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The majority of humans are exposed to environmental conditions that often challenge human health and well-being and also threaten natural resources. The sustainable approach recalls the importance of using all the renewable resources of nature revaluating the environmental characteristics of past solutions and recognizing that they have contributed to creating many sophisticated and environmentally friendly local cultures. This chapter presents a review of the high efficiency and complex features of greenery for the microclimatic regulation in urban green and in patios. The importance of hybridizing the logic of natural systems with that of technical systems in sustainable contemporary architecture for variable temperate climates is highlighted. As case study, results from research conducted in the city of Mendoza (Argentina) are presented. It is concluded that it is a significant cultural election to include greenery in our city lives. The closer we bring nature to our habitats, the better use we can make of it, gaining in physiological and psychological aspects.

The object of research is the development processes of transport and technological systems of railway ferries as complex technical systems. In the course of the study, a systematic approach to solving the scientific and technical problem of increasing the efficiency of maintenance of railway ferry services is used, for which a graphical method is used to analyze the formation of cause and effect ties with the construction of Ishikawa diagrams. According to the most informational criterion, the reserve for accelerating the speed of railcars on railway ferries is selected – a qualitative characteristic of the efficient use of the railway fleet, which directly depends on the reduction of railway outages in the port area, is promising. The research results provide a multifaceted picture that shows the possibility of reducing the time spent on the ship at the port by increasing the technical level of organizational work with rolling stock on access roads and loading them on a ferry. It also affects the state of the material and technical base for servicing rolling stock and the port base for loading ferries, the compatibility of operations of dispatch services and the need for appropriate information support. However, the development of these areas is impossible without ensuring conditions for the reliability of railway automation, automation and telemechanics, as well as advanced training of personnel for their maintenance. The compatibility of operations of dispatch services is implemented through the use of flexible forms of organization of cargo flows with the preparation of an optimal cargo plan for loading a railway ferry. The implementation of information support should take into account the synchronization of the information systems of the railway and port, as well as the relationship of automation with the work of the ferry, constantly updated with new software products. Based on the analysis, a program of measures has been drawn up for the development of transport and technological systems of railway ferries. The obtained results are aimed at increasing the efficiency, validity and effectiveness of management work on the operation of means of transport and can be used in carrying out research work of other objects of railway-water communication, in particular port railways

The complex organizational and technical systems that are in a state of competition are considered. The situation when competing systems have a common goal, the achievement of which is undesirable for both systems is analyzed. The aggravation of the situation in conflicts such as hybrid wars is supposed. A formal interaction model of the conflicting systems is built. The conditions of achieving goals by the system are considered, when the processed information is inaccurate, contradictory, incomplete, and there are no statistical data. It is argued that under such conditions, the onset of a special period of the systems functioning is possible. The axioms of the systems functioning are introduced, the implementation of which leads to the simultaneous achievement of undesirable goals by both systems. An algorithm for this achievement is given. A simulation model based on modified Kaufman NK-automaton is built. The results of experiments are given in which ensembles of modified Kaufman NKautomaton participate, interacting with each other as conflicting systems.

Millions of lives could be saved if states did more to prevent and reduce the risks of natural disasters. Protecting people from all sorts of disasters and accidents – one of the priorities in many countries. The disasters that have occurred show that natural disasters have no boundaries and do not choose the people. Especially in recent years, the challenge of natural disasters, accompanied by climate change, floods, mudslides, earthquakes, droughts and fires, is increasing. The quantity and total damage of the natural disasters has increased in recent years. Global changes in the environment and climate, increasing levels of seismic activity of the Earth's crust, increasing the size and power of technical systems used, progressive human intervention in nature increase the risks of large-scale natural, environmental and man-made disasters. The rate of growth of economic losses from catastrophes is reaching the indicators of economic development of most developed countries and poses a global threat to the population, nature and the world economy. The article performs analysis of the natural disasters occurred in the world and their impact on environment. Knowledge of the causes, dynamics and nature of natural disasters can reduce the threat to life and health of people, prevent or reduce material and economic losses in business, effectively carry out a complex of preventive, rescue and emergency work associated with natural disasters.Analyzed the specific situation of occurrence of natural disasters. Particular attention is paid to assessing economic and social losses from natural disasters.

Deep-rooted socio-ecological and technical systems, values and lifestyles, ‘locked in’ by vested interests and flows of power, underpin the interconnected problems of climate change, hazard vulnerability and poverty. A ‘shallow’ approach to co-production, with its focus on knowledge exchange and shared learning between individuals, struggles to gain the ‘purchase’ needed to transform these material structures. In this paper we demonstrate that non-representational theory is a good starting point for an alternative ‘deep’ approach to disaster risk management co-production. We review key aspects of non-representational theory and their application to disaster risk management and build a novel hybrid conceptual framework. We use this to analyse a case study of disaster risk management co-production (an aftershock forecasting approach used by humanitarian agencies during the Nepal 2015 earthquake), how social change occurred in this instance, and the role disaster risk management co-production played. We emphasise how change was the consequence of unexpected shifts in assemblages of human, non-human, virtual and real actors. These created ‘events’ that were opportunities for change that were realised with fidelity. Using this analysis, we develop an alternative deep approach to co-production, as ‘a practical means of going on’, and finish with five precepts to guide transformative disaster risk management based on the concept of multi-actor change cascades.

In accordance with the priority directions of development of science and technology of the Russian Federation until 2025, the issues of developing and creating methods for the environmental safety of urban areas in areas affected by natural disasters, accidents, catastrophes, etc., as well as protective measures are being addressed. Organizational-economic groups should carry out regulation in rural areas of industrial and private enterprises, which are located near urban and rural settlements, developing measures and laws ensuring environmental safety, preserving local forests, limiting the load on pastures, protecting them from fire and maintaining constant monitoring them. In this paper, special attention is paid to natural disasters and reducing the severity of the consequences after them (mudflows, landslides, fires, etc.). To reduce the effects of natural and man-made factors, we have created new technical solutions with the use of composite nanomaterials and ground-filled, ground-reinforced, cable-stayed, etc. protective systems, which are presented below.

This paper presents a comprehensive formal engineering approach for the development of gaze guiding as an adaptive computer-based job aid to support semi-automated technical control tasks. Major requirement for this engineering method was to present a model-based approach, which on the one hand offers a coherent integration of various heterogeneous descriptions of the system, the standard operating procedures to be applied, and the used gaze guiding, and an algorithmic transformation into an executable form on the other. The latter is used as part of a runtime system or execution framework that integrates gaze guiding into an existing graphical user interface as an overlay. To demonstrate the suitability of the resulting model that enables gaze guiding, we present a use case for the modeling approach and we conducted a user study with 140 participants who worked on three different types of SOPs. The study showed the positive impact of the gaze guiding and its potential to suite as an adaptive computer-based job aid. The results confirmed findings from previous studies and showed decreased numbers of errors during the execution of the start-up procedure if gaze guiding was used.

The design of cashew nut or cashew nut sheller uses appropriate or low technology with consideration of low cost for tool material. This pen gk acip tool will be used at Ngudi Koyo, Imogiri, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Cashew shell peeler or cippling device as a result of the design is a modification of the existing cashew shell peeler. Some parts of the existing tool are applied to several modified parts, namely the lever mechanism, picking knife, or lever knife. This paper will discuss the method of selecting a suppressor, lever and picking system on a tool using the morphological map analysis method. Morphological maps will produce alternative designs for cashew nut peeler. The selection of alternative designs will be carried out by analyzing the results of testing in a technical mechanism, material strength, and alternative design quality values. Testing of alternative technical systems mechanisms is done by comparing the mechanical systems of existing tools. The size of the tool uses the anthropometric measurements of the female operator's body, because the operators in the Ngudi Koyo UKM are all women. The tool size adjustment will provide work comfort and increase efficiency. Quality testing in addition to using standard anthropometric standards, will be tested for quality of ease of care, ease of transferring, clean, neat, simple and safe tool. K ey words : Effective technology , low technology tool, security, Design Alternative Testing

The example of the analysis of patent activity shows the solution of the problem related to the assessment of the development potential of technical systems. The main possibilities of modern information resources of patent analytics are described. It is shown how the analysis of patent information helps to select the most promising scientific and technical solutions and technologies for development, to identify trends in the industry, to analyze the market situation to determine the main competitors and partners, to assess the competitiveness of the developed products, to form requirements and to draw up a plan for research and development, to develop a strategy for innovative development of the enterprise.

The problem of constructing predictive models for early warning systems for diagnostic maintenance in the aerospace industry is considered. A new approach to predicting rare failures based on a new methodology that takes into account the properties of technical systems and specific requirements imposed by applications is proposed.

Bacterial biofilms can cause medical problems and issues in technical systems. While a large body of knowledge exists on the phenotypes of planktonic and of sessile cells in mature biofilms, our understanding of what happens when bacteria change from the planktonic to the sessile state is still very incomplete. Fundamental questions are unanswered: for instance, how do bacteria sense that they are in contact with a surface, and what are the very initial cellular responses to surface contact. Here, we review the current knowledge on the signals that bacteria could perceive once they attach to a surface, the signal transduction systems that could be involved in sensing the surface contact and the cellular responses that are triggered as a consequence to surface contact ultimately leading to biofilm formation. Finally, as the main obstacle in investigating the initial responses to surface contact has been the difficulty to experimentally study the dynamic response of single cells upon surface attachment, we also review recent experimental approaches that could be employed to study bacterial surface sensing, which ultimately could lead to an improved understanding of how biofilm formation could be prevented., This review describes the current knowledge on bacterial surface sensing, as the very initial step in bacterial biofilm formation.

The article presents the results of the study of the filament modes of electronic lamps and ensuring the rational temperature of the cathode. A brief description and comparative analysis of existing methods with the proposed author are given. The dependence diagrams obtained as a result of a real experiment are presented. A new method of rational control of the electric vacuum devices (EVP) filament mode is proposed, thereby increasing the reliability and increasing the durability of the EVP during operation in high-quality and expensive complex technical systems. According to the results of the study, a new specialized electronic device was developed, which allowed to smoothly regulate the supply of the filament voltage, thereby ensuring the rational control of the operation of the EVP. The technique and specialized electronic device are developed on the basis of modern scientific and technical achievements. This made it possible to increase the reliability and efficiency of the electronic control system for solving critical tasks. When implementing the developed device, the problem of import substitution was solved.

Causal Models are increasingly suggested as a means to reason about the behavior of cyber-physical systems in socio-technical contexts. They allow us to analyze courses of events and reason about possible alternatives. Until now, however, such reasoning is confined to the technical domain and limited to single systems or at most groups of systems. The humans that are an integral part of any such socio-technical system are usually ignored or dealt with by "expert judgment". We show how a technical causal model can be extended with models of human behavior to cover the complexity and interplay between humans and technical systems. This integrated socio-technical causal model can then be used to reason not only about actions and decisions taken by the machine, but also about those taken by humans interacting with the system. In this paper we demonstrate the feasibility of merging causal models about machines with causal models about humans and illustrate the usefulness of this approach with a highly automated vehicle example., Comment: In Proceedings CREST 2019, arXiv:1910.13641

The article presents the analysis of the state of knowledge about the impact of the human factor on selected aspects of reliability of technical systems based on selected papers delivered at the ESREL 2018 conference, which took place on June 17-22, 2018 in Trondheim, Norway. In the first part, statistical analysis was carried out in the area of thematic and methodological conference papers. Next, the impact of the human factor on the correct functioning of selected technical systems was discussed, using conference papers on the role of man in ensuring an appropriate level of cyber security, the role of expert knowledge in risk assessment, and innovative risk management methods. In summary, challenges for scientists were identified and further research directions in the analysed area.

The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology for risk analysis, assessment and management using the event tree method. A sample sequence of risk analysis actions is shown with the use the event tree method in determining the probability of realizing a dangerous event including an exemplary event tree pattern according the example under consideration and with the possibility of calculations and for determining the risk at the accepted value of the damage. A methodology for risk analysis is proposed based on the event tree applicable to student training on risk analysis and management.

The purpose of this article is to develop a methodology for risk analysis by transforming structures. A methodology for risk analysis is proposed by transforming structures based on existing links between the system description through a block diagram, a fault tree, and an event tree. Risk analysis of risk techniques by fault tree and event tree provides an unambiguous relationship between element parameters and parity of equivalent elements describing a system or a subsystem. An example of risk analysis by transforming structures is presented, according to the proposed methodology applicable to risk identification, including transformations between block diagram and fault tree and event tree, as well as variants to determine their risk (at accepted value of damages), according to acceptances made. A methodology has been developed and examples of risk analysis by transformation of structures are shown.

The aim of the present work is to develop a methodology for conducting exercises for analysis, assessment and management of risk, using a web based tool, by identifying and analyzing the risk of occurrence of a dangerous event through the dynamic fault tree method. As a result, a framework is presented according to the proposed methodology applicable to the students' training in risk analysis, evaluation and management, and according to accepted assumptions. Approaches for qualitative and quantitative risk assessment are presented at the assumed value of the damages. In addition, a methodology for risk analysis, assessment and management applicable to student training on risk analysis and management, through the dynamic fault tree method, has been developed and proposed.

The paper presents the new concept on human–systems inclusion for designing, analyzing or evaluating human–machine systems and applied it to two case studies on rail flow control. Human–systems inclusion is related to the development of online learning abilities using pedagogical learning supports and aims at applying both automation-supported human and human-supported automation processes in which a human is supported by automation or automation is supported by a human, respectively. Different learning supports are proposed: accident reports, course supports, internet accesses, simulators, technical systems, etc. People are free to use or not to use them to learn alone, from the other or with the others. The first case study concerns automation-supported driving activities and focuses on the analysis of possible dissonances of use of two automated tools. The second case study consists of designing and validating a human-supported eco-driving assistance system.

We discuss safety principles of autonomous driving road vehicles. First, we provide a comparison between principles and experience of autonomous or automatic systems on rails and on the road. An automatic metro operates in a controlled and well-defined environment, passengers and third persons are separated from driving trains by fences, tunnels, etc. A road vehicle operates in a much more complex environment. Further, we discuss safety principles. The application of safety principles (e.g. fail-safe or safe-life) is used to design and implement a safe system that eventually fulfils the requirements of the functional safety standards. The different responsibility of human driver and technical driving system in different automation levels for autonomous driving vehicles require the application of safety principles. We consider, which safety principles have to be applied using general safety principles and analysing the relevant SAE level based on the experience from projects for the five levels of automated driving as defined by the SAE. Depending on the level of automation, the technical systems are implemented as fail-silent, fails-safe or as safe-life.

It is proposed analysis of possibility to use information indexes for description and efficiency estimation of military complicated-organization technical systems under conditions of countermeasures on energetic, material and information levels. Conditions of information resource increasing and adaptability of complicated-organization systems to environment at confrontation from analogous enemy’s systems are considered. The main properties of complicated-organization hierarchically structured technical systems are described, the main principles of formation of their common information field in frames of local information space are considered, dependence of such systems’ information resource on their structural complexity and realized principles of information fields formation is shown. The proposed information approach allows estimate interaction of various complicated-organization systems from the common indexes point of view, also under countermeasures conditions and considering metabolism of material, energetic and information resources. In result, at creation of the considered systems the potential possibility of indicated resources redistribution control to provide the required efficiency of arising tasks solution appears.

Introduction. The article presents data on the development and implementation of a method for measuring the moisture content of bulk material during its pneumatic transport in pharmaceutical production. The method of measuring moisture is theoretically based on the physical Pockels effect. An analysis of the currently existing pharmacopoeial methods for monitoring the quantitative water content and methods of in-process control of the drying process is presented. The development of new methods and technical means that provide the necessary speed and accuracy of moisture measurement is an important task, especially in the pharmaceutical industry to control the residual moisture of the starting materials, intermediate products during their production and finished products.Text. Analysis of the theoretical assumptions for the method and technical systems for measuring the mass of bulk dielectric materials during their pneumatic conveying shows the ability to measure the moisture content of the bulk dielectric material transported by air through a pipeline in a new non-contact manner. The proposed method is based on one measurable parameter – the intensity of the light wave passing through the Pockels cell. A block diagram of the system developed by the authors for automated moisture measurement of bulk dielectric materials with an electrooptical Poсkels cell is presented. The article describes a method for measuring moisture, based on the Pockels effect, for bulk material during its pneumatic transport.Conclusion. The proposed method of measuring moisture is contactless, just technically feasible, has a high speed and measurement accuracy, since it is based on the Pockels effect. The method is universal for determining the moisture content of bulk dielectric materials in the process of their pneumatic transportation. The above advantages of this method suggest the possibility of its successful application in pharmaceutical production.

The article presents a method of solving the problem of the assessment of the exploitation policy. It was assumed that the evaluation of the exploitation policy can and should be carried out with reference to defined universal patterns. This allows comparability of such a policy, as well as making decisions regarding necessary changes. Therefore, there was proposed a way of building pattern models of the exploitation policy and there was carried out the assessment of the exploitation policies of the selected technical network systems, based on the selected taxonomic model.

The article discusses issues related to the management of the city's network infrastructure in the context of the Smart City idea. There was presented an overview of the possibilities and needs of supporting the maintenance management of network technical systems, as components of technical urban infrastructure. Issues related to the meaning of numerical models of various types of networks in comprehensive city management were discussed. Against this background, gaps and challenges in the implementation of modern technologies have been shown on the example of an important category of network technical systems such as water supply system

This article presents tools used in the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) which are useful when assessing the evolution direction of technical systems. The following matters are discussed: the S-shaped curve, laws (trends and lines) of the evolution of technical systems, multi-screen diagrams, as well as analysis of evolutionary potential. Inventive laws formulated by Gienrich Altshuller as well as laws previously formulated by a Polish writer and promoter of knowledge, Aleksander Głowacki, writing under the pen name Bolesław Prus, have been presented. Finally the innovation roadmaps have been shown. The use of individual tools has been supported by practical examples taken from research performed by the authors, and the usefulness of individual methods was evaluated. All methods have been compared and evaluated.

Transformações socioespaciais marcaram a zona costeira do Ceará nas últimas duas décadas. Verifica-se planejamento voltado à constituição de base econômica pautada nas práticas marítimas modernas, notadamente o turismo e a vilegiatura. Tais atividades possibilitam a inserção de sistemas técnicos objetivando a ampliação dos fluxos turísticos e modernização nas zonas de praia cearenses. Este artigo compreende os desdobramentos das intervenções públicas e privadas no Litoral Oeste do Ceará, como processo multiescalar capaz de modificar as bases políticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais do território. Para tanto, recorreu-se a referencial teórico sobre o planejamento turístico, os vetores de expansão urbana e as práticas marítimas modernas. Ainda, documentos oficiais permitiram a análise das políticas de turismo, enquanto as entrevistas estruturadas, o acervo fotográfico e cartográfico, possibilitaram a compreensão das dinâmicas socioespaciais nos municípios. Constatou-se que o processo de turistificação da Costa do Sol Poente suscitou não somente o aumento dos fluxos e fixos ligados à atividade turística, mas também novas tipologias ligadas à vilegiatura marítima e a complementaridade entre as duas práticas abordadas. Palavras-chaves: Turismo, Planejamento, Litoral Oeste do Ceará.

A method for performing the functional diagnosis of control systems defined by block diagrams is presented. The approach can be used to detect and localize errors without taking into account the distorted parameters of the elements as well as to design diagnostic devices that do not exceed the total number of the components in the original system.

Solid-lubricated rolling bearings are widely known in many technical systems where conventional lubrication, such as oil or grease, fails due to critical conditions like vacuum or high temp...

The article is devoted to the relevant issue of prolongation of operating lifetimes for complex technical systems like movable mountings of special purpose. The issues of mean and residual lives have been considered, mathematical models of mean and residual lives have been represented. Methods of prolongation of operating lifetimes for expensive objects of special purpose like movable mountings have been described. In particular, mathematical model of prolongation of operating lifetimes by the calculation and analytical method, which is based on of normal distribution law of actual load and durability, has been represented. The experimental method, which is based on analysis of actual technical state of element base and material, has been described. The probabilistic method of calculation of reliability function during prolonged operating lifetime taking into account actual technical state of element base has been represented.

In recent years, more and more technical systems dispose of some form of intelligence which allows to control and diagnose the processes and states in such systems. One important prerequisite for both control and diagnosis is monitoring, i.e. a systematic observation, surveillance or recording of entities of a technical product or its surroundings by any technical means. Current investigations were able to clarify that the design of a technical system can ease the control and diagnosis of this system. The same is true for monitoring; this fact will be demonstrated in this paper on the example of a research vehicle which is intended to foster the development of mapping systems and algorithms. In a sense, the main objective of this vehicle is also a kind of monitoring. Due to its unique design, this vehicle is able to navigate on all kind of terrains. It is equipped with several forms of sensors, which are consciously mounted at certain positions on the vehicle in order to allow a detailed detection of the surroundings. The investigation, how design can ease monitoring, was supported by a well-known model of product concretization and concrete insights could be found on all levels.

The increasingly intelligent, highly complex, technical systems of tomorrow - for instance autonomous vehicles - result in the necessity for a systematic security- and safety-oriented development process that starts in the early phases of system design. Automotive Systems Engineering (ASE) as one approach is increasingly gaining ground in the automotive industry. However, this approach is still in a prototype stage. The consideration of security and safety within the early stages of systems design leads to so- called ill-defined problems. Such are not covered by ASE, but can be addressed by means of Design Thinking. Therefore we introduce an approach to combine both approaches. Based on this combination, we derive potentials in the context of the consideration of security and safety. Essential advantages are the possibility to think ahead of threat scenarios at an early stage in system design. Due to an incomplete database, this is not supported or only partially supported by conventional approaches. The resulting potentials are derived based upon a practical example.

A method for calculating the indicators of structural reliability of systems with a large number of elements is presented. The method is based on the use of typical structural schemes, reflecting the concept of connections between elements. It is shown how, by sup-plementing and combining typical structures, one can create graphological structures to perform calculations of reliability indicators. The approach can be used in the development of algorithms and software solutions on computer problems, based on assessments of the structural reliability of systems. Such tasks, in particular, include: assessing the safety of nuclear units, planning their repairs, assessing the reliability of directional systems for transporting media, and estimating the residual resources of technical facilities. Various private methods have been developed for their solution. However, it is not possible to stan-dardize calculations of reliability indicators because of the diversity of systems and condi-tions of their operation. The presented approach is focused on the automation of calcula-tions of indicators of structural reliability of a wide class of technical systems. It is based on the proof of the existence of a calculation algorithm on a set of typical structural schemes. It is assumed that the computer recognizes images of typical structures as part of graphological images of systems. The content of the problem is as follows. A technical sys-tem is given. It is required to build a graphological image and calculate the index of its structural reliability. The proposed calculation method is based on the representation of the graphological image of the system in the form of a composition of graphological images of typical structures, the reliability indices of which are calculable. They are substituted by individual elements with calculated values of the reliability index. Such substitutions make it possible to simplify the initial graphological image of the system by reducing the total number of elements and calculate the system reliability indicator. The calculation and sub-stitution procedure continues until the graphical image of the system has one typical struc-ture for which we calculate the reliability index. The number of elements in the system is unlimited, since the subsitution procedure is carried out sequentially until the formation of one typical structure. A significant limitation in the application of the method to the calcu-lation of the structural reliability of a wide range of complex technical systems is due to the limitations of many typical structures. However, such a bank of typical structures can be created and used in the development of appropriate design programs.

This article briefly discusses the features of the education system in the USSR, which was based on the mass natural-scientific training of personnel capable of creating new knowledge for technological application to the development of strategic industries. The liberal market reforms of 1990–1992 reoriented the education system in Russia to train users to become consumers of technologies and products that already existed in global markets. The education system’s modernization during the new millennium completed the tasks outlined in the 1990s. The reforms of recent years in the field of education have led to the final abandonment of the industrial economy based upon complex technical systems, in favor of a service economy which does not create material wealth. The obvious consequence of this failure is the complete destruction of the education system inherited from the USSR, and the loss of any hope for the restoration of economically and socially significant high-tech industrial production.

Backing techniques represent one of the most relevant technical aspects involved in the manufacturing processes of backed tools. In this paper, we present results of an experimental programme focused on the manufacture of backed points, a kind of tool that has played a key role in Upper Palaeolithic technical systems. In order to identify which retouch techniques are effective to produce backed points, different combinations of retouchers (lithic vs. organic) and force application modes (percussion vs. pressure vs. abrasion) were tested. Through a morphoscopic analysis, it was possible to identify and describe numerous mesoscopic and macroscopic criteria useful for the identification of retouch techniques. The results of this experimental activity were then validated through a series of blind tests. Furthermore, these criteria were applied to an archaeological assemblage of backed points from the Late Epigravettian series of Riparo Tagliente (Verona, North-Eastern Italy). It was thus possible to determine the use of two retouch techniques: soft stone percussion on anvil and pressure by a soft stone retoucher. If percussion on anvil had already been attested in several Late Glacial sites, pressure by soft stone is here identified for the first time in an archaeological context.

The methods of application of neural networks for solving the problems of control of dynamic objects are considered. For each type of neural control, the circuits for connecting the neural networks within the control system are presented and the procedures for their training are described in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of the described methods are analyzed.

With urbanization, cities face extreme challenges of infrastructure development. Approaches emphasizing the scale economies of Large Technical Systems (LTS) often overlook the importance of Small-S...

In this article the model of the analysis of a multicriteria problem allowing to reduce significantly the problems arising at design of complex technical systems in cases when it is required to reduce significantly dimension of a vector criterion in case of its redundancy, or to show that such reduction is impossible is considered.

The article provides an analysis of intra- and inter-annual variability of dissolved oxygen and temperature in the upper layer of the deep-water and north-western parts of the Black Sea in the period from 1923 to 2013. The analysis is carried using the archived data from the oceanographic database of Institute of natural and technical systems. Seasonal variability of dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature is out-of-phase. In average, dissolved oxygen concentration is at a maximum at the N-W shelf in winter and is at a minimum in the open Sea in summer. The amplitude of the seasonal variations is about 50 µmol/l. In general, this is consistent with the published results on the seasonal variation in temperature. However, in some periods, lasting about 20 to 30 years, seasonal variation varies. It is due to quasi-periodical interdecadal variability of dissolved oxygen concentration which differs from one season to another and in various subregions.

The article presents a summary of the method for predicting the technical potential of a complex technical system. The method consists in considering the life cycle curve in the form of a group of indicators reflecting not only the technical side of the functional characteristics of the product produced or the volume sold in a short time interval, but also indicators of competitiveness and equipment of the enterprise implementing this type of products. A model for assessing industrial competitiveness, including the interpretation of interval characteristics, is presented, and a graphical representation of the life cycle curve in an enlarged composition is also presented.

To date, the macroeconomic trends of the aviation industry, affect not only consumer demand, but also the development of business and government. The article reviewed the main aspects of the impact of macroeconomic trends on the market of modern civil aviation equipment. Taking into account modern macroeconomic trends, to maintain competitiveness in the civil aviation market, the possibility of structuring the quality function of a complex technical system was described, using elements of one of the home quality techniques that identify consumer requirements and provide some order ensuring that these requirements determine the development of products and production process planning. Taking into account the opinions of various consumer groups, a consumer voice matrix was formed, the relative importance of which is based on a value scale of 100 units. By translating consumer requirements into technical characteristics, pairwise comparison of consumer requirements of the main participants in the civil aviation market segment formulated a dependency matrix. And also correlated is the matrix of interrelations between quality characteristics, which made it possible to assess the degree of possible modernization of the object under study and increase the demand in the market for civil aviation technology, setting a new trend to macroeconomic indicators.

This work investigates properties of continuous-time Markov chains with absorbing states, where there is no restriction on the structure of the set of transient states. The paper studies the behaviour of the hitting probabilities, as the rates from transient to absorbing states are perturbed by a common factor. New results about monotonicity and asymptotic limits of those hitting probabilities are established. The theoretical findings are applied to an instance of a model repair problem on a fairly general class of Markov chains, which appears frequently when modelling technical systems subject to ageing and failure.

The problem of fault diagnosis in technical systems described by linear dynamic models is considered. The approach allowing increase robustness of the diagnostic process under disturbances is sugge...

Extending recent media archaeological preoccupations, this essay examines the Argentine excavation project and art book, La Biblioteca Roja: Brevísima relación de la destrucción de los libros (2017), and suggests the particular importance of such comparative “(an)archaeological” inquiries into the technical systems essential to knowledge cultures and their evidential power regimes today. Combining multiple media and interdisciplinary methods—from visual drawings, essays, personal reflection, interviews, cultural analysis, forensic science, photographic documentation, and small press publishing—La Biblioteca Roja is a compelling experiment in dissident memory, as well as artifactual storytelling. The essay stresses its relevance as a rupture and intervention in current digitally informed, bioinformatic technical systems and knowledge cultures, and inquiries into continuities as well as differences between the technical systems of book cultures and more contemporary digital knowledge cultures, particularly with regard to their efforts to secure and territorialize knowledge and power through technical means that erase, destroy, and dismiss other knowledges and through them, other modes of life.

Since the Paris Agreement, member countries have set national goals clearly stated in the “Intended Nationally Determined Contributions” (INDC) to reduce the intended amount of carbon dioxide. In many other countries, the government has invested in national R&D to promote cleaner energy and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects that is considered as one of the most pragmatic means to achieve the set mitigation target in a national scale. In some country, the control and management of CO2 has been implemented in new technical systems called CO2 smart grids. However, along with continual CCS R&D, laws and regulatory interventions supporting its technical pillars should mutually encompass its development. Without public understanding, technological development cannot be fully implemented by the involved public and private entities permitting to attain the set mitigation targets. In previous research, only few studies on public understanding have linked its policies to the actual valid legislation. This article therefore aims to review the overall public understanding conditions on CCS in Korea and to systematically outline public understanding in actual Acts as well as in the Draft of Korean integrated CCS Act. Finally, this research tried to imply regulatory intervention guidelines on public understanding of CCS along with possible improvement for the next revision of the Korean CCS Act.

Automated decision making is becoming the norm across large parts of society, which raises interesting liability challenges when human control over technical systems becomes increasingly limited. This article defines "quasi-automation" as inclusion of humans as a basic rubber-stamping mechanism in an otherwise completely automated decision-making system. Three cases of quasi- automation are examined, where human agency in decision making is currently debatable: self- driving cars, border searches based on passenger name records, and content moderation on social media. While there are specific regulatory mechanisms for purely automated decision making, these regulatory mechanisms do not apply if human beings are (rubber-stamping) automated decisions. More broadly, most regulatory mechanisms follow a pattern of binary liability in attempting to regulate human or machine agency, rather than looking to regulate both. This results in regulatory gray areas where the regulatory mechanisms do not apply, harming human rights by preventing meaningful liability for socio-technical decision making. The article concludes by proposing criteria to ensure meaningful agency when humans are included in automated decision-making systems, and relates this to the ongoing debate on enabling human rights in Internet infrastructure.