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Thuja orientalis L. (Cupressaceae) is an evergreen arbor that is distributed throughout Northeast Asia as a common ornamental plant. The volatile oil of leaves and fruits of T. orientalis growing in Egypt was prepared by hydro-distillation followed by GC-MS analysis in order to compare between their compositions. Results revealed that fruits are richer in monoterpenes (62.5%) while leaves are richer in sesquiterpenes (57%). The major components in leaf oil are; α-cedrol (15.8%), β-caryophyllene (15%), α-humulene (10.7%), d-limonene (7.3%), α-pinene (6.9%), β-myrecene (5.9%) and α-terpinolene (5.2%). On the other hand, fruit oil contains α-pinene (11.3%), α-cedrol (11.2%), β-myrecene (9.6%), geranyl acetate (9%) and β-caryophyllene (8.9%) in major amounts. Comparison between the oil content in the Egyptian conifer and other reported conifers worldwide is also discussed. Comparative determination of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and anti-oxidant activity of alcoholic extract of both leaves and fruits showed that fruits content of flavonoids (0.6267±0.026 mg RE/g) is double the content of the leaves (0.3069±0.019 mg RE/g). Similarly, fruits contain higher phenolic content (0.75±0.007 mg GE/g) compared to 0.51±0.007 mg GE/g in leaves. Also, fruits extract exhibited higher anti-oxidant activity (2.3516±0.0 mg AEAC/g) than leaves (1.2734±0.0022 mg AEAC/g). The extracts of T. orientalis could be a valuable material for pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of substituting pork lean meat with Lentinula edodes (LE) on the physicochemical properties, amino acid content, cooking loss, texture, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, microstructure, microbiological analysis, and sensory characteristics of sausages were evaluated. Five formulations were used in the production of sausages: the control (the pork lean meat formulation) and the four different samples in which LE substituted 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of pork lean meat. The results showed that LE improved the moisture, total dietary fiber, methionine, glutamic, cysteine, and total phenolic content; cooking loss; and antioxidant activity of the sausage. By contrast, LE reduced the levels of protein, ash, pH, as well as the energy level and texture of the sausage. No difference was observed between the treatments for fat content, water activity and microorganisms of sausages. In addition, LE led to slight darkening of the sausages. From the sensory point of view, all modified sausages were considered acceptable, and the pork lean meat with 25% substitution by LE exhibited best sensory characteristics. In a word, LE is a promising ingredient to partially replace the lean meat in sausages. • Lentinula edodes (LE) as a kind of pork lean meat replacer was used in sausage production. • LE improved the moisture, total dietary fiber, methionine, glutamic and cysteine content of the sausage. • The substitution of pork lean meat by LE reduced the energy value of the sausage. • LE enhanced total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the sausage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild fruits and berries from the walnut-fruit forests of Kyrgyzstan may hold nutritional and health benefits for humans. Since information on their nutritional value is scarce, physical properties and nutritional value of naturally occurring red, black, and yellow cherry plum fruits (Prunus divaricata Ledeb.) were evaluated. The wild cherry plums featured moisture contents between 81.07 and 85.87%, reducing sugar contents of 6.83–8.42%, alimentary fiber of 0.78–1.38%, ash contents of 0.48–0.74%, acidity levels of 0.97–2.31%, and ascorbic acid concentrations of 16.00–30.25 mg/100 g. The total phenolic concentrations of wild cherry plum fruits was determined at 177–365 mg/100 g expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The black wild cherry plum contained the highest amounts of polyphenols and anthocyanins among the analyzed samples as well as the domesticated Prunus varieties. The essential mineral profile indicated that zinc (Zn) featured the lowest concentrations with 0.05–0.18 mg/100 g, while potassium (K) was the most abundant mineral at 127.97–188.74 mg/100 g in all cherry plum samples. 100 g fresh wild cherry plum can contribute up to 26.4% of iron (Fe) to recommended dietary allowance. All these results indicate that wild cherry plum fruits can be beneficial for human nutrition. The determination of physical attributes and chemical composition of these fruits is essential to facilitate the establishment of product standards and to further promote the use of these products in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to examine the effects of processing apricots at home in different ways on the antioxidant activity. Raw, boiled, puree, juice and apricot jam that were processed at home were examined for their total carotenoids, total flavonoids (TF), total phenolics (TP) and total antioxidant activities. The results showed that apricots are rich in fiber and mineral, the most important of which are potassium and phosphorus. Puree and jam had the highest total phenolics and total flavonoids content compared to raw apricot, boiled and juice. In addition, puree, and jam had the highest total antioxidant activities compared to other products. There were no significant differences in the carotenoids content among raw, boiled, puree, jam and Juice of apricot. This research provides detailed analysis to examine the effects of different methods of apricots’ home processing on the antioxidant potential of different apricot products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat flour used in traditional Turkish noodle formulation was replaced with einkorn wheat flour (EWF) at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% levels. The effects of EWF on some properties of noodle samples were evaluated. The use of EWF resulted in significant increases in the ash, protein, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of noodle (P<0.05). Volume and weight increase values increased as EWF ratio increased. The lowest cooking loss value (5.85%) was obtained in noodle containing 100 EWF%. Ca, Fe, Cu and Mg contents of noodle samples increased 1.41, 3.27, 1.45 and 2.66 times at 100% EWF compared to control sample. The use of 100% EWF decreased the taste and chewiness scores of cooked noodle. Considering the physicochemical, sensory properties and cooking quality of the samples, it can be concluded that the EWF can be used successfully up to 60% level in the Turkish noodle formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Softening, enzymatic browning and microbial activity are the most common problems of pomegranate arils during storage. In order to improve these problems, postharvest treatments of nitric oxide and cold storage were studied on pomegranate arils. Therefore, In order to evaluate the effect of temperature and different concentrations of nitric oxide on pomegranate arils, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. In this study, nitric oxide was used at concentrations of 0, 5 and 10 µM/L as liquid solutions. The arils were dipped in solution for fifteen seconds and were packed by polyethylene containers after drying at room temperature. They were stored at cold temperatures (2, 4 and 8°C). The qualitative, quantitative and biochemical parameters were measured on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 of the storage period. The ANOVA results showed that the different concentrations of nitric oxide and storage temperatures caused significant differences among most of the evaluated parameters. The exposure of arils to nitric oxide at concentration of 10 µM/L and storage at 8°C caused them lower 50% weight loss and less 21% ion leakage, as well as higher marketability, anthocyanin content, total phenolic and antioxidant activity compared to arils of the control group storage at 2°C after 21 days. In general, arils treated with 10 µM/L of nitric oxide at 8°C showed the best apparent quality and storage life of pomegranate arils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diseases caused by the consumption of foods contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms have great importance in public health. This study evaluated the antimicrobial effects of trachyspermum and lemon balm essences and their composition against Salmonella enteritidis bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast as corruption factor microorganisms in mayonnaise sauce. Study Method: In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of trachyspermum and lemon balm essence against S. enteritidis and S. cerevisiae were determined by dilution method in Müller-Hinton tube and medium. Finally, the effect of trachyspermum essence (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 µg / ml) and lemon balm essence (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 µg / ml) and their composition on microbial growth, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in factorial form were evaluated as a completely randomized plan (P = 0.05). Results: The results showed that different levels of trachyspermum significantly reduced the possibilityof microbial growth compared to lemon balm. S. cerevisiae yeast was more sensitive compared to S. enteritidis to treatment of essences with different concentrations. The most antioxidant activity was related to the composition of essences of trachyspermum and lemon balm at 0.75 µg / ml concentration. Also the lowest antioxidant activity was related to 0.25 µg / ml concentration of lemon balm. The total phenolic content increased significantly compared to the blank sample (lack of essence) by increasing concentration of trachyspermum and lemon balm and mixture of these two essences. Overall, sensory evaluation showed that mayonnaise with 0.50 µg / ml of trachyspermum essence had better quality for the consumer. Conclusion: Economically, it can be said that a good combination of the used concentrations of trachyspermum and lemon balm in the sauce sample, can be advantageous in terms of creating an antimicrobial environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemicals isolated from medicinal plants are known to be effective in treating bacterial infections. The antibacterial activities of the ethanol and water leaf extracts of Bauhinia variegata were tested. Antibacterial effects of crude extracts were performed using modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique to determine the zone of inhibition. The extracts were tested for the antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Sarcina ventriculi) and Gram-negative bacteria (Serratia marcescens). The results demonstrated that both ethanol and water leaf extracts of Bauhinia variegata have shown strong inhibition zone against Serratia marcescens and Sarcina ventriculi compared to control). This medicinal plant could be developed into affordable and safe standardized herbal products and may serve as a source of new molecules for broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Our results revealed that Bauhinia variegata leaves contains total phenolic contents (453 mgGAE/ g), flavonoid 166 mg QE/g and total alkaloid 1.674 g/100g. Also Bauhinia variegata leaf extracts showed highly antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural substances of botanical origin have been important in African traditional medical practice. They have been used for various illnesses such as infections. Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria affect many communities and the treatment was made difficult partly because of antibiotic resistant strains. Phytochemicals isolated from medicinal plants are known to be effective in treating bacterial infections. The antibacterial activities of the ethanol and water leaf extracts of Codiaeum variegatum were tested. Antibacterial effects of crude extracts were performed using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique to determine the zone of inhibition. The extracts were tested for the antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and Gramnegative bacteria (Serratia marcescens). The results demonstrated that both of ethanol and water leaf crude extracts of Codiaeum variegatum have shown strong zone of inhibition against Serratia marcescens (20 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (12 mm) compared to control. This medicinal plant could be developed into affordable and safe standardized herbal products and may serve as a source of new molecules for broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on some resistance parameters in tomato-Rhizoctonia solani pathosystem under pot conditions were aimed. At the end of the experiments, the colonization rates of Glomus intraradices (Gi) and mixture of mycorrhisal fungi (MMF) were 51.0% and 62.0%, respectively. Depending on the colonisation, growth parameters including plant height stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of tomato plants were increased by myorrhisal fungi compared to control. Disease severity was reduced by Gi and MMF by 51.85% and 70.86%, respectively. Total phenolic compounds were measured for six weeks in the experiment. In all applications, total phenolic compounds were higher than control. The amount of phenolic compounds was highest in the first week immediately after pathogen inoculation. In the following weeks, the amount of phenolic compounds gradually decreased. The effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the oxidative-antioxidative parameters were also observed. TOS, OSI, levels were significantly higher in R. solani infected plants than in all treatment. TAS levels were higher in mycorrhizal and/or pathogen combinations. As a result of the study, mycorrhizal fungi were decreased the disease severity by increasing the amount of phenolic compounds and total antioxidant level against Rhizoctonia solani in tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • MLE treatment prolonged the vase life of gladiolus cut spikes. • RWC, total chlorophyll and fresh weight were improved due to MLE. • MLE application reduced MDA and H 2 O 2 thus maintained the membrane integrity. • MLE treatment increased the total phenolic and antioxidant enzyme activities. • MLE could potentially be used as a novel preservative in cut flower industry. Abstract Gladiolus is one of the most popular cut flower crops that manifest postharvest problems of rapidly losing the aesthetic value and short vase life that cause quality loss. The study was therefore carried out to investigate whether moringa leaf extract (MLE) has the ability to act as postharvest preservative solution to improve the quality and longevity of gladiolus spikes. Gladiolus spikes were subjected to various concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, 4%) of MLE in vase solution. All MLE concentrations significantly extended the vase life and resulted in 10 days longer than the control when 3% MLE was applied. MLE treatment also improved the floret opening and reduced the weight loss of cut spikes. The relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, and membrane stability were considerably maintained while the microbial growth was suppressed in vase solution by MLE treatments. Also, malondialdehyde (MDA) and H 2 O 2 production was significantly suppressed by MLE treatments. MLE significantly increased the total phenolics and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and POX) in the florets. These ameliorative effects of MLE were more pronounced by the concentration 3% and further higher level causes no improvement in cut gladiolus spike longevity and quality. It is concluded that MLE showed these effects via alleviation the oxidative stress induced in the cut spike, maintaining photosynthetic pigments and water relations. We recommend MLE to be applied as a potential and promising eco-friendly alternative to common chemicals used in preservative solutions of cut flowers. MLE could also be commercialized as a novel floral preservative for future floral industry application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant natural products have a long history of being a rich source of neuroactive drugs.The total phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of ethanol, chloroform and aqueous extracts of AlgerianMedicagoSativaL, leaves were measured to discover new potential sources of Algerian natural antioxidants and neuroactives. All extracts were non-neurotoxic up to 1 mg/ ml for 24 h exposure. The total phenolcontent of M.Sativa extracts ranged between 38 and 69 mg GAE per g extracts. All of the extracts displayed antioxidant capacityassessed by two methods, but at different levels depending on the concentration and the extraction solvent used. The overall antioxidant potency was in the order water > chloroform> ethanol extracts, and the phenolic content exhibited a positive correlation with the antioxidant activity of M. Sativa extracts.Despite a weaker antioxidant activity, the ethanol extract elicited a calcium spike and suppressed the KCl-induced depolarisation response in neurons, indicating effect on ligand-and/or voltage gated calcium channels. In contrast, the chloroform and water extractsdisplayed no apparent direct functional effects. In conclusion, the antioxidant and functional properties related to phenolic content of Algerian Medicago Sativa L. in water and ethanol extracts, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Stressed aquatic system stimulate cyanobacteria for important secondary metabolites induction. • Explore eco-friendly cyanobacterial isolates a sustainable choice for wastewater treatment. • Nostoc sp. (KU373076.1) showed the highest total phenolic content and phycoremediation ability. • All Cyanobacterial isolates displayed high DPPH scavenging ability. • All studied isolates decreased lead, cadmium, Zinc and cobalt by 100%. Abstract Cyanobacteria are natural enormous sources of various biologically active compounds with great contributions in different industries. This study aimed to explore and characterize novel cyanobacterial isolates with antioxidant activity and potent phycoremediation ability from Egyptian wastewater canals. The in vitro biological activity of these isolates and their potential ability to take up nutrients and heavy metals from wastewater were examined. The obtained isolates were sequenced and deposited in database under accession numbers, KY250420.1, KY321359.1, KY296359.1 and KU373076.1 for Nostoc calcicola, Leptolyngbya sp., Nostoc sp., and Nostoc sp., respectively. Leptolyngbya sp. (KY321359.1) showed the lowest identity (90%) with the nearest deposited sequence in database. While the isolate Nostoc sp. (KU373076.1) showed the highest total phenolic content as well as the highest levels of caffeic, ferulic and gallic acids. Consequently, it presented the highest antioxidant scavenging activity. All studied isolates revealed potent ability in chelating nutrients and removing heavy metals from wastewater. In conclusion, this study provides a taxonomic, biochemical and molecular evidence of four novel cyanobacterial isolates with antioxidant activity and potential phycoremediation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Marine and freshwater microalgae were evaluated for their antioxidant properties and lipid composition. Both lipophilic (L) and hydrophilic (H) oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values were measured. Among the tested microalgae, the marine microalga Nannochloropsis granulata showed the highest total ORAC value at 6948 μmol TE (100 g)−1, followed by the freshwater species Neochloris oleoabundans at 4508 μmol TE (100 g)−1 and Scenedesmus obliquus at 4406 μmol TE (100 g)−1 of algal biomass. Freeze-dried algal biomass was also examined for lipid content by the Folch method. Lipid content ranged from 30.9 to 49.3% and linear regression analysis revealed a statistically significant correlation between the lipid content and the ORAC values. Tested microalgae showed moderate and dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity. The total phenol assay shows that marine microalga Tetraselmis chui had the highest phenolic content at 57.5 μmol GAE g−1 and N. oleoabundans had the lowest at 26.6 μmol GAE g−1 of MeOH extract. A statistically significant correlation was detected between DPPH radical scavenging activity and the phenolic content. Fatty acid analysis revealed that polyunsaturated fatty acids constituted > 45% of the total fatty acid content in N. oleoabundans, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Porphyridium aerugineum, S. obliquus, and Scenedesmus sp. Total carotenoid concentration ranged from 1.1 to 29.5 mg g−1 of dry algal biomass. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene are common carotenoids found in most of the algae tested. P. tricornutum contains significant amount of fucoxanthin at 24.3 mg g−1 algal biomass. These carotenoids also contributed to the overall antioxidative activity of microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia), a hybrid between L. angustifolia (English lavender) and L. latifolia (spike lavender), is a valuable aromatic and medicinal plant cultivated in the world. Lavandin essential oil with characteristic scent and fragrance properties is mainly used in cosmetics, perfumes and pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (24-eBL), a brassinosteroid analogue, on growth and secondary metabolite production of lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia var. Super). 24-eBL at 0, 0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 mg/L concentrations was applied to 8 years old plants twice. The highest growth parameters were obtained from the plants applied with 1.5 and 2.25 mg/L of 24-eBL. 24-eBL also increased the total phenolics and essential oil contents. Especially 1.5 mg/L 24-eBL application was the most suitable concentration for total phenolic and essential oil contents. Besides 24-eBL also modified essential oil composition. The percentages of linalyl acetate and 1,8-cineol increased while some of the components such as camphor, borneol, geraniol and lavandulyl acetate decreased with the 24-eBL applications. To conclude, 24-eBL may be a promising compound for use in lavandin cultivation because of its positive effects on plant growth, phenolic content, essential oil content and oil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pendimethaline is a dinitroaniline herbicide compound which selectively controls weeds. It is a cell division and growth inhibitor. In this study, pendimethalin herbicide was applied to Dinçer and Remzibey cultivars of Carthamus tinctorius L. in 0.004-0.01 M concentration range after germination. The effects of pendimethalin upon peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-Stransferase (GST) and total phenolic content were investigated on the 24, 48 and 72 hours following the treatment. POD, APX, SOD, CAT and GST activities were increased on the 24, 48 and 72 hours in Dinçer while decreased at 72 hour in Remzibey. GSH and GR activity were decreased at 72 hour in Dinçer and Remzibey. Total phenolic content decreased at 48 and 72 hours in Dinçer and Remzibey. In this study, we determined that pendimethalin herbicide affected the antioxidant enzyme activities in Dinçer and Remzibey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aims to determine the antioxidant properties and phytochemical screening of Gymnema sylvestre plant. Materials and Methods: The qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out for the methanol extract using standard procedures. The antioxidant activities were carried out by DPPH free radical, OH- radical, H2O2 radical, O2 - radical and phosphomolybdenum reduction assay. Results: The leaves of G. sylvestre methanol extract showed good radical scavenging as well as reducing power activities. The total phenolic and flavonoid content were 19.87 ± 0.32 mg/g and 2.65 ± 0.12 mg/g respectively. Conclusion: The methanol extract of leaves of G. sylvestre possesses significant antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of three different fertilizing systems, including organic, conventional, and integrated ones, on the yield, fruit quality, antioxidant activity, and some phenolic compounds of white seedless grape. The study was carried out on several 6-year-old white seedless grapevine located in the Urmia Province (North-West Iran). The results showed that the fruit physical characteristics and yield were affected significantly by different fertilization systems. The highest yield was observed in the conventional fertilization, followed by organic and integrated systems. The leaf mineral contents were obviously dependent on the different fertilization used, whereas pH and titratable acidity were not affected. Based on our results, the highest values of antioxidant activity and total flavonoid were found in the organic and integrated fertilization systems, respectively. Also, the highest contents of total phenolic, catechin, and quercetin-3-galactoside were observed in the organic fertilization system. Overall, the highest nutritional quality and biochemical characteristics of white seedless grape were obtained in organic fertilization system, which improved antioxidant capacity by enhancing total phenolics, total flavonoids and valuable phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agave syrups are natural sweeteners that are highly desirable for human consumption because they have low glycemic index. In this work, we explored the potential of 1H‐NMR‐Chemometrics as a useful tool in the identification and differentiation of Agave syrups. Also, we evaluated the phytochemical screening and antioxidant capacity of Agave syrup compared to other natural sweeteners. Results: The phytochemical screening stands out for Agave syrups containing higher levels of metabolites with antioxidant activity, mainly saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids. Agave syrup antioxidant activity was in a range from 10% to 53%, while the total phenolic content was from 24 to 300 EAG/100 g, and condensed tannins were between 240 and 1,900 mg CE/g. Additionally, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize syrup profiles and chemometrics. PCA group analyses allowed the sweeteners' classification by origin and kind of Agave. Conclusion: Thus, we conclude that 1H‐NMR and chemometrics can be used for identifying, differentiating, and classifying Agave syrups. Besides, Agave syrups contain significant amounts of antioxidative components and can be considered as an effective source of antioxidant. Agave syrups are newly natural sweeteners. The phytochemical screening stands out for Agave syrups containing higher levels of metabolites with antioxidant activity. 1H‐NMR and chemometrics can be used for identified, differentiated, and classified Agave syrups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of spray dryer inlet temperature on characterization and total phenolic content of palm sugar has been studied. The spray dryer operating conditions used were 160° 220°C inlet temperature with a feed flow rate of 2 L/h, while for outlet temperature was 85°C. The high inlet temperature produced a higher crystallinity of sucrose and did not agglomerate and not sticky. However, the high temperature of the spray dryer inlet produced palm sugar that was browner than the low temperature one. The effect of increasing temperature of spray dryer produced irregular total phenolic. The total phenolic at 220°C was higher than 200°C. Likewise, the temperature of 180°C generated total phenolic was higher than the temperature of 160°C. The total phenolic of palm sugar analyzed in this study was quite large within the range of 49 ± 0.01 to 63.6 ± 0.01 mg of GAE/100 g samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin (RF) is an essential micronutrient for human health and must be obtained from dietary sources. Plants biosynthesize riboflavin and are important dietary sources of vitamin B2 for humans. Our present study reports sensitive detection of vitamin B2 in widely consumed tea infusions, namely black, green, sage and rosemary tea infusions, by a capillary electrophoresis method combined with laser induced fluorescence detection. Moreover, the correlation between the vitamin B2 content of tea plants with their total phenolics (TPs) and antioxidant capacity are evaluated in this study. Whereas green teas have the highest TPs and antioxidant capacity, the highest RF content is in sage infusions. The RF content ranged between 0.34 and 10.36 µg/g for all tea samples studied. Comparing the RF content of tea samples found in this study to the RF content of known RF sources, tea infusions are proposed as important dietary sources of vitamin B2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immature rice grains contain high bioactive compounds. Drying has been used for the food preservation and reduction of agricultural waste. This study aimed to produce the rice flake from young Thai Jasmine rice grain (light green and soft texture) using double drum dryer at 120 °C, drum rotation speed 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 rpm, and the ratios of grain to water of 1:3 1:5 and 1:7w/w. The nutritional properties of rice flake were also investigated. The results showed that increasing rotation speed gives a significant effect on the higher moisture content and water activity. Using lower water ratio with slowing down rotation speed resulted in higher brightness of the flake products including quicker dehydration. The selected optimal condition of preparing rice flake was 1:5 w/w young grain to water at 0.5 rpm drum speed. The flake contains fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash, approximately 0.004%, 6.140%, 88.686% and 0.92%, respectively. Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of rice flake were decreased after drying. Total phenolic content of the flake was 280.931 mg GAE/g and antioxidant activities; DPPH, FRAP and ABTS were 254.158, 123.172 and 372.298 mg TE/g, respectively. Young rice flake remains a great nutritional value which has potential in the food industry.

Herbal medicine has proven to be effective in the treatment of a variety of disorders and has aided in the development of new medications. The genus Echium belongs to Boraginaceae family1, have been used for different purposes in Turkish Folk Medicine2, however some species have not been examined in detail in terms of enzyme inhibition activity. We aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity, inhibiting effect on digestive enzymes linked to diabetes and Alzheimer disease related acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, skin whitening effect related enzyme tyrosinase of ethanol extracts obtained from four different Echium species namely E. italicum, E. vulgare, E.angustifolium and E. parviflorum. The antioxidant effect of extracts was investigated with DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil), ABTS•+ (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging and iron chelating tests. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined with Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methodrespectively. The anticholinesterse activity related with Alzheimer's disease wastested with Ellman's methods on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). In a result the highest total phenolic (43.58±3.56mgGAE/g extract) was found in E. italicum herba extract and total flavonoid content (105.59±2.93 mgQE/g extract) was found in E. parviflorum aerial part extract. The highest AChE and BChE inhibitory activity were found in aerial part extract of E. italicum (IC50=46.39±0.35 µg/mL and IC50=11.59±0.52 µg/mL). However, the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was found in E. parviflorum aerial part extract (IC50=1.83±1.06 mg/mL). This is the first report that these biological activities investigated in four Echium species and theses are thought that these studies could contribute to the advanced pharmacological activity studies and chemotaxonomy of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity were investigated in four kolkhoung genotypes in their natural habitats of Ilam province. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were assayed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl), nitric oxide radical scavenging and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. Among all the sample tested, leaf extract of K3 and K4 genotypes contained the highest and the lowest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. The results indicated that among all the genotypes studied here, the highest and the lowest antioxidant activity were observed in K3 and K4 genotypes, respectively. According to the results, total phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity in kolkhoung can be influenced by different factors such as genetic, environmental and ecological conditions. So that the amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity increased in leaf of kolkhoung as the altitude increased, and the highest amount of compounds were observed in K3 genotype at altitude of 2083 meters (Ghalarang mountain). However, the results obtained in our research indicated that K3 genotype had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and interestingly this genotype revealed the highest antioxidant activity among all samples tested.

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of ultrasound treatment on bioactive compounds (including total phenolic, total flavonoids, total carotenoids, ascorbic acid) of carrot juice in comparison with conventional thermal process. Carrot juice samples were sonicated according to D-optimal response surface design with processing variables of temperature (25, 37.5 and 50°C), time (10, 20 and 30 min) and power (350 and 400 w) at a constant frequency of 24 kHz. Results showed that ultrasound temperature (P

Flavonoid profile and antioxidant activity of citrus peels, pulps, and juices from 27 local citrus cultivars in China were investigated. Flavonoid composition and content were determined using UPLC-PDA. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were measured using a Folin−Ciocalteau reagent and Al(NO3)-NaNO2 complexometry, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP method, respectively. Citrus peel not only exhibited better antioxidant potential, but also presented more composition diversity and contained higher concentrations of flavonoids than pulp and juice. Different citrus species were characterized by their individual predominant flavonoids, contributing largely to the antioxidant activity, such as mandarin was characterized by hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeretin, while pummelo and papeda were characterized by naringin. The peel of Guihuadinanfeng (Citrus reticulata) had the highest TPC of 23.46 mg equivalent gallic acid/g DW (dry weight) and TFC of 21.37 mg equivalent rutin/g DW. Shiyueju (C. reticulata) peel showed the highest antioxidant capacity based on the antioxidant potency composite (APC) analysis. Overall, mandarin (C. reticulata) fruits peel contained more TPC and TFC, exhibiting higher antioxidant capacities than other species, and were good natural sources of flavonoids and antioxidants.

Background: Plants are new sources of antibacterial agents, hence the need to determine and evaluate the antibacterial properties, antioxidant activity and gas chromatography – mass spectrometer (GC-MS) profile of medicinal plants. Methodology: In this study, sequential extraction of Prunus africana and Harrisonia abyssinica was used to obtain ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), whereas the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride, respectively. Antibacterial properties of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coliand Candida albicans were estimated using the disc diffusion method and compared against streptomycin. Results: Screening of crude methanolic extracts revealed the presence of secondary metabolites which was further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) characterisation that revealed the presence of H-bonded OH functional groups. The extracts revealed that P. africana had a higher total phenolic and total flavonoid contents compared to H. abyssinica. Methanolic extracts of both plants had moderate activity against selected microorganisms and both inhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity. GC-MS analysis of P. africana and H. abyssinica extracts revealed the presence of several phytochemicals that have been reported to have medicinal uses. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed positive correlations with the DPPH radical scavenging activity and negative correlations with EC50. Conclusion: Prunus africana and H. abyssinica extracts had moderate antimicrobial properties against the selected microorganisms because of the presence of secondary metabolites.

Context: Moringa oleifera is the famous plant that has been used as medicinal plant for diverse pharmacological activity. Aims: To evaluate the total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin content as well as the antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Moringa oleifera (Lamk) leaf, collected from three regions with different elevation. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96% and evaporated by rotary evaporator to obtain the viscous extract. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method, while the quercetin concentration were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: Ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf from region with medium altitude (Sigi regency) showed higher total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin concentration and antioxidant activity than regions with low and high altitude (Parigi and Palu cities). Conclusion: This study reveals the potency of standardized extracts of Moringa oleifera growing in medium altitude (Sigi regency) to be developed as antioxidant herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salacca zalacca or better known as salak fruit is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries, and it is traditionally used to treat diabetes. This study was aimed to investigate the salak peel extracts for their biological and chemical activities. Also, the chemical profile of the most promising extract was analysed on gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Materials and Methods: The peel extracts were prepared by maceration process at room temperature with different ratio of ethanol/water. All the extracts were determined for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity using α-glucosidase enzyme. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined through their Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The chemical constituents of salak peel extracts were analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC MS). Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid contents in all the extracts. About 100% ethanol extract shows the highest phenolic content (116.70 ± 0.764 μg/mL) while 60% ethanol extract has the lowest content 18.65 ± 1.155 μg/ml using gallic acid as a reference. 100% ethanol extract was observed to exhibit highest radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC50: 49.45 ± 3.87 μg/mL, 144.81 ± 3.72 μg AAE/g, IC50: 11.62 ± 0.67b μg/mL), respectively. Water extracts had the lowest FRAP, radical scavenging activity as well as α-glucosidase activity. The phytochemical investigation on GC-MS showed the presence of active compounds in salak fruit peel extracts. Conclusion: Salak fruit peels showed the highest antioxidant as well as α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Phytochemical analysis on GC-MS confirms the presence of gallic acid, linoelaidic acid, palmitic acid, α-tocopherol, and steric acid which may contribute to α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Abbreviations Used: GC-MS: Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy; FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay; TPTZ: 2,4,6-tris (2-pyridyl)-s-triazine; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdroxyl; MSTFA: N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide; TPC: Total phenolic content; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; ANOVA: Analysis of variance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The blueberry is a fruit that has been studied extensively for its health benefits, mainly due to its high antioxidant activity. There is a strong correlation between antioxidant activity and total anthocyanin and phenolic compound content. Postharvest treatment using ethylene may be a factor affecting the anthocyanin content. The objective of this work was to analyze postharvest treatment using ethylene on the anthocyanin profile during the storage of blueberries and phytochemical composition of ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Goldtraube,’ and ‘Ozarkblue.’ Fruits were harvested at commercial maturity; the treatment was carried out with 1000 µL L−1 of ethylene for 24 h followed by storage at 4 °C under normal atmosphere for 56 days. RESULTS: One day after treatment with ethylene, this increased the proportion of seven (more than 45%) and four (more than 65%) of the nine anthocyanins identified in the Bluecrop and Goldtraube cultivars respectively, and decreased five of the seven anthocyanins identified in ‘Ozarkblue’. For ‘Bluecrop,’ however, this increase reduced until the end of storage but in ‘Goldtraube’ seven anthocyanins had increased. CONCLUSION: The effect of ethylene on anthocyanin composition of blueberries appeared to depend on the cultivar. ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Goldtraube’ responded positively with an increase in total anthocyanins. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape pomace is an agro-industrial by-product from the production of must (grape juice) by pressing whole grapes. In order to evaluate the seeds and skins of the grape pomace, it must first be dried and then separated in a screen machine. The drying of pomace is an important and necessary process for the optimum separation of seeds. The main purpose of this study was to determine the optimum drying process for obtaining high-quality grape seed oil. In this research, open air and solar energy drying methods were compared in terms of water activity, total bacterial and mold-yeast count, along with the chemical and fatty acid compositions of pressed grape residues. Oleic acid and linoleic acid contents ranged from 16.56-16.96% and 71.45-71.96%, respectively. Antioxidant activities ranged from 2.33-2.80 μmol trolox/g. The results showed that the drying methods did not decrease the nutritional quality of grape residues and prevented microbial growth by decreasing water activity to below 0.60. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the plant composition of honey from different part of Turkey. Within this scope, melissopalynological characterizations, total phenolic and total flavonoid content were determined of 28 honey samples. The study was carried out with six kinds of honey; sunflower, canola, chestnut, clover, citrus and rhododendron. The total phenolic content varied from 75.72±0.02 to 312.61±0.19 mgGAE/kg and the total flavonoid content varied from 9.67±0.02 to 42.63±0.17 mgQE/kg. According to these contents, the highest values obtained from chestnut honeys. Botanical similarity of all honey samples was found 62.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to compare the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of membrane processed Aloe vera extract. In ultrafiltration studies, both transmembrane pressure (tmp) of 0.2,0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 bar and membrane molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 10 and 30 kDa membranes were employed in this research work. In preliminary phytochemical screening, phenols, tannins, saponin, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids were qualitatively analyzed. Based on presence of flavonoid and phenolic content in aqueous - methanolic extract were used for further study. Results indicate that, In phytochemical evaluation, 10 kDa MWCO, total phenolic content range from 0.07 and 0.03 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g. similarly, 30 kDa MWCO total phenolic content range from 0.05 - 0.027 mg GAE/g at 0.2 - 0.8 tmp. In case total flavonoid content, 0.05 - 0.01 mg quercetin/g in 10 kDa MWCO, 0.033 - 0.013 mg quercetin/g in 30 kDa MWCO respectively. Moreover, uniqueness of these study is, In the field of phytochemical quantification, there is no reports available in this membrane processed A. vera extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC) content and antioxidant activity (AOA) of Solanum retroflexum fruit extracts obtained by conventional extraction with different aqueous ethanol solution (25, 50, 75% v/v), temperatures (20, 40, 60 °C) and extraction time (15, 30 and 45 min) were investigated. The extract obtained by 75% aqueous ethanol at 60 °C after 45 min shows the highest AOA determined by DPPH (EC50 = 60.67 mg/ml) and FRAP (1.55 µmol Fe2+/mg) methods. TPC and TFC were in ranges from 63.50 ± 0.43 to 92.07 ± 1.07 mg of gallic acid/g of dry extract and from 29.17 ± 0.35 to 48.22 ± 0.43 mg of rutin/g of dry extract, respectively. In order to commercialize the extraction of polyphenolic compounds, as the most important group of the plant bioactive compounds, the extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology. Under proposed optimum extraction conditions (60 °C, 40.3 min and ethanol concentration of 74.7%) extract with the maximal TPC (92.29 mg gallic acid/g of dry extract) could be obtained. The set of the extraction conditions which gave the maximum TPC while simultaneously minimizing the time, energy and ethanol consumption were also proposed (economic extraction conditions). The results confirm that this insufficiently tested fruit represent a good source of polyphenolic compounds and are worthy of further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ocimum basilicum, Thymus vulgaris, and Rosmarinus officinalis have been used for the treatment of different ailments for a historically long time but there have been no safety studies of these plants. Phytoconstituents of these plants were found to be good potential therapeutic agents which could be used in treatment regimens as a replacement of synthetic drugs if they are safe. Experimental: Standard Folin ciocalteu reagent assay, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay and DPPH assay were employed to determine total phenolic, flavonoids and antioxidant activity, respectively. Broth microdilution method was used for investigation of synergistic effects of plant extracts with antibiotics. For toxicity assay, rats were treated with extracts of three plants at 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight. Results: Ocimum basilicum extract showed highest total phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Thymus vulgaris extract caused hypertrophy of liver while Rosmarinus officinalis caused atrophy of spleen at both doses showing no significant histomorphological changes. Thymus vulgaris and O. basilicum extract significantly increased red blood cells, packed cell volume, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume at 1500 mg/kg body weight. Conclusion: Ocimum basilicum, Thymus vulgaris and Rosmarinus officinalis have good phenolics and flavonoid content that shows antioxidant and antibacterial potential whilst having no evident toxic side effects on mammalian tissue and hematological parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of two standards strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cultivars 'Rubygem' and 'Sabrina' grown under protected cultivation system in Mersin province in Turkey. The fruit quality preservation during storage in Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) at different storage temperatures as well as preservative compatibility under Ultraviolet-C (UV-C), hot water and combined applications were studied. Strawberry fruits kept in cold temperatures (0 °C and 5 °C) for 20 days and biochemical changes (total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, vitamin C content and sugar content) were measured after harvest and storage The 'cv. Rubygem' kept its quality for 16 days in all treatments and for 20 days in UV-C and UV-C + hot water applications when kept at 0 °C. Also, the fruits stored at 5 °C kept their quality for 12 days and it was observed that hot water and UV-C + hot water treatments got better results in the same period and at the same storage temperature. In the 'cv. Sabrina' results showed that fruit samples at 0 °C were successfully maintained in control as well as the other 3 treatments until the 12th day. The preservation was continued in UV-C, hot water and combined treatments on the 16th day of the storage and the best ones were the hot water and UV-C + hot water at the end of the 20th day. As a result, it was observed that total phenolic contents, total antioxidant activity and sugar were found decrease at the end of storage for both cultivars while fluctuations in vitamin C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dragon fruit is one of the fruits cultivated in the tropics. The fruit flesh of the dragon fruit has been widely consumed, and the fruit peel of the dragon fruit has also been extensively utilized. But the leaves of the dragon fruit have not been utilized and tend to be waste in agriculture. This study aims to utilize waste dragon fruit leaves with the test of antioxidant activity and the determination of total phenolic of red dragon fruit leaves extract and white dragon fruit leaves extract by spectrophotometric method. Methods performed for antioxidant activity test by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with ascorbic acid as the comparator and total phenolic determination by Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) with gallic acid as the comparator. Measurements were done with a spectrophotometer. Antioxidant activity test results of red dragon fruit leaves extract and white dragon fruit leaves extract obtained scavenging concentration 50% (SC50) 135.00 μg/mL and 142.47 μg/mL. Total phenolic determination results of red dragon fruit leaves extract and white dragon fruit leaves extract obtained value 756.75 mg/g and 707.07 mg/g. Both red dragon fruit leaves extract and white dragon fruit leaves extract to have moderate antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]