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This study evaluated the physical and rheological properties of whole rice flour treated for different sonication times (0–15 min). Ultrasonication reduces the particle size of rice flour and improves its solubility. Viscosity tests using RVA and steady shear showed a notable decrease in the viscosity of the rehydrated pregelatinized rice flour. Although no unusual patterns were observed in the XRD analysis, the FT-IR and microstructure morphology findings suggest that ultrasonication led to structural changes in the rice flour. Overall, the study indicates that ultrasonication is a practical and clean method for producing plant-based drinks from rice flour, which could expand its limited applications in the beverage industry.

The aim of this study was to understand the extraction phenomena of oil from passion fruit seeds (PFS) using Soxhlet, ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), and combined UAE-Soxhlet (UAES) methods and to investigate the physicochemical properties of the oil. The effect of solid-liquid ratio, temperature, and time of the UAE treatment on PFS oil (PFSO) yield was investigated and optimized. Phenomenological model parameters, viz. washing constant (0,807–1,139×10–1min–1) was faster than the diffusion constant parameter (5.0–5.4×10–3min–1) throughout the extraction process, and the washing constant was the highest for UAES. The composition of phenolics and fatty acids in the optimized oil extract was investigated by HPLC and GC, respectively. The comparison of the quality parameters of the extracted oils revealed that the combination of ultrasound and Soxhlet extraction is a viable alternative extraction procedure for obtaining better quality. The phenomenological model with combined extraction could be recommended for modelling extraction kinetics for better quality products and could be used for industrial purposes.

Utilization of Ultrasonic modified Pithecellobium dulce seed biomass, proved the efficacy in Eriochrome black dye remediation. The study investigates the sorption dynamics of Eriochrome Black (EB) dye removal using raw and ultrasonicated Pithecellobium seed biomass combined with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling for the elucidation of underlying mechanisms. To improve the adsorption performance, Pithecellobium dulce biomass has been subjected to ultrasonication. The characterization of modified seed adsorbent revealed the adsorptive properties of biomass for the removal process. Varying impacts of dye adsorption were studied revealing the optimal parameters to be pH of 5, temperature of 303 K, contact time of 40 min-Ultrasonicated Pithecellobium dulce (UPDB) biomass; 80 min – Raw Pithecellobium dulce biomass (RPDB), and dose of 5 g/L and 2.5 g/L for RPDB and UPDB respectively. Isotherm and Kinetic analysis revealed the Freundlich and pseudo-first order models to be best fitting for the current system. Ultrasonicated seed biomass exhibited enhanced adsorption capacity of 126.9 mg/g compared to 83.8 mg/g for raw seed biomass. Thermodynamic investigation infers the spontaneity and exothermic nature of adsorption process. The ANN model for the prediction of eriochrome black dye adsorption onto ultrasonic modified Pithecellobium dulce seed biomass exhibited better correlation coefficient of 0.9559 indicating the better prediction of trained model for dye removal process. Thus, ANN model provides a better prediction of the relation between operational factors and dye removal.

One-pot syntheses and in situ ultrasonication have been optimized to generate tunable and highly hydrophobic 2,7-octadienyl-ether (ODE) cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Using only butadiene sulfone to serve as dual reaction medium and precursor to 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BD) for telomerization with cellulose hydroxyls, the OH-to-ODE conversion significantly improved from ca. 0.7 to 1.2, 1.8, 3.1, and 4.1 mmol of ODE/g-cellulose at 103-110 °C for 1-2 h. Ultrasonication was highly effective and versatile in the direct disintegration of ODE-cellulose (ODE-cell) in nonpolar organic solvents and plant oils into ODE-CNFs as well as pretreating cellulose for improved functionalization. Mixing 2 wt % in situ ultrasonicated 1.2 mmol of ODE/g-cell improved the modulus of polybutadiene six times and the strength of poly(styrene-b-isoprene-b-styrene) three times, whereas in situ ultrasonication of 1.8 mmol/g-cell directly with linseed oil at merely 0.07 wt % created holistic biobased hydrophobic cellulose paper to resist water penetration while also significantly improving the tensile strength. This optimized telomerization and streamlined in situ ultrasonication approach has presented a sustainable synthesis and processing strategy to generate highly hydrocarbon-compatible nanocelluloses previously unattainable.

The number of published literature on the effect of ultrasonic cavitation and advanced oxidation pretreatment on the dewatering performance of anaerobically digested sludge is very limited. This study aims at determining the optimum operating conditions of large-scale filtering centrifuges in wastewater treatment plants. The optimum dose of hydrogen peroxide, ultrasonic power, ultrasonic duration, ultrasonic pulse and particle size distribution for improved dewatering performance were determined in this study. In addition, shear stress–shear rate and viscosity–shear rate rheograms were developed to show the rheological flow properties for varying ultrasonic power and treatment duration. Optimum sonication power, time, pulse and amplitude were determined to be 14 W, 1 min, 55/5 and 20%, respectively. At a pH of 6.8, the optimum concentration of hydrogen peroxide was found to be 43.5 g/L. The optimum hydrogen peroxide dose in the combined conditioning experiments was determined to be 500 mg/L at a pH of 3. Under these optimum conditions, capillary suction time was reduced significantly by 71.1%. This study helps to reduce polymer consumption and provides the optimum pretreatment and dewatering operating conditions, and better monitoring and control in the dewatering unit has significant impact in the overall economy of wastewater treatment plants. HIGHLIGHTS Digested sludge dewatering is a cost-intensive operation in wastewater treatment plants.; The proposed ultrasonic and advanced oxidation pretreatment significantly improves the dewatering performance.; Rheological flow characteristics of digested sludge also improved after ultrasonic pretreatment.; Sonication and advanced oxidation can be used along with conventional dewatering polymers for better performance.;

To replace conventional plastic as food packaging, several studies related to the preparation of cellulose films from various types of biomass have been reported. However, there have been no reports regarding the use of coconut dregs residue as source of cellulose for the fabrication of cellulose films. This is the first report on the fabrication of cellulose film from coconut dregs under various conditions. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of hydrochloric acid, and ultrasonication during the isolation process of cellulose from coconut dregs on the characteristic of cellulose film produced. Hydrochloric acid was used in the hydrolysis process and the concentrations used were 3 M, 5 M, and 7 M. The ultrasonication process was performed after the bleaching process of cellulose isolation. Cellulose films were prepared from ultrasonicated isolated cellulose particles prepared with different hydrochloric acid concentrations and compared with cellulose films obtained from isolated cellulose without the ultrasonication process. Results showed the higher hydrochloric acid concentration the lower particle size of cellulose produced. The cellulose particle size decreased after ultrasonication treatment and cellulose obtained using hydrochloric acid 7 M became nano-size cellulose particles after the ultrasonication process. These results influence the film properties obtained from these cellulose particles, where the lower the particle size the more transparent the film produced. The most transparent film was produced from cellulose particles isolated using hydrochloric acid 7 M in combination with the ultrasonication process. Furthermore, hydrochloric acid concentration and ultrasonication also influenced the tensile strength, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the films.

The citrus processing industry is responsible for the generation of large volumes of waste side streams, represented principally by fruit peels. These tissues are exceptionally rich in polyphenolic bioactive phytochemicals, and there has been a great industrial interest for their valorization. The examination presented herein targeted at developing a fast and straight-forward aqueous extraction process, based on ultrasonication, for the efficacious recovery of polyphenolic compounds from waste orange peels. After an initial single-factor examination, the response surface optimization showed that a maximum total polyphenol yield of 12.81 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents (GAE) per g−1 dry mass could be achieved by setting sonicator amplitude at 80%, for 15 min, using a duty cycle of 2/2 (2 s on/2 s off). Comparison of this methodology with a stirred-tank extraction demonstrated that the ultrasonication technique was equally effective, requiring ambient temperature and considerably shorter resident time. The combination of both techniques using the ultrasonication process as a pretreatment step did not boost extraction yield, and the extracts produced had similar polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity. However, a slight enhancement of the recovery of individual constituents was noted. It is proposed that efficient extraction of polyphenolic substances from waste orange peels may be accomplished using the present methodology, which is a low-cost (ambient temperature, short time) and sustainable (water as solvent) process.

The current study aims to prepare ferromagnetic iron oxides (magnetite and/or maghemite) using the coprecipitation method of an iron salt in a basic environment stimulated by ultrasound, with cellulose added at the start of the synthesis and after 15 min in order to perform an in situ and partial in situ synthesis. The structures, morphology, and properties of composites are analyzed by IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, DSC, and magnetic measurements. The cumulative effect of the ultrasonic waves is observed by a reduction in the degree of crystallinity of the native cellulose compared to the composites (from 73.2 to 36.4, respectively 38.3). The vibrating sample magnetic measurement shows a single hysteresis curve characteristic of ferromagnetic materials with superparamagnetic properties.

Microalgae have rigid, complex cell walls hindering direct lipid extraction. Cell disruption techniques are used to rupture these cellular structures to increase lipid extraction. Researchers investigating the downstreamprocessing of microalgae do not always have access to microalgal cultivation systems to generate large amounts of fresh microalgal biomass. Using resuspended freeze-dried microalgal biomass as a model laboratory system for concentrated fresh biomass during cell disruption experiments offers greater flexibility in experimental planning and omits investment costs of microalgal cultivation equipment. So far, it however remains unclear whether freeze-dried resuspended biomass can be used as a model laboratory system to represent concentrated fresh biomass during cell disruption and lipid extraction experiments. This paper thus evaluated the suitability of resuspended freeze-dried Nannochloropsis as a model laboratory system for concentrated fresh Nannochloropsis during cell disruption. Ultrasound assisted cell disruption was used as example cell disruption technique and lipid extraction efficiency and free fatty acid content were investigated. Tap water and 3% sodium chloride are both suitable resuspension media for the resuspension of freeze-dried Nannochloropsis. Resuspension duration should be limited (< 120 min) to prevent the formation of free fatty acids. The condition of the biomass (concentrated fresh, or resuspended freeze-dried) prior to ultrasound assisted cell disruption did not influence the resulting lipid extraction efficiency. Resuspended freeze-dried Nannochloropsis biomass in tap water or 3% sodium chloride can thus be used as a model laboratory system for fresh microalgal biomass during research on ultrasound assisted lipid extraction. The generalization of the results to other cultivation conditions, cell disruption techniques, components of interest or microalgal species should be carefully assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of nanoemulsions, a nanotechnology technique, is very popular in the food industry to extend the shelf life of foods and preserve their quality. In this study, it was aimed to develop, optimize, and determine the bioactive properties of nanoemulsion containing Aloe vera gel (AVG) and hemp seed oil (HSO) for use in the food industry. Nanoemulsions containing different ratios of AVG (1 %, 2 %, and 3 %) and HSO: Tween 80(T80) (1 : 4; 20, 25, 30 %) were formulated by ultrasonication. Bioactive properties of nanoemulsions were determined by droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), viscosity, color, whiteness index, turbidity, conductivity, pH, antioxidant (DPPH), and antimicrobial activity analyses. The pH of the nanoemulsions was between 4.74 and 4.88 due to the acidic nature of AVG. PDI was determined in the 0.17 (HA8) range to 0.26 (HA1). According to the FT‐IR spectrum, it was determined that the entire nanoemulsion formulation did not undergo any chemical degradation and their particle sizes (range between 118.9 nm and 170.5 nm) were <200 nm. The small droplet size and PDI values obtained showed that the nanoemulsions had a homogeneous and stable structure in their dispersions. TEM results determined that all nanoemulsions showed a spherical shape, but the structure detected in the HA8 group had a more homogeneous appearance. The antioxidant activity of the nanoemulsions increased depending on the increasing HSO and AVG percentages. Unfortunately, no antibacterial activity of the nanoemulsions was detected against any of the bacterial strains tested. According to the analysis results, it was determined that the best nanoemulsion formulation belonged to the HA8 group containing 3 % Aloe vera gel and 5 % HSO in terms of TEM and PDI analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti3C2Tx MXene has emerged as an exceptional candidate for use as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) due to its unique structural and electrochemical properties. Nevertheless, its full potential is often not realized due to incomplete dealumination when synthesized using conventional etching. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative approach using ultrasonic-assisted dealumination to enhance the synthesis process. Based on the result, Ti3C2Tx processed through ultrasonic (U-Mxene) exhibited significantly higher charge–discharge capacities of 216–219 mA h/g and Columbic efficiency of 98.6%. The observed improvements are likely the result of the more efficient removal of alumina by HF from the parent Ti3AlC2 phase, facilitated by ultrasonic irradiation, which disrupts the solid structure more effectively than traditional methods. The implications of this synthesis approach extend to the practical deployment of Ti3C2Tx MXene in advanced LIB systems, paving the way for more efficient, durable, and higher-capacity energy storage solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucumis melo L. (C. melo), commonly known as the melon, is a widely cultivated tropical fruit associated with nutritional benefits and bioactive properties. With global production reaching 40 million tons annually, the fruit processing industry generates significant waste, primarily peels, totaling 8 to 20 million tons yearly. These organic by-products are rich in bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, offering health benefits such as a reduced risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as of diabetes and neurogenerative diseases, offering an opportunity for sustainable utilization. C. melo by-products have demonstrated various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties, attributed mainly to polyphenols. Recognizing the potential of melon waste, this study systematically explored different extraction methods, including stirring (ST), ultrasound (US), and pulsed electric field (PEF) methods, while considering factors such as extraction time, temperature, and solvent composition. The primary goal was to identify the most effective extraction procedures and optimal conditions for maximizing the yield of total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity (using the FRAP and DPPH methods) from C. melo peel by-products. According to the results, the optimum conditions include ST as the extraction method, an ethanolic solvent with a strength of 50%, a 150 min extraction duration, and an 80 °C extraction temperature. The maximum values of total polyphenols that can be observed are 3.75 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dry weight (dw) and 25.77 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g dw and 34.44 μmol AAE/g dw from FRAP and DPPH antioxidant assays, respectively. The polyphenols identified were the following: gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and kaempferol. By securing the maximum isolation of bioactive content and antioxidant activity, the research will contribute to sustainable waste management by reducing waste and developing value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A straightforward and green coating is prepared from graphene sheets decorated with MnO2@Polypyrrole for obtaining multifunctional lyocell textiles. A facile ultrasonication approach was developed for the preparation of effectively exfoliated graphene sheets using sodium casein salt (mGRP). A dipping and drying method was used for applying graphene onto the textile. Further, MnO2@Polypyrrole was then prepared on the graphene-modified textile using a new vapor polymerization approach to obtain ternary-coated textiles (LC@mGRP@MOPpy). Different spectroscopic and microscopic analysis techniques were exploited for approving the chemical structure and surface morphology of mGRP, and the various obtained textiles. The thermal, mechanical, electrical resistance, UPF, and flame retardancy behaviors of the fabricated fabrics were evaluated. The electrical resistance of the composite modified textiles was estimated as 10.6 MΩ, which is relatively lower than the pure lyocell fabric (178.9 MΩ). A highly improved ultraviolet protection factor was recorded also for the coated textile (33.74) compared to the pure one (7). Moreover, the flammability tests stated that the rate of burning of coated textile was measured as 0 mm/min compared to the virgin lyocell fabric (125 mm/min). In addition, the afterflame, and glow times were noted as 0 s, and 300 s compared to 17, and 10 s for the uncoated textiles assuring an efficient retardation performance against flame spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cargo encapsulation through emulsion-based methods has been pondered over the years. Although several microemulsification techniques have been employed for the microcapsule's synthesis, there are still no clear guidelines regarding the suitability of one technique over the others or the impacts on the morphological and physicochemical stability of the final particles. Therefore, in this systematic study, we investigated the influence of synthesis parameters on the fabrication of emulsion-based microcapsules concerning morphological and physicochemical properties. Using poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules as a model system, and after determining the optimal core/shell ratio, we tested three different microemulsification techniques (magnetic stirring, ultrasonication, and mechanical stirring) and two different cargo types (100% TEGDMA (Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and 80% TEGDMA + 20% DMAM (N,N-Dimethylacrylamide)). The resulting microcapsules were characterized via optical and scanning electron microscopies, followed by size distribution analysis. The encapsulation efficiency was obtained through the extraction method, and the percentage reaction yield was calculated. Physicochemical properties were assessed by incubating the microcapsules under different osmotic pressures for 1 day and 1, 2, or 4 weeks. The data were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05). Overall, the mechanical stirring resulted in the most homogeneous and stable microcapsules, with an increased reaction yield from 100% to 50% in comparison with ultrasonication and magnetic methods, respectively. The average microcapsule diameter ranged from 5 to 450 µm, with the smallest ones in the ultrasonication and the largest ones in the magnetic stirring groups. The water affinities of the encapsulated cargo influenced the microcapsule formation and stability, with the incorporation of DMAM leading to more homogeneous and stable microcapsules. Environmental osmotic pressure led to cargo loss or the selective swelling of the shells. In summary, this systematic investigation provides insights and highlights commonly overlooked factors that can influence microcapsule fabrication and guide the choice based on a diligent analysis of therapeutic niche requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial cellulose (BC) and chitosan (Chi) are biopolymers that play a vital role in various industrial applications due to their unique properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, flexibility, and excellent physical properties. Combined, these two materials can create composites with exceptional characteristics, which can be tailored for specific applications. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different ultrasonication and stirring treatments on the synthesis of BC/Chi composites, focusing on their chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Based on the results of microscopy, SEM-EDS, and FTIR analysis, it was found that ultrasonication treatment provides a more effective dispersion process, resulting in higher physical and mechanical properties than BC/Chi stirring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the characterization of emulsions and microparticles encapsulating Chavir essential oil (EO) by application of modified whey protein concentrate–maltodextrin (WPC-MD). Different physical, chemical, morphological, thermal, and antioxidant properties and release behavior of spray-dried microparticles were assessed. Antioxidant, solubility, emulsifying, and foaming activities of modified WPC were increased compared to those of primary material. The results indicated that the particle size distribution varied depending on the type of carriers used, with the smallest particles formed by hydrolyzed WPC (HWPC). Binary blends of modified WPC-MD led to improved particle sizes. The spray-drying yield ranged from 64.1% to 85.0%, with higher yields observed for blends of MD with sonicated WPC (UWPC). Microparticles prepared from primary WPC showed irregular and wrinkled surfaces with indentations and pores, indicating a less uniform morphology. The UWPC as a wall material led to microparticles with increased small cracks and holes on their surface. However, HWPC negatively affected the integrity of the microparticles, resulting in broken particles with irregular shapes and surface cracks, indicating poor microcapsule formation. Encapsulating EO using WPC-MD increased the thermal stability of EO significantly, enhancing the degradation temperature of EO by 2 to 2.5-fold. The application of primary WPC (alone or in combination with MD) as wall materials produced particles with the lowest antioxidant properties because the EO cannot migrate to the surface of the particles. Enzymatic hydrolysis of WPC negatively impacted microparticle integrity, potentially increasing EO release. These findings underscore the crucial role of wall materials in shaping the physical, morphological, thermal, antioxidant, and release properties of spray-dried microparticles, offering valuable insights for microencapsulation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigments within polysaccharides pose significant challenges when analyzing their structural characteristics and evaluating their biological activities, making decolorization a crucial step in purifying these biomolecules. In this research, a novel approach using ultrasound-assisted static adsorption with macroporous resins was employed to decolorize polysaccharides extracted from seedless chestnut rose (Rosa sterilis S. D. Shi) fruit (RSP). Among the fourteen tested resins, AB-8, D101, D4020, HPD100, and S8 were identified as the most effective, demonstrating superior decoloration efficiency and polysaccharide recovery. Further examinations of RSPs treated with these five resins revealed distinct effects on their uronic acid levels, monosaccharide makeup, molecular weight, surface structure, and hypoglycemic properties. The RSP treated with HPD100 resin stood out for having the highest uronic acid content, smallest particle size, and lowest molecular weight, leading to the most notable inhibition of α-glucosidase activity through a mixed inhibition model. The application of HPD100 resin in the decolorization process not only potentially preserved the macromolecular structure of RSP but also enhanced its hypoglycemic efficacy. These findings provide a solid theoretical basis for further exploring RSP as a component of functional foods, underscoring the effectiveness of the ultrasound-assisted resin adsorption method in polysaccharide purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) are of increased interest for use in drug delivery systems, as catalysts, and as biomedical imaging agents. The most common synthesis of pSiNPs involves electrochemical anodization of a silicon wafer, followed by ultrasonic fracture of the resulting mesoporous film to form well-defined nanoparticles. A major source of loss in this process is the ultrasonic fracture step. This work presents a method of synthesizing gram-scale quantities of pSiNPs with high yield and high reproducibility using an ultrasonic bath equipped with a sample rotation stage and a refrigerator (4 °C) and a higher ultrasound frequency with power delivered in a pulsed modality compared with the static ultrasound "cleaning baths" commonly used for this purpose. The optimal processing conditions are determined by adjusting the pSi film mass, solvent volume, and iteration number of on/off cycles used in sonication. The approach provides pSiNPs with a narrow size distribution (∼170 nm, PDI = 0.149), higher yields (59%), and an approximately 12-fold reduction in the total processing time, allowing the preparation of gram-scale quantities of pSiNPs from single-crystal silicon wafers with high reproducibility in a single 24 h process. The performance of the produced pSiNPs is validated in a drug delivery application in which loading and release of the anthracycline drug doxorubicin are compared with pSiNPs prepared in a conventional cleaning bath ultrasonicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochars have received much attention as efficient adsorbents for water pollutants. Besides, the chemical treatment of biochars performed to increase the adsorption capacity usually causes secondary chemical pollution and increases the cost of the process. The biomass feedstock utilised in biochar preparation impacts significantly the surface properties and adsorption capacity. Thus, the need to prepare new biochars from new feedstock with potentially high uptake capacities. Herein, we prepared new biochar (POBC) from Platanus occidentalis waste leaves (POL), which was utilised for the ultrasonic-aided adsorption of bromophenol blue (BRB) and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (TTB). The FTIR, SEM, EDX, TGA, BET, pHpzc, and elemental characterisations of POBC revealed potent surface characteristics desirable for efficient dye adsorption. An increase in the surface area from 14.31 m2/g to 31.94 m2/g and the pore volume from 0.0214 cm3/g to 0.0326 cm3/g was obtained after the conversion of the POL to POBC. Besides, the SEM images of POBC revealed a highly porous surface structure of the adsorbent. The Freundlich and pseudo-second-order model presented the best fit to the isotherm and kinetics based on the high coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.9) and low sum square errors (SSE < 0.31). The heterogeneous surface nature of POBC was inferred from the independent-oriented site model. The monolayer adsorption capacity of 45.03 mg/g and 48.8 mg/g were obtained for BRB and TTB, respectively. Thermodynamics showed an endothermic, feasible, and random uptake, and POBC displayed efficient potentials to be reused. The obtained results revealed that novel POBC is an efficient low-cost biochar with high adsorption capacity for dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathophysiological foundations of various diseases are often subject to alteration through the utilization of small compounds, rendering them invaluable tools for the exploration and advancement of novel therapeutic strategies. Within the scope of this study, we meticulously curated a diverse library of novel small compounds meticulously designed to specifically target the c‐Myc/Max complex. We conducted in vitro examinations of novel c‐Myc inhibitors across a spectrum of cancer cell lines, including PANC1 (pancreatic adenocarcinoma), MCF7 (breast carcinoma), DU‐145 (prostate carcinoma), and A549 (lung cancer). The initial analysis involved a 25 μM dose, which enabled the identification of potent anticancer compounds effective against a variety of tumour types. We identified c‐Myc inhibitors with remarkable potency, featuring IC50 values as low as 1.6 μM and up to 40 times more effective than the reference molecule in diminishing cancer cell viability. Notably, c‐Myc‐i7 exhibited exceptional selectivity, displaying 37‐fold and 59‐fold preference for targeting prostate and breast cancers, respectively, over healthy cells. Additionally, we constructed drug‐likeness models. This study underscores the potential for in vitro investigations of various tumour types using novel c‐Myc inhibitors to yield ground‐breaking and efficacious anticancer compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for natural dyes is increasing due to the negative environmental impacts of synthetic color. In fact, customers are becoming more concerned about their health and the environmentally friendly products. The aim of this research is to disclose the dye extraction process using the ultrasonic method and eco‐friendly dyeing of organic cotton knitted fabric. Initially, 10 g of Syzyguim cumini leaf powder was dissolved in 150 mL of purified water maintaining a 1 : 15 M : L ratio to extract the color. After that, the extracted dye solution was added to coloration bath following the M : L ratios of 1 : 16, 1 : 12, and 1 : 8 for producing dark, medium, and light shades, respectively. Post mordanting was done using natural lemon juice for colorfastness improvement. The color attributes were revealed by the spectrophotometric analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to comprehend the successful relationship that exists among SCL dyes and organic cotton fibers, and the TGA analysis confirmed that dyed fabric is more stable than undyed fabric. Moreover, the colored sample's pH, formaldehyde level, and presence of forbidden Azo groups (aromatic amines) were examined. The test results revealed that very good to excellent color fastness properties were obtained and no harmful chemicals were detected in the dyed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is highly challenging to reproducibly prepare semiconducting polymers with targeted molecular weight tailored for next‐generation photovoltaic applications. Once such an easily accessible methodology is established, which can not only contribute to overcome the current limitation of the statistically determined nature of semiconducting polymers, but also facilitate rapid incorporation into the broad synthetic chemists' toolbox. Here, we describe a simple yet robust ultrasonication‐assisted Stille polymerization for accessing semiconducting polymers with high‐precision tailored molecular weights (from low to ultrahigh molecular weight ranges) while mitigating their interbatch variations. We propose that ultrasound‐induced simultaneous physical and chemical events enable precise control of the semiconducting polymers' molecular weights with high reproducibility to satisfy all the optical/electrical and morphological demands of diverse types of high‐performance semiconducting polymer‐based devices; as demonstrated in in‐depth experimental screenings in applications of both organic and perovskite photovoltaics. We believe that this methodology provides a fast development of new and existing semiconducting polymers with the highest‐level performances possible on various photovoltaic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is a highly promising and viable alternative to fossil-based diesel that also addresses the urgent need for effective waste management. It can be synthesized by the chemical modification of triglycerides sourced from vegetable origin, animal fat, or algal oil. The transesterification reaction is the preferred method of producing biodiesel. However, the non-miscibility of alcohol and oil layer causes excessive utilization of alcohol, catalyst, and a substantial reacting time and temperature. In the current investigation, transesterification of waste fish oil was performed with petro-diesel as cosolvent, under the influence of ultrasound energy. The combination of both techniques is a unique and efficient way to minimize the mass transfer limitations considerably and hence reduces the parameters of the reaction. It is also a sincere effort to comply with the principles of green chemistry. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM) that were as follows: molar ratio of methanol to oil 9.09:1, catalyst concentration of 0.97 wt%, cosolvent concentration of 29.1 wt%, temperature 60.1℃, and a reacting time 30 min. Under these listed conditions, 98.1% biodiesel was achievable, which was in close agreement with the expected result. In addition, the cosolvent removal step from the crude biodiesel was also eliminated as it could be employed as a blended fuel in CI engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have acquired considerable attention owing to their noteworthy properties, including high crystallinity, biodegradability, high specific surface area, and excellent mechanical characteristics that alter the inherent features of the polymer matrix upon reinforcement. Typically, CNCs undergo freeze-drying or spray-drying to facilitate handling and dispersion in a hydrophobic polymer medium. Unfortunately, these drying procedures compromise the intrinsic nano-scale properties of CNCs. Therefore, achieving a uniform re-dispersion of dried CNCs is imperative to attain the desired characteristics in the polymer composite. This study specifically focuses on achieving a homogeneous re-dispersion of freeze-dried CNCs within a waste polyacrylonitrile (PAN) matrix through a simple ultrasonication treatment. The enhanced mechanical properties of the PAN polymer matrix validate the impact of ultrasound energy on re-dispersing CNCs. A noticeable improvement in the tensile properties of the composite polymer film is observed when CNC particles are well-dispersed in the PAN matrix. This observation is substantiated through SEM imaging, XRD, and FTIR data of both neat PAN and PAN–CNC composite films. The results affirm that particle dispersion plays a crucial role in augmenting the tensile properties of PAN composite films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) is a significant source of solid waste requiring improved treatment methods. This study primarily investigates the mechanism of ultrasonic treatment in optimising flotation-based decarbonization of CGFS and its impact on CGFS modified with surfactants. The objective is to maximise the carbon ash separation effect to support the clean and efficient utilisation of CGFS. Flotation experiments revealed optimal conditions at an ultrasonication power of 180 W for 2 min and a slurry concentration of 60 g/L, resulting in a residual ash content of 82.59%. Particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunner−Emmet−Teller (BET) measurements demonstrate the efficacy of ultrasound in extracting inorganic minerals from the surface and pores of residual carbon, consequently reducing both pore and particle sizes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicate alterations in the surface chemistry of CGFS induced by ultrasound treatment. The content of hydrophilic groups decreased from 31.64% to 29.88%, whereas the COO- group content decreased from 13.13% to 8.43%, consequently enhancing hydrophobicity. Adsorption experiments demonstrate an increase in surfactant adsorption capacity following ultrasonic treatment. Furthermore, ultrasonic treatment facilitates the desorption of surfactants previously adsorbed onto the surfaces of CGFS residue. Therefore, optimal flotation is obtained by applying ultrasonic pretreatment to CGFS before adding flotation chemicals. Upon the addition of Polysorbate (Tween-80), the residual ash content increased 90.17%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids represent a novel category of advanced heat transfer fluids composed of nanoparticles within a size range of 1-20 nm dispersed in a base fluid such as water. Contemporary research predominantly focuses on incorporating nanoparticles like Al2O3 and ZnO into the water at a 0.1% volume fraction to create nanofluids. Recent investigations aim to optimize thermal performance by introducing nanoparticles into the base fluids and inducing turbulence through various macro-inserts. Key factors influencing heat exchanger efficiency enhancement include geometric parameters, thermal conductivity and volume fraction. This study endeavours to analyse the thermal and fluid flow characteristics of a proposed nanofluid, augmenting thermal transfer through computational simulations and experimental validation, achieving an error margin of 3%-5%. The impact of rectangular micro inserts, with dimensions of 4 cm in height and longitudinal spacings of 5 cm and 11.5 cm, on the heat transfer rate is examined to enhance fluid flow turbulence. Results indicate that among different geometric profiles, the insert with a spacing of 11.5 cm demonstrates superior performance, yielding higher heat transfer rates and Nusselt numbers. This research holds significant implications for various industries including thermal, power, aviation, space and automotive sectors, particularly in the utilization of concentric tube heat exchangers across diverse applications. By exploring novel geometrical and fluid domains within heat exchangers, this study unveils promising avenues for enhancing the heat transfer efficiency compared to conventional methods, highlighting the potential for further investigation into alternative materials and configurations for heat elimination enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite of containing a high amount of fat, which promotes obesity, coronary heart disease, and many more health issues, the worldwide popularity of fried food products is beyond controversy. Frying is further associated with the formation of acrylamide, which has been classified as carcinogenic in the 2A group. On the other hand, classic extraction methods for bioactive compounds exploitation have considerable bottlenecks to overcome such as they are time-consuming, require high energy, cost, and solvent, while offering comparatively low yield of extract with poor quality due to thermal degradation. Ultrasound can overcome these shortcomings and has gained considerable attention, whereas a comprehensive evaluation on ultrasound application in food frying to improve the quality of fried products and frying oil, together with the application of ultrasound in extraction and modification of bioactive compounds is not yet available. To this end, this review focuses on the in-depth understanding of ultrasound applications as a techno-functional modifier in food frying, extraction, and modification of bioactive compounds. Limitations of ultrasound application are explained. Research directions in alternatives assessment framework to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound and fortification of fried products with bioactive compounds are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Inspired by the waste-to-wealth concept, we have recovered the gamma phase aluminium oxide nanoparticles (γ-Al 2 O 3 NPs) from waste aluminium (Al) foils and fabricated a composite with Dracaena trifasciata biomass-derived activated carbon matrix (DT-AC) using supercritical carbon-di-oxide (SC-CO 2) pathway. The prepared samples are characterized altogether by various micro- and spectroscopic analyses. Based on the results, the recovered γ-Al 2 O 3 NPs are well impregnated in the DT-AC surface by the action of the microbubble effect from the SC-CO 2. The higher D -band and I D /I G value of 1.07 in the Al 2 O 3 /DT-AC nanocomposite indicate increased defects and the amorphous nature of the carbon materials. The effect of scan rate (ν) demonstrated greater linearity in ν1/2 vs peak current in the electrochemical detection study of the mutagenic pollutant 4-(methylamino) phenol hemi sulfate, showing a quasi-reversible electron transfer process undergoing diffusion-controlled kinetics. Furthermore, the limit of detection is determined to be 3.2 nM L–1 with an extensive linear range, spanning from 0.05 to 618.25 µM/L. The incredible sensitivity of 2.117 μA μM−1 cm−2, along with excellent selectivity, repeatability, and stability, is observed. Further, the respectable recovery percentage of 98.61 % in the environmental water sample is perceived. The observed outcomes suggest that the prepared Al 2 O 3 /DT-AC composite performs as an excellent electrocatalyst material, and the processing techniques used are thought to be sustainable in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work demonstrates the effect of in tandem application of chemo-mechanical methods on physio-chemical and thermo-sensitive properties of HMX. Solvent-antisolvent recrystallization produced γ-polymorph of HMX with mean diameter ~7 μm and ~8 μm when acetone and DMF were used as solvent respectively, whereas with γ-butyrolactone, β-HMX with larger particle size (mean diameter ~24 μm) was produced. Ultrasonication initially (1 h) resulted in increase in particle size but with increase in duration (24 h) particles size decreased to (~4 μm) whereas, ball milling resulted in decrease in average particle size to ~1 μm with β-polymorphic form with reduced impact sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the hydrolysis to produce fermentable sugar, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) has undergone ultrasonication pretreatment prior to subjection to subcritical water hydrolysis. This work aims to optimize the effect of temperature, reaction time, and the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the surfactant, with the primary aim of maximizing sugar production in the subcritical water hydrolysis process applied to oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). The pretreatment process conditions were optimized using response surface methodology of the central composite design (RSM--CCD). The experimental design includes three factors and levels, with a range of 180-220 °C temperature (X1), 60-80 minutes process time (X2), and 1-5% w/w SDS concentration (X3), an α value of 1.68, and reducing sugar concentration (g/L) as response (Y1). The optimum condition for subcritical water hydrolysis of OPEFB was obtained at 208 °C, 78 minutes, and 2.6% w/w SDS concentration with an expected yield of 6.09 g/L. As a result, reducing sugar produced by enzymatic hydrolysis increased by 324.7% compared to raw OPEFB, with sugar yield of 45.64% after 36 hours. Along these, changes in crystallinity, chemical composition, lignocellulosic functional groups, and morphology were analyzed to determine the impact of the pre-treatment on OPEFB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-materials in the nano size are promising high-value products with diverse applications. The green synthesis of lignin nanoparticles has opened a novel method to utilize lignin in advanced uses. In the present study lignin nanoparticles with dimensions of about 35nm were prepared from alkaline lignin extract directly in the moist condition. By rapid acid precipitation using methane sulphonic acid, accompanied by mild ultrasonication. The size, surface morphology, and thermal properties of the lignin nanoparticles were studied using different techniques such as; DLS, FTIR, XRD, UV, SEM, TGA, and DTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of flavonoids from fenugreek seeds was investigated using ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents (DES). The selection of the most effective DES was based on the analysis of the bioactive profile, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial properties of fenugreek extracts, taking into consideration the physicochemical properties of the DES. The results suggested that all six DES performed better than conventional solvent (methanol), and among DES, choline chloride-malic acid (CCMA), choline chloride-citric acid (CCCA), and choline chloride-1,4-butanediol (CCBU) performed better under set conditions and were further selected for optimization of processing conditions, including molar ratios, water required for dilution of DES, sonication power, sonication time, and sonication temperature. Identification and quantification of the flavonoids present in optimized-DES extracts were carried out using HPLC–DAD. The results revealed that prominent individual flavonoid compounds were kaempferol (10.65 ± 0.49), rutin (18.33 ± 0.84), and quercetin (10.82 ± 0.59) mg/gm d.w., with recovery percentages of 78.83%, 92.69%, and 87.18%, respectively. After analyzing the results of HPLC, we can conclude that CCMA (DES) is a safer, greener, and highly efficient extraction system for maximum and sustainable extraction of flavonoid compounds from fenugreek seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of time and diameter on the final scission length of the electrospun polystyrene (PS) fibres, whereby the fibres were ultrasonicated for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 minutes. The ultrasonic probe stimulates bubble cavitation followed by bubble implosion as scission occurs. Factors affecting the scissionability of the electrospun PS fibres are primarily the diameter of the fibre and the sonication run time. The scission final fibre length range is approximately 23.7 µm to 1.1 µm. SEM images show that the fibre breaks into shorter lengths as sonication run time increases. Conversely, fibre diameter exhibits a positive relationship with fibre length. The model gives an R-squared value of 0.44 and 0.59 for linear and nonlinear regression, thus suggesting that the non-linear model provides a better fit for the data. The validation of the model is achieved by conducting a hypothesis test. Through hypothesis testing, the mean of the experimental average final length value and the predicted average fibre length from the regression model were not significant, indicating that the model can generally predict a relatively accurate average final fibre length value. The model derived from this study enables researchers to estimate the time required to sonicate the PS fibre (with a specific diameter) to achieve the short fibre length needed in their application. As research progresses, refining the model and incorporating additional parameters will be essential to ensure the broad reliability and applicability of these models across a variety of practical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell therapy is at the forefront of biomedicine in oncology and regenerative medicine. However, there are still significant challenges to their wider clinical application such as limited efficacy, side effects, and logistical difficulties. One of the potential approaches that could overcome these problems is based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a cell-free therapy modality. One of the major obstacles in the translation of EVs into practice is their low yield of production, which is insufficient to achieve therapeutic amounts. Here, we evaluated two primary approaches of artificial vesicle induction in primary T cells and the SupT1 cell line—cytochalasin B as a chemical inducer and ultrasonication as a physical inducer. We found that both methods are capable of producing artificial vesicles, but cytochalasin B induction leads to vesicle yield compared to natural secretion, while ultrasonication leads to a three-fold increase in particle yield. Cytochalasin B induces the formation of vesicles full of cytoplasmic compartments without nuclear fraction, while ultrasonication induces the formation of particles rich in membranes and membrane-related components such as CD3 or HLAII proteins. The most effective approach for T-cell induction in terms of the number of vesicles seems to be the combination of anti-CD3/CD28 antibody activation with ultrasonication, which leads to a seven-fold yield increase in particles with a high content of functionally important proteins (CD3, granzyme B, and HLA II). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosehip fruit, which is usually discarded, is a potential source of bioactive compounds. A green approach was employed for the efficient extraction of phytocompounds from rosehip. The effect of shaking water bath extraction (SWE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasonication-assisted (UAE) techniques on the extraction of phytocompounds from rosehips was evaluated. The Taguchi orthogonal array design was used to design the process parameters for efficient extraction of rosehip phytocompounds. The quantitative and qualitative analysis revealed that total phenolic content (339.9 mg/100mL), total flavonoids (5.15 mg/100mL), antioxidant (75.17%), and antidiabetic (24.84%) activity was observed higher in UAE (300 W; time 30 min; solid-liquid ratio 1:15 and pH 5.5) followed by MAE and SWE. Structural characterization revealed that better structural opening in the UAE results in better extraction and high antimicrobial activity against the food poisoning species. These results demonstrated that ultrasonication improved the extraction yield of bioactive compounds and confirmed the potential of underutilized rosehip fruit as a food ingredient." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study was to investigate the novel combined Ultrasonication and Free Nitrous Acid (FNA) pretreatment on biodegradability and kinetics of thickened waste-activated sludge (TWAS). Partial factorial design with four levels of (0, 600, 1500, and 3000 KJ/Kg) for ultrasonication and 0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.8 mg HNO2-N/L for FNA dose were examined creating 16 different combinations. Results revealed that combined pretreatment could significantly improve solubilization and solid destruction compared to solo pretreatments. The highest organic matter solubilization of 25.6% and volatile suspended solids destruction of 21.7% were observed when 2.8 mg HNO2-N/L and 1500 KJ/Kg were combined. Moreover, combining the pretreatments further enhanced biodegradability up to the highest percentage of 50.3% when pretreatment of 3000 KJ/Kg and 2.8 mg HNO2-N/L was applied. Also, the experimental data from a biochemical methane potential test was fitted well into First Order Kinetic and Modified Gompertz models, given that the coefficients of determination, R2, for models at all treatment levels were above 99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The development of a safe and effective iron supplement is important for the treatment of iron‐deficient anemia. Therefore, the crude hemeprotein extract (CHPE) from Asian seabass gills was extracted without (CON) and with ultrasound (US)‐assisted process, followed by freeze‐drying. The resulting freeze‐dried crude hemeprotein extract (FDCHPE) powders were determined for trace mineral content, color, secondary structure, protein pattern, size distribution, volatile compounds, and amino acid composition. RESULTS: The extraction yields of CON‐FDCHPE and US‐FDCHPE were 6.76% and 13.65%, respectively. Highest heme iron (0.485 mg/mL) and non‐heme iron (0.023 mg/mL) contents were found when US at 70% amplitude for 10 min (US 70/10) was applied. Both CON‐FDCHPE and US‐FDCHPE had no heavy metals, but higher iron content (432.8 mg/kg) was found in US‐FDCHPE (P < 0.05). Typical red color was observed in CON‐FDCHPE and US‐FDCHPE with a*‐values of 9.72 and 10.60, respectively. Ultrasonication affected protein structure, in which β‐sheet upsurged, whereas random coil, α‐helix, and β‐turn were reduced. Protein pattern confirmed that both samples had myoglobin as the major protein. US‐FDCHPE also showed a higher abundance of volatile compounds, especially propanal, hexanal, heptanal, and so forth, compared to CON‐FDCHPE. Amino acid composition of US‐FDCHPE was comparable to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) values. CONCLUSION: Overall, FDCHPE extracted using ultrasonication could be safe and effective for fortification in food products as an iron supplement to alleviate iron‐deficient anemia. Additionally, gills as leftovers could be better exploited rather than being disposed. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unrestricted discharge of chlorpyrifos (CPS) pesticides into the aquatic environment entails significant environmental and health risks; therefore, their management is essential. In the current study, a dually modified novel biochar of Trapa bispinosa peel (UFBC) with improved adsorption capacity for CPS was synthesized utilizing ultrasonic vibrations and alkali functionalization, and its removal capacity was compared to unmodified or single modified biochar. Characteristic changes induced by the simultaneous mechanical and chemical modifications of biochar were revealed by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Three hundred and twenty data sets produced from triplicate batch experiments on several parameters (temperature, pH, adsorbent dose, initial pollutant concentration, and contact time) and linear interpolation technique were applied for the development of artificial neuron network (ANN) as well as adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) models, which successfully predicted % CPS removal by UFBC with low statistical errors (MSE < 0.0009, SSE < 0.159, RMSE < 0.031). The equilibrium data were well fitted to the Elovich model of kinetics (R2 > 0.94) and Freundlich isotherm (R2 > 0.98) for all the sorbents, which showed chemisorption on highly heterogeneous surface and multi-layer adsorption with pollutant–pollutant interaction, respectively. Thermodynamic study demonstrated the exothermic nature and feasibility of the process at room temperature (∆H < -71.32 kJmol−1). The synthesized material is a sustainable and effective adsorbent having low equilibrium time and high adsorption capacity for CPS elimination and industrial scalability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discharge of industrial effluents into the environment without proper treatment is a major cause of aquatic pollution. One of the massive polluters is the textile dyeing industry, as the wastewater is rich in harmful and complex dyes as well as its undegraded residues. Chitosan was employed as an organic flocculant for the remediation of textile dyes via coagulation-flocculation technique. Wastewater samples were collected from Tamil Nadu Cooperation Textile Processing Mill. The wastewater contained a significant proportion of Vat dye which is used for dying denim materials and cotton fibers. Chitosan was considered due to its ability to the dye moieties and enhance floc formation. The effect of parameters such as chitosan dosage (5–15%V/V), sonication cycle (2-4) and agitation time (30-90 min) was investigated on the remediation process using response surface methodology. Sonication technique was expected to alter the particle size, viscosity and thereby the flocculation efficiency. Three responses namely decolorization (%), residual suspended matter (NTU), and sedimentation rate (cm/sec) were considered as process measuring parameters. Regression analysis showed good fit for the experimental data with correlation coefficient values recorded to be: 0.9931, 0.9465 and 0.9508, respectively. Optimized values reported are chitosan dosage of 15%v/v, sonication cycle 4, and agitation time of 90 min, at which, maximum dye decolorization (60%), and suspended matter reduction (80%) was noted. Thus, chitosan-based flocculant could be a sustainable choice for addressing the issue of textile dye pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high protein content of several microalgal species makes them attractive and unconventional candidates for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Due to the robust cell walls of microalgae, cell rupture is necessary to improve the extraction of intracellular proteins. Thus, choosing a suitable cell-breaking treatment before protein extraction is a vital downstream processing step. Additionally, it is necessary to use an effective technique for monitoring and measuring the impact of rupture treatments on microalgal cell walls. In our study, Tetradesmus obliquus cells were disrupted using three different mechanical rupture methods: high-pressure homogenization (HPH), ultrasound (US), and ball milling (BM). The ruptured biomass cells were counted, and soluble proteins were extracted and quantified. The cell-counting technique did not detect any differences between intact and damaged cells after BM treatment because the dye (erythrosine B) did not permeate the microalgal biomass accurately. The US treatment promoted the highest yield of total protein extraction (19.95%), while the highest yields in the HPH and BM treatments were 15.68% and 14.11%, respectively. Since the cell breakage method affects protein extraction from microalgal biomass, protein release can be used as a central indicator of the degree of cell disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]