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Bali Strait has many activities in port and water, such as passenger and freight transportation, tourism, and fisheries. Oceanographic conditions, especially sea surface current (SSC), affect the smoothness of ports and shipping activities in the Bali Strait. High-Frequency Radar (HF Radar) has the advantage of monitoring and mapping surface currents and ocean waves with high resolution. Because of the narrow strait area, HF Radar is very beneficial in describing the characteristics of SSC in the Bali Strait. Therefore, HF Radar data is used to describe the dynamics of SSC in the Bali strait, especially in ship crossing lane, with a temporal approach during Southeast Monsoon, June to August 2020. This study was conducted for 15 days each month which included neap tide and spring tide. Surface current charts are created to analyze the pattern of temporal SSC against the wind, tides, and their components. The results showed In the southeast monsoon, the average current speed at the research site ranged from 0.1 – 1.08 m/s. The direction of the surface current is predominantly towards the south. The characteristics of surface currents in the Bali Strait are influenced by tides, sea level anomalies, and coastal morphology. Temporally, the speed of the current is greater during the ebb phase and when the spring tide. Spatially, the central region of the Bali Strait waters has a greater current speed. Knowledge of areas and times with higher current speeds can be the basis for determining the shipping lane between ports in the Bali Strait. Selat Bali memiliki banyak kegiatan di pelabuhan dan perairan, seperti transportasi penumpang dan barang, pariwisata, serta perikanan. Kondisi oseanografi, khususnya arus permukaan laut, mempengaruhi kelancaran pelabuhan dan aktivitas pelayaran di Selat Bali. High-Frequency Radar (HF Radar) memiliki keunggulan pemantauan dan pemetaan arus permukaan dan gelombang laut dengan resolusi tinggi. Karena wilayah selat yang sempit, HF Radar sangat bermanfaat dalam menggambarkan karakteristik arus permukaan laut di Selat Bali. Oleh karena itu, data HF Radar digunakan untuk menggambarkan dinamika arus permukaan laut di jalur penyeberangan Selat Bali dengan pendekatan temporal pada musim timur, bulan Juni hingga Agustus 2020. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 15 hari tiap bulan yang mencakup waktu pasang purnama dan pasang perbani. Grafik arus permukaan dibuat untuk menganalisis pola arus permukaan laut secara temporal ketika musim timur terhadap angin, pasang surut dan komponennya. Hasil menunjukkan pada musim timur, rata – rata kecepatan arus di lokasi penelitian berkisar antara 0.1 – 1.08 m/s. Arah arus permukaan dominan ke arah selatan. Karakteristik arus permukaan di Selat Bali di pengaruhi oleh pasang surut, sea level anomaly dan morfologi pantai. Secara temporal, kecepatan arus lebih besar ketika menuju surut dan ketika pasang purnama. Secara spasial, wilayah tengah perairan Selat Bali memiliki kecepatan arus yang lebih besar. Pengetahuan mengenai wilayah perairan dan waktu – waktu dengan kecepatan arus yang tinggi dapat menjadi dasar dalam penentuan alur pelayaran antar pelabuhan di Selat Bali.

Staircase Modulation (SCM) is a popular switching strategy for multilevel inverters (MLI), which is often a preferable alternative to Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) due to its reduced switching losses, especially for MLIs with a relatively high number of voltage levels (N). In some applications, such as motor drives, or when output filters are applicable, SCM may also suit MLIs with moderate N values. While MLIs with Equal DC Sources (EDCS) are more common, MLIs with Unequal DC Sources (UDCS), such as asymmetric Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) MLIs are known to further reduce the waveforms’ Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The main objective of SCM is to adjust the waveform’s fundamental component, while employing some harmonic mitigation strategy, such as THD minimization. Such an optimization approach relies on an accurate THD formulation, which eliminates underestimation errors associated with numerical THD approximations. This paper reveals novel generic analytical formulations of both Phase-voltage THD (PTHD) for single-phase MLIs and Line-voltage THD (LTHD) for three-phase MLIs. The revealed exact formulation approach is derived from Fourier series representation of THD, resulting in simple closed-form PTHD and LTHD expressions, applicable to any MLI topology, with either EDCS or UDCS configurations, and arbitrary value of N (odd and even). Given an arbitrary N value, the proposed formulations can be used to generate symbolic N-level PTHD or LTHD expressions, which are symbolic functions of the Phase Switching Angles (PSA) and (optionally) the DC source Ratios (DCR). The revealed THD formulations are verified and compared against recently introduced time-domain-based THD formulations. It is shown that when both time and frequency-based formulations are employed in THD minimizations to form a novel Hybrid Temporal-Spectral (HTS) Optimal Minimization of THD (OMTHD) approach, even better results can be achieved. The novel OMTHD is deeply explored and verified by both digital simulations and Controller + Hardware in Loop (C-HIL) based real-time experiments using 7- and 8-level three-phase MLI configurations. A downloadable supplemental file containing Maple and MATLAB functions of the proposed THD expressions, as well as pre-calculated sets of optimum variables for different values of N is provided for readers' convenience.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious diseases of livestock with a significant economic impact affecting most countries in the world over the years. In Turkey, FMD is endemic, but there have not been national studies conducted to analyze spatiotemporal pattern of FMD yet. This study was carried out to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of FMD outbreaks in Turkey from January 2010 to December 2019, to guide the eradication following development of control programs against the disease. Thematic maps were produced to determine FMD sensitive regions and Box-Jenkins time series approach was used to analyze the temporal pattern of FMD. Between these dates, 6698 outbreaks and 246341 cases were reported in Turkey, FMD was recorded multiple times in 96.3% of the provinces (n = 78), and the average incidence of FMD outbreaks at the provincial level was calculated as 8.27/province year. As result of the spatial pattern of FMD, East and Central Anatolia were determined as the regions where the disease was observed intensely. The time series plot of the data showed a general not very regular trend although there was a downward trend with irregular variations. Although, there was no seasonal effect detected by the decomposition of time series, seasonal peaks in the outbreaks were observed, in the spring (n = 2087, 31.16%). In conclusion, the evaluation of spatial and temporal pattern based on FMD outbreaks that are common in Turkey will contribute to eradication of the disease.

Abstract Background Non-native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) threaten sensitive flora and fauna, cost billions of dollars in economic damage, and pose a significant human–wildlife conflict risk. Despite growing interest in wild pig research, basic life history information is often lacking throughout their introduced range and particularly in tropical environments. Similar to other large terrestrial mammals, pigs possess the ability to shift their range based on local climatic conditions or resource availability, further complicating management decisions. The objectives of this study were to (i) model the distribution and abundance of wild pigs across two seasons within a single calendar year; (ii) determine the most important environmental variables driving changes in pig distribution and abundance; and (iii) highlight key differences between seasonal models and their potential management implications. These study objectives were achieved using zero-inflated models constructed from abundance data obtained from extensive field surveys and remotely sensed environmental variables. Results Our models demonstrate a considerable change in distribution and abundance of wild pigs throughout a single calendar year. Rainfall and vegetation height were among the most influential variables for pig distribution during the spring, and distance to adjacent forest and vegetation density were among the most significant for the fall. Further, our seasonal models show that areas of high conservation value may be more vulnerable to threats from wild pigs at certain times throughout the year, which was not captured by more traditional modeling approaches using aggregated data. Conclusions Our results suggest that (i) wild pigs can considerably shift their range throughout the calendar year, even in tropical environments; (ii) pigs prefer dense forested areas in the presence of either hunting pressure or an abundance of frugivorous plants, but may shift to adjacent areas in the absence of either of these conditions; and (iii) seasonal models provide valuable biological information that would otherwise be missed by common modeling approaches that use aggregated data over many years. These findings highlight the importance of considering biologically relevant time scales that provide key information to better inform management strategies, particularly for species whose ranges include both temperate and tropical environments and thrive in both large continental and small island ecosystems.

Introduction: Dengue fever disease is affected by many scoioeconomic and enviromental factors throughout endemic areas globally. These factors contribute to increase the incidence of endemic dengue endemic in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the distribution and spatial patterns of dengue fever cases in Jeddah, and to determine if there is an association between dengue fever and the following environmental factors: temperature, humidity, land cover, climate, rainfall, epicenter of reproduction, and socioeconomic factors. Methods: A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Jeddah in 2020. The study included all reported suspected and confirmed dengue cases. The sample size was 1458 cases. Data were obtained from the Dengue Active Surveillance System and the confirmed cases were geo-distributed in areas by QGIS. All significant variables were included in the logistic regression table. Results: The majority (61.9 %) were suspected cases and 38.1 % confirmed cases. The majority of the cases were male. The highest spatial distribution was in the middle of Jeddah and the lowest in the south. The highest temporal distribution for confirmed cases was in June, and for suspected cases in December. Age, gender, occupation, and area were all significantly associated with the dengue reported cases. Most all the enviromental factors were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study showed three clusters of dengue fever and infection concentrated in the middle and east of Jeddah. The lack of investigation in the environmental factors regarding the dengue distribution and its impact on the population area has to be taken seriously and dengue intervention programs should be implemented to reduce the endemic dengue in Jeddah.

While there is an abundance of research on neural networks that are "inspired" by the brain, few mimic the critical temporal compute features that allow the brain to efficiently perform complex computations. Even fewer methods emulate the heterogeneity of learning produced by biological neurons. Memory devices, such as memristors, are also investigated for their potential to implement neuronal functions in electronic hardware. However, memristors in computing architectures typically operate as non-volatile memories, either as storage or as the weights in a multiply-and-accumulate function that requires direct access to manipulate memristance via a costly learning algorithm. Hence, the integration of memristors into architectures as time-dependent computational units is studied, starting with the development of a compact and versatile mathematical model that is capable of emulating flux-linkage controlled analog (FLCA) memristors and their unique temporal characteristics. The proposed model, which is validated against experimental FLCA LixNbO2 intercalation devices, is used to create memristive circuits that mimic neuronal behavior such as desensitization, pairedpulse facilitation, and spike-timing-dependent plasticity. The model is used to demonstrate building blocks of biomimetic learning via dynamical memristive circuits that implement biomimetic learning rules in a self-training neural network, with dynamical memristive weights that are capable of associative lifelong learning. Successful training of the dynamical memristive neural network to perform image classification of handwritten digits is shown, including lifelong learning by having the dynamical memristive network relearn different characters in succession. An analog computing architecture that learns to associate input-to-input correlations is also introduced, with examples demonstrating image classification and pattern recognition without convolution. The biomimetic functions shown in this paper result from fully ion-driven memristive circuits devoid of integrating capacitors and thus are instructive for exploiting the immense potential of memristive technology for neuromorphic computation in hardware and allowing a common architecture to be applied to a wide range of learning rules, including STDP, magnitude, frequency, and pulse shape among others, to enable an inorganic implementation of the complex heterogeneity of biological neural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the task of Point-of-interest (POI) recommendation whose goal is to generate a list of POIs for a target user based on his or her history check-in records. Different from the traditional recommendation tasks (e.g., movie recommendation), there are many factors, like temporal factor and geographical factor, which make a great influence on user preference. Though existing POI recommendation methods tend to model the user preference from temporal factor, geographical factor or social factor, they fail to model these factors into a jointly model, leading to learn the suboptimal user preference. To tackle this issue, we propose a Muti-channel Graph Attention Network (MGAN) for POI recommendation which learns the user preference from multiple aspects in a unify model. Specifically, MGAN first constructs several graphs with corresponding contextual features to capture the user preference from temporal, geographical, semantic and social aspects. Then MGAN leverages the graph attention networks to learn the representations of POIs from these graphs. Finally, MGAN estimates the user preference from the history check-in records and other similar users via the learned POI representations. We conduct extensive experiments on real-world datasets. And the results indicate that our proposed MGAN outperforms mainstream POI recommendation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the temporal dimensions of in-country educational experiences in relation to their potential to contribute to the development of intercultural capacities. Given trends in higher education towards 'globalising' students and the perceived benefits of study abroad, this article argues for a detailed and nuanced examination of the temporal dimensions of such experiences. This analysis reveals the complex and multiple ways in which relations to 'time' might act pedagogically upon participants. Drawing on a study of Australian university students undertaking semester-long programs in Indonesia, qualitative data gathered over a period of time (pre-departure, while in-country, and post-return) demonstrates the ways in which temporality operates in the potential development of interculturality. Firstly, engagement with alternate temporal framing is considered, through a discussion of students' navigation of 'Indonesian time'. Secondly, the multitude of times operating in this context are examined. Finally, the significance of diverse temporal rhythms in-country is discussed. Utilising Bourdieu's conceptual tools, particularly the notion of habitus, these three areas of analysis indicate the significance of understanding the development of intercultural capacities as a range of pedagogic processes that are both cumulative and embodied. This research demonstrates how engaging with diverse temporal relations in-country can function pedagogically to expand one's repertoire of dispositions; not only through an opening up to new 'possibles', but also through allowing time to establish new responses and ways of being in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autistic youth demonstrate differences in processing multisensory information, particularly in temporal processing of multisensory speech. Extensive research has identified several key brain regions for multisensory speech processing in non-autistic adults, including the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and insula, but it is unclear to what extent these regions are involved in temporal processing of multisensory speech in autistic youth. As a first step in exploring the neural substrates of multisensory temporal processing in this clinical population, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a simultaneity-judgment audiovisual speech task. Eighteen autistic youth and a comparison group of 20 non-autistic youth matched on chronological age, biological sex, and gender participated. Results extend prior findings from studies of non-autistic adults, with non-autistic youth demonstrating responses in several similar regions as previously implicated in adult temporal processing of multisensory speech. Autistic youth demonstrated responses in fewer of the multisensory regions identified in adult studies; responses were limited to visual and motor cortices. Group responses in the middle temporal gyrus significantly interacted with age; younger autistic individuals showed reduced MTG responses whereas older individuals showed comparable MTG responses relative to non-autistic controls. Across groups, responses in the precuneus covaried with task accuracy, and anterior temporal and insula responses covaried with nonverbal IQ. These preliminary findings suggest possible differences in neural mechanisms of audiovisual processing in autistic youth while highlighting the need to consider participant characteristics in future, larger-scale studies exploring the neural basis of multisensory function in autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focus on potentially increased frequency of extreme hydro-climatological events under climate change is intensified by Ghana's reliance on rainfed agriculture, and the question whether precipitation climatology has returned to conditions prevailing before the regional drought of the 1970s and 80s. This study examines long-term (44–51 years), complete, daily rainfall records from nineteen stations nationally to determine magnitude and frequency of totals in excess of the historical 90th percentile at each station. Results are divided into three sub-populations corresponding to pre-drought, drought, and post-drought periods. Four research questions are addressed; (1) Is there evidence of significant interdecadal scale variability in these variables, (2) are there significant differences in characteristics between periods, (3) are there any distinctive regional patterns in changes, and (4) can findings be extended to various definitions of what constitutes extreme rainfalls? The Mann–Whitney U test determines significant breaks that define the overarching temporal framework of the research. The hypergeometric distribution determines the statistical significance of changes in magnitude and frequency. Exponential, generalized Pareto and Poisson distributions are fit to the magnitude and frequency of post-drought data. Recovery is broadly defined as no difference between pre-drought and post-drought data. Some locations in mid-Ghana have recovered, while coastal areas have not recovered in frequency or magnitude. Outliers correspond to Axim in the southwest and Navrongo in the north. The anomalies at Kete Krachi, located on Lake Volta, may result from its local climatological setting. Contributions of the research include the first comprehensive, national review of the characteristics of magnitude and frequency of large rainfall totals. The outstanding question of whether "climate" has returned to pre-1970 levels has been explicitly addressed in the context of the important facet of precipitation climatology. Results provide some insight into one of the frequently expressed thoughts that climate change/variability may be most sensitively expressed through changes in the frequency of processes/extreme events. Finally, it suggests a potential tool that may be used to estimate risks of extremely rare events, based on the most recent (Period 3), which is a reasonably stationary dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-destructive plant stress phenotyping begins with traditional one-dimensional (1D) spectroscopy, followed by two-dimensional (2D) imaging, three-dimensional (3D) or even temporal-three-dimensional (T-3D), spectral-three-dimensional (S-3D), and temporal-spectral-three-dimensional (TS-3D) phenotyping, all of which are aimed at observing subtle changes in plants under stress. However, a comprehensive review that covers all these dimensional types of phenotyping, ordered in a spatial arrangement from 1D to 3D, as well as temporal and spectral dimensions, is lacking. In this review, we look back to the development of data-acquiring techniques for various dimensions of plant stress phenotyping (1D spectroscopy, 2D imaging, 3D phenotyping), as well as their corresponding data-analyzing pipelines (mathematical analysis, machine learning, or deep learning), and look forward to the trends and challenges of high-performance multi-dimension (integrated spatial, temporal, and spectral) phenotyping demands. We hope this article can serve as a reference for implementing various dimensions of non-destructive plant stress phenotyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective attention comprises essential infrastructural functions supporting cognition—anticipating, prioritizing, selecting, routing, integrating, and preparing signals to guide adaptive behavior. Most studies have examined its consequences, systems, and mechanisms in a static way, but attention is at the confluence of multiple sources of flux. The world advances, we operate within it, our minds change, and all resulting signals progress through multiple pathways within the dynamic networks of our brains. Our aim in this review is to raise awareness of and interest in three important facets of how timing impacts our understanding of attention. These include the challenges posed to attention by the timing of neural processing and psychological functions, the opportunities conferred to attention by various temporal structures in the environment, and how tracking the time courses of neural and behavioral modulations with continuous measures yields surprising insights into the workings and principles of attention. Nobre and van Ede review attention in time, considering in turn the challenges to attention posed by the time dimension, the opportunities conferred by predictable temporal structures, and the insights gained by tracking attention through time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otter species populations are negatively impacted by human encroachment. This can result in habitat loss as well as close encounters with humans, which are often perceived by otters as a threat. Whether this results in otters attacking humans was confirmed in a historic review of worldwide reported incidences up to 2010. However, whether these incidences have escalated since then is unknown and lead to this current review (2011- 2021). Otter attacks on humans were recorded geographically and chronologically in both wild and captive environments. The goal was to identify frequency and severity of these attacks and document human activities that may have triggered them. Over this 10-year period, this review identified 20 reports, 3 of which were in captive environments. Similar to the previous findings, the majority of attacks continue to be reported from North America, and more specifically the USA. Water related activities by humans were identified in 53% of such attacks, not surprising as this is the environment where otters primarily reside and hunt. Of the humans attacked, 59% were preventatively treated, of which, only two cases reported suspected rabid otters. Clearly there continues to be issues related to human encroachment on otter habitat that warrants continued monitoring and attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview of a theory for performing temporal smoothing on temporal signals in such a way that: (i) temporally smoothed signals at coarser temporal scales are guaranteed to constitute simplifications of corresponding temporally smoothed signals at any finer temporal scale (including the original signal) and (ii) the temporal smoothing process is both time-causal and time-recursive, in the sense that it does not require access to future information and can be performed with no other temporal memory buffer of the past than the resulting smoothed temporal scale-space representations themselves. For specific subsets of parameter settings for the classes of linear and shift-invariant temporal smoothing operators that obey this property, it is shown how temporal scale covariance can be additionally obtained, guaranteeing that if the temporal input signal is rescaled by a uniform temporal scaling factor, then also the resulting temporal scale-space representations of the rescaled temporal signal will constitute mere rescalings of the temporal scale-space representations of the original input signal, complemented by a shift along the temporal scale dimension. The resulting time-causal limit kernel that obeys this property constitutes a canonical temporal kernel for processing temporal signals in real-time scenarios when the regular Gaussian kernel cannot be used, because of its non-causal access to information from the future, and we cannot additionally require the temporal smoothing process to comprise a complementary memory of the past beyond the information contained in the temporal smoothing process itself, which in this way also serves as a multi-scale temporal memory of the past. We describe how the time-causal limit kernel relates to previously used temporal models, such as Koenderink's scale-time kernels and the ex-Gaussian kernel. We do also give an overview of how the time-causal limit kernel can be used for modelling the temporal processing in models for spatio-temporal and spectro-temporal receptive fields, and how it more generally has a high potential for modelling neural temporal response functions in a purely time-causal and time-recursive way, that can also handle phenomena at multiple temporal scales in a theoretically well-founded manner. We detail how this theory can be efficiently implemented for discrete data, in terms of a set of recursive filters coupled in cascade. Hence, the theory is generally applicable for both: (i) modelling continuous temporal phenomena over multiple temporal scales and (ii) digital processing of measured temporal signals in real time. We conclude by stating implications of the theory for modelling temporal phenomena in biological, perceptual, neural and memory processes by mathematical models, as well as implications regarding the philosophy of time and perceptual agents. Specifically, we propose that for A-type theories of time, as well as for perceptual agents, the notion of a non-infinitesimal inner temporal scale of the temporal receptive fields has to be included in representations of the present, where the inherent nonzero temporal delay of such time-causal receptive fields implies a need for incorporating predictions from the actual time-delayed present in the layers of a perceptual hierarchy, to make it possible for a representation of the perceptual present to constitute a representation of the environment with timing properties closer to the actual present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides apple mosaic virus (ApMV), apple necrotic mosaic virus (ApNMV) has also been found to be associated with apple mosaic disease. Both viruses are unevenly distributed throughout the plant and their titer decreases variably with high temperatures, hence requiring proper tissue and time for early and real-time detection within plants. The present study was carried out to understand the distribution and titer of ApMV and ApNMV in apple trees from different plant parts (spatial) during different seasons (temporal) for the optimization of tissue and time for their timely detection. The Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Reverse Transcription-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was carried out to detect and quantify both viruses in the various plant parts of apple trees during different seasons. Depending on the availability of tissue, both ApMV and ApNMV were detected in all the plant parts during the spring season using RT-PCR. During the summer, both viruses were detected only in seeds and fruits, whereas they were detected in leaves and pedicel during the autumn season. The RT-qPCR results showed that during the spring, the ApMV and ApNMV expression was higher in leaves, whereas in the summer and autumn, the titer was mostly detected in seeds and leaves, respectively. The leaves in the spring and autumn seasons and the seeds in the summer season can be used as detection tissues through RT-PCR for early and rapid detection of ApMV and ApNMV. This study was validated on 7 cultivars of apples infected with both viruses. This will help to accurately sample and index the planting material well ahead of time, which will aid in the production of virus-free, quality planting material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have focused significant attention on geographic aspects of forced migration, as well as the economic, psychological, and cognitive outcomes of refugees' movement across space. Less attention has been paid to temporal aspects of forced migration, particularly after refugees' resettlement in a host society. Using semi-structured interviews with 41 Syrian mothers who recently arrived in Canada, I contribute to building theory on temporal dimensions of forced migration through an analysis of how refugee mothers conceptualise both their children's and their own futures. First, I show how mothers' perceptions of the future are heavily shaped by cultural and religious orientations of divine control, which may be out of sync with norms in their host society. I also identify two patterns demonstrating how space and time intersect. Displaced mothers deliberately 'foreclose' their own timeline in order to focus on their children's future in Canada, feeling like their 'selves' could only grow in the former geographic space. Moreover, mothers do not separate their future projections from the present in Canada or from the past in Syria, leading to 'entangled timelines.' These findings suggest that scholarship on forced migration may continue to benefit from attention to how time and temporal experiences shape outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoring river habitat heterogeneity is expensive and time consuming, yet often has little effect on aquatic biota. Such poor restoration outcomes could be partly caused by the predominance of short‐term studies, which do not account for natural temporal fluctuations nor changes in the effects of restoration through time. Consequently, research that examines the longer‐term dynamics of river restoration is crucial for providing a temporal perspective of restoration outcomes and for informing the effectiveness of restoration methods. We used the Nidda River in Germany as a case study of the temporal effects of river hydromorphological restoration on different aquatic taxa. We surveyed macroinvertebrate, macrophyte, and fish communities across three sites prerestoration (2008) and then monitored changes in one control versus two restored sites across 10 years (2010–2019). Overall, we found few effects of restoration on the macroinvertebrate and macrophyte communities, with no effects whatsoever on fishes. Restoration improved some components of the macroinvertebrate and macrophyte communities; however, these positive effects were temporally inconsistent and did not translate to improvements in river ecosystem health (based on an index of ecological quality). Our findings illustrate how allowing for more time for community development will not necessarily alter the fact that local‐scale river habitat restoration can elicit little to no change in aquatic communities. Combining local‐ with broad‐scale restoration efforts that address the primary drivers of hydroecological decline, in addition to long‐term monitoring, may therefore be required to ensure that river restorations successfully meet their ecological goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stunting has been a major concern in sub-Saharan Africa. However, little evidence exists on the spatiotemporal variations in under-five stunting within a national context. Objective: This paper examines the spatiotemporal variations in under-five stunting and determinants using data from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys (2000-2016). Methods: Spatial autocorrelation and multilevel logistic regression models were used to conduct the analyses. Results: The stunting prevalence has decreased from 51% to 37%, while the prevalence of severe stunting has decreased by more than half (from 28% to 12%). Wide regional variations in stunting have been consistently observed over the years, which exhibited a higher level of stunting in Tigray (48%), Afar (42%), and Amhara (42%). The results show considerable local and regional variations in under-five stunting levels with diverse patterns of improvements in regional stunting levels over time. Stunting levels were associated with child-level factors such as the sex of a child, birth size, age of a child, birth order, preceding birth interval, and place of birth. Maternal educational attainment, nutritional status, household wealth, toilet facility type, and place of residence were linked to under-five stunting. The regional-level infant mortality rate was associated with under-five stunting. Conclusions: Specially tailored policies and interventions should be devised to address persistent spatial inequalities in stunting by focusing on higher risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Location-based services (LBS) require users to provide their current location for service delivery and customization. Location privacy protection addresses concerns associated with the potential mishandling of location information submitted to the LBS provider. Location accuracy has a direct impact on the quality of service (QoS), where higher location accuracy results in better QoS. In general, the main goal of any location privacy technique is to achieve maximum QoS while providing minimum or no location information if possible, and using dummy locations is one such location privacy technique. In this paper, we introduced a temporal constraint attack whereby an adversary can exploit the temporal constraints associated with the semantic category of locations to eliminate dummy locations and identify the true location. We demonstrated how an adversary can devise a temporal constraint attack to breach the location privacy of a residential location. We addressed this major limitation of the current dummy approaches with a novel Voronoi-based semantically balanced framework (VSBDG) capable of generating dummy locations that can withstand a temporal constraint attack. Built based on real-world geospatial datasets, the VSBDG framework leverages spatial relationships and operations. Our results show a high physical dispersion cosine similarity of 0.988 between the semantic categories even with larger location set sizes. This indicates a strong and scalable semantic balance for each semantic category within the VSBDG's output location set. The VSBDG algorithm is capable of producing location sets with high average minimum dispersion distance values of 5861.894 m for residential locations and 6258.046 m for POI locations. The findings demonstrate that the locations within each semantic category are scattered farther apart, entailing optimized location privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mmwave (millimeter wave) with massive MIMO (Multiple-input and multiple-output) leverages larger antennas with spatial diversity and multiplexing gain brings about positive vibe for future generation wireless networks for provisioning bandwidth hungry multimedia applications However, the fronthaul link that links a remote radio head (RRH) and carries video frames as bitstreams to the baseband unit (BBU) can fluctuate the overall speed and capacity of massive MIMO if suitable data compression (encoding-decoding) techniques are not functional. This paper presents an error detection aware compression (EDAC) scheme which first performs encoding using low-rank approximation considering both spatial and time domain to reduce video frame size; later, the encoded video frames are compressed using Huffman codewords. Experiment outcome shows the proposed video compression model achieves much better compression efficiency with improved bit error rate (BER), symbol error rate (SER), error vector magnitude (EVM), and compression ratio when compared with the fixed code dictionary huffman video coding (FCDHVC), exiting video compression (EVC) technique and huffman video coding (HVC). The proposed EDAC model achieved compression efficiency of 30.52 whereas the FCDHVC, EVC and HVC model achieved compression efficiency of 26.50, 21.75 and 22.35 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to connect the psychophysical research on the human visual perception of flicker with the neurophysiological research on steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) in the context of their application needs and current technological developments. In four experiments, we investigated whether a temporal contrast sensitivity model could be established based on the electrophysiological responses to repetitive visual stimulation and, if so, how this model compares to the psychophysical models of flicker visibility. We used data from 62 observers viewing periodic flicker at a range of frequencies and modulation depths sampled around the perceptual visibility thresholds. The resulting temporal contrast sensitivity curve (TCSC) was similar in shape to its psychophysical counterpart, confirming that the human visual system is most sensitive to repetitive visual stimulation at frequencies between 10 and 20 Hz. The electrophysiological TCSC, however, was below the psychophysical TCSC measured in our experiments for lower frequencies (1–50 Hz), crossed it when the frequency was 50 Hz, and stayed above while decreasing at a slower rate for frequencies in the gamma range (40–60 Hz). This finding provides evidence that SSVEPs could be measured even without the conscious perception of flicker, particularly at frequencies above 50 Hz. The cortical and perceptual mechanisms that apply at higher temporal frequencies, however, do not seem to directly translate to lower frequencies. The presence of harmonics, which show better response for many frequencies, suggests non-linear processing in the visual system. These findings are important for the potential applications of SSVEPs in studying, assisting, or augmenting human cognitive and sensorimotor functions.

The perception of time holds a foundational significance regarding how we elucidate the chronological progression of events. While some studies have examined exercise effects on time perception during exercise periods, there are no studies investigating the effects of exercise fatigue on time perception after an exercise intervention. This study investigated the effects of physical and mental fatigue on time estimates over 30 s immediately post-exercise and 6 min post-test. Seventeen volunteers were subjected to three conditions: physical fatigue, mental fatigue, and control. All participants completed a familiarization session and were subjected to three 30 min experimental conditions (control, physical fatigue (cycling at 65% peak power output), and mental fatigue (Stroop task)) on separate days. Time perception, heart rate, and body temperature were recorded pre-test; at the start of the test; 5, 10, 20, 30 seconds into the interventions; post-test; and at the 6 min follow-up. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded four times during the intervention. Physical fatigue resulted in a significant (p = 0.001) underestimation of time compared to mental fatigue and control conditions at the post-test and follow-up, with no significant differences between mental fatigue and control conditions. Heart rate, body temperature, and RPE were significantly (all p = 0.001) higher with physical fatigue compared to mental fatigue and control conditions during the intervention and post-test. This study demonstrated that cycling-induced fatigue led to time underestimation compared to mental fatigue and control conditions. It is crucial to consider that physical fatigue has the potential to lengthen an individual’s perception of time estimates in sports or work environments.

In neuromorphic computing, different learning mechanisms are being widely adopted to improve the performance of a specific application. Among these techniques, spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) stands out as one of the most favored. STDP is simply managed by the temporal information of an event, which is biologically inspired. However, most of the prior works on STDP are focused on circuit implementation or software simulation for performance evaluation. Previous works also lack a comparative analysis of the performances of different STDP implementations. This study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of STDP, centering on the performance across various applications such as classification (static and temporal datasets), control, and reservoir computing. Different applications necessitate distinct STDP configurations to achieve optimal performance with the neuroprocessor. Additionally, this work introduces an application-specific integrated circuit design of STDP circuitry. The design is based on current-controlled memristive synapse principles and utilizes 65 nm CMOS technology from IBM. The detailed presentation includes circuitry specifics, layout, and performance parameters such as energy consumption and design area.

Mangrove play a crucial role in coastal ecosystem, both ecologically and economically. The phenomenon of land use change in coastal areas is a serious issue, especially for mangrove ecosystems. Currently there is one of the data with the High Resolution Imagery category that can be used as an analysis of coastal areas. High resolution data can provide detailed information on changes in coastal areas. The case study conducted in this analysis is on the west coast of Bangkalan Regency, precisely in Arosbaya District. The assessment carried out in this study is the analysis of temporal variations in the Normalize Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) value in mangrove forest areas using High Resolution satellite imagery. The data used is PlanetScope image with 3 m spatial resolution with 4 spectral bands from 2018-2023. The results of the analysis show that the average value of NDVI in the study area is 0.66 with a quite high value distribution in the western and eastern parts. The temporal standard deviation value of NDVI shows that some locations have high values, reaching 0.5 in some locations. Analysis of the trend of change shows that locations with high standard deviation values have a tendency to have increasing trend values in the north (>0.2 per year) and there is also a decreasing trend in the south (

Rabies is endemic in South Africa and rabies cycles are maintained in both domestic and wildlife species. The significant number of canine rabies cases reported by the World Organization for Animal Health Reference Laboratory for Rabies at Onderstepoort suggests the need for increased research and mass dog vaccinations on specific targeted foci in the country. This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of animal rabies cases from 1998 to 2017 in northern South Africa and environmental factors associated with highly enzootic municipalities. A descriptive analysis was used to investigate temporal patterns. The Getis-Ord Gi statistical tool was used to exhibit low and high clusters. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between the predictor variables and highly enzootic municipalities. A total of 9580 specimens were submitted for rabies diagnosis between 1998 and 2022. The highest positive case rates were from companion animals (1733 cases, 59.71%), followed by livestock (635 cases, 21.88%) and wildlife (621 cases, 21.39%). Rabies cases were reported throughout the year, with the majority occurring in the mid-dry season. Hot spots were frequently in the northern and eastern parts of Limpopo and Mpumalanga. Thicket bush and grassland were associated with rabies between 1998 and 2002. However, between 2008 and 2012, cultivated commercial crops and waterbodies were associated with rabies occurrence. In the last period, plantations and woodlands were associated with animal rabies. Of the total number of municipalities, five consistently and repeatedly had the highest rabies prevalence rates. These findings suggest that authorities should prioritize resources for those municipalities for rabies elimination and management.

Since African Swine Fever (ASF) was detected in the Dominican Republic in July 2021, it has negatively impacted the country’s swine industry. Assessing the epidemiological situation is crucial to helping local authorities and industry stakeholders control the disease. Here, data on 155 reported outbreaks in the Dominican Republic from November 2022 to June 2023 were evaluated. Descriptive spatiotemporal analysis was performed to characterize disease distribution and spread, and between-herd R0 was calculated for the study period. The Knox test and a space–time permutation model were used to evaluate clustering. Data on clinical presentation, biosecurity measures, and suspected reasons for introduction were categorized and summarized. The majority (78%) of outbreaks occurred on backyard farms which generally had low biosecurity. Across farm types, the majority of pigs were still alive at the time of depopulation. Spatiotemporal findings and R0 estimates suggest an endemic pattern of disease geographically located centrally within the country. Clustering was detected even at small temporal and spatial distances due to outbreaks amongst neighboring backyard farms. These results provide critical information on the current state of the ASF epidemic in the Dominican Republic and will aid government officials and swine industry leaders in developing effective ASF control strategies.

Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal zoonotic disease caused by infection with pathogenic Leptospira spp. We described reported clinical cases of canine leptospirosis in the council areas of the Inner West and the City of Sydney, Australia, from December 2017 to January 2023 and tested the association with urban spatial (landscape and socioeconomic factors, community seroprevalence, and urban heat island effect) and temporal (precipitation and minimum and maximum temperature) factors and the cases using log-transformed Poisson models, spatially stratified population-adjusted conditional logistic models, General Additive Models (GAMs), and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. The results suggested that canine leptospirosis is now endemic in the study area. A longer distance to the nearest veterinary hospital (RR 0.118, 95% CI −4.205–−0.065, p < 0.05) and a mildly compromised Index of Economic Resources (IER) (RR 0.202, 95% CI −3.124–−0.079, p < 0.05) were significant protective factors against leptospirosis. In areas proximal to the clinical cases and seropositive samples, the presence of tree cover was a strong risk factor for higher odds of canine leptospirosis (OR 5.80, 95% CI 1.12–30.11, p < 0.05). As the first study exploring risk factors associated with canine leptospirosis in urban Sydney, our findings indicate a potential transmission from urban green spaces and the possibility of higher exposure to Leptospira—or increased case detection and reporting—in areas adjacent to veterinary hospitals.

Verbal fluency tasks are generally thought to be mediated by frontal brain regions for letter fluency and temporal regions for category fluency. This idea, however, is primarily based on lesion studies and adapted versions of the fluency tasks in functional neuroimaging, without fundamental evidence from structural neuroimaging in healthy individuals. We investigated the cortical structural correlates of letter and category fluency, including overlapping and different regions, in 505 individuals who participated in a community-based study of healthy aging. The correlation between cortical thickness and verbal fluency in whole-brain analyses revealed distinct cortical signatures for letter fluency, primarily in frontal regions, and category fluency, in frontal and temporal-parietal regions. There was a dissociation in the left inferior frontal gyrus between letter and category fluency, with increased thickness in the posterior-dorsal versus anterior-ventral parts, respectively. These results distinguish the detailed anatomical correlates for verbal fluency within the coarse frontal-temporal distinction inferred from lesion studies and among the mixture of regions identified in functional neuroimaging. The evidence for the anatomical substrates of letter and category fluency, each recruiting slightly different language and cognitive processes, can serve both clinical applications as well as a deeper theoretical understanding of the organization of the cerebral cortex.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the relationship between circadian sleep and activity behaviors (sedentary time [SED], light-intensity physical activity [LPA], and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity [MVPA]) across 3 consecutive days.MethodsThis study included 308 Mexican American children aged 8-10 years from the San Francisco Bay Area. Minutes of sleep duration, SED, LPA, and MVPA were estimated using hip-worn accelerometers from Wednesday night to Saturday night. A cross-lagged panel model was used to estimate paths between sleep duration the prior night and subsequent behaviors, and paths between behaviors to subsequent sleep duration across the 3 days. We adjusted for child age, sex, body mass index, and household income.ResultsOverall, children were 8.9 (SD 0.8) years old; the weighted average for weekday and weekend combined was 9.6 (SD 0.7) hours per night in sleep duration, 483 (SD 74) min/d SED, 288 (SD 61) min/d LPA, and 63 (SD 38) min/d MVPA. Cross-lagged panel analyses showed that, over 3 days, for every 1-hour increase in sleep duration, there were an expected 0.66-hour (40-minute) decrease in SED, 0.37-hour (22-minute) decrease in LPA, and 0.06-hour (4-minute) decrease in MVPA. For every 1-hour increase in LPA, there was an expected 0.25-hour (15-minute) decrease in sleep duration.ConclusionAn additional hour of sleep the night before corresponded to an hour decrease in combined SED and LPA the next day in Mexican American children. For every hour of LPA, there was an associated 15-minute decrease in sleep. Encouraging longer sleep may help to reduce SED and LPA, and help offset LPA's negative predictive effect on sleep.

Objectives: Given the evidence that crime events exhibit both a spatial and a temporal pattern, we explore whether certain social and physical environment characteristics have varying relationships with crime at different times of day. Methods: We assess this temporal question using a flexible nonlinear parametric approach on a large sample of street segments (and surrounding spatial area) in Southern California. Results: There are different temporal and spatial patterns for key measures. The presence of total employees in the surrounding area is associated with a reduced robbery risk during the daytime, but not at night. The risk of a robbery is elevated on a high retail segment on weekends during the daytime, and on high restaurant segments into the early evening on weekends. Furthermore, the presence of retail and restaurants in the surrounding area (evidence of shopping districts) was associated with elevated robbery risk in the afternoon and well into the evening. Conclusion: These different temporal patterns indicate the possibility of different mechanisms in operation.

Objectives: Given the evidence that crime events exhibit both a spatial and a temporal pattern, we explore whether certain social and physical environment characteristics have varying relationships with crime at different times of day. Methods: We assess this temporal question using a flexible nonlinear parametric approach on a large sample of street segments (and surrounding spatial area) in Southern California. Results: There are different temporal and spatial patterns for key measures. The presence of total employees in the surrounding area is associated with a reduced robbery risk during the daytime, but not at night. The risk of a robbery is elevated on a high retail segment on weekends during the daytime, and on high restaurant segments into the early evening on weekends. Furthermore, the presence of retail and restaurants in the surrounding area (evidence of shopping districts) was associated with elevated robbery risk in the afternoon and well into the evening. Conclusion: These different temporal patterns indicate the possibility of different mechanisms in operation.

Root-knot nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp.) constantly communicate with their host to establish and maintain specialized feeding cells. They likely regulate this interaction by monitoring host biology. As plant host biology is influenced by light and gene expression varies correspondingly, RKN gene transcription and biology likely follow similar patterns. We profiled RKN transcripts over a period of 24 h and identified approximately 1,000 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in nematode and model host Medicago truncatula, with the majority of DEG occurring in the middle of the dark period. Many of the plant DEG are involved in defense-response pathways, while the nematode DEG are involved in establishing infection, suggesting a strong host-nematode interaction occurring during the dark. To identify interacting genes, we developed a plant-nematode gene network based on DEG signals. The phenylpropanoid pathway was identified as a significant plant-nematode interacting pathway, representing four of 33 genes in the network. We further examined if this pathway interacts similarly in another host, tomato, by quantifying phenolic and flavonoid compounds produced by this pathway. Phenolic compounds showed a significant increase in production during the day in uninoculated plants as compared with during the night. However, during the dark period, there was an increase in flavonoid content in infected plants when compared with uninfected controls, indicating potential host defense mechanisms active during the height of nematode activity at night. This study elucidated cross-species interacting pathways that could be targeted to develop novel management strategies to these important pests.[Graphic: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

There are no mirror-image pairs of languages. This restriction on the otherwise vast set of possible languages must be accounted for, and puts boundary conditions on any theory of the human language faculty. There are implications for externalization and in the longer run for the evolution of the language faculty. Antisymmetric linear/temporal order is part of core syntax. Temporal order is partly (though not fully) integrated into core syntax via Merge itself. When two elements X and Y are merged, a relative linear/temporal order is assigned to them. At the same time, that instance of Merge assigns no relative order to the subparts of X and Y. Core syntax can explicitly have X precede Y without having any subpart of X precede any subpart of Y.

Background: Multisensory integration is the ability to appropriately merge information from different senses for the purpose of perceiving and acting in the environment. During walking, information from multiple senses must be integrated appropriately to coordinate effective movements. We tested the association between a well characterised multisensory task, the Sound-Induced Flash Illusion (SIFI), and gait speed in 3255 participants from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. High susceptibility to this illusion at longer stimulus onset asynchronies characterises older adults, and has been associated with cognitive and functional impairments, therefore it should be associated with slower gait speed. Method: Gait was measured under three conditions; usual pace, cognitive dual tasking, and maximal walking speed. A separate logistic mixed effects regression model was run for 1) gait at usual pace, 2) change in gait speed for the cognitive dual tasking relative to usual pace and 3) change in maximal walking speed relative to usual pace. In all cases a binary response indicating a correct/incorrect response to each SIFI trial was the dependent variable. The model controlled for covariates including age, sex, education, vision and hearing abilities, Body Mass Index, and cognitive function. Results: Slower gait was associated with more illusions, particularly at longer temporal intervals between the flash-beep pair and the second beep, indicating that those who integrated incongruent sensory inputs over longer intervals, also walked slower. The relative changes in gait speed for cognitive dual tasking and maximal walking speed were also significantly associated with SIFI at longer SOAs. Conclusions: These findings support growing evidence that mobility, susceptibility to falling and balance control are associated with multisensory processing in ageing.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a serious public health risk. In this report, we present a modified sequencing workflow using short tiling (280bp) amplicons library preparation method paired with Illumina's iSeq100 desktop sequencer. We demonstrated the utility of our workflow in identifying gapped reads that capture characteristics of subgenomic RNA junctions within our patient cohort. These analytical and library preparation approaches allow a versatile, small footprint and decentralized deployment that can facilitate comprehensive genetics characterizations during outbreaks. Based on the sequencing data, Taqman assays were designed to accurately capture the quantity of subgenomic ORF5 and ORF7a RNA from patient samples and demonstrated utility in tracking subgenomic titres in patient samples when combined with a standard COVID-19 qRT-PCR assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining quantitative sustainable development metrics can be difficult and requires a high effort in manual data acquisition on an institutional level, like the Word Bank or the United Nations, without adequately reflecting reality. To overcome the lack of a transparent and scalable method, which links local actions to global sustainability metrics, the Sustainability Mirror connects the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with publicly and locally available data to proxy SDG metrics. By applying the approach to Germany, we calculated eight SDG metrics on a regional level. Comparing our results to two German cities, we show that the Sustainability Mirror reflects economic and ecological sustainability measures. Furthermore, we demonstrate the mirror's scalability and spatial resolution by applying the method to each German county. Presenting a proof-of-concept, we show that proxy data can link local and global sustainability metrics. However, further research should include more social sustainability topics. Finally, we are sure our approach and its implementations can contribute to a continuous assessment of spatial and temporal spreads and changes in SDG metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought severity and frequency are increasing in tropical regions and its occurrence is not uniform in space and time. The study assessed the spatio-temporal dynamics of agrometeorological drought in Mberengwa and Zvishavane districts between 1990 and 2020. An empirical research design was adopted in this study. GIS and remote sensing techniques were used to determine and analyze agricultural drought conditions and the standardized precipitation generator was used to compute SPI for meteorological drought monitoring and analysis. Microsoft Excel 2011 was adopted for the analysis of drought coverage and performing the Mann–Kendall trend test for precipitation trend analysis. Results indicated that the area covered by drought declined between the 1990 and 2000 and 2001–2010 decades before increasing during the 2011–2020 decade. Results indicated significant spatial dynamics of drought severity and frequency in Mberengwa and Zvishavane districts and the majority of wards experienced increased frequency of severe droughts during the 2011–2020 decade. It was highlighted that meteorological drought was not evenly distributed across all decades. Dry conditions in the first months (October and November) of the rainy season have been indicated during the 1990–2000 decade, followed by wetter conditions during the 2001–2010 decade and comparatively drier conditions in the same months during the 2011–2020 decade. This indicated the late onset of the rainfall season during the 1990–2000 and 2011–2020 decades compared to the 2001–2010 decade. It was also shown that rainfall cessation was earlier during the 2001–2010 and 2011–2020 decades and late during the 1990–2000 decade. The study concludes that drought has increased both in severity and frequency in Mberengwa and Zvishavane districts; hence, there is a need for more support to drought resilience-building initiatives in these areas. The government of Zimbabwe is advised to set up climate research centers in all provinces of the country to improve the availability of climate change–related data which is useful when addressing the impacts of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used an American sample collected over a period of approximately 2 decades (at 3 time points) to examine the temporal relationships between psychological well‐being and personality traits (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience). The random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel model was used to separate between‐person and within‐person sources of variation. Between‐person correlations were comparable to those of previous studies. New insights were gained at the within‐person level. There were reciprocal relationships between psychological well‐being and openness and extraversion, suggesting the joint development of plasticity‐related traits and well‐being over time. The relationships between psychological well‐being and conscientiousness and agreeableness were unidirectional, with psychological well‐being preceding these traits. Despite a strong between‐person association between neuroticism and psychological well‐being, the two were not related at the within‐person level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper expands the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) by employing an exploratory case study approach to examine the construction of narratives temporally. A large‐N Twitter dataset concerning the Bears Ears and Grand Staircase‐Escalante monuments controversy is utilized to examine the question: how does the use of narrative strategies change over time? Through the application of change‐point analysis, we determine time points of significant shifts towards use of the devil‐angel shift, scope of the conflict, and causal mechanism strategies. Overall, we find that organizations do not vary their use of narrative strategies over the course of a policy conflict but instead demonstrate discrete changes in response to certain policy events. Based on our findings, we conclude with suggestions for refining and expanding NPF hypotheses. Specifically, we recommend a more contextual analysis of shifts in narrative strategy use in response to specific events over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated land quality is directly related to national food security; hence, it is necessary to determine the spatial–temporal characteristics and factors that influence its variation. This study analyzed the soil properties and cultivated land quality in the Hang-Jia-Hu Plain, the most important grain production base in Zhejiang Province, located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, from 2017 to 2020. In addition, the factors that influenced cultivated land quality variation were explored. The results showed that soil pH and soil organic matter (SOM) significantly improved from 6.32 and 29.07 g/kg in 2017 to 6.38 and 31.54 g/kg in 2020, whereas the variations in available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) were not significant. More than 60% of the cultivated land still had the potential for soil nutrient status improvement. The cultivated land quality indicator (CLQI) calculated based on the national standard (GB/T 33469-2016) significantly increased from 0.90 in 2017 to 0.91 in 2020. According to the CLQI classification, approximately three quarters of the cultivated land was defined as high-yielding fields. Although the spatial pattern for CLQI was similar between 2017 and 2020, more than 75% of the cultivated land quality showed an increasing trend that was mainly located in the northeastern and central areas. The results of influential factor detection indicated that the improvement in SOM and available soil nutrients including AP and AK was the main reason for the CLQI increase, whereas the climate, topography, and socioeconomic factors had little influence on the change in CLQI. In addition, when influential factors interacted, a significant increase in the explanatory ability for CLQI was obtained, especially for the interaction of SOM and AP variation, which explained 41% of the CLQI variation. This study provides basic foundations and references for cultivated land quality monitoring and improvement in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atypical sensory perception has been recognized in autistic individuals since its earliest descriptions and is now considered a key characteristic of autism. Although the integration of sensory information (multisensory integration; MSI) has been demonstrated to be altered in autism, less is known about how this perceptual process differs with age. This study aimed to assess the integration of audiovisual information across autistic children and adolescents. MSI was measured using a non‐social, simultaneity judgment task. Variation in temporal sensitivity was evaluated via Gaussian curve fitting procedures, allowing us to compare the width of temporal binding windows (TBWs), where wider TBWs indicate less sensitivity to temporal alignment. We compared TBWs in age and IQ matched groups of autistic (n = 32) and neurotypical (NT; n = 73) children and adolescents. The sensory profile of all participants was also measured. Across all ages assessed (i.e., 6 through 18 years), TBWs were negatively correlated with age in the autistic group. A significant correlation was not found in the NT group. When compared as a function of child (6–12 years) and adolescent (13–18 years) age groups, a significant interaction of group (autism vs NT) by age group was found, whereby TBWs became narrower with age in the autistic, but not neurotypical group. We also found a significant main effect of age and no significant main effect of group. Results suggest that TBW differences between autistic and neurotypical groups diminishes with increasing age, indicating an atypical developmental profile of MSI in autism which ameliorates across development. Lay Summary: Autistic people often perceive the world differently through their senses including vision and sound. Previous research has noted that there is a difference between autistic and neurotypical people in the way in which these two senses combine to create a perceptual whole. Our research suggests that while these differences are found in autistic children, this lessens with increasing age. Sensory differences may, therefore, be linked to an altered developmental trajectory as opposed to a universal difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this systematic review, we present a comprehensive overview of the temporal person environment (PE) fit literature. To this end, we organize and integrate extant temporal fit research and discuss research trends and developments in the temporal domain. Our analysis reveals that temporal conceptualizations of fit vary in terms of change process (transitional, developmental, transformational), level of aggregation (situational vs. baseline level), and temporal frame (clock time vs. psychological time), all of which divide the temporal fit literature in significant ways. Furthermore, our analysis shows that progress in the temporal fit domain has been confined by five major obstacles: An emphasis on selection and socialization processes, a narrow focus on the between‐person level of analysis, preoccupation with linear change, a strong interest in normal causation questions, and a lack of attention to misfit. We conclude with a discussion of the research challenges that lie ahead and provide suggestions to tackle these challenges and expand temporal PE fit research in new directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic resulting from the onset of COVID-19 was largely a health emergency. However, it also had a direct legal, economic and social impact. In the legal sphere, one of its main effects was the resurgence of the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus as a mechanism for modifying contractual relationships. The present paper discusses whether the rebus clause can be invoked for judicial relationships that have already been debated, settled and subjected to a ruling. In other words, it analyses the clash between the rebus clause and the effectiveness of the res judicata of legal rulings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our minds are constantly in transit, from the present to the past to the future, across places we have and have not directly experienced. Nevertheless, memories of our mental time travel are not organized continuously and are adaptively chunked into contexts and episodes. In this paper, I will review evidence that suggests that spatial boundary representations play a critical role in providing structure to both our spatial and temporal memories. I will illustrate the intimate connection between hippocampal spatial mapping and temporal sequencing of episodic memory to propose that high-level cognitive processes like mental time travel and conceptual mapping are rooted in basic navigational mechanisms that we humans and nonhuman animals share. Our neuroscientific understanding of hippocampal function across species may provide new insight into the origins of even the most uniquely human cognitive abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have proved that UGT1A1 (*6, *28 and *93) gene polymorphism was closely related to the side effects of irinotecan. This study intends to perform a correlation analysis on the relationship between pharmacogenomic studies and ADRs based on time series. The ADRs related to irinotecan were derived through the FAERS; searched all pharmacogenomic studies in PubMed and Web of Science; then analyzed the sequence of correlation coefficients between total ADRs, fatal ADRs and pharmacogenomic studies under different time offset. There is a positive correlation between the number of total ADRs and pharmacogenomic studies, of which the maximum correlation coefficient was 0.78 (95 % CI: 0.58–0.90), with a lag of 1 year. There is also a positive correlation between the number of fatal ADRs and pharmacogenomic studies, with the maximum correlation coefficient of 0.87 (95 % CI: 0.73–0.94) and a offset of − 4 years. It was found that both the total ADRs and fatal ADRs were significantly positively correlated with change trend of published pharmacogenomic literatures, which confirmed the role of pharmacogenomic research in promoting the safe use of irinotecan, and have a faster response time in reducing fatal ADRs during clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]