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Caffeine suppressed lipid accumulation and body weight gain, through the modulation of lipogenic gene expression., The Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois fully funded this research through the 20/20 initiative. M. Rebollo-Hernanz received funding from the program of the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities for his predoctoral fellowship (FPU15/04238) and the support for the international research at the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign (EST18/0064).

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) infusions have been shown to reduce plasma glucose in animals and serum lipids in humans. However, the effects of regularly consuming yerba mate on glucose metabolism in humans has been less studied. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of regularly consuming yerba mate on diabetes related biomarkers in healthy and moderately hypercholesterolemic people.A randomized, crossover, controlled study was carried out in normocholesterolemic (NC, n = 25) and hypercholesterolemic (HC, n = 27), non-smoker and non-vegetarian, men and women, with BMI 18–25 kg/m2. After a run-in stage, the effects of consuming three servings/day of yerba mate in boiled water during 8 weeks (mate stage) were compared with an isotonic drink during the same time (control stage). Along the study, polyphenol rich foods were restricted. At the beginning and the end of each intervention, urine and blood samples were collected. Dietary records and physical activity questionnaires were completed in each stage. Glucose was analyzed using a colorimetric kit (Sprinreact), and insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), resistin and visfatin were analyzed using Bio-Rad Multiplex Diabetes kits on Bio-Plex MAGPIX system. Results were statistically studied using a mix model with repeated measures and a Bonferroni test within each group (SPSS 23.0).Nutrient intake and physical activitiy did not show changes along the study. In contrast, fasting levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and GLP-1 significantly decreased after the mate stage, showing glucagon a significant yerba mate*group interaction. Attending to these results, it may be concluded that sustained consumption of yerba mate may prevent type 2 diabetes. These outcomes indicate that the effects of yerba mate in pre-diabetes and T2DM subjects are worth further studying.Funded by the Spanish State Research Agency, projects AGL2010-18269 and AGL2015-69986-R

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:59:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-01 Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the color stability (ΔE00) of bis-acryl resins after different immersion solutions and storage time by different evaluation methods. Materials and methods: Sixty specimens (n = 30) were prepared from Protemp 4 and Structur 3. The specimens were divided into three groups (n = 10), according to the immersion solution (artificial saliva, cola beverage, and yerba mate tea) and evaluated at two storage times (7 and 14 days). The ΔE00 of each group was calculated using color coordinates obtained by a spectrophotometer and by a digital method, using the CIEDE2000 color difference formula. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). Results: The 7-day period presented the lowest ΔE00 values, regardless of the material and solution evaluated for both evaluation methods (ΔE00 < 0.93; ΔE00 < 3.12). The immersion solution with the highest color change was yerba mate tea after 14 days (ΔE00 > 2.11). For digital analyses, all materials and solutions at both times presented ΔE00 values higher than the clinically acceptable (ΔE00 > 1.8), while in spectrophotometer only in yerba mate tea (14 days) Structur was above the clinical acceptability level. Conclusions: Yerba mate tea was the immersion solution with a higher color change in both materials and assessment methods. The highest values were found after 14 days of immersion, regardless of the solution. The ΔE00 for the digital method was higher than the spectrophotometer analysis. Clinical significance: It is important to identify the influence of staining beverages on interim materials used in patients requiring temporary rehabilitation. The use of a spectrophotometer seems to be more accurate than the digital method for the evaluation of color parameters of the tested materials. Department of Operative Dentistry Endodontics and Dental Materials Bauru School of Dentistry University of Sao Paulo (USP) Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Araçatuba Dental School Center University of Cesmac (CESMAC) Department of Dental Prosthesis Center University of Cesmac (CESMAC) Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Araçatuba Dental School

The dried leaves of Ilex paraguariensis, also known as yerba mate or chimarrão, are used to produce infusions consumed by over 1 million people worldwide, being a traditional drink in several South American countries, particularly, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. The positive effects of I. paraguariensis in obesity have been described and observed in some clinical trials both in animals and in humans. The main goal of this work was to perform a systematic review, complying with the PRISMA (Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) recommendations, followed by a meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA), to summarize the results of the recent clinical trials, clarifying the anti-obesity potential of I. paraguariensis. The search for this systematic review was performed on several electronic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO and Cochrane Library) in July 2017. A total of 22 clinical trials were considered for the quantitative synthesis of the data, totalizing 726 patients enrolled. In conclusion, this systematic review demonstrated the positive effects of I. paraguariensis consumption on the reduction of body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference of patients, showing its anti-obesity potential., Bank Santander-Totta with the reference BIPD/ICI-FC-BST-UBI 2016.

In the conservation of meat, antioxidant substances are used to help to increase meat’s shelf-life, since it is a product susceptible to oxidation. Most of these substances are synthetic origin and their long-term use can affect human health, because of that, change those chemicals to natural additives is a goal. That substances can be used directly in the meat or added to animal feed and its compounds can keep meat shelf-life by keeping the physical-chemical characteristics of the meat and provide benefits to the health of consumers. So the objective of this project is to use yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire) as a natural antioxidant in the quality of lamb meat, verifying shelf life. Samples were collected the muscle Longissimus (L) from 36 lamb (Îlle de France x Dorper x Santa Inês), those animals was divided at 4 groups receiving one of the diets: T1, T2, T3 and T4 (0,1, 2 and 4% of extract). The meat samples were exposed in plastic film during 0, 3 and 6 days, analyzed the values of pH, color (brightness=L, red value=a, yellow=b) e TBARS (reactive thiobarbituric acid). All data were statistically evaluated using the MIXED procedure of the statistical package SAS. The results show that pH, color and TBARS values were influenced by the exposure time (P < 0.0001); since as the exposure time increases, the meat more easily oxidizable. The dietary treatment at pH (P 0.2376), L*, a* and b* parameters (P0.1040), (P0.4207) and (P0.0029) respectively, in addition to the lipid oxidation value (P 0.4492) did not affect these parameters. The interaction Diet × Time had no effect on the pH value (P 0.1601), nor for the values of color L*, a*, and b* (P 0.8003), (P 0.7063) and (P 0.1369) as well as for the values of TBARS (P 0.4953).

The Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) is a native arboreal species of forest formations that include the Araucaria Forest and is of considerable socio-economic importance in much of Brazil’s southern region. This paper aims to study the different landscapes of the native Yerba Mate systems (NYMS) in the main producing region of native Yerba Mate in the northern plateau region of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil (Planalto Norte Catarinense - PNC) and their relationship to socio-environmental conservation in the context of family farming. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with family farmers and NYMS were evaluated following a specific route. Thirteen types of NYMS Landscape Units were identified as a diagnostic basis for the sustainable management of NYMS and forests. It proved possible to conclude that the Yerba Mate extraction activity is of great importance to socio-environmental conservation in the PNC. Resumen La Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis St Hil.) es una especie arbórea nativa de la Floresta de Araucaria de significativa importancia económica y social para gran parte de la región sur de Brasil. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar los diferentes paisajes de los Yerba Mateles del Planalto Norte Catarinense (PNC) - principal región productora de Yerba Mate nativa de Santa Catarina - y su relación con la conservación socioambiental, en el ámbito de la agricultura familiar. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y evaluación de Yerba Mateles basadas en un itinerario específico. Fue posible identificar 13 tipos de unidades de paisajes de los hierbales que se constituyen en una base diagnóstica para la gestión sostenible de los hierbales y bosques. Se concluye que la actividad Yerba Matetera presenta gran importancia para la conservación socioambiental en el PNC. Resumo A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St Hil.) é uma espécie arbórea nativa da Floresta com Araucária, de significativa importância econômica e social para grande parte da região sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as diferentes paisagens dos ervais do Planalto Norte Catarinense (PNC) - principal região produtora de erva--mate nativa de Santa Catarina - e sua relação com a conservação socioambiental, no âmbito da agricultura familiar. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e avaliação de ervais, com base em roteiro específico. Foi possível identificar 13 tipos de unidades de paisagens dos ervais que constituem uma base diagnóstica para a gestão sustentável dos ervais e florestas. Concluiu-se que a atividade ervateira apresenta grande importância para a conservação socioambiental no PNC.

This study characterized the demography and spatial pattern of a yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil) population covering areas with different use histories (Presence and Absence of Cattle) in a Araucaria Forest. Data collection was performed in three ha, half in each area. The frequency of individuals by height, spatial distribution pattern, diameter distribution (for reproductive individuals) and sexual ratio were evaluated. An inverted “J” pattern predominated, being exclusive to an area with Cattle Presence, a place which presented a lower density of individuals. The predominant spatial distribution pattern was aggregated, and the reproductive individuals have a preferentially random pattern at the shortest distances. Results indicated that cattle presence changes the density of I. paraguariensis individuals and the proportion of individuals in the evaluated demographic classes. RESUMO: Foi caracterizada a demografia e o padrão espacial de uma população de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil) abrangendo áreas em diferentes históricos de uso (presença e ausência de gado), em Floresta com Araucárias. A coleta de dados foi realizada em três ha, metade em cada área. Foi avaliada a frequência de indivíduos por classe de altura, padrão de distribuição espacial, distribuição diamétrica (para indivíduos reprodutivos) e razão sexual. O padrão ”J” invertido foi predominante, sendo exclusivo para área com presença de gado, local que apresentou uma menor densidade de indivíduos. O padrão de distribuição espacial predominante foi o agregado, sendo que os indivíduos reprodutivos possuem preferencialmente padrão aleatório nas menores distâncias. Os resultados indicam que a presença do gado altera a densidade de I. paraguariensis e a proporção de indivíduos nas classes demográficas avaliadas.

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) is a native species of the subtropical and temperate regions of South America. In the Misiones province, in Northeastern Argentina, yerba mate is an important agricultural crop grown on approximately 150,000 ha. In March 2019, diseased leaves and stems from four fields near Comandante Andresito city, were received for diagnosis at the Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE) and Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Argentina. Disease symptoms were accompanied by white mycelium threads in the young branches. The threads extended longitudinally, along the surface of the stem, which later developed into leaf blight, with leaves hanging on white threads of fungal hyphae. Symptoms were the same in samples from all four fields (100% prevalence) and disease incidence varied between 50 and 80%. Isolations were performed by transferring small sections of diseased plant tissue, disinfested in 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, washed with sterile distilled water, then transferred to Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C, in the dark. Over ten isolations from five plants, eight Rhizoctonia-like colonies were isolated. Pure cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal tips to plates containing PDA. Four isolates (IPAVE 0075, 0076, 0077 and 0078) were selected as representatives for characterization and deposited at the Culture Collection of Instituto de Patologia Vegetal ? IPAVE (Córdoba, Argentina). On PDA, the colonies initially had white aerial mycelia and concentric rings were visible on the reverse side. The colonies turned brown after approximately 30 days. Hyphae were branched with 90° angulation, a typical character of members of the form genus Rhizoctonia. For molecular identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR (White et al. 1990), and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference grouped the isolates from yerba mate with the type species of Ceratobasidium niltonsouzanum (Melo et al. 2018) with high posterior probability (0.98). Pathogenicity testing was conducted using toothpicks colonized with the pathogen (Souza et al. 2009). Inoculum was produced on PDA medium by allowing the isolates to colonize sterilized toothpicks placed on PDA, and incubating for 7 days at 25°C, under a 12h photoperiod. Twenty four-month old yerba mate plants were inoculated by inserting the colonized toothpicks into the base of the leaf petiole. Plants were kept in the greenhouse at 25°C, under high humidity, for 30 days and observed daily (Souza et al. 2009). Four control plants were mock-inoculated using only sterilized toothpicks. White thread blight symptoms were observed on all inoculated plants after 20 days, whereas control plants remained symptomless. C. niltonsouzanum was re-isolated from symptomatic tissue (leaves and petiole) of the inoculated plants, with a frequency of 100%, thereby validating Koch?s postulates. The experiment was performed twice. C. niltonsouzanum has been reported as a pathogen on numerous crops including Coffea arabica, Camellia sinensis, Azadirachta indica and Eugenia uniflora in Brazil (Melo et al 2018). This work improves knowledge surrounding the etiology of the disease associated with yerba mate in Argentina, which is essential information for the identification of appropriate management practices. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. niltonsouzanum causing white thread blight of yerba mate in Argentina and worldwide. Fil: Bernardi Lima, Nelson. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Unidad de Fitopatologia y Modelizacion Agricola.; Argentina Fil: Kryvenki, Mario Angel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Misiones. Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Cerro Azul. Agencia de Extension Rural Apostoles; Argentina Fil: Conforto, Erica Cinthia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Serri, Dannae. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola; Argentina Fil: Kramer, Rodrigo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina Fil: Roca, Monica Esther María. Universidad Nacional La Rioja. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria; Argentina Fil: Vargas Gil, Silvina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola; Argentina

BACKGROUND Yerba mate extract was encapsulated in electrospun zein fibers. Solutions were prepared with 30% (w/v) zein, and yerba mate extract was added at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% (w/w). The rheology and electrical conductivity of the polymer solutions were evaluated. The extract and the fibers were characterized through an analysis of total and individual phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Morphology, size distribution, and thermal stability were also evaluated. The release kinetics of zein fibers loaded with different concentrations of yerba mate were evaluated in a hydrophilic food-simulant medium (10% ethanol). RESULTS Yerba mate extract had a total phenolic compound content of 1287.76 ± 11.55 mg of gallic acid 100 g-1 yerba mate extract. The major individual phenolic compounds obtained were chlorogenic acid and rutin, quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and mess spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Zein fibers loaded with 5% extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity with 83.0% inhibition. The fibers with different concentrations of yerba mate displayed homogeneous morphology. Yerba mate extract encapsulated in zein fibers had greater thermal stability than the free extract. Zein fibers comprising 5% yerba mate extract, when in contact with a hydrophilic food simulant medium, showed a release of approximately 49% of extract within 50 h. CONCLUSION Zein fibers containing yerba mate extract may be used as antioxidant releasers for food packaging. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mate is an infusion made from the dried leaves of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Yerba mate may be an important source of essential elements but could contain toxicologically relevant metals. Macroelements (Ca, Mg, Na, K), trace elements (B, Ba, Sr, V, Li, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Mn, Mo), and toxic metals (Al, Cd, Pb) content have been determined in 32 samples of yerba mate by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectrometry) with the aim of determining the element content of yerba mate leaves and the influence of temperature in the extraction of these elements from the plant to the infusion, and estimating the dietary intake for each element studied. The highest element contents have been found in infusions prepared with hot distilled water (70–75 °C); the most noteworthy are K (303 mg/L), Mn (4.85 mg/L), and Al (4.52 mg/L). The consumption recommended by the producers (500 mL infusion/day) contributes significantly to the daily intake of essential elements such as Mn, Mg, and Cu. This consumption does not pose a health risk, although it is necessary to assess the risk/benefit of Ni intake from mate consumption for people with impaired renal function (500 mL/day accounts for 52.2% of the TDI).

Resumo Na erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) o principal produto colhido é composto por folhas (FO) e galhos finos (GF), resultando em elevada exportação de nutrientes, dentre eles o N. As informações técnico-científicas disponíveis para subsidiar uma recomendação da adubação nitrogenada racional são insuficientes, o que põe em risco a sustentabilidade da produção, especialmente se as colheitas são mais intensivas. Por isso, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da adubação nitrogenada e do intervalo de colheita no teor de N e carbono orgânico (CO) do solo, na produtividade e no estado nutricional da erva-mate. O experimento foi instalado em São Mateus do Sul - PR, em erval com sete anos e meio de idade, estabelecido em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, no qual se avaliaram doses de 0, 20, 40, 80, 160 e 320 kg ha-1 de N, para intervalos de colheita de 12, 18 e 24 meses. Os teores de N e CO do solo, nas formas lábil (NL e COL) e total (NT e COT), foram determinados nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm. A colheita consistiu na remoção de aproximadamente 95 % da copa que brotou da colheita anterior. A massa verde colhida foi determinada individualmente para os componentes FO, GF e galho grosso (GG), sendo FO+GF correspondente à erva-mate comercial (ECOM). Avaliou-se, também, a relação entre massa verde/seca (MV/MS) e o teor de N na FO, GF e GG. O efeito positivo da adubação nitrogenada no teor de NL e COL do solo foi mais expressivo no menor intervalo de colheita e negativo ou nulo para o intervalo de 24 meses. As doses de N aumentaram o teor de NT nos maiores intervalos de colheita e reduziram para colheita de 12 meses e o COT não foi influenciado pela adubação. Houve aumento da produtividade com as doses de N, e as respostas mais expressivas ocorreram nos maiores intervalos entre colheitas. Intervalo de 12 meses entre colheitas é insuficiente para a planta recuperar-se do impacto causado pela colheita. O intervalo de 18 meses é o mais recomendável, desde que a planta esteja bem nutrida em N. A adubação nitrogenada não influencia o teor de água na erva-mate comercial verde, sendo esta dependente do intervalo de tempo entre colheitas. Teor foliar de N entre 33,0 e 37,0 g kg-1 pode indicar plantas bem nutridas, independentemente do intervalo de colheita. Abstact Leaves (FO) and thin branches (GF) are the main plant components harvested from Ilex paraguariensis (mate) plantations, leading to high exportation of nutrients, among them, the nitrogen (N). Scientific and technical information are scarce to support fertilizer recommendation aiming to replenish N exportation and to sustain mate productivity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of N fertilization and harvest intervals on N and organic carbon (CO) content in the soil and on mate productivity and N content. The experiment was conducted in São Mateus do Sul, Paraná state, Brazil, in a seven-year old mate plantation established on an Oxisol, where we evaluated the effect of 0, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 kg ha-1 of N, for harvest intervals of 12, 18, and 24 months. Nitrogen (NL) and CO (COL) in the labile and total (NT and COT) forms were determined in the soil at depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm. Harvest consisted in the removal of 95 % of the tree crown sprouted from the previous harvesting. The green material collected was evaluated individually for the components FO, GF and thick branches (GG), being FO+GF the commercial mate product (ECOM). We also evaluated the plant component relationships between green/dry weights (MV/MS), as well as the contents of N in FO, GF and GG. The positive effect of N fertilization on NL and COL contents in the soil was more expressive for the shortest harvesting interval, and was negative or null for the 24-month interval. Nitrogen doses increased the content of NT in the largest harvest interval and reduced the yield for 12 months; COT was not influenced by fertilization. We observed increased productivity with N doses, and the most significant responses occurred in longer harvest intervals. The interval of 12 months between harvests is insufficient for the plant recovery from the previous harvesting impacts. The 18-month interval is more recommendable because the plant is well nourished in N. Nitrogen does not affect the water content of the commercial green yerba mate, which is more affected by the time between harvests. The leaf N content between 33.0 and 37.0 g kg-1 may indicate well-nourished plants, regardless the harvest interval.

Processes based on the use of iron-based nanoparticles (FeNPs) have proved to be a promising technology for the removal of a wide range of pollutants including metals and metalloids in water, being simple and low-cost procedures for removal of As(III)/As(V). FeNPs such as zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nZVI), nanoparticles of iron oxides (FeONPs) as hematite or magnetite, and iron-based nanoparticles prepared from natural extracts of plants or seeds (as yerba mate and green tea) have a larger surface area/volume ratio and exceptional adsorption properties compared with micro- or macrosized materials, with the advantages of an effective removal of pollutants at very low concentrations and a low generation of sludge. Laboratory experiments have been performed to evaluate the efficiency of some iron-based nanoparticles for removal of As(III)/(V), studying the influence of the initial concentration of the pollutant, the NP mass, the pollutant: FeNP molar ratio, pH, the presence of O2, among other variables. In this presentation, a brief review on the use of FeNPs for As removal from water and some results of our laboratory will be presented.