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Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (00347922) is the property of Editorial Reus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There was no accident in appearing of honorary citizenship class in Russian empire in the end of 18 century. It helped to solve several problems: removal of social tensions, integration problem of other worship and new ethnic groups, choosing people and giving them special privileges for the benefit of Russian state. Advantages of eminent citizens written by Katherine the 2nd in letters patent were: exemption from corporal punishment, conscription, ability in owning country yards and gardens (except for populated estates), moving around city in a carriage pulled by 2 or 4 horses. Titles of eminent citizens were inheritable. Grand children of eminent citizens who were bearing the title blamelessly could ask for nobility on reaching 30 years old. In 1832 Emperor Nikolay the 1st established manifest about class of honorary citizens. Honorary citizens were divided in personal and hereditary. Morozovy, Ryabushkinky, Guchkovy families were the famous representatives of this class. The title of honorary citizen was removed by VCIK and CNK decree from November 11 (24) 1917 about abolition of classes and civil officials. Soon it was decided (on the similar principals) to reward honored citizens with honorary citizen title for the benefit of the city. New title establishment not only helped to solve the problem of national scale but also encouraged the development of patronage, culture, science and municipal administration system in the whole Russian economics.

The article deals with the content planning of the discipline "The Modern Ukrainian Language of Mass Media". Its importance and inscription in the general educational process at the specialty "The Journalism" in accordance with the curriculum of the specialty are substantiated, the key directions and problems that need attention of future journalists are outlined. "The Modern Ukrainian Language of Mass Media" is a course that integrates linguistic and cognitive, communicative, semiotic, and other approaches to considering the functioning of the state language in the media. Such an approach involves consideration of a number of linguistic problems, in particular spelling (the spelling debate in Ukraine, peculiarities of the transliteration of foreign language names, the types of journalistic texts compositions, longevity, tricksters, etc.), cognitive problems, for example, the language game in the media, the gender aspects of the language of the media, the problem of hate-speech etc., as well as communicative approaches, in particular, the theory of communicative acts, the working with different types of information, fact cheking, the linguistic specifics of social networks, etc. The offered academic discipline is simultaneously propaedeutic for further journalistic disciplines, as well as the summary for the "language block of journalistic courses" – the disciplines "The Practical Ukrainian Language", "The Stylistics and Culture of the Ukrainian Language", etc.

The Old Kingdom tomb images have been frequently studied, especially on the basis of their orientation and content in relation to tomb architecture; and also theoretical and methodical aspects of their interpretation have been scrutinized. This paper aims to focus on the specific sociological perspective of the tomb reliefs, which has not yet been elaborated. The author of this study concentrates on the identified individuals in the tomb of Ptahshepses – a vizier from the time of Nyuserre and husband of his daughter, Khamerernebty. An analysis of the titles given to particular persons portrayed on the walls, as well as an examination of the social hierarchy reflected in the scenes, was undertaken in order to reconstruct the vizieral household/court and to present possible interpretations of its composition. The data from a large corpus of mason’s marks preserved herein, which includes personal names and titles, is also taken into account, enabling to record a more complex and precise image of the society at that time.

The title of autokrator first appeared in the Rhomaian Empire (Byzantium). Translated as samoderzhets, it was taken up by Slavic countries that followed Rhomaian tradition. Taking as her starting point the indispensable 1935 work by George Ostrogorsky Autokrator and Samoderzhets, the author has analysed similarities and differences in the development of the title of samoderzhets in Serbia and Russia. Three phases have been analysed, of which the first two in more detail: the beginning of the use of this title; the development of the title and its significance; the diverging of the ways of Serbia and Russia. The first phase shows that the adoption of the title in both countries is preceded by both an increase of the country’s actual power and the improvement of its position among other Christian (Orthodox) countries. A significant difference appears in the second phase: Serbian kings have used the title of samoderzhets, but it was no longer in use after Stefan Dušan’s coronation as Emperor; after the fall of the Empire, Serbian rulers began to use it again. In Russia it was the other way around: the use of the title was more frequent after Ivan IV’s coronation. It seems that the title was mainly used in Serbia to underline independence where there was no obvious proof for it, and thus was not needed during the Serbian Empire, while Russian rulers, on the contrary, used it only when they had earned it through the actual power of their country. In the third phase both countries abandoned the Rhomaian model. Russia turned to Western models from the time of Peter I, while the development of Serbia was interrupted by its fall under Ottoman rule.

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the decline of polysemy of the lexeme naslednik (наследник 'heir') and its derivatives. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following objectives have been set: to describe the semantic structure of the studied lexeme and its derivatives in the historical perspective for the considered time intervals; to trace the major changes in the morphemic and semantic structure of words; to describe the potential of the studied lexemes in terms of education of phraseology. The following methods have been used to achieve the above objectives: lexicographic analysis, derivational analysis. Particular attention has been paid to the connotative content of the investigated words and to the peculiarities of their use in artistic and religious texts, legal documents and publicism. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions have been made: in the Ancient Rus, the lexeme was polysemantic and used in the domestic and religious spheres. In the 18th – 19th centuries, the polysemy of the lexeme developed in politics and law. In the 21st century, the word again, as in the pre-Petrine era, was basically used in the meaning of preemnik (преемник 'successor'). The paper gives a number of examples proving that in the era when the title naslednik was common this lexeme acquired a different meaning, i.e., the heir of property, in legal documents. In speech, the usual nominations of naslednik and naslednitsa (наследница 'heiress') functioned (heirs to the traditions). The obtained results are important for further study of particular sections of etymology, historical lexicology.

The research on the well-known Ottoman sources, “The Book of Travels” by Evliya Çelebi and “Stating the Essence of Laws of the Ottoman Dynasty” by Husen Hesarfen, shows that their data have not been introduced into the scientific use. However, these data are unique with regard to the political history of Circassia in the 17th century, which was a decentralized monarchy of representatives of nobility in the form of a federative princely republic. The data obtained from the Ottoman, Russian, and European sources allow to analyze the status of the representatives of the ruling princely dynasty of Inaledes in Circassia, as well as to disclose the international and legal status acquired by them in the 17th century. The paper is devoted to the analysis of the Ottoman-Circassian-Crimean relations in the light of the Ottoman doctrine that connected the confessional supremacy with the military and political one. It has been revealed that the relations in the military and political spheres played the key role in contrast to the confessional ones. This conclusion is confirmed by the facts of a fierce confrontation between the most early Islamized territories of Circassia, including Kabarda, Bzhedugia, Besleney, Hatukai, and Zhaney, and the Ottoman-Crimean coalition, despite they must have been regarded to as “countries of Islam” (dar al-islam) according to their political rhetoric. In that period, the Ottoman-Crimean coalition demanded mostly a military alliance following the adoption of the Islamic faith as their official religion, whereas the Inaledes refused to accept the fact that the religious community should grant any military, political, and economical rights to sultans and Crimean khans in Circassia. Such discrimination between the confessional and military-political factors shows that the military-political aspect played a more important role in the relations with the Circassians than the confessional one for the Ottoman-Crimean coalition in the Caucasus. This is precisely why the whole territory of Circassia in the 17th century, excluding that of the Zhaney (some of its princes had suzerain-vassal relationships, while the other ones were allies), was a “country of war” (dar al-harb).

This paper investigates the use of address forms among the academic staff of the Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies at the Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. The aim is to find out whether there is variation in the use of the terms between the members of academic staff of the Faculty which has six Departments (Arabic, English, History, Islamic Studies and Sharia, Nigerian Languages, Linguistics and Foreign Languages). An Ethnography research method and the Variationist Sociolinguistics Theory are used to collect and analyze the data. Following the findings, three address forms are presented in more detail, namely titles, nicknames, and kinship terms. Special attention is put to the title Malam, which originally referred to a teacher or a person versed in Islamic knowledge, but nowadays is used more commonly than any other type of address forms. The research shows that age, gender, social status, degree of intimacy, and context of communication determine the use of the address forms among academic staff. The findings reveal that the staff members of The Faculty favor traditional address terms which are used in Hausa society rather than the terms Corresponding to their professional rank. In addition, these address forms are culture specific and the dominant culture is Hausa.

Citations are core metrics to gauge the relevance of scientific literature. Identifying features that can predict a high citation count is therefore of primary importance. For the present study, we generated a dataset of 121,640 publications on chronic inflammation from the Scopus database, containing data such as titles, authors, journal, publication date, type of document, type of access and citation count, ranging from 1951 to 2021. Hence we further computed title length, author count, title sentiment score, number of colons, semicolons and question marks in the title and we used these data as predictors in Gradient boosting, Bagging and Random Forest regressors and classifiers. Based on these data, we were able to train these machines, and Gradient Boosting achieved an F1 score of 0.552 on classification. These models agreed that document type, access type and number of authors were the best predicting factors, followed by title length.

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article introduces the concept of Concise Clinical Transcription as a method to condense the therapy session. The Concise Clinical Transcription is organized according to a simple reading structure made up of two sections: an information section and a content section. The first section includes the information framework of the session: date, number, title, type and lenght. In the content section, the highlighter areas are referred to a concise summary of the clinical session: setting, content, subjects, therapeutical moves, timing. The Concise Clinical Transcription fields of application are the clinical area -- particulary for what concerns supervising actions --, teaching and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research of this paper is aimed at finding out the meaning of the literary rhetoric technique of metaphor in film, and understanding the difference between metaphor and symbol. It is also worth reference to the study of metaphor in the future. This paper will read the related paper to organize the relevant concepts and look at the classical film repeatedly, and find the expression element of the metaphor in it. Finally, look at Truman Show and analyze it and find a conclusion. Through related research, we have found that metaphor in movies is always built together through various aspects of themes, titles, lines, and plays. It provides clues through the screen and induces the audience to think. Metaphor not only helps improve the movie's content, but it is also the most important feature in the movie to influence the audience and induce thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a multidisciplinary approach to social justice teaching, this article explores the often invisible impact of double consciousness on adult English language learners in the United States and provides examples of classroom practice that invite students to reflect on its effects. The experience of double consciousness is examined as it relates to English language learner identities. A Critical Language Awareness (CLA) framework and identity-conscious teaching practices are explored to encourage student participation and reflection. This approach, demonstrated through examples used in writing classes, encourages the exploration of identity in the face of oppression by interrogating social constructions and fiction and nonfiction stories containing connected themes. Three classroom lessons and consequent writing are analyzed with a critical discourse lens to examine student responses and reflections on language and identity. Student writing demonstrates that encouraging English language classes to interrogate the language of institutionalized inequity and identity formation can illuminate potential influences of double consciousness, which can empower students to think critically about their identities and choose whether to take steps to mediate the ways in which they could be affected by double consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that titles influence peoples' evaluation of visual art. However, the question of whether titles and artist names affect listeners when evaluating music has not yet been investigated. By using two well-known cognitive heuristics, the authors investigated whether names presented with music pieces influenced aesthetic and value judgments of music. Experiment 1 (N = 48) focused on linguistic fluency. The same music excerpts were presented with easy-to-pronounce (fluent) and difficult-to-pronounce (disfluent) names. Experiment 2 (N = 100) studied the affect heuristic. The same music excerpts were presented with positive (e.g., Kiss), negative (e.g., Suicide), and neutral (e.g., Window) titles. In both studies, aesthetic and value judgments of music were significantly influenced by the linguistic manipulation of the names. Participants in Experiment 1 evaluated the same music more positively when presented with fluent names compared to disfluent names. In Experiment 2, presenting the music with negative titles resulted in the lowest judgments. Moreover, music excerpts presented with neutral and negative titles were remembered significantly more often than positive titles. Finally, a comparison of the music presented with and without titles indicated that music excerpts were more liked in the presence of titles than in their absence. The present research shows different ways in which aesthetic and value judgments can be influenced by the names presented with music. Results suggest that like any other human judgment, evaluations of music also rely on heuristic principles that do not necessarily depend on the aesthetic stimuli themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Official relations between Turkish and German nations began 250 years ago, as a result of treaties signed between The Ottoman Empire and The Kingdom of Prussia. During this period, The Ottoman Empire and The Kingdom of Prussia (subsequently The German Empire) initiated diplomatic, commercial and military relationships. Through those links, both countries acquired new knowledge from one another and consequently assimilated new nouns into their own languages. One of the most significant examples of this word borrowing process is found in titles. Up to this day, German titles appear in Turkish and Turkish titles in German. Since German relations with Turkish were mostly formed during the Ottoman period, almost all Turkish titles in German belong to its state system. So as to find those titles, this study uses certain German encyclopedic lexica -written in the late period of The Ottoman Empire-, contemporary German dictionaries and certain works on Turkish loaned words to German. Consequently it establishes that more than one hundred Turkish titles are found in German, mostly related to politics and military. There is a strong case that they have resulted from the official relations between Turkic states, notably The Ottoman Empire, and Prussia/Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anthropologica is the property of CASCA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of title is the most important element in semiology. The reader enters into the next through title and gets help form it to understand. To analyze the construction and the content of story we need to have some investigation on title of it. Title has three different roles in the whole story; 1) It is as a sticker of story and it clarifies the feature of the story. 2) It has as an allegoric and symbolic role and the reader can get into the world of story through that. 3) It helps to figure the messages of story out. Categorization and the study of titles of war story in children and teenagers literature is one of the applicable approaches in story writing and processing the current study. Paying attention to the factors in choosing the titles of analyzing the construction including children and teenagers stories can help a lot. Titles are different in their simplicity or being compound or mental cases. The titles of stories in 60s are simpler. But being away of the war, we can see more compound and poetic titles. Sometimes the titles of stories especially in 60s are statement. And through this you can find out the message and content of story. The titles of stories are more identical rather than mental both in 60s and 70s. The mental titles refer to particular sites and real characters. Some of the titles of children and teenagers stories are simple and consisted of one portion. This approach was more applied in 60s than 70s. Most of the names combinations were of two or more lexemes. This tip is usually emotional. This can indicate that the willingness of writers aimed to simplicity. That’s because a child and teenager reader can get more relation whit emotional actions. Some story names are of just one statement. And the melody of the writers shows the simplicity of story is clear to readers; like existing the war lexemes in the title of story. Intra-textual and extra-textual factors have great role in choosing the titles of stories. The items that introduce the features of story and supply the background for conversation and the main text are called intra-textual elements. These elements talk about the features of text, topic and contents. The intra-textual factors which have great impact on war stories include numbers, things, themes, contents, characterization and imagery among which characterization and themes have had the greatest effect. Characterization is the most important process of creation of a story. Some of naming procedures are in relation with the story characters. There are three type of characterization in investigated stories. Sometimes the character of story is human body, sometimes animal or things. Theme and content have the specific importance in a story. Because they are not uttered clearly, based on the titles of the stories and their symbolic descriptions we can figurate out that the writers of 60s are willing to choose the names which have spiritual dimension. The most important themes which are used in teen and kids war stories are connected to war situations. We can refer to the lexemes of martyrdom, victory, hope, hometown loving, and struggling with enemy. And some events are specified to behind the war location. The usage of rhetoric elements in 70s is more than in 60s. These elements include simile, metaphor, personification, and symbol. Similes and metaphors are simple and sensible, personification is used a lot, and there is a great sing of usage of natural symbols. Extra-textual factors have indirect connection with the text. They talk about the outside world of the text. The extra-textual factors are applied in choosing titles or taken from the historical noble characters, or refer to a place or event in history. Among these factors attentive consideration to specific sites has great role in choosing the title. The outlook and approach of kids and teenager has been always positive. This tip in story titles is visible for these reasons: A) in scene decoration, there has been great attention to color and time. Caring about light colors more than dark ones. B) The content of title is specified to the war than behind it. According to titles, we can say that the willingness of writers is for these reasons: A) Willingness of writers to nature and outer matters. B) Their attention to events in war and its results. C) The usage of writers’ hometown in titles of most of stories. D) Caring about identical titles such as characters and actual places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Dialogue: East-West is the property of International Center for Slavic Education- Sveti Nikole and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper explores the linguistic representation of concepts behind the titles of paintings produced by British and American artists depicting childhood-related scenes and characters. Sociolinguistic and linguocultural factors of titling are analysed along with the pragmatic and cognitive effect of art tokens used by British and American artists. The study singles out seven conceptual segments incorporating a number of nuclear and peripheral art tokens, which are in turn represented by concept-specific lexical units referring to the theme of childhood. Quantitative and semantic analyses of research data are implemented to suggest reasons for the uneven distribution of conceptual segments in terms of their representation in painting titles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genesis of Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) is well known, and the changes that it underwent in subsequent editions are well documented. However, less is known or has been published about the genesis of its original title and about the seven modifications that it subsequently underwent. That original title was much longer than the title of the unfinished big 'Species Book' that preceded and inspired The Origin: Natural Selection. Why did Darwin use an extended version of this elegant, short title for The Origin? And what was the rationale behind the later modifications? Contrary to what is often claimed or implied, the criticism of his publisher, John Murray, does not offer the only and certainly not the full answer to the latter question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the use of address forms among the academic staff of the Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies at the Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. The aim is to find out whether there is variation in the use of the terms between the members of academic staff of the Faculty which has six Departments (Arabic, English, History, Islamic Studies and Sharia, Nigerian Languages, Linguistics and Foreign Languages). An ethnography research method and the Variationist Sociolinguistics Theory are used to collect and analyze the data. Following the findings, three address forms are presented in more detail, namely titles, nicknames, and kinship terms. Special attention is put to the title Malam, which originally referred to a teacher or a person versed in Islamic knowledge, but nowadays is used more commonly than any other type of address forms. The research shows that age, gender, social status, degree of intimacy, and context of communication determine the use of the address forms among academic staff. The findings reveal that the staff members of the Faculty favor traditional address terms which are used in Hausa society rather than the terms corresponding to their professional rank. In addition, these address forms are culture specific and the dominant culture is Hausa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periodicity of the European comic book magazines of the 1940s and 1950s requires that stories of a certain size be broken down into weekly episodes, which gives rise to the famous genre of stories “to be continued”. Sometimes episodes of a serialized story have a title. It is then tempting to postulate a homology between episodes of comics and chapters of novels. The aim of the article is to examine whether the titles of episodes displayed by this particular corpus is of the same nature and performs the same function as in the novelist context. For example, does the title of the comic episode tend to close the fragment on itself as does the title of a chapter of a novel ? An analysis of various titles in stories “to be continued” actually shows a great diversity, both in terms of the position of the title (at the beginning or end of the episode) and its effects (creation, fueling, or reduction of suspense). We draw the conclusion that, while the comic episode certainly shares the same status as the fictional chapter as a material unit of a fragmented narrative, the complexity of giving an episode a title in comics presents a much richer range of possibilities, due in part to the iconicity of the media.

Abstract: This study discusses the history of the Golden Horde and the political status of the Jochid ulus from the perspective of the Yuan Dynasty. According to traditional narratives, the rulers of the Jochid ulus were largely antagonistic and apathetic towards the Yuan Court. However, Chinese sources present a somewhat different picture and shed new light on several issues, including the status of Jochid rulers in the eyes of Yuan historians, the importance of Jochid apanages in China, local dual-administrative structures, and local officials of the Great Khan. The importance of Berke’s conversion to Islam and how this influenced the conflict between the Jochids and Toluids is also touched upon. The contribution ends with a discussion of the relationship between the Golden Horde and the Yuan Dynasty in the post-Berke period.

The title and text of Lomonosov’s spiritual Meditation is considered within the system of an integrated context of meanings. The role of the title is identified through its connection with the structural and semantic framework of the poetic plot.

Objective: The purpose of this exploratory study was to observe and analyse guidelines for authors on writing their papers' title, abstract and keywords. Methods: The sample consisted of 64 journals indexed in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR): 32 (50%) Library & Information Science (LIS) journals and 32 (50%) Communication Science (CS) journals. A spreadsheet was used for data collection, containing 36 items grouped into four categories: identification data, guidelines for the title, the abstract, and the keywords of the scientific article. Then, in each category, the LIS journals were compared with CS journals, to verify how specific aspects of knowledge organisation and representation are reflected in editorial policies. Results: Majority of CS journals (27, 84%) and less than a quarter of LIS journals (7, 22%) referred to a style guide on their website. Specific guidelines for the title were presented in 17 (53%) LIS journals and in 23 (72%) of CS journals, mainly concerning the word number. Twenty three (72%) LIS journals and 31 (97%) CS journals included guidelines for writing abstracts, focusing on word number and the structure of abstracts. Instructions for keywords were presented in 21 (66%) LIS journals and 28 (88%) CS journals, defining the number of keywords and the use of controlled vocabulary. Conclusion: There is a tendency to standardise general indications and criteria about titles, abstracts and keywords. Guidelines on writing abstracts, titles and keywords have smaller presence in editorial policies of LIS journals, than of CS journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)