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Background: Prior studies suggest that participation in rehabilitation exercises improves motor function poststroke; however, studies on optimal exercise dose and timing have been limited by the technical challenge of quantifying exercise activities over multiple days. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility of using body-worn sensors to track rehabilitation exercises in the inpatient setting and investigate which recording parameters and data analysis strategies are sufficient for accurately identifying and counting exercise repetitions. Methods: MC10 BioStampRC® sensors were used to measure accelerometer and gyroscope data from upper extremities of healthy controls (n = 13) and individuals with upper extremity weakness due to recent stroke (n = 13) while the subjects performed 3 preselected arm exercises. Sensor data were then labeled by exercise type and this labeled data set was used to train a machine learning classification algorithm for identifying exercise type. The machine learning algorithm and a peak-finding algorithm were used to count exercise repetitions in non-labeled data sets. Results: We achieved a repetition counting accuracy of 95.6% overall, and 95.0% in patients with upper extremity weakness due to stroke when using both accelerometer and gyroscope data. Accuracy was decreased when using fewer sensors or using accelerometer data alone. Conclusions: Our exploratory study suggests that body-worn sensor systems are technically feasible, well tolerated in subjects with recent stroke, and may ultimately be useful for developing a system to measure total exercise “dose” in poststroke patients during clinical rehabilitation or clinical trials.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide foundational knowledge on nursing tasks performed on patients with COVID-19 in a nationally-designated inpatient treatment unit. Methods: This study employs both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative method investigated the content and frequency of nursing tasks for 460 patients (age ≥ 18 y, 57.4% men) from January 20, 2020, to September 30, 2021, by analyzing hospital information system records. Qualitative data were collected via focus group interviews. The study involved interviews with three focus groups comprising 18 nurses overall to assess their experiences and perspectives on nursing care during the pandemic from February 3, 2022, to February 15, 2022. The data were examined with thematic analysis. Results: Overall, 49 different areas of nursing tasks (n = 130,687) were identified based on the Korean Patient Classification System for nurses during the study period. Among the performed tasks, monitoring of oxygen saturation and measuring of vital signs were considered high-priority. From the focus group interview, three main themes and eleven sub-themes were generated. The three main themes are "Experiencing eventfulness in isolated settings," "All-around player," and "Reflections for solutions." Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to ensure adequate staffing levels, compensation, and educational support for nurses. The study further propose improving guidelines for emerging infectious diseases and patient classification systems to improve the overall quality of patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared male judo combat time in international competitions between the 2016 and 2020 Olympic cycles, by weight divisions. We analysed 1380 videos of male judo combat from top 20 in the World ranking by weight division. The 2020 cycle had a lower combat time and a higher occurrence of Golden Score (GS) compared to the 2016 cycle (combat time: 2020= 206.9, 2016= 240.3 seconds; GS time: 2020= 95.1, 2016= 77.6 seconds; p˂0.001; GS occurrence: 2020= 27%, 2016= 6%; p˂0.05). The 66kg and 73kg spent the most time and the +100kg category spent the least time in the GS than the other divisions, in both Olympic cycles. However, in the 2020 cycle compared to 2016, the 66kg was the only that reduced the combat time on the GS (p= 0.002), the 81kg and +100kg had a change in the distribution of combat closure minute-by-minute [81kg(2016)= 28%, 81kg(2020)= 68% finished until the 4th minute of Regular Time; +100kg(2016)= 25%, +100kg(2020)= 50% finished until the 3rd minute of Regular Time; p= 0.003 for both]. These data must be considered when prescribing male judo training for specific performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the need for nurses specializing in community health and in order to define professional duties for future planning towards creating the position of community health nurses in the primary health care system of Iran, this study aims to explain the range of services which can be provided by community health nurses from the perspective of the mangers and nurses. Methods: The present qualitative study was conducted with the approach of contract content analysis in Iran in 2020. This study was conducted through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 22 participants, including community health nursing faculty members, health deputies and managers, community health nurses working in health centers, and the care seekers visiting comprehensive health centers. The samples were selected through purposeful sampling. The interviews continued until data saturation. Data analysis was performed simultaneously with data collection. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through Graneheim & Lundman's content analysis method, and data management was done using MAXQDA software. To achieve data trustworthiness, the criteria presented by Lincoln and Guba were used. Results: The obtained data were classified into the two main categories of service provision settings and service provision domains. The category service provision settings covered 7 subcategories including participation in the family physician plan, activities at the centers for vulnerable groups of the community, establishing private community health clinics, leading health promotion programs in the 3rd generation hospitals, activities in comprehensive health centers, follow-ups and home visits, and activities in schools' health units. Service provision domains consisted of 6 subcategories including participation in health planning, decision-making, and policymaking, research on the health system, health promotion, monitoring and coordination, providing care for the patients with non-communicable diseases and high-risk groups, and eldercare. Conclusions: From the participants' perspective, important services that can be provided by the community health nurse are health promotion, the management of chronic patients and the elderly, follow-ups, and home visits. Therefore, it is recommended that health policy makers pay attention to the service provision areas and the services providable by the community health nurse in their macro-planning, and to provide primary health care in comprehensive health centers using inter-professional care models, integrating the community health nurse into the care team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance analysis in taekwondo bouts scored out crucial facts to achieve the maximum result. This research compared the performance analysis by technical tactical behaviors and time-motion analysis of male high-level athletes who competed in the final taekwondo (TKD) Grand Prix. For this, we applied a specific protocol comparing elements of technical-tactical behaviors of 32 male competitive bouts (winning versus losing). The main results showed that the technical-tactical behaviors, winners showed a higher occurrence of attacks resulting in score [3.0 (1.0; 5.3) vs. 6.5 (3.8; 1.0), p=.001]; in turn, losers showed a higher occurrence of rear displacement [18.5 (13.5; 24.0) vs. 11.5 (6.8; 21.0); p = .031]. There was a difference between the absolute time devoted to the variables Tit chagi (p = .04), Cover kicks [3.0 (1.0; 5.0) vs. 1.0 (.0; 2.3) p = .02], Punch frequency [2.5 (1.0; 4.3) vs. 1.0 (.0; 3.0), p = .03], where losers had a higher occurrence. In conclusion, winning TKD athletes showed higher efficiency in making attacks that resulted in one and three scores; while, defeated TKD athletes demonstrate more occurrences regarding the use of techniques that are less effective in scoring and moving further back. Established by present founds, the primary focus to triumph in competitive TKD should be, after earning scores to avoid counterattacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In Human Factors research, measuring the construct of workload is common. This often takes the form of using subjective questionnaires such as the NASA-TLX. Another approach analyses operators' performance in a secondary task to quantify and measure workload. We developed and, thus, propose one such task: the (Tactile) Signal Detection Task (TSDT). In two experimental studies, the performance of the TSDT was compared to NASA-TLX ratings during varying workload conditions in a laboratory setting. Study 2 additionally investigated the susceptibility of the NASA-TLX and the TSDT to different difficulty primes. Results indicate a good performance of the TSDT in measuring workload, a susceptibility of the NASA-TLX, and a non-susceptibility of the TSDT to difficulty primes. Further results and practical implications are discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests. Declaration by Alexander Rabl, Leonie Manzke and Dominik Janetzko., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Space-based teaming requires coordination across human operators using old (e.g., existing communication networks) and new (e.g., AI and robotic teammates) digital technologies (DTs) across great distances. Hence, methods are needed to observe resilience across multiple layers of coordination comprising DT-enabled space missions. This presented study simulates high-stakes scenarios to measure constructs like relaxation time, information entropy, and average mutual information (AMI) to evaluate team responses to perturbations. Our study involved two scenarios: one with nominal communications among space entities and another introducing resilience through deliberate perturbations. Eight participants who were members of the research team, engaged in these simulations. Communication flow and vehicle controls and position were measured. Using layered dynamics, we measure dynamic resilience curves (comprising enaction, adaptation, and recovery components) across the system before, during, and after perturbations. We ran two engineering tests of our resilience metrics. Key findings indicate that measures differentiated between the resilient team with shorter relaxation times and more effective adaptation to perturbations, marked by distinct phases of enaction, adaptation, and recovery. The AMI metric was found to be a more sensitive measure of team influence and resilience than communication frequency. This study contributes to future research in two ways. First, the simulation environment and continuous signal capture allows for the observation of adaptations. Second, the adoption of operationism provides an innovative approach to observing resilience., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The development of Industry 4.0 has resulted in tremendous transformations in the manufacturing sector to supplement the human workforce through collaboration with robots. This emphasis on a human-centered approach is a vital aspect in promoting resilience within manufacturing operations. In response, humans need to adjust to new working conditions, including sharing areas with no apparent separations and with simultaneous actions that might affect performance. At the same time, wearable technologies and applications with the potential to gather detailed and accurate human physiological data are growing rapidly. These data lead to a better understanding of evaluating human performance while considering multiple factors in human-robot collaboration. This study uses an approach for assessing human performance in human-robot collaboration. The assessment scenario necessitates understanding of how humans perceive collaborative work based on several indicators, such as perceptions of workload, performance, and physiological feedback. The participants were evaluated for around 120 min. The results showed that human performance improved as the number of repetitions increased, and the learning performance value was 92%. Other physiological indicators also exhibited decreasing values as the human performance tended to increase. The findings can help the industry to evaluate human performance based on workload, performance, and physiological feedback information. The implication of this assessment can serve as a foundation for enhancing resilience by refining work systems that are adaptable to humans without compromising performance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Freeway tunnel approach zones, situated outside the tunnel, do not undergo the same sudden changes in luminous environment and visual references that entrance zones experience. Despite this, accident data indicates that approach zones present similar safety risks to entrance zones, both of which are significantly higher than other tunnel sections. The reasons for the heightened risks in approach zones remain unclear in existing research. To address this knowledge gap, this study conducted real vehicle tests and subjective perception experiments. The Task Analysis of Driving Scenarios (TADS) was employed to analyze driving behavior patterns and develop a set of evaluation metrics, including four key driving behavior nodes (P1_SGD, P2_EF, P3_FF, P4_SAD), safety and efficacy indices for active deceleration behaviors (I1_ADS, I2_ADE), and two indicators for understanding anomalous behaviors (SR, AOI_PFN). By skillfully selecting scenarios to control variables, this research examined how limited visibility in tunnel approach zones and spatial intervisibility tunnels contribute to safety risks in these zones. Additionally, the Predictive Processing Model (PPM) was used to elucidate the temporal and spatial evolution of driving predictions, tasks, and behaviors under normal conditions. The findings reveal that, although heavy driving tasks cannot be avoided, under normal conditions, predictions develop gradually with minimal prediction errors, enabling effective navigation. However, limited visibility in tunnel approach zones and spatially intervisible tunnels lead to inaccuracies and deviations in predictions, resulting in significant prediction errors as drivers approach the tunnel. This causes more aggressive driving behaviors, disrupting the delicate balance of predictions and tasks., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To examine the impact of secondary task performance on contextual blindness arising from the suppression and masking of temporal and spatial sequence learning., Background: Dual-task scenarios can lead to a diminished ability to use environmental cues to guide attention, a phenomenon that is related to multitasking-induced inattentional blindness. This research aims to extend the theoretical understanding of how secondary tasks can impair attention and memory processes in sequence learning and access., Method: We conducted three experiments. In Experiment 1, we used a serial reaction time task to investigate the impact of a secondary tone counting task on temporal sequence learning. In Experiment 2, we used a contextual cueing task to examine the effects of dual-task performance on spatial cueing. In Experiment 3, we integrated and extended these concepts to a simulated driving task., Results: Across the experiments, the performance of a secondary task consistently suppressed (all experiments) and masked task learning (experiments 1 and 3). In the serial response and spatial search tasks, dual-task conditions reduced the accrual of sequence knowledge and impaired knowledge expression. In the driving simulation, similar patterns of learning suppression from multitasking were also observed., Conclusion: The findings suggest that secondary tasks can significantly suppress and mask sequence learning in complex tasks, leading to a form of contextual blindness characterized by impairments in the ability to use environmental cues to guide attention and anticipate future events., Application: These findings have implications for both skill acquisition and skilled performance in complex domains such as driving, aviation, manufacturing, and human-computer interaction., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: The goal of this study was to assess how different real-time gaze sharing visualization techniques affect eye tracking metrics, workload, team situation awareness (TSA), and team performance., Background: Gaze sharing is a real-time visualization technique that allows teams to know where their team members are looking on a shared display. Gaze sharing visualization techniques are a promising means to improve collaborative performance on simple tasks; however, there needs to be validation of gaze sharing with more complex and dynamic tasks., Methods: This study evaluated the effect of gaze sharing on eye tracking metrics, workload, team SA, and team performance in a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) command-and-control task. Thirty-five teams of two performed UAV tasks under three conditions: one with no gaze sharing and two with gaze sharing. Gaze sharing was presented using a fixation dot (i.e., a translucent colored dot) and a fixation trail (i.e., a trail of the most recent fixations)., Results: The results showed that the fixation trail significantly reduced saccadic activity, lowered workload, supported team SA at all levels, and improved performance compared to no gaze sharing; however, the fixation dot had the opposite effect on performance and SA. In fact, having no gaze sharing outperformed the fixation dot. Participants also preferred the fixation trail for its visibility and ability to track and monitor the history of their partner's gaze., Conclusion: The results showed that gaze sharing has the potential to support collaboration, but its effectiveness depends highly on the design and context of use., Application: The findings suggest that gaze sharing visualization techniques, like the fixation trail, have the potential to improve teamwork in complex UAV tasks and could have broader applicability in a variety of collaborative settings., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: Physical and cognitive workloads and performance were studied for a corrective shared control (CSC) human-robot collaborative (HRC) sanding task., Background: Manual sanding is physically demanding. Collaborative robots (cobots) can potentially reduce physical stress, but fully autonomous implementation has been particularly challenging due to skill, task variability, and robot limitations. CSC is an HRC method where the robot operates semi-autonomously while the human provides real-time corrections., Methods: Twenty laboratory participants removed paint using an orbital sander, both manually and with a CSC robot. A fully automated robot was also tested., Results: The CSC robot improved subjective discomfort compared to manual sanding in the upper arm by 29.5%, lower arm by 32%, hand by 36.5%, front of the shoulder by 24%, and back of the shoulder by 17.5%. Muscle fatigue measured using EMG, was observed in the medial deltoid and flexor carpi radialis for the manual condition. The composite cognitive workload on the NASA-TLX increased by 14.3% for manual sanding due to high physical demand and effort, while mental demand was 14% greater for the CSC robot. Digital imaging showed that the CSC robot outperformed the automated condition by 7.16% for uniformity, 4.96% for quantity, and 6.06% in total., Conclusions: In this example, we found that human skills and techniques were integral to sanding and can be successfully incorporated into HRC systems. Humans performed the task using the CSC robot with less fatigue and discomfort., Applications: The results can influence implementation of future HRC systems in manufacturing environments., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Class Incremental Learning (CIL) constitutes a pivotal subfield within continual learning, aimed at enabling models to progressively learn new classification tasks while retaining knowledge obtained from prior tasks. Although previous studies have predominantly focused on backward compatible approaches to mitigate catastrophic forgetting, recent investigations have introduced forward compatible methods to enhance performance on novel tasks and complement existing backward compatible methods. In this study, we introduce effective-Rank based Feature Richness enhancement (RFR) method that is designed for improving forward compatibility. Specifically, this method increases the effective rank of representations during the base session, thereby facilitating the incorporation of more informative features pertinent to unseen novel tasks. Consequently, RFR achieves dual objectives in backward and forward compatibility: minimizing feature extractor modifications and enhancing novel task performance, respectively. To validate the efficacy of our approach, we establish a theoretical connection between effective rank and the Shannon entropy of representations. Subsequently, we conduct comprehensive experiments by integrating RFR into eleven well-known CIL methods. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in enhancing novel-task performance while mitigating catastrophic forgetting. Furthermore, our method notably improves the average incremental accuracy across all eleven cases examined., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the interaction of age and habitual sleep duration in predicting cognitive performance in a large sample of participants aged 15 to 89 years. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional analysis of performance data gathered between January 2012 and September 2013. First-time players (N = 512823) of three internet cognitive training games measuring processing speed, working memory, visuospatial memory, and arithmetic participated in the study. RESULTS: Performance was based on a measure of speed and accuracy for each game. The relationship between performance and self-reported habitual sleep duration was examined in the sample as a whole and across 10-year age groups starting at age 15 and ending at 75 and older. Performance peaked at 7 h of sleep duration for all three games in the sample as a whole, and the decrements in performance for sleep durations greater than 7 h were either comparable or greater in the youngest as compared to the oldest age groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge the hypothesis that deteriorating cognitive performance with long sleep duration is driven by medical comorbidities associated with aging. Further, these data are consistent with an optimal dose model of sleep and suggest that the model for the homeostatic recovery of cognitive function as a function of sleep duration should incorporate a curvilinear decline with longer duration sleep, indicating that there may be a cost to increased sleep. Replication and further research is essential for clarifying the sleep duration-cognition relationship in youth and adults of all ages.

Steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) has gained a lot of attention due to its robustness and high information transfer rate (ITR). However, transitioning well-controlled laboratory-oriented BCI demonstrations to real-world applications poses severe challenges for this exciting field. For instance, conducting BCI experiments usually requires skilled technicians to abrade the area of skin underneath each electrode and apply an electrolytic gel or paste to acquire high-quality SSVEPs from hair-covered areas. Our previous proof-of-concept study has proposed an alternative approach that employed electroencephalographic signals collected from easily accessible non-hair-bearing areas including neck, behind the ears, and face to realize an SSVEP-based BCI. The study results showed that, with proper electrode placements and advanced signal-processing algorithms, the SSVEPs measured from non-hair-bearing areas in off-line SSVEP experiments could achieve comparable SNR to that obtained from the hair-bearing occipital areas. This study extended the previous work to systematically investigate the costs and benefits of non-hair SSVEPs. Furthermore, this study developed and evaluated an online BCI system based solely on non-hair EEG signals. A 12-target identification task was employed to quantitatively assess the performance of the online SSVEP-based BCI system. All subjects successfully completed the tasks using non-hair SSVEPs with 84.08 ± 15.60% averaged accuracy and 30.21 ± 10.61 bits/min averaged ITR. The empirical results of this study demonstrated the practicality of implementing an SSVEP-based BCI based on signals from non-hair-bearing areas, significantly improving the feasibility and practicality of real-world BCIs.

Reinforcement learning tasks are often used to assess participants tendency to learn more from the positive or more from the negative consequences of ones action. However, this assessment often requires comparison in learning performance across different task conditions, which may differ in the relative salience or discriminability of the stimuli associated with more and less rewarding outcomes, respectively. To address this issue, in a first set of studies, participants were subjected to two versions of a common probabilistic learning task. The two versions differed with respect to the stimulus (Hiragana) characters associated with reward probability. The assignment of character to reward probability was fixed within version but reversed between versions. We found that performance was highly influenced by task version, which could be explained by the relative perceptual discriminability of characters assigned to high or low reward probabilities, as assessed by a separate discrimination experiment. Participants were more reliable in selecting rewarding characters that were more discriminable, leading to differences in learning curves and their sensitivity to reward probability. This difference in experienced reinforcement history was accompanied by performance biases in a test phase assessing ability to learn from positive vs. negative outcomes. In a subsequent large-scale web-based experiment, this impact of task version on learning and test measures was replicated and extended. Collectively, these findings imply a key role for perceptual factors in guiding reward learning and underscore the need to control stimulus discriminability when making inferences about individual differences in reinforcement learning.

Task preparation involves multiple component processes, including a general evaluative process that signals the need for adjustments in control, and the engagement of task-specific control settings. Here we examined the dynamics of these different mechanisms in preparing the attentional control system for visual search. We explored preparatory activity using pupil dilation, a well-established measure of task demands and effortful processing. In an initial exploratory experiment, participants were cued at the start of each trial to search for either a salient color singleton target (an easy search task) or a low-salience shape singleton target (a difficult search task). Pupil dilation was measured during the preparation period from cue onset to search display onset. Mean dilation was larger in preparation for the difficult shape target than the easy color target. In two additional experiments, we sought to vary effects of evaluative processing and task-specific preparation separately. Experiment 2 showed that when the color and shape search tasks were matched for difficulty, the shape target no longer evoked larger dilations, and the pattern of results was in fact reversed. In Experiment 3, we manipulated difficulty within a single feature dimension, and found that the difficult search task evoked larger dilations. These results suggest that pupil dilation reflects expectations of difficulty in preparation for a search task, consistent with the activity of an evaluative mechanism. We did not find consistent evidence for relationship between pupil dilation and search performance (accuracy and response timing), suggesting that pupil dilation during search preparation may not be strongly linked to ongoing task-specific preparation.

Increasing context heterogeneity has been found to reduce attention deployment towards an embedded target item. Heterogeneity in visual search tasks is typically induced by segmenting the background into several perceptual groups. In the present study, however, context heterogeneity was induced by varying whole-field heterogeneity, i.e., the degree of distractor variability within the entire context. This allowed us to (i) more gradually vary context heterogeneity, and (ii) investigate attention deployment on a whole-field scale. Results showed that both search performance and amplitude of the N2pc (lateralized ERP; posterior contralateral negativity in the N2 range) monotonically decreased with increasing context heterogeneity, which confirmed that there was less efficient attention deployment for more heterogeneous contexts. The amplitude of the bilateral N2 exhibited a U-shaped function, suggesting global perception for the lowest and highest levels of heterogeneity, but local processing for intermediate heterogeneity levels. Independent component analyses revealed an occipital ERP-contributing effective source cluster that may reflect stimulus representations on a saliency map. With increasing heterogeneity, these sources exhibited more theta band activity for distractors and less theta band activity for targets. Alpha band activity of a second component cluster varied with heterogeneity level, and low-theta/delta activity of a third source cluster distinguished target presence versus absence. In sum, our results suggest that independent brain sources contributed to the differential processing of heterogeneous versus homogeneous contexts.

Introduction: Investigators conducted a prospective experimental study to evaluate the effectof team size and recovery exercises on individual providers’ compression quality and exertion.Investigators hypothesized that 1) larger teams would perform higher quality compressions withless exertion per provider when compared to smaller teams; and 2) brief stretching and breathingexercises during rest periods would sustain compressor performance and mitigate fatigue.Methods: In Phase I, a volunteer cohort of pre-clinical medical students performed four minutesof continuous compressions on a Resusci-Anne manikin to gauge the spectrum of compressorperformance in the subject population. Compression rate, depth, and chest recoil weremeasured. In Phase II, the highest-performing Phase I subjects were placed into 2-, 3-, and/or4-compressor teams; 2-compressor teams were assigned either to control group (no recoveryexercises) or intervention group (recovery exercises during rest). All Phase II teams participatedin 20-minute simulations with compressor rotation every two minutes. Investigators recordedcompression quality and real-time heart rate data, and calculated caloric expenditure fromcontact heart rate monitor measurements using validated physiologic formulas.Results: Phase I subjects delivered compressions that were 24.9% (IQR1-3: [0.5%-74.1%])correct with a median rate of 112.0 (IQR1-3: [103.5-124.9]) compressions per minute anddepth of 47.2 (IQR1-3: [35.7-55.2]) mm. In their first rotations , all Phase II subjects deliveredcompressions of similar quality and correctness (p=0.09). Bivariate analyses of 2-, 3-, and4-compressor teams’ subject compression characteristics by subsequent rotation did notidentify significant differences within or across teams. On multivariate analyses, only subjects in2-compressor teams exhibited significantly lower compression rat es (control subjects; p

Structural MRI (sMRI)-identified tissue "growth" after neuropsychological training has been reported in many studies but the origins of those apparent tissue changes (ATC) still remain elusive. One possible contributor to ATC is brain perfusion since T1-weighted MRI, the tool used to identify ATC, is sensitive to perfusion-change induced tissue T1 alterations. To test the hypothetical perfusion contribution to ATC, sMRI data were acquired before and after short-term global and regional perfusion manipulations via intaking a 200 mg caffeine pill and performing a sensorimotor task. Caffeine intake caused a global CBF reduction and apparent tissue density reduction in temporal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and the limbic area; sensorimotor task induced CBF increase and apparent tissue increase in spatially overlapped brain regions. After compensating CBF alterations through a voxel-wise regression, the ATC patterns demonstrated in both experiments were substantially suppressed. These data clearly proved existence of the perfusion contribution to short-term ATC, and suggested a need for correcting perfusion changes in longitudinal T1-weighted structural MRI analysis if a short-term design is used.

This data descriptor outlines a shared neuroimaging dataset from the UCLA Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics, which focused on understanding the dimensional structure of memory and cognitive control (response inhibition) functions in both healthy individuals (130 subjects) and individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (50 subjects), bipolar disorder (49 subjects), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (43 subjects). The dataset includes an extensive set of task-based fMRI assessments, resting fMRI, structural MRI, and high angular resolution diffusion MRI. The dataset is shared through the OpenfMRI project, and is formatted according to the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) standard.

The discovery of neural mechanisms of working memory (WM) would significantly enhance our understanding of complex human behaviors and guide treatment development for WM-related impairments found in neuropsychiatric conditions and aging. Although the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has long been considered critical for WM, we still know little about the neural elements and pathways within the DLPFC that support WM in humans. In this study, we tested whether an individual's DLPFC gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) content predicts individual differences in WM task performance using a novel behavioral approach. Twenty-three healthy adults completed a task that measured the unique contribution of major WM components (memory load, maintenance, and distraction resistance) to performance. This was done to address the possibility that components have differing GABA dependencies and the failure to parse WM into components would lead to missing true associations with GABA. The subjects then had their DLPFC GABA content measured by single-voxel proton magnetic spectroscopy. We found that individuals with lower DLPFC GABA showed greater performance degradation with higher load, accounting for 31% of variance, p(corrected) = 0.015. This relationship was component, neurochemical, and brain region specific. DLPFC GABA content did not predict performance sensitivity to other components tested; DLPFC glutamate + glutamine and visual cortical GABA content did not predict load sensitivity. These results confirm the involvement of DLPFC GABA in WM load processing in humans and implicate factors controlling DLPFC GABA content in the neural mechanisms of WM and its impairments.Significance statementThis study demonstrated for the first time that the amount of gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain, in an individual's prefrontal cortex predicts working memory (WM) task performance. Given that WM is required for many of the most characteristic cognitive and behavioral capabilities in humans, this finding could have a significant impact on our understanding of the neural basis of complex human behavior. Furthermore, this finding suggests that efforts to preserve or increase brain GABA levels could be fruitful in remediating WM-related deficits associated with neuropsychiatric conditions.

The ability to inhibit unwanted responses is critical for effective control of behavior, and inhibition failures can have disastrous consequences in real-world situations. Here, we examined how prior exposure to negative emotional stimuli affects the response-stopping network. Participants performed the stop-signal task, which relies on inhibitory control processes, after they viewed blocks of either negatively emotional or neutral images. In Experiment 1, we found that neural activity was reduced following negative image viewing. When participants were required to inhibit responding after neutral image viewing, we observed activation consistent with previous studies using the stop-signal task. However, when participants were required to inhibit responding after negative image viewing, we observed reductions in the activation of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial frontal cortex, and parietal cortex. Furthermore, analysis of neural connectivity during stop-signal task blocks indicated that across participants, emotion-induced changes in behavioral performance were associated with changes in functional connectivity, such that greater behavioral impairment after negative image viewing was associated with greater weakening of connectivity. In Experiment 2, we collected behavioral data from a larger sample of participants and found that stopping performance was impaired after negative image viewing, as seen in longer stop-signal reaction times. The present results demonstrate that negative emotional events can prospectively disrupt the neural network supporting response inhibition.

UnlabelledCognitive neuroscience of aging studies traditionally target participants age 65 and older. However, epidemiological surveys show that many women report increased forgetfulness earlier in the aging process, as they transition to menopause. In this population-based fMRI study, we stepped back by over a decade to characterize the changes in memory circuitry that occur in early midlife, as a function of sex and women's reproductive stage. Participants (N = 200; age range, 45-55) performed a verbal encoding task during fMRI scanning. Reproductive histories and serologic evaluations were used to determine menopausal status. Results revealed a pronounced impact of reproductive stage on task-evoked hippocampal responses, despite minimal difference in chronological age. Next, we examined the impact of sex and reproductive stage on functional connectivity across task-related brain regions. Postmenopausal women showed enhanced bilateral hippocampal connectivity relative to premenopausal and perimenopausal women. Across women, lower 17β-estradiol concentrations were related to more pronounced alterations in hippocampal connectivity and poorer performance on a subsequent memory retrieval task, strongly implicating sex steroids in the regulation of this circuitry. Finally, subgroup analyses revealed that high-performing postmenopausal women (relative to low and middle performers) exhibited a pattern of brain activity akin to premenopausal women. Together, these findings underscore the importance of considering reproductive stage, not simply chronological age, to identify neuronal and cognitive changes that unfold in the middle decades of life. In keeping with preclinical studies, these human findings suggest that the decline in ovarian estradiol production during menopause plays a significant role in shaping memory circuitry.Significance statementMaintaining intact memory function with age is one of the greatest public health challenges of our time, and women have an increased risk for memory disorders relative to men later in life. We studied adults early in the aging process, as women transition into menopause, to identify neuronal and cognitive changes that unfold in the middle decades of life. Results demonstrate regional and network-level differences in memory encoding-related activity as a function of women's reproductive stage, independent of chronological age. Analyzing data without regard to sex or menopausal status obscured group differences in circuit-level neural strategies associated with successful memory retrieval. These findings suggest that early changes in memory circuitry are evident decades before the age range traditionally targeted by cognitive neuroscience of aging studies.

Sustained attention requires the coordination of neural activity across multiple cortical areas in the frontoparietal network, in particular the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Previous work has demonstrated that activity in these brain regions is coordinated by neuronal oscillations of the local field potential (LFP). However, the underlying coordination of activity in terms of organization of single unit (SU) spiking activity has remained poorly understood, particularly in the freely moving animal. We found that long-range functional connectivity between anatomically connected PFC and PPC was mediated by oscillations in the theta frequency band. SU activity in PFC was phase locked to theta oscillations in PPC, and spiking activity in PFC and PPC was locked to local high-gamma activity. Together, our results support a model in which frequency-specific synchronization mediates functional connectivity between and within PFC and PPC of the frontoparietal attention network in the freely moving animal.

Hyperactivity is a key symptom and the most observable manifestation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The over-activity associated with ADHD can cause specific challenges in academic settings, extracurricular activities and social relationships. Cognitive control challenges are also well established in ADHD. The current study included 44 children between the ages of 10 and 17 diagnosed with ADHD or who were typically developing (TD), all of whom had no psychiatric co-morbidity or significant learning disorders. Participants wore an actometer on their ankle while performing a flanker paradigm in order to objectively measure their rates of activity in association with cognitive control. Analyses assessed the relationship between frequency and intensity of activity to task accuracy on a trial-by-trial basis. A significant interaction effect between group and performance revealed that more intense movement was associated with better performance in the ADHD group but not in the TD group. The ADHD group demonstrated more intense activity than the TD group during correct (but not error) trials. Within-group, children with ADHD generated higher intensity movements in their correct trials compared to their error trials, whereas the TD group did not demonstrate any within-group differences. These findings suggest that excessive motoric activity associated with clinically significant ADHD symptoms may reflect compensatory efforts to modulate attention and alertness. Future research should systematically explore the relationship between motion in ADHD and how it might be used to improve cognitive performance.

Listeners can perceive interleaved sequences of sounds from two or more sources as segregated streams. In humans, physical separation of sound sources is a major factor enabling such stream segregation. Here, we examine spatial stream segregation with a psychophysical measure in domestic cats. Cats depressed a pedal to initiate a target sequence of brief sound bursts in a particular rhythm and then released the pedal when the rhythm changed. The target bursts were interleaved with a competing sequence of bursts that could differ in source location but otherwise were identical to the target bursts. This task was possible only when the sources were heard as segregated streams. When the sound bursts had broad spectra, cats could detect the rhythm change when target and competing sources were separated by as little as 9.4°. Essentially equal levels of performance were observed when frequencies were restricted to a high, 4-to-25-kHz, band in which the principal spatial cues presumably were related to sound levels. When the stimulus band was restricted from 0.4 to 1.6 kHz, leaving interaural time differences as the principal spatial cue, performance was severely degraded. The frequency sensitivity of cats in this task contrasts with that of humans, who show better spatial stream segregation with low- than with high-frequency sounds. Possible explanations for the species difference includes the smaller interaural delays available to cats due to smaller sizes of their heads and the potentially greater sound-level cues available due to the cat's frontally directed pinnae and higher audible frequency range.

Few studies have examined the health-related consequences of gardening among older adults. This scoping review summarizes and characterizes current research that examines the relationship between physical health and participation in planned gardening activities, including establishing, maintaining, or caring for plants. Six databases were searched. Eligible studies were published between 2000 and 2013, were published in English, and assessed different aspects of physical health (e.g., functional ability, energy expenditure, injury) for older adults who had participated in a planned gardening activity. Of the eight eligible studies identified with these criteria, four assessed energy expenditures and four assessed physical functioning. Studies assessing energy expenditures documented that the majority of gardening tasks were classified into low-to-moderate intensity physical activity. The current literature does not provide sufficient evidence of the physical functioning consequences of gardening. Future studies should consider how specific gardening interventions help older adults meet physical activity guidelines.

• The dual-task intervention (DTI) is effective in improving Spatio-temporal parameters. • The Iranian dance intervention (IDI) effectively improves Spatio-temporal parameters. • The DTI and IDI decrease dual-task costs among older females with dementia. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of fundamental movement skills (FMS)-based dual-task training and dance training on spatio-temporal characteristics of gait performance under single- and dual-task walking conditions among older women with dementia. Thirty-eight elderly females with dementia were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) dual-task intervention (DTI, age: 73 ± 6.5 years) or (2) Iranian dance intervention (IDI, age: 72.52 ± 6.01 years). Both groups participated in a 10-week intervention program (3 sessions per week, each lasting 50 min). Gait performance parameters (gait speed, cadence, and stride length) and dual-task costs (DTC) were examined using a gait analysis system. The participants completed three walking trials under two conditions: single- and dual-task. The video data was analyzed using motion analysis software (Frame-DIAS II, DKH, DKH Inc., Tokyo, Japan). The results showed that both groups significantly improved in terms of all gait variables, and DTC decreased (p <.001) from pre- to post-test for both conditions. However, the main effects for the group and the group-by-time interactions were not significantly different between the two groups (p >.05). These findings showed that DTI and IDI effectively improved gait performance following a 10-week intervention for older women with dementia. Therefore, it is suggested that either training program could decrease DTC and increase gait speed, stride length, and cadence among older females with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A Rehabilitation Program for older adults with hip fracture (HIP-REP) based on Activity of Daily Living has been developed. The objectives of this study were to assess the feasibility and safety of the HIP-REP program to inform a future randomized controlled trial (RCT).Methods: A feasibility study Inspired by the Complex-intervention development (Medical Research Council framework phase II) design using quantitative and qualitative research methods were conducted. Eighteen participants (above 65 years) with hip fracture were recruited from the orthopedic wards. The setting was cross sectoral including Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte and rehabilitation centers in Herlev, Gentofte and Lyngby-Taarbæk municipalities. A cross-sectoral rehabilitation intervention tailored to the needs of older adults with hip fracture highlighting systematic goal setting and strategies focused on activities of daily living was conducted. Pre-defined feasibility criteria: participants recruitment and retention, duration of measuring the outcome, adherence to intervention, and adverse events, along with self-reported outcomes and an objective measurement of performance in activity of daily living. Focus groups were analyzed using a deductive manifest content analysis approach. Descriptive statistical analysis and paired t-tests were performed for assessing change in outcome measures.Results: Recruitment rate was 4.5/month. Outcome measures were performed but length and number of questionnaires were a burden. Thirteen out of eighteen participants completed the study three dropped out and two died. Adherence among the 13 was 100%. Focus group revealed issues regarding coordinating the intervention, ensuring procedural processes across sectors regarding recruitment of participants, and documentation in the database. Participants expressed satisfaction with the intervention and felt safe during intervention. Assessment of Motor and Process Skills showed better increase between (range 0.4 to 1.6) in ADL motor ability measures and better increase between (range 0.4 to 0.7) for process ability. No clear association between outcome improvements and intervention adherence.Conclusions: The cross-sectoral intervention based on daily activities was feasible and safe for older adults with hip fracture. A future RCT, with an improved recruitment strategy and reduced number of outcome measures will evaluate the effectiveness in improving independence and safety performance of activity of daily living.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03828240 . Registered on January 29, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to synthesize literature data on male judo combat time in international competitions between 2010 and 2019. The search was carried out from May 8th to June 11th, 2021, in electronic databases using the following keywords: ("technical-tactical" OR "time motion" OR "combat time") AND ("judo" OR "combat sports" OR "martial arts"). After the selection process, 8 articles were included in the systematic review and 7 in the meta-analysis. These studies analyzed 2,562 international male judo combats over the years 2010–2019. We observed that the average male judo combat time changed (2010 = 202.8; 2011–2012 = 304.8; 2016 = 237.4; 2018–2019 = 189.8 s) after each rule change (2010, 2013, 2017, and 2018). There was a significant difference between combats that ended up to the regular time and those that needed overtime (Golden Score: 2013 = 3% vs. 2018–2019 = 21%; p = 0.03). There were differences between 60 kg (p ≤ 0.019) and + 100 kg (p ≤ 0.04) categories and the others in 2011–2012. However, no significant difference was found between the combat time by weight division after the 2017 rule changes, although there are still differences in relation to the end of the combats (p < 0.001). There were significant changes in the male judo combat time with each rule change (2010, 2013, 2017, and 2018), and the data from the included studies point to a trend of homogeneity in the combat time spent between the weight divisions over the years, and an increase in the occurrence of Golden Score. More studies need to be carried out to identify the new temporal behaviors of athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To improve the ability of psychiatry researchers to build, deploy, maintain, reproduce, and share their own psychophysiological tasks. Psychophysiological tasks are a useful tool for studying human behavior driven by mental processes such as cognitive control, reward evaluation, and learning. Neural mechanisms during behavioral tasks are often studied via simultaneous electrophysiological recordings. Popular online platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and Prolific enable deployment of tasks to numerous participants simultaneously. However, there is currently no task-creation framework available for flexibly deploying tasks both online and during simultaneous electrophysiology. Methods: We developed a task creation template, termed Honeycomb, that standardizes best practices for building jsPsych-based tasks. Honeycomb offers continuous deployment configurations for seamless transition between use in research settings and at home. Further, we have curated a public library, termed BeeHive, of ready-to-use tasks. Results: We demonstrate the benefits of using Honeycomb tasks with a participant in an ongoing study of deep brain stimulation for obsessive compulsive disorder, who completed repeated tasks both in the clinic and at home. Conclusion: Honeycomb enables researchers to deploy tasks online, in clinic, and at home in more ecologically valid environments and during concurrent electrophysiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Mothers of infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) need to be recognized as essential partners of the care team as their presence and involvement are key to infants' health and developmental outcomes. Addressing mothers' perceived needs is beneficial for the improvement of supportive nursing care; however, little qualitative research on their unmet needs has been conducted in South Korea. This study assessed mothers' perspectives on their NICU experiences and their unmet needs within the South Korean cultural context. Method: A cross-sectional, multicentered, secondary analysis study was conducted using the written responses to an open-ended questionnaire. Of the 344 NICU-experienced mothers, 232 throughout South Korea (seven cities and five provinces) voluntarily completed the questionnaire via smartphone-based or web-based surveys. Their narrative responses were analyzed using thematic content analysis guided by the critical incident technique. Results: Four themes emerged. NICU-experienced mothers of preterm infants referred to the “family-friendly environment” (16.4%) as a positive experience. The greatest unmet need was “relationship-based support” (58.2%), followed by “information and education-based support” (20.0%) and “system-level challenges” (5.4%). Conclusion: The importance of creating a family-friendly NICU environment should be emphasized by ensuring 24-hour unrestricted access and encouraging active parental involvement in infant care, as well as actively supporting NICU families through supportive words and actions. The assurance of antiinfection management and better staffing levels should be fundamentally guaranteed to NICU staff.

Background: The number and curriculum of dental hygienists in Korea have dramatically increased. Controversies have since resulted from insufficient job descriptions of the work performed by a dental hygienist. A dentist's perception was examined to legally reflect the actual work of dental hygienists.Methods: Four hundred and nineteen dentists were surveyed about the duties of a dental hygienist. Their views on the career and availability of each job were examined. The duties of the dental hygienist include 13 items in dental treatment preparation, 14 items of radiography, 21 items of preventive dentistry, 6 items of periodontal treatment, 12 items of oral medicine, 12 items of conservative dentistry, 8 items of prosthetics, 10 items of orthodontics, 7 items of oral and maxillofacial surgery, 6 items of implantation, 6 items of impression taking and model fabrication, 5 items of anesthesia and injection, 11 items of management and administrative, and 3 items of self-development.Results: Most of the duties were doable by a dental hygienist. Many dentists reported that managing implants, oral hygiene of special patients, some duties in oral medicine, teeth brightening, making temporary crowns, making individual trays, selecting shades, ligaturing, and precision impressions need ≥3 years of experience. Duties perceived by dentists not to be performed by dental hygienists were reading radiographs (55.4%), suture and stitch out (48.0%), intramuscular injection (36.0%), root planning (27.2%), cementation and removal of prostheses (23.2%), and examining pulp vitality (22.0%).Conclusion: Current laws are to be revised to include, the care provided by dental hygienists and under a physician’s supervision. Flexibility is also needed to cope with rapidly changing dental technology.

This study aimed to synthesize literature data on male judo combat time in international competitions between 2010 and 2019. The search was carried out from May 8th to June 11th, 2021, in electronic databases using the following keywords: (“technical-tactical” OR “time motion” OR “combat time”) AND (“judo” OR “combat sports” OR “martial arts”). After the selection process, 8 articles were included in the systematic review and 7 in the meta-analysis. These studies analyzed 2,562 international male judo combats over the years 2010–2019. We observed that the average male judo combat time changed (2010 = 202.8; 2011–2012 = 304.8; 2016 = 237.4; 2018–2019 = 189.8 s) after each rule change (2010, 2013, 2017, and 2018). There was a significant difference between combats that ended up to the regular time and those that needed overtime (Golden Score: 2013 = 3% vs. 2018–2019 = 21%; p = 0.03). There were differences between 60 kg (p ≤ 0.019) and + 100 kg (p ≤ 0.04) categories and the others in 2011–2012. However, no significant difference was found between the combat time by weight division after the 2017 rule changes, although there are still differences in relation to the end of the combats (p < 0.001). There were significant changes in the male judo combat time with each rule change (2010, 2013, 2017, and 2018), and the data from the included studies point to a trend of homogeneity in the combat time spent between the weight divisions over the years, and an increase in the occurrence of Golden Score. More studies need to be carried out to identify the new temporal behaviors of athletes.

Objectives: Presenteeism refers to the condition of working while having health problems and can be one of the perspectives to assess the incompatibility between workers and their jobs. The purpose of this survey was to find out what kind of occupational health issues can be detected by occupational physicians’ interviews focusing on presenteeism. Methods: We conducted interviews with workers suffering from presenteeism in a food manufacturing company. The Work Functioning impairment scale (WFun) was used as the indicator of presenteeism. We discussed the occupational health issues and the necessity of additional interventions. Results: Thirty-nine workers with WFun score of 21 or higher were interviewed, and we have found nine cases in need of support. The workplace issues were structured into four categories: (i) health problems that are difficult to identify through health checkups, (ii) health problems missed by the stress check program, (iii) health problems caused by workload that cannot be identified by workplace patrols, and (iv) health problems that are not considered because they do not require support. Conclusions: We discovered new workplace issues by interviewing workers suffering from presenteeism.

We aimed to determine how a bout of resistance or aerobic exercise impacts physiological responses and performance during firefighting occupational tasks. Thirty-two non-firefighters completed two baseline assessments and three trials: resistance exercise (RE), aerobic exercise (AE), or a rested control (CON). Trials were followed by an occupational task assessment (OTA; four rounds of 10 deadlifts (38.6-61.4 kg) and 0.24-km 40lb-sandbag carry) in an environmental chamber (35 °C/50% humidity) while wearing standard municipal firefighter gear. Time to complete by condition was not statistically different (CON: 18.9 ± 4.4, AE: 20.0 ± 3.6, RE: 20.2 ± 5.0 min; p = 0.16). During the OTA average heart rate (CON: 149 ± 16, AE: 166 ± 12, RE: 160 ± 13 bpm; p < 0.01), estimated core temperature (CON: 37.6 ± 0.4, AE: 38.7 ± 0.3, RE: 38.4 ± 0.5 °C; p < 0.01), and skin temperature (CON: 36.3 ± 0.5, AE: 37.5 ± 0.6, RE: 36.9 ± 0.9 °C; p < 0.01) were elevated following AE and RE compared to CON, and higher following AE compared to RE. Our findings suggest job performance may not be impacted, although physiological stress during the tasks may be elevated, following on-shift exercise, and more prominently following aerobic exercise., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Ethical approval: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of Auburn University (protocol code #22–149 MR 2205, 05/05/2022)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Multiple intersecting situational tasks in the field of aviation often cause air traffic controllers to face issues pertaining to interruption and task switching. To investigate the impact of task interruption on the situation awareness of air traffic controllers, two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1, which focused on 44 new graduates preparing to work in the field of air traffic control, revealed that task interruption reduced the participants' levels of situation awareness. Experiment 2, which focused on 80 new air traffic control graduates, employed a 2 (primary task modality: visual, auditory) × 2 (interruption modality: visual, auditory) between-subjects design and revealed that the negative effect of task interruption on situation awareness was moderated by task modality. Interruptions that occur in the same modality as the primary task were shown to result in greater decreases than were cross modal interruptions. Visual interruption led to a greater decrease in situation awareness than did auditory interruption, and interruption of the visual task also caused a greater decrease in situation awareness than did interruption of the auditory task. These findings might be valuable in attempts to enhance situation awareness among air traffic controllers by providing insights into the design of human‒computer interactions in the context of an air traffic control automation system., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The Social Intelligence Hypothesis predicts that complex social environments promote higher cognitive capacities. This hypothesis is often tested by comparing species or conspecific groups with varying group sizes or social structures. However, individual social environments differ not only among species or groups but also within the same group. We examined the relationship between social centrality and cognitive ability in wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). We created a grooming network using data from 196 adult macaques and calculated social centrality for each individual. We then tested the macaques with a cognitive test battery to assess their abilities in social, physical, and inhibitory control domains. Our findings revealed that social centrality was uniquely associated with inhibitory control performance, particularly in the behavioral inhibition task, but not with other cognitive domains. This suggests that inhibitory control, a key component of executive functions, plays a pivotal role in the social lives of wild Japanese macaques., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests he authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in remote testing methods for quantifying individual differences in interoception, the perception of the body's internal state. Hampering the adoption of remote methods are concerns as to the quality of data obtained remotely. Using data from several studies, we sought to compare the performance of individuals who completed the Phase Adjustment Task-a new measure of cardiac interoceptive accuracy that can be administered via a smartphone application-supervised in a laboratory against those who completed the task remotely. Across a total sample of 205 individuals (119 remote and 86 laboratory), we observed no significant differences in task performance between the two groups. These results held when matching groups on demographic variables (e.g., age) and considering only individuals who had successfully completed a screener task. Overall, these data attest to the suitability of the Phase Adjustment Task for remote testing, providing an opportunity to collect larger and more diverse samples for future interoception research., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests JM and GB have completed paid consultancy work for Healios for work on interoception. No other authors reported conflicts of interest., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: The prevalence of mental health problems is increasing worldwide, particularly in the vulnerable group of older people. The limited availability of therapists, long wait periods and increasing shortage of healthcare resources limit adequate care. As a result, digital applications are becoming more commonplace as an alternative to human therapists. However, these tend to be used by younger people with higher education, digital health literacy and experience. In Germany, applications that are approved by the health authorities, so-called digital health applications (DiGAs), can be prescribed by physicians and psychotherapists. It remains unclear to the extent older people are experienced with, are willing and can use a DiGA. Therefore, this research aims to identify specific challenges of older people's accessibility, user experience and engagement with DiGA for depressive disorders. The DiGA4Aged project consists of: (1) a pilot study on usability, (2) a screening study on potential participants for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the digital experience of the target population and (3) an RCT to test the effectiveness of a digital nurse as individualised user support in the intervention group. This paper focuses on the pilot study and the screening study., Methods and Analysis: The instrumental components in preparing for the RCT are a mixed-method pilot and observational quantitative screening study, which are described in this manuscript. The pilot study includes questionnaires (covering sociodemographic data, user experience, health literacy, electronic health literacy, media affinity, severity of depression and perceived usability of DiGA), a concurrent think aloud method and a semistructured interview to evaluate two applications with regard to their usability for, acceptance by and needs of older people. The observational screening study collects data of older patients consecutively admitted to an acute care geriatric hospital ward using various questionnaires to identify which clinical and medical factors are associated with the access to, experience with and (non-)use of digital media. Data from the comprehensive geriatric assessment is collected as well as data on their digital media experience and digital health literacy., Ethics and Dissemination: The overall project DiGA4Aged received ethical approval on 17 November 2023 from the ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of Ruhr-University Bochum (registration number 23-7901). Results will be disseminated within the scientific community via publication in peer-reviewed journals as well as presentation at national conferences. The findings from the pilot study and the observational screening study will determine the selection of the DiGA and the recruitment strategy for the subsequent RCT., Trial Registration Numbers: The pilot study has been prospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00033640, registered on 18 March 2024, available from https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00033640). Likewise, the observational screening study has been prospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00032931, registered on 29 November 2023, available from https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00032931)., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Carragher and Hancock (2023) investigated how individuals performed in a one-to-one face matching task when assisted by an Automated Facial Recognition System (AFRS). Across five pre-registered experiments they found evidence of suboptimal aided performance, with AFRS-assisted individuals consistently failing to reach the level of performance the AFRS achieved alone. The current study reanalyses these data (Carragher and Hancock, 2023), to benchmark automation-aided performance against a series of statistical models of collaborative decision making, spanning a range of efficiency levels. Analyses using a Bayesian hierarchical signal detection model revealed that collaborative performance was highly inefficient, falling closest to the most suboptimal models of automation dependence tested. This pattern of results generalises previous reports of suboptimal human-automation interaction across a range of visual search, target detection, sensory discrimination, and numeric estimation decision-making tasks. The current study is the first to provide benchmarks of automation-aided performance in the one-to-one face matching task., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study experimentally evaluated how well lay individuals could interpret and use 4 types of electronic health record (EHR) patient-facing immunization visualizations., Materials and Methods: Participants (n = 69) completed the study using a secure online survey platform. Participants viewed the same immunization information in 1 of 4 EHR-based immunization visualizations: 2 different patient portals (Epic MyChart and eClinicWorks), a downloadable EHR record, and a clinic-generated electronic letter (eLetter). Participants completed a common task, created a standard vaccine schedule form, and answered questions about their perceived workload, subjective numeracy and health literacy, demographic variables, and familiarity with the task., Results: The design of the immunization visualization significantly affected both task performance measures (time taken to complete the task and number of correct dates). In particular, those using Epic MyChart took significantly longer to complete the task than those using eLetter or eClinicWorks. Those using Epic MyChart entered fewer correct dates than those using the eLetter or eClinicWorks. There were no systematic statistically significant differences in task performance measures based on the numeracy, health literacy, demographic, and experience-related questions we asked., Discussion: The 4 immunization visualizations had unique design elements that likely contributed to these performance differences., Conclusion: Based on our findings, we provide practical guidance for the design of immunization visualizations, and future studies. Future research should focus on understanding the contexts of use and design elements that make tables an effective type of health data visualization., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association.)

Many investigations of biomechanical overload concentrate on upper limbs and manual handling: certain jobs require an evaluation on spinal and lower limb postures. While existing methodologies adequately describe postures, they often poorly consider the organisation. This shortcoming prompted the development of TACOs for spinal and lower limb postures, using organisational factors to adjust the risk indexes. The TACOs is set out in steps: task identification, posture assessment, duration, and a final evaluation also for complex cycles. Given the complexity, tools have been devised, free downloadable, to facilitate evaluation. Studies on the TACOs reliability indicate excellent intra-observer and moderate interobserver agreement. TACOs, defining the task as a measurement unit, offers the advantage of assessing postures more easily and, considering duration, provides precise evaluation of the final risk. While the method does not demonstrate predictive validity regarding related diseases, it nonetheless enables the classification of exposure levels, even in complex multitask scenarios.

Background: Our objective is twofold: determining if simulation allows residents to reach proficient surgeons' performance concerning fundamental technical skills of endovascular surgery (FEVS) while investigating effects of the program on surgeons' stress., Methods: Using a FEVS training simulator, 8 endovascular FEVS were performed by vascular surgery residents (simulator-naive or simulator-experienced residents [SER]) and seniors. Total time needed to complete the 8 tasks, called total completion time (TCT), was the main evaluation criterion. Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI) was monitored during simulation. Likert scale questionnaire was filled out after each simulation., Results: For each task, TCT was significantly lower for SER and seniors than simulator-naive residents (P = 0.0163). After only 5 simulations, SER were able to reach and even exceed the seniors' level in terms of TCT, with a median time of 10.8 min for SER and 11.9 min for seniors, and wire's movements with a median distance during cannulation of 4.44 m for SER and 4.17 m for seniors. Seniors remained better than SER in terms of precise wire manipulation (wire movement after cannulation), 4.17 m against 4.44 m (3.72-5.96), respectively. Based on the Likert scale stress analysis, seniors felt less stressed than both residents' groups (P = 0.0618). Seniors' initial ANI and mean ANI over the session were significantly lower than those of the residents, P = 0.0358 and P = 0.0250, respectively., Conclusions: We showed that 5 simulation sessions allowed residents to reach experienced surgeons' capacities on FEVS concerning TCT. Subjectively, seniors felt less stressed than residents, contrary to the results of our objective measures of stress., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)