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The effect of three different coating materials, including maltodextrin (MD, 9.95–20.05%), gum arabic (GA, 4.98–10.02%), and whey protein isolate (WPI, 4.95–15.05%), was optimized in order to produce high‐quality beetroot extract powder (BEP) using response surface modeling (RSM). Beetroot extract (BE) was encapsulated using MD, GA, and WPI by implementing a spray‐drying method. The highest total phenolic content (TPC) was obtained at 15% MD, 7.5% GA, and 10% WPI. The same results were achieved for antioxidant activity. Increasing the MD and GA contents resulted in reducing the moisture adsorption of microencapsulated BEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processing is an indispensable technology in the preparation of Spirulina platensis (S. platensis). The key odorants in liquids, muds, and powders from S. platensis (NM and GZ) were characterized. A total of 90 odorants were identified and 41 odorants were sniffed with the flavor dilution (FD) factors ranging from 1 to 729. Among them, nonanal, decanal, d -limonene, β -cyclocitral, and β -ionone with FD factors ≥1 were detected in S. platensis during the whole processing stages. In addition, heptanal, (E , E)-2,4-nonadienal, trans -4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal, 1-hepten-3-one, isophorone, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and α -ionone exhibited higher odor activity values in powders; β -myrcene, methional, and S -methyl methanethiosulphonate were key odorants in muds; while trans -3-penten-2-ol was key odorant in liquids. Besides, the GZ-mud presented stronger earthy and fishy odor than NM - mud. S. platensis powders have the stronger grassy odor, roasted odor, and marine odor than S. platensis muds. Overall, drying process promotes the formation of aldehydes, heterocyclic compounds, and terpenoids. [Display omitted] • Aldehydes, pyrazines, and terpenoids in S. platensis powders increased during drying process. • S. platensis powders have the stronger grassy odor, roasted odor, and marine odor. • Acid and sulfides mainly imparted rancid and fishy odor to S. platensis muds. • GC-IMS distinguished S. platensis odor differences at different processing stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the quality of spray-dried products or to adjust material properties for new applications, precise control of the aggregate structure is desirable. For the purpose of preparing hierarchically structured aggregates in the micrometer range, the formulation of the suspension can be specifically designed, utilizing defined nanoparticulate building blocks to achieve a highly uniform structure and porosity. Further adjustments can be made by combining two types of primary particles that differ in size. Thereby, a segregation effect is observed, where nanoparticles with larger particle sizes accumulate rather within the core of an aggregate and those with smaller particle sizes gather mainly near the outer surface, resulting in the formation of a shell. Furthermore, it is possible to produce tailor-made porosities using template particles (e.g. polystyrene) of different sizes as part of the coarse and fine fractions. The removal of these particles by a subsequent tempering process can lead to aggregates with defined porous structures and thus, to different mechanical aggregate properties that can be specifically set by adjusting the process and formulation parameters. As a result, a promising building kit for the hierarchically structure formation via spray drying processes were achieved.For the detailed characterization structural and mechanical material properties were investigated, using e.g. mercury intrusion and SEM. The influence of the formulation parameters of the suspension (primary particle size and template content) on the micromechanical properties of the aggregate structures was systematically investigated by nanoindentation to elucidate structure-property relationships regarding, for example elastic and plastic deformation. As a result, a correlation could be established between the experimentally determined mechanical parameters and the aggregate porosities.Such microstructures with defined properties can be used in a variety of applications, including catalysis or as drug carriers. For instance, these spray-dried aggregates were loaded with ibuprofen as an exemplary active pharmaceutical ingredient and investigated with regard to their drug release behavior.

Abstract Background Carotenoids are natural pigments that are highly sensitive to light, heat, acids, oxygen, metals, and free radicals, which degrade the antioxidant activities of carotenoids. Microencapsulation techniques have been used to prevent carotenoid degradation and preserve their antioxidant activities. In this work, we aimed to encapsulate mamey (Pouteria sapota) and carrot (Daucus carota) carotenoids in mixtures of maltodextrin (10% w/v) and Arabic gum (5 or 10% w/v) by spray-drying. The obtained powders were stored at different temperatures (4 and 25 °C) with or without access to daylight, and changes in color, carotenoid content, and antioxidant activity were analyzed monthly for three months. Moreover, the in vivo antioxidant activities of spray-dried carotenoids were evaluated in Caenorhabditis elegans. Results The carotenoid and antioxidant activity losses of stored carotenoids were found in the following order: 25 °C in daylight > 25 °C without access to daylight > 4 °C without access to daylight. Moreover, the combination of maltodextrin and Arabic gum (10%) was more effective to prevent carotenoid loss compared to maltodextrin and Arabic gum (5%). In vivo antioxidant activity results showed that spray-dried carotenoids reduced approximately 30% of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in nematodes, even after three months of storage. Conclusions Mamey and carrot carotenoids were successfully encapsulated by the spray-drying technique. The spray-dried carotenoids effectively reduced the intracellular ROS levels and neutralized the oxidative stress damage in C. elegans, even after three months of storage. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of mamey carotenoids were equally effective as those of carrot carotenoids, meaning that mamey carotenoids could be seen as an alternative source of carotenoids.

Microencapsulation of extra virgin olive oil has been taken into consideration. Initially, emulsions were prepared using extra virgin olive oil and aqueous solutions of different proportions of maltodextrin (MD) having dextrose equivalent (DE) 19 and whey protein isolates (WPI), such as 100% MD, 100% WPI, 25% MD + 75% WPI, 50% MD + 50% WPI and 75% MD + 25% WPI. Subsequently, emulsions were used for dehydration by either spray-drying (SD) or freeze-drying (FD) to produce olive oil microcapsules. Emulsion stability, viscosity and droplet size influenced the characteristics of the microcapsules. The highest encapsulation efficiency was achieved using 50% MD + 50% WPI in the emulsions with subsequent SD. The moisture content of the microcapsules increased with increasing proportions of MD. The size of the microcapsules increased with increasing proportions of WPI. The bulk density and tapped density were reduced with higher proportions of MD in the microcapsules. Furthermore, microcapsules with a higher proportion of MD exhibited poor flowability and high cohesiveness. Microcapsules from the higher proportion MD emulsions, followed by SD were spherical with a smooth surface; however, microcapsules with dent structures were produced from 100% WPI in the emulsions with subsequent SD. Microcapsules, produced from emulsions with a higher proportion of WPI, followed by FD were flat flakes and had irregular surfaces.

Phage therapy is recognized to be a promising alternative to fight antibiotic-resistant infections. In the quest for oral dosage forms containing bacteriophages, the utilization of colonic-release Eudragit® derivatives has shown potential in shielding bacteriophages from the challenges encountered within the gastrointestinal tract, such as fluctuating pH levels and the presence of digestive enzymes. Consequently, this study aimed to develop targeted oral delivery systems for bacteriophages, specifically focusing on colon delivery and employing Eudragit® FS30D as the excipient. The bacteriophage model used was LUZ19. An optimized formulation was established to not only preserve the activity of LUZ19 during the manufacturing process but also ensure its protection from highly acidic conditions. Flowability assessments were conducted for both capsule filling and tableting processes. Furthermore, the viability of the bacteriophages remained unaffected by the tableting process. Additionally, the release of LUZ19 from the developed system was evaluated using the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®) model. Finally, stability studies demonstrated that the powder remained stable for at least 6 months when stored at +5 °C.

Phenolic compounds in olive leaves have an excellent antioxidant activity and good antimicrobial properties. These bioactive molecules have beneficial properties for health, arousing great scientific and commercial interest. This study reports lyophilized olive leaf extracts (OLE) encapsulated by spray-drying using maltodextrins, maltodextrins–pectin and maltodextrins–gum Arabic as encapsulating agents. Lyophilized OLE were collected from two varieties cultivated in a harsh pedo-climatic conditions of the arid region of Tunisia. The effects of the genetic factor and the different encapsulating agents on the physicochemical properties of microcapsules and their behavior during storage, as well as their antimicrobial activities, were studied. Microcapsules successfully passed heat treatment and storage conditions and their antimicrobial activities were preserved. The encapsulating agent combination improved the encapsulation efficiency and the product yield in Zarrazi variety compared to Dhokar one. In addition, Dhokar variety microparticles showed the best heat stability at 4 and 25 °C after 90 days of storage and the higher inhibition percent against bacteria. The results of the present study evidenced that the best conditions for OLE encapsulation were obtained when the maltodextrins–pectin and maltodextrins–gum Arabic were combined to form a hybrid coating material.

Bioactive peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysis are gaining attention for the production of supplements, pharmaceutical compounds, and functional foods. However, their inclusion in oral delivery systems is constrained by their high susceptibility to degradation during human gastrointestinal digestion. Encapsulating techniques can be used to stabilize functional ingredients, helping to maintain their activity after processing, storage, and digestion, thus improving their bioaccessibility. Monoaxial spray-drying and electrospraying are common and economical techniques used for the encapsulation of nutrients and bioactive compounds in both the pharmaceutical and food industries. Although less studied, the coaxial configuration of both techniques could potentially improve the stabilization of protein-based bioactives via the formation of shell–core structures. This article reviews the application of these techniques, both monoaxial and coaxial configurations, for the encapsulation of bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates, focusing on the factors affecting the properties of the encapsulates, such as the formulation of the feed solution, selection of carrier and solvent, as well as the processing conditions used. Furthermore, this review covers the release, retention of bioactivity, and stability of peptide-loaded encapsulates after processing and digestion.

Fourteen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were isolated from the intestinal tract and feces of piglets. Among these isolates, only twelve were biochemically (API 50 CHL and ABIS online for bacterial identification) and genetically (16S rRNA sequencing) confirmed as Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Experiments to evaluate the probiotic potential of the isolates including pH tolerance (pH 2.0 and 3.0), bile salts (0.3% ox gall) resistance, hemolysis activity, antibiotic susceptibility, and high-temperature resistance were tested. Only two isolates from identified strains exhibited high survival rates when exposed to low pH and bile salts, these were L. acidophilus IBNA 76 and L. plantarum IBNA 84. The antibiotic test presented 100% resistance of both strains to gentamicin, kanamycin, lincomycin, colistin sulfate, erythromycin, amikacin, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, streptomycin, and tilmicosin, lower than the 0.6 mm inhibition zone diameter. Promising isolates (L. acidophilus IBNA 76 and L. plantarum IBNA 84) were exposed to the spray-drying technique based on visible probiotic potential and survival rates. Carrier matrix material was used as a maltodextrin-glucose solution. The encapsulation probiotic isolated survived both over 67% and 77%, corresponding to a decrease in strain viability from 109 to 107 CFU/g. After further in vitro evaluations, the findings of this study showed that, from all LAB strains, L. acidophilus IBNA 76 and L. plantarum IBNA 84 may be considered probiotic candidates for animal nutrition and may have promising performance in piglet feed due to their origin of isolation.

Two plant-based emulsifiers, soybean lecithin and pea protein isolate, were studied for their emulsifying and encapsulating capacities of an antimicrobial molecule, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), at two different pH values, three and seven, and after drying with two different techniques, spray-drying and freeze-drying. To characterize the obtained capsules, various physicochemical tests were conducted to examine particle size, encapsulation efficiency, thermal and moisture stability, and powder morphology. The spray-dried (SD) and freeze-dried (FD) powders had an average particle size of 8.35 µm and 144.49 µm, respectively. The SD powders showed similar encapsulation efficiency (EE) for soybean lecithin and pea protein isolate with an average value of 95.69%. On the other hand, the FD powders had lower EE compared to SD powders, with an average of 58.01% for lecithin-containing powders and 83.93% for pea-protein-containing powders. However, the water content of FD powders (2.83%) was lower than that of SD powders (4.72%). The powders prepared at pH 3 showed better thermal stability. Morphological analysis showed spherical particles for SD powders and irregular shapes for FD powders. Nanoemulsions as well as dried powders showed interesting antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua, confirming their potential use as natural preservatives in foods.

Microencapsulation has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the stability and protection of bioactive compounds. In this work, roasted mate tea was microencapsulated using 15 % maltodextrin and lasiodiplodan (0.5–1.25 %) as wall coating materials. The microcapsules were characterized for encapsulation efficiency, hygroscopicity, moisture, water activity, water solubility, dissolubility, scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, colorimetry, antioxidant activity, as well as quantification of phenolic compounds and caffeine. Microencapsulation yields ranged from 44.92 to 56.39 %, and encapsulation efficiency varied from 66.54 to 70.16 by increasing the lasiodiplodan concentration. FT-IR revealed phenolic acids, flavonoids, and polyphenolics. Minor color variations were observed among the samples. Thermal analysis demonstrated the microencapsulates exhibited good thermal stability with no degradation below 250 °C. Encapsulated samples showed high levels of bioactive compounds, suggesting that microencapsulation by spray-drying was a favorable process, where maltodextrin, a low-cost protective agent, when combined with the properties of lasiodiplodan, can be a good option for stabilizing mate extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple food-grade Pickering emulsions are currently being developed to protect bioactive compounds during gastrointestinal digestion, ensuring their efficient delivery. Moreover, microencapsulation of Pickering emulsions by spray-drying can extend their shelf life. However, there are currently no reviews focusing on the effects of microencapsulation on the properties, morphology and efficiency before and after rehydration of Pickering emulsions. This article focuses on the recent progress in the development of food-grade Pickering emulsions, including detailed information of multiple stabilizers and principles and mechanisms for the formation of these emulsions, effects of spray-drying for the generation of microcapsules, and the stability of these delivery systems before and after rehydration, including also final remarks on the future prospects for their industrial widespread use. Key findings and conclusions : Food-grade particles (polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenols, fat crystals, agri-food by-products, composites etc.) extracted from multiple biomass can be used as stabilizers of Pickering emulsions. Microencapsulation process facilitates transportation and storage of Pickering emulsions, although spray-drying conditions (i.e. equipment, processing parameters, wall materials) significantly affect the properties of these microcapsules and their prospect applications. Future research must explore the use of emerging technologies to improve the formation and microencapsulation of Pickering emulsions that could be produced at industrial scale, while ensuring the bioavailability and protection of the encapsulated bioactive compounds. This will ensure an increased market uptake for the delivery of bioactive compounds and the development of nutraceuticals or functional foods. [Display omitted] • The latest developments in food grade Pickering emulsions are summarized. • Spray-drying of Pickering emulsion benefits its transportation and storage. • Pickering emulsion microcapsules can be rehydrated and added to food matrices. • Future development trends of Pickering emulsion microcapsules are explored. • This review expands the application of Pickering emulsions in microcapsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the probiotic potential of Enterococcus durans F21 and its microencapsulation. Two microencapsulation methods, spray-drying (SD) and freeze-drying (FD), were employed using sodium caseinate (Cas) as a cell protectant at concentrations of 0.035% and 1% and at two pHs, 3 and 7. Maltodextrins (MD) served as wall material (10%). Microcapsules were analysed for cell viability and membrane damage after drying, survival under simulated gastro-intestinal conditions, antimicrobial activity, stability during storage, and physicochemical characterization. Results showed that E. durans F21 exhibited promising probiotic properties, including moderate auto-aggregation, high co-aggregation with pathogens, moderate biofilm formation, and resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The encapsulation pH showed to be a crucial factor affecting the viability of microencapsulated cells. Microencapsulation at pH 3 adversely affected cell viability during drying. However, microencapsulation at pH 7 using Cas (at 0.035 and 1%) was found to be most effective in maintaining higher cell viability under similar conditions. No significant difference was detected between both Cas formulations, suggesting that 0.035% Cas concentration might be sufficient for the microencapsulation process at pH 7. Moreover, FD proved to be the most effective method to produce E. durans F21 microcapsules with high viability (cell viability of 93%) and stability during storage (cell viability of 99%). Conclusively, microencapsulation of E. durans F21 using Cas, at pH 7, and employing FD method could be a promising strategy for producing highly viable microcapsules containing E. durans F21 cells with high probiotic and bio-preservative potentials in foods. [Display omitted] • Enterococcus durans F21, a bacteriocin-producing LAB, is remarkably endowed with promising probiotic properties. • The encapsulation pH is a crucial factor affecting the viability of microencapsulated E. durans F21. • At pH 7, sodium caseinate at pH 7 significantly enhanced the viability of microencapsulated E. durans F21 to reach 99%. • Freeze-drying allowed to the production of highly viable E. durans F21 microcapsules (viability higher than 93%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• OER catalyst NiCoO x @CB was prepared successful through a spray-drying method. • The method is simple, environmentally friendly and easily scaled up. • NiCoO x particles exhibited average size <8 nm, offering numerous active site. • Wrapped structure could prevent active component from agglomerating during OER. • NiCoO x nanoparticles exist as an alloy oxide, promoting interatomic synergies. The search for the simple and convenient design method of a non-precious metal oxygen evolution catalyst is still an emerging strategy today. Usually, nano-alloy oxide can enhance the catalytic activity for large specific surface area and active site, which have been widely studied for the purpose of developing active electrocatalysts for water splitting, while, nanoparticles are fundamentally less stable and prone to substantial size growth in long-term operations. Therefore, a framework of hierarchical porous composite microsphere with NiCoO x nanoparticles wrapped by Carbon Black (NiCoO x @CB) was fabricated successfully through spray-drying in this paper. Benefitting from the porous nanostructure and 0 D nano-alloy oxide active site, a remarkable OER performance with a low overpotential for 241 mV at 10 mA·cm−2 in alkaline media was exhibited. And, from the support of wrapped structure, NiCoO x @CB showed a superior durability with 90 h for nanoparticles were prevented to reunion during the reaction. Also, the heterogeneous interfaces with strong charge transfers between CB and NiCoO x nanoparticles could enhance OER performance (NiCoO x showed 265 mV at 10 mA·cm−2). The proposed method in this paper work provide a facile route to construct the porous composite microsphere with excellent OER electrocatalytic activity based on non-noble metal oxide wrapped by CB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the diverse health benefits of apigenin (AP), functional foods containing AP might interest the health-conscious market. However, the poor aqueous solubility of AP hinders its direct incorporation into food products. To overcome these limitations, AP was encapsulated in spray-dried unilamellar liposomes coated with chitosan. This study investigated the potential of spray-dried chitosan-coated AP liposomes (SCAL) for delivering AP in mango juice. The incorporation of SCAL did not alter the juice's proximate compositions or substantially affect its physicochemical properties. Mango juice with SCAL attained a comparable sensory acceptance to the control juice, with the added benefit of higher antioxidant capacity. Compared to the unencapsulated AP, SCAL exhibited a higher bioaccessibility of AP in mango juice, with a rapid release of AP during intestinal digestion. The pH values, total soluble solids, and colour properties of juice with SCAL did not change remarkably during juice storage at 4 °C for 28 days. On day 28, the retention of AP content and antioxidant capacity were higher in mango juice added with SCAL than the unencapsulated AP. Therefore, SCAL can be promising in delivering AP in aqueous food systems, making it possible to develop functional foods. • Adding SCAL to mango juice did not remarkably alter the juice's properties. • SCAL improved the bioaccessibility of apigenin in mango juice. • Mango juice with SCAL had above-average sensory acceptance. • Mango juice with SCAL showed retention of apigenin content and antioxidant capacity. • SCAL is potential in delivering apigenin in mango juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colored corn pericarp contains unusually high amounts of industrially valuable phytochemicals, such as anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Polyphenols were extracted in an aqueous solution and spray-dried to produce microencapsulates using four carrier materials, namely, maltodextrin (MD), gum arabic (GA), methylcellulose (MC), and skim milk powder (SMP) at three concentrations (1, 2, and 3 %, respectively). The encapsulates were evaluated for their polyphenolic contents using spectrophotometric techniques and HPLC analyses, and their antioxidant properties were evaluated using four different assays. The physicochemical properties of encapsulates were analyzed by measuring the zeta potential (ZP), particle size distribution, water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), and color parameters. Structural and thermal properties were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical profilometry, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. Comparative analysis of structural characteristics, particle size distribution, zeta potential, WSI, WAI, and a w of the samples confirmed the successful formulation of encapsulates. The microencapsulates embedded with 1 % concentrations of MD, MC, GA, or SMP retained polyphenolic compounds and exhibited noteworthy antioxidant properties. The samples encapsulated with GA or MD (1 %) demonstrated superior physicochemical, color, and thermal properties. Comprehensive metabolomic analysis confirmed the presence of 38 phytochemicals in extracts validating the spray-drying process. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E encapsulation into biopolymer-based microparticles, obtained by spray-drying technology, was proposed to improve the encapsulation efficiency and the controlled release of fat-soluble vitamin. Binary and ternary blends of pectin, modified chitosan and modified starch, modified starch + modified chitosan, modified starch + pectin, modified chitosan + pectin and modified starch + modified chitosan + pectin ((0.33, 0.33, 0.33), (0.70, 0.15, 0.15), (0.15, 0.70, 0.15) and (0.15, 0.15, 0.70)) were proposed to produce and evaluate different carrier-based delivery systems. Vitamin E-loaded microparticles and empty microparticles were created with a product yield between 9 and 49 %. The mean diameter among all microparticles varied between 3.74 ± 0.02 and 421 ± 21 μm (differential volume distribution). Oval, spherical or irregular microparticles, with a variable morphology from a smooth to a high rough surface structure, with concavities, were produced. All vitamin E-loaded microparticles exhibited an encapsulation efficiency higher than 70 %. The slower vitamin E controlled release was observed from microparticles composed by modified chitosan (>36 h), while the faster release was achieved from microparticles individually composed by pectin (39 min). In general, the Fickian diffusion is the main release mechanism involved in the microparticles produced with modified chitosan, other formulations combine also other mechanisms such as swelling. • Binary and ternary blends of biopolymers are designed for vitamin E encapsulation. • Different surface morphologies are observed due to the microparticles formulations. • Encapsulation efficiency was higher than 70 ± 30 % for all the microparticles. • Modified starch and modified chitosan can generally promote a slower release. • Microparticles individually composed by pectin enabled the faster vitamin E release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Spray-drying of nucleic acid-based drugs designed for gene therapy or gene knockdown is associated with many advantages including storage stability and handling as well as the possibility of pulmonary application. The encapsulation of nucleic acids in nanoparticles prior to spray-drying is one strategy for obtaining efficient formulations. This, however, strongly relies on the definition of optimal nanoparticles, excipients and spray-drying conditions. Among polymeric nanoparticles, polyethylenimine (PEI)-based complexes with or without chemical modifications have been described previously as very efficient for gene or oligonucleotide delivery. The tyrosine-modification of linear or branched low molecular weight PEIs, or of polypropylenimine (PPI) dendrimers, has led to high complex stability, improved cell uptake and transfection efficacy as well as high biocompatibility. In this study, we identify optimal spray-drying conditions for PEI-based nanoparticles containing large plasmid DNA or small siRNAs, and further explore the spray-drying of nanoparticles containing chemically modified polymers. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), but not trehalose or lactose, is particularly well-suited as excipient, retaining or even enhancing transfection efficacies compared to fresh complexes. A big mesh size is critically important as well, while the variation of the spray-drying temperature plays a minor role. Upon spray-drying, microparticles in a ∼ 3.3 – 8.5 µm size range (laser granulometry) are obtained, dependent on the polymers. Upon their release from the spray-dried material, the nanoparticles show increased sizes and markedly altered zeta potentials as compared to their fresh counterparts. This may contribute to their high efficacy that is seen also after prolonged storage of the spray-dried material. We conclude that these spray-dried systems offer a great potential for the preparation of nucleic acid drug storage forms with facile reconstitution, as well as for their direct pulmonary application as dry powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of intestine-targeted microcapsules using spray drying without maltodextrin is still a challenge. Herein, intestine-targeted fucoxanthin-loaded microcapsules (Fx-MIC) were developed using the spray drying method. The microcapsules were formed by homogenizing fucoxanthin/conjugated linoleic acid (Fx/CLA) and whey protein isolate/Arabic gum (WPI/AG) mixture, followed by spray drying without maltodextrin. The effect of the ratio of Fx/CLA to WPI/AG in Fx-MIC on their morphology and encapsulation efficiency was evaluated. An Fx/CLA-to-WPI/AG ratio of 1:3 yielded a uniform particle size and the highest encapsulation efficiency (91.11%). In vitro simulated digestion demonstrated that Fx-MIC effectively protected Fx from premature release in the stomach and exhibited a release efficiency of 66.08% in the intestine. The digestion product of Fx-MIC effectively inhibited 3T3-L1 cell differentiation and lipid accumulation, demonstrating its ability to reduce lipid accumulation in vitro. Moreover, in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mice, Fx-MIC exhibited significant reductions in body weight, liver weight, and fat mass. Additionally, Fx-MIC demonstrated notable effects on lowering blood lipid levels and mitigating liver damage. In conclusion, the use of Fx-MIC facilitated the targeted release of Fx, thereby enhancing its anti-obesity effects. This promising result suggests potential applications of Fx-MIC in the food industry. [Display omitted] • Intestine-targeted fucoxanthin-loaded microcapsules (Fx-MIC) were developed. • Fx-MIC's wall material excludes cyclodextrins, eliminating high-calorie content. • Fx encapsulation peaked at 91.11% when core-to-wall ratio of Fx-MIC was 1:3. • Fx-MIC effectively inhibited 3T3-L1 cell differentiation and lipid accumulation. • The in vivo results confirmed the improved anti-obesity effects of Fx-MIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray-drying is one of the most popular techniques in the food industry for converting liquid material from a fluid state into a form of dried particles to produce encapsulated or instant products. Instant products are considered as convenient foods; moreover, the goal of encapsulation is to close the bioactive compounds in a shell, preventing them from being affected by environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of spray-drying conditions, in particular three inlet temperatures, on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of powders obtained from Camelina Press Cake Extract (CPE). The CPE was spray-dried at 140 °C, 160 °C and 180 °C. The solubility, Carr and Hausner Indexes, tapped densities and water activity of the powders were analyzed. The structural changes were also detected using FTIR spectroscopy. Additionally, the characteristics of the initial and reconstituted samples and their rheological properties were evaluated. The antioxidant potential, total polyphenols and flavonoids content, free amino acids, and the Maillard reaction products contents in the spray-dried powders were also evaluated. The results indicate a cascade of changes between the initial and reconstituted samples, and important changes in the bioactive potential of samples. The inlet temperature significantly influenced the solubility, flowability and particle sizes of the powders, as well as Maillard products formation. The results of the rheological measurements illustrate the changes after the reconstitution of extracts. This study indicates the optimal parameters of CPE spray-drying, those that yield favorable physicochemical and functional values, which may open up a promising path for CPE valorization, indicating its potential and the possibilities of its use.

The encapsulation of the 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (3-DXA) red dye, extracted from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) leaves, was explored for food application. The extracts showed antioxidant activity at concentrations ranging from 803 to 1210 μg mL−1 and did not reveal anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic properties, indicating their potential for food application. Encapsulation was performed with two carrier agents (maltodextrin and Arabic gum) in different proportions (1:1, 2:1 and 1.5:2.5 (w/w)). The microparticles produced by freeze-drying and spray-drying were studied according to the concentration of the dye, the encapsulation efficiency, the process yield, the solubility and the colour of the powders. The dye extracts are released from the microparticles at different pHs. The variation in ratio composition of the 3-DXA encapsulation was assessed by principal component analysis (PCA) using data from ten physicochemical parameters. The results indicated that the maltodextrin at the 2:1 ratio had a higher dye concentration and total phenolic content (TPC) at pH 6. This ratio was selected to produce the microparticles by freeze-drying and spray-drying, and the particles were used in the temperature stability tests at pH 6. The results suggest that the freeze-drying process offers better protection to 3-DXA, with a degradation percentage of 22% during the heating period (80 °C for 18 h), compared to the non-encapsulated dye (48%). However, there were no significant differences between the two polymeric agents. The non-encapsulated 3-DXA was evaluated as control and lost 48% of the total colour with the same treatment. Red dyes from sorghum leaf by-products may constitute promising ingredients for the food industry and increase the value of this crop.

The aim of this study was to evaluate dehydrated sauerkraut juice (DSJ) in bread and meat applications and investigate bioaccessibility (BAC) of TPC in the analyzed products. In current research, sauerkraut juice, dehydrated sauerkraut juice, and bread and meat products prepared with dehydrated sauerkraut juice were analyzed. For all of the samples, total phenol content, antiradical activity by ABTS+, bioaccessibility, and volatile compound profile were determined. Additionally, sensory evaluation was performed to evaluate the degree of liking bread and meat with dehydrated sauerkraut juice. The addition of DSJ increased TPC in bread and meat samples. The bioaccessibility was higher for the control samples compared to DSJ samples. It exceeded 1 and is considered as good. DSJ did not promote bioaccessibility. Benzaldehyde was the highest peak area for the Bread DSJ and Meat DSJ samples, giving a roasted peanut and almond aroma. There were no significant differences in degree of liking for structure, taste, and aroma between the control bread and the Bread DSJ, while Meat DSJ was more preferable in sensory evaluation. DSJ could be used in food applications, but further research is necessary.

The current study presents the most suitable method for encapsulating nutmeg essential oil with liquorice and red clover. Two widely used methods, spray-drying and freeze-drying, were employed to find the most suitable for essential oil volatile compounds’ protection. Results showed that freeze-dried capsules (LM) had a higher yield (85.34%) compared to the exact formulation of spray-dried microcapsules (SDM)—45.12%. All the antioxidant and total phenolic compounds’ results obtained with the LM sample were significantly higher compared with SDM. LM microcapsules were incorporated in two different bases with no additional sugar (gelatin and pectin) for targeted release. Pectin tablets had firmer and harder texture properties, while gelatin tablets had a more elastic texture. There was a significant impact on texture changes caused by microcapsules. Microencapsulated essential oil with extracts can be used alone or in a gel base (pectin or gelatin, depending on user preferences). It could be an effective product to protect the active volatile compounds and regulate the release of active compounds and give a pleasant taste.

This work illustrates the development of a dry inhalation powder of cyclosporine-A for the prevention of rejection after lung transplantation and for the treatment of COVID-19. The influence of excipients on the spray-dried powder’s critical quality attributes was explored. The best-performing powder in terms of dissolution time and respirability was obtained starting from a concentration of ethanol of 45% (v/v) in the feedstock solution and 20% (w/w) of mannitol. This powder showed a faster dissolution profile (Weibull dissolution time of 59.5 min) than the poorly soluble raw material (169.0 min). The powder exhibited a fine particle fraction of 66.5% and an MMAD of 2.97 µm. The inhalable powder, when tested on A549 and THP-1, did not show cytotoxic effects up to a concentration of 10 µg/mL. Furthermore, the CsA inhalation powder showed efficiency in reducing IL-6 when tested on A549/THP-1 co-culture. A reduction in the replication of SARS-CoV-2 on Vero E6 cells was observed when the CsA powder was tested adopting the post-infection or simultaneous treatment. This formulation could represent a therapeutic strategy for the prevention of lung rejection, but is also a viable approach for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication and the COVID-19 pulmonary inflammatory process.

The practical application of lithiumâ€"sulfur battery is seriously limited by the loss of active substances and the deterioration of cycle stability caused by the ‘shuttle effect’ of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). In this work, graphene oxide (GO) coated covalent organic framework (COF) compound materials were synthesized as sulfur host material in spray-drying process. The polar groups on COF can efficiently adsorb LiPSs through lithiophilic interaction, which can reduce the ‘shuttle effect’ caused by soluble LiPSs. Besides, GO in the outer layer can wrap discrete sulfur to reduce the loss of active substances, which further improves the cycle stability of the cathode. The COF@GO/S cathode exhibits a high initial specific capacity of 848.4 mAh gâˆ'1 and retains a capacity of 601.1 mAh gâˆ'1 after 500 cycles at 1 C counting with a low capacity fading of 0.058% per cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of LiFePO4 (LFP) in high-power energy storage devices is hampered by its slow Li-ion diffusion kinetics. Constructing the composite electrode materials with vanadium substitution is a scientific endeavor to boost LFP's power capacity. Herein, a series of xLiFePO4·yLi3V2(PO4)3 (xLFP·yLVP) composites were fabricated using a simple spray-drying approach. We propose that 5LFP·LVP is the optimal choice for Li-ion battery promotion, owning to its excellent Li-ion storage capacity (material energy density of 413.6 W·h·kg−1), strong machining capability (compacted density of 1.82 g·cm−3) and lower raw material cost consumption. Furthermore, the 5LFP·LVP||LTO Li-ion pouch cell also presents prominent energy storage capability. After 300 cycles of a constant current test at 400 mA, 75% of the initial capacity (379.1 mA·h) is achieved, with around 100% of Coulombic efficiency. A capacity retention of 60.3% is displayed for the 300th cycle when discharging at 1200 mA, with the capacity fading by 0.15% per cycle. This prototype provides a valid and scientific attempt to accelerate the development of xLFP·yLVP composites in application-oriented Li-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Akkermansia muciniphila is regarded as a promising next-generation probiotic or live biotherapeutic candidate. Effective delivery strategies must be developed to ensure high enough viability of the probiotic strain throughout its industrial formulation, distribution chain, shelf-life, and, ultimately, the host's gastrointestinal tract, where it should exert its beneficial effect(s). Among the possible methodologies, spray-drying is considered industrially attractive regarding its costs, efficiency, and scalability, with the due parameter customization. In this study, spray-drying was explored as a one-step process to encapsulate A. muciniphila DSM 22959, testing the drying settings and three different dairy-based matrices. Microcapsule morphology and size was assessed, and viability throughout storage at 4 or 22 °C and simulated gastrointestinal passage was determined. Akkermansia muciniphila microencapsulation by spray-drying, using 10% skim milk and inlet/outlet temperatures of 150/65 °C, is effective in terms of viability stabilization, both during prolonged aerobic storage and exposure to simulated gastrointestinal passage. Akkermansia muciniphila viability was maintained at around 107 CFU/g up to 28 days at 4 °C under aerobic conditions with viability losses inferior to 1 log reduction. This methodology provides the necessary conditions to efficiently deliver the recommended dose of live A. muciniphila in the human gut as a live biotherapeutic product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tamarillo fruit contains many phytochemicals that have beneficial therapeutic and nutritional properties. Spray-drying is widely used to preserve fruit puree in powder form. However, to obtain high-quality fruit powder, the optimisation of spray-drying conditions is necessary, as a high drying temperature can damage sensitive bioactive compounds. This study investigated the effects of spray-drying on the microstructure, polyphenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids, antioxidant activity, and anticancer capacity of tamarillo powder. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise the spray-drying process to produce tamarillo powder. The independent variables were inlet drying temperature (120–160 °C), flow rate (1–5 g/mL), and maltodextrin concentration (0–10%). These variables influenced the microstructural attributes, bioactive components, and cytotoxicity of the spray-dried tamarillo powder. The increase in polyphenols and antioxidant activities were favoured under high-temperature spray drying conditions and a low carrier concentration. The optimised spray-drying conditions for producing tamarillo powder with high antioxidant and anticancer activities, high yield, and stable bioactive compounds were found to be at 146.8 °C inlet temperature, and a flow rate of 1.76 g/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufactured egg powders can be formulated to produce food products that vary in their properties. The present study aims to determine the effect of egg white content on the physicochemical characteristics and on the functionality and nutritional value of dried whole egg (WE), egg white (W), and an egg yolk/white mixture in a 1:3 ratio (M1:3). These fresh egg products were spray-dried using sucrose—an agent recognized for its effect of protecting the protein in the egg during the drying process. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale spray dryer, operated under controlled conditions, with an air inlet temperature of 120 °C. In the dried products, water activity, water solubility index, color, and pH were affected significantly as a function of the fresh egg component ratio and the added sucrose. The wettability and dispersibility in water of egg powder were improved when sucrose was added to the WE. The water-holding capacity was highest in dried egg white, and higher in the M1:3 mixture without sucrose added than in the WE with 5% sucrose. The results suggest that modifying the ratio of fresh egg yolk to egg white could lend some control over the protein and fat contents of dried egg products and over their functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic therapeutic benefits of resveratrol (RES) and piperine (PIP) have been proven for the treatment of various diseases. This study reports, for the first time, spray-drying of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) microcapsules for combined delivery of resveratrol and piperine. Phase solubility studies indicated that there was a strong interaction between the active ingredients and HP-β-CD, and both active ingredients can bind stably to HP-β-CD. The results of FTIR, XRD, and DSC demonstrated that RES-PIP/HP-β-CD inclusion complexes were successfully formed, with the RES and PIP encapsulated into the hollow spherical cavity of HP-β-CD. The results of SEM showed that the spray-dried microcapsules displayed a smooth surface and uniform particle size. Upon the formation of the spray-dried microcapsules, both RES and PIP presented significantly enhanced solubility. The results of DPPH and ABTS+ scavenging activity assays showed that the spray-drying process did not adversely influence the antioxidant activity of the bioactives, and the addition of PIP increased the antioxidation performance of RES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum (Pt)‐based electrocatalysts are the benchmark catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER); however, they are limited by the scarcity and high price. Introducing an adequate substrate to disperse and anchor Pt‐based species is a feasible pathway to improve the utilization efficiency. Herein, a quick and continuous spray drying route is proposed to fabricate 3D crumpled Ti3C2Tx MXene loaded with sub‐nanometer platinum clusters (Pt/MXene). The 3D crumpled structure inhibits the restacking of layered MXene nanosheets and guarantees the fully exposure of Pt clusters. The as‐prepared catalyst exhibits excellent HER performances comparable to commercial Pt/C, including a low overpotential of 34 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2, a superior mass activity (1847 mA mgPt−1), a small Tafel slope (29.7 mV dec−1), and a high turnover frequency (10.66 H2 s−1). The improved activity of Pt/MXene can be attributed to the charge transfer from Pt clusters to MXene, which weakens the hydrogen adsorption, as evidenced by the density functional theory calculations. The present contribution proposes a novel strategy to anchor low‐mass‐loading sub‐nanometer precious metal clusters on crumpled MXene with fully exposed active sites for catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer knowledge about pasta quality differs around the world. Modern consumers are more sophisticated compared to past times, due to the availability of information on pasta types and quality. Therefore, this study investigated the nutritional, physical, textural, and morphological quality of durum wheat pasta enriched with carrot waste encapsulates (10 and 20% freeze-dried encapsulate (FDE) and 10 and 20% spray-dried encapsulate (SDE)), as well as determining consumer preferences for this type of product. Replacement of semolina with FDE and SDE contributed to changes in the pasta nutritional quality, which was reflected in the increased protein, fat, and ash content. Additionally, changes in cooking quality, color, and texture were within satisfactory limits. The uncooked pasta enriched with 10 and 20% SDE was characterized by a lighter yellow intensity with color saturation, as well as an imperceptible waxy appearance compared to the control and enriched pasta with 10 and 20% FDE. After cooking, the yellow color was more intense in all the enriched pasta samples which can be linked to the raw cereal which was significantly greater in the control in comparison to the FDE and SDE containing samples. Overall, carrot waste can be a promising material for the food industry to produce high-quality pasta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The traditional oral formulation for Alzheimer's disease treatment has the drawbacks of first-pass metabolism, plasma protein binding, and poor blood-brain barrier penetration. This study was conducted to establish the nasal route of administration for donepezil formulations in Alzheimer's disease. Materials and Methods: Donepezil mucoadhesive microparticles synthesized by spray-drying and evaluated for Infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. The ex vivo study was done with Franz's diffusion cell using goat nasal mucosa. The in vivo study was performed on the Albino rat's nasal route for determining drug concentration by HPLC analysis in brain tissue at single-point evaluation. Results: The microparticles were with optimum size with no drug-polymer interaction in Infrared spectroscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited morphology of spherical or ellipsoid microparticles with efficient drug entrapment. The percentage drug release for chitosan microparticles was 66.57 to 85.74 and for carbopol microparticles was 69.54 to 91.53 in the ex vivo permeability study. In vivo studies showed that drug concentrations of 110.48% to 114.92% for chitosan batches and 111.87% to 142.08% for carbopol batches were superior to controls. Conclusion: Ex vivo permeability study revealed drug release patterns with as high as 85.74% ±0.02 for DCH2 formulation and 91.53±0.3% for DC3 formulation. In in vivo study formulation DCH2 displayed drug concentration 110.87±6.87% and DC3 shown 129.51±9.82% over the control batch which is conclusive for improved drug delivery of donepezil through mucoadhesive microparticles for the nose to brain targeting in Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess vapor content in the spray-drying system leads to various issues such as undesired agglomeration or caking of products. The majority of the drying in spray-dryers occurs during the initial phase, where the feed is still liquid. Drying kinetics is very sensitive to the droplet size, and the droplet size is heavily influenced by collisions that can coalesce or split droplets. An analytical model is developed to examine the role of droplet collisions on drying kinetics, and the evaporation rate during the first phase of drying. In addition, droplet collision dynamics are implemented into an Eulerian-Lagrangian framework, where droplets are tracked in the Lagrangian frame, and the background gas is modeled as a continuum. The collision dynamics is capable of predicting the outcome of collisions based on a regime map constructed from the experimental data from the literature. The relative velocity and the Weber number between colliding droplets affect whether droplets coalesce or split into satellite droplets. The modeling framework includes fully coupled interphase heat transfer between the droplet and gas phases. The analytical and numerical models are then used to analyze a simplified pseudo-1D spray system. Both models show a linear relationship between the Weber number and the evaporation rate at low droplet number densities. Further, comparing both methods' results reveals droplet number density as another critical factor influencing the evaporation rate. It is shown that at high droplet number densities, the relationship between the evaporation rate and the Weber number becomes non-linear, and at extremely high droplet number densities, the evaporation rate decreases even at high Weber numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transforming liquid smoke to powder form can provide convenience for use and storage. Liquid smoke was prepared by fast pyrolysis technology using a fluidised bed and converted to smoke powder by spray-drying or freeze-drying processes. Both drying processes effectively retained the bioactive compounds in the powder encapsulates with retention efficiencies up to 80%. The bioactive capacities were approximately two times higher than liquid smoke. Spray-drying did not induce thermal damage to the bioactive compounds, and the dominant compounds were retained in the powders. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and principal component analysis indicated that the chemical composition was not significantly changed after both drying methods, but small molecular carbonyls, furans and phenols were partially lost. The spray-dried particles had a spherical shape, while freeze-dried particles had irregular shapes because of different powder preparation methods. The particle size of spray-dried powders was in the range of 6.3 to 6.9 µm, while the value for freeze-dried powders was decreased from 580.4 to 134.7 µm by increasing the maltodextrin concentration. The freeze-dried powders performed better in terms of flowability and cohesiveness because of their relatively high density and large particle size. This study revealed that both encapsulation methods could efficiently prepare smoke powder. Spray-drying process would be suitable for large-scale production, while freeze-drying could be used to optimize the encapsulation efficiency of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To optimize the drying technology and formation procese of Naomai Xingshen Capsulee. [Methods] The yield of paste powder and moisture content as evaluation indicators were taken as indicators, the relative densita of feed liquid, inlet air temperature and dosage of excipients were selected as investigation factors, the orthogonal expeoment method was used to optimize the spray drying process. The moisture absorption rate and angle of repose were taken ae evaluaion indicators, the typee of forming excipient were screened, and the critical relative humidity was determined. [Results] The optimum spray drying procese wae that the relative densito of liquid medicine wae 1.05 (60h), the air inlet temperature was 200 h, and the dosage of excipients was 2%. The effect of using dextrin as a forming excipient was beCes, and the relative huminito of the production environment should be controlled below 65%. [Conclusions] The optimized process is stable, feasible, scientific and reasonable, and can be used for Oarae-scale industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, sunflower oil was encapsulated using pea protein isolate (PP) in combination with different polysaccharides (sodium alginate, inulin, maltodextrin or pectin) using the spray-drying technique. The addition of polysaccharides resulted in increase of viscosity and average droplet size of emulsion, water activity, moisture content and mean size of microparticles. Oxidative stability of powders during long-terms storage (25 °C for up to 300 days) was investigated using Rancimat accelerated oxidation test. Microparticles prepared with addition of inulin, maltodextrin and pectin showed the higher gain in oxidative stability (∆IP) compared to those obtained with PP alone, which confirmed the formation of glassy coating and decrease of oxygen diffusion in wall material. For example, at t = 100 days, ∆IP of microparticles prepared with PP alone and in combination with pectin was 3.5 and 11.2 h respectively. Microparticles, formed by employing proposed experimental conditions could be potentially used for the development of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drying produces spherical agglomerates to obtain powders with good flowability. Three alumina powders of different size and/or specific surface area were spray-dried without any binder using either two-fluid or ultrasonic nozzle technology. Compared to the two-fluid nozzle, the ultrasonic one shows a better ability to form agglomerates from a coarse powder and increases the size of the agglomerates when spray drying is carried out under the same operating conditions. The redispersion of spray-dried agglomerates in solution was analysed by applying variable ultrasound durations during size measurement by wet laser diffraction. The initial state of the powder plays a predominant role in relation to the spray drying operating conditions both in terms of size characteristics and redispersion properties. Regardless of the alumina powders and spray drying conditions, a similar trend in deagglomeration behaviour was observed with first-order kinetics and a characteristic kinetic time depending on the initial powder properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at investigating the effects of an autochthonous microbial inoculant microencapsulated by spray‐drying on fermentation parameters, microbiological composition, mycotoxin level and aerobic stability of maize and lucerne silages. Experiment 1, a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments, evaluated inoculation (control or Lactobacillus plantarum Hv75, Pediococcus acidilactici 3903 and Lactobacillus buchneri B463), packing density (148.5 kg dry matter (DM)/m3 or 181.5 kg DM/m3) and storage period (0, 1, 30 or 60 days) in maize silage. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) supplementation produced higher DM and lower acetic acid and deoxynivalenol contents compared to the control (p < 0.05). However, these differences were small in terms of practical applications. Experiment 2 evaluated effects of microbial inoculation (similar as in experiment 1), wilting time (3 or 21 h) and storage period (0, 3, 30 or 60 days) in lucerne silage. LAB supplementation increased DM and lactic acid content, reduced pH and concentrations of acetic acid, ethanol and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen compared to the control (p < 0.05). In addition, inoculation increased total LAB population and decreased yeast and mould counts (p < 0.05). Although the strains displayed potential to be used as a bio‐inoculant at different lucerne moisture levels, prolonged wilting positively influenced DM, crude protein and fibre degradation (p < 0.05). Therefore, the addition of this spray‐dried inoculant to lucerne silages with longer wilting could be recommended for the attainment of silage quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surfactants used for emulsion is one of the best techniques for microencapsulation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) since it is economical. The biosurfactants have many advantages such as lower toxicity, higher biodegradability. In this study, microcapsules were prepared via spray drying using Bifidobacterium adolescentis species cultured in soy milk extract with biosurfactant prepared using Alcaligenes piechaudii CC-ESB2 to improve their powder properties. The soy milk was used to increase the health benefits instead of the milk. The optimum bacterial strain viability, water activity, and moisture content of the microcapsules were achieved at a spray dryer inlet/outlet temperature of 120/60°C. The composition of the carrier affects the particle size of the microcapsules. Using 90% maltodextrin (MD), 5% isomalto-oligosaccharide syrup (IMOS) and 5% biosurfactant as a carrier increased the viability of the LAB. Scanning electron microscope observations showed that the LAB microcapsules were able to effectively retain their completeness. Furthermore, microcapsules added with a biosurfactant prepared using A. piechaudii CC-ESB2 displayed significantly better flow properties than those without the surfactant and biosurfactant, which indicates that the biosurfactant assists in enhancing the powder properties of the microcapsules. It also has sufficient biological activity as a LAB product because the probiotics exceed 106 CFU/mL The spray-dried abandoned supernatant with biosurfactant exhibited superior bacteriostasis, which suggests that the supernatant of B. adolescentis during microencapsulation not only retains its bacteriostatic effect under high spray drying temperatures, but also provides additional antibacterial effects for the microcapsules. • The microcapsules of Bifidobacterium adolescentis were prepared via spray drying. • Biosurfactant fermented by Alcaligenes piechaudii could improve the powder properties. • To produce LAB microcapsules using non-toxic biosurfactant as the carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive polyphenolic compounds, recovered by nanofiltration of Cabernet Sauvignon wine lees were encapsulated with maltodextrin to obtain a spray dried micro powder with enhanced nutritional value. A Central Composite Design allowed setting up optimal spray‒drying conditions using a commercial grape extract‒polyphenol as the reference polyphenolic source and considering maltodextrin concentration and the inlet temperature as independent variables. The optimized spray‒drying conditions were: maltodextrin 7 g/100 mL, inlet temperature 110 °C. These conditions were then applied to lees nanofiltrates and retentate. The obtained microcapsules were characterized according to the drying yield (62.9–82.0%), moisture (0.81–1.52%), total bioactive compounds (0.08‒0.57 mg GAE/100 mg dw), surface bioactive compounds (5.8–34.5%), microencapsulation efficiency (65.5–94.2%), polyphenols recovery (57.4–82.7%), and antioxidant activity (0.27‒0.36%). The microcapsules showed high stability and durability when subjected to accelerated aging using the stress‒heat test, as evaluated by calculating first-order rate constants of degradation of the encapsulated polyphenols and the reduction of radical scavenging capacity; stability over time was further confirmed by the reduced water activity of the micro powders (ranged 0.27–0.36). Lastly, an in‒vitro simulated digestion was performed under physiological conditions evidencing a different bioaccessibility of polyphenols among samples (ranged 50–78%) and suggesting potential for the encapsulated polyphenols to be absorbed at gastrointestinal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: D-tagatose is an alternative sweetener with superior properties for reducing overall sugar absorption, which is especially important in the diabetic population. Large-scale production of D-tagatose remains costly, thereby limiting its commercialization. Introducing the unit operation of spray-drying may reduce some of these costs. However, D-tagatose is challenging to spray-dry due to its hydrophilic nature and low glass transition temperature (Tg). An appropriate spray-drying feed solution may offer an alternative approach if the material produced is glassy in nature, thus avoiding stickiness issues associated with Tgs less than the outlet temperature of the spray-dryer. Proof-of-concept formulations and processing conditions are presented in this study. Methods: D-tagatose was formulated with several excipients and screened for a sufficiently high Tg as characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The spray-dry formulations were further characterized using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and several viable options were identified. Results: D-tagatose formulated with HPMCAS and K90 both raised the Tg mix ( T g mix ) to within the processing range of spray-drying. These formulations were found to be sufficiently soluble in acetone/water cosolvent systems allowing for the production of processable powder. Specifically, SEM results confirm that both D-tagatose-HPMCAS and D-tagatose-K90 formulations result in particle formation using a small-scale dryer. Large-scale spray-drying is expected to allow for a greater processing range in comparison to small scale, suggesting that this approach will help commercialization. ATR-FTIR and PXRD results suggested that spray-dried D-tagatose-K90 composites lacked crystallinity, unlike the D-tagatose-HPMCAS composites. Conclusions: The addition of functional excipients allowed D-tagatose composites to be harvested using a typical laboratory-scale spray-dryer equipped with a bi-fluid nozzle. D-tagatose-K90 lacks crystallinity, while crystallinity is present in D-tagatose-HPMCAS composites. Crystallinity may not be a critical factor (depending on the future application) given the high aqueous solubility and high loading of the sugar. Both composites retained a sweet taste, suggesting that this spray-drying method may be worth further development. Other polymers with high Tg may be feasible as composites as well—as long as the amorphous phase or the residual amorphous phase has a Tg greater than, or about equal to, the outlet temperature of the spray-dryer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O processo de secagem por atomização ou spray-drying é uma das operações mais frequentes para a obtenção de extratos secos a partir de plantas medicinais. No entanto, durante o processo de preparação desses insumos farmacêuticos ativos (IFA) de origem vegetal, uma série de fatores podem afetar a qualidade desses produtos intermediários. Por meio de levantamento bibliográfico científico e da legislação brasileira sobre medicamentos fitoterápicos, vivências do grupo em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) da Fiocruz e da realização de Brainstorming entre os integrantes da equipe, foi elaborado um diagrama de causa e efeito (Diagrama de Ishikawa). Tal pesquisa teve o objetivo de levantar pontos críticos no processo de produção desses IFA de origem vegetal, apontando aspectos do processo de spray-drying de ordem teórica e prática que poderiam afetar a qualidade do produto fitoterápico. Com base nas informações mencionadas no diagrama e na discussão desses pontos acerca de cada etapa até a preparação do extrato seco, foi possível racionalizar o processo de obtenção desse intermediário, com foco em transformá-lo em produto fitoterápico.

Tadalafil (TDL) is a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5I), indicated for erectile dysfunction (ED). However, TDL exhibits poor aqueous solubility and dissolution rate, which may limit its application. This study aims to prepare amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) by spray-drying, using glycyrrhizin-a natural drug carrier. Particle and physicochemical characterizations were performed by particle size, polydispersity index measurement, yield, drug content estimation, Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and dissolution study. In order to evaluate the aphrodisiac activity of the prepared ASD, sexual behavior study was performed in male rats. It is further considered for the stability study. Our results revealed that TDL-GLZ spray-dried dispersion was a successful drug-carrier binary mixture. XRD and SEM showed that ASD of TDL with GLZ presented in the amorphous state and dented-spherical shape, unlike the drug indicating crystalline and spiked shaped. The optimized ASD3 formulation with particle size (1.92 µm), PDI (0.32), yield (97.78%) and drug content (85.00%) showed 4.07 folds’ increase in dissolution rate compared to pure TDL. The results obtained from the in vivo study exhibit significantly improved aphrodisiac activity with ASD3. The stability study revealed that the prepared ASD3 did not show any remarkable changes in the dissolution and drug content for 1 month storage at room temperature.

Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz (LS, Fabaceae) is one of the folklore medicines in Thailand. The previous studies have demonstrated several pharmacological activities and high polyphenolic substances possessed by this plant. However, the suitable encapsulation of LS extract has not been discovered. This study aimed to develop LS microcapsules using spray-drying technique with pectin as a carrier. Moreover, the powder analysis and characterization were also conducted. The effects of inlet temperatures (80, 100, and 120°C) and carrier concentrations (1, 5, and 10 %w/v) on the encapsulation yield (EY), encapsulation efficiency (EE), total phenolic content (TPC), and main markers (trilobatin and yanangdaengin) of LS microcapsules were studied. Finally, the characterization was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results indicated that S2 microcapsule formulation, pectin to extract ratio 10:1 (w/w) at inlet temperature of 100°C, was chosen as the optimal condition because of the positive tendency to acquire higher EE as pectin level was increased. On the contrary, the level of TPC and markers was reduced due to the more addition of pectin. The FTIR, XRD, and DSC results suggested that the well-encapsulated microcapsules were obtained for S2 formulation and SEM represented the semi-spherical structure of its microstructures. The development of LS microcapsules with the proximity to gain the advantageous powder analysis and characteristic has been achieved. Therefore, this approach could be used for the subsequent manufacturing of LS extract.

Calcium citrate (CaCi) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) were renovated as edible granules by spray-drying and polymer (Eudragit) coating to develop bone-protective product. The granules were reinforced functionally with oligochitosan (Och). Characterizations of IR, DSC and XRD concluded that Ca and Och were concordantly incorporated into granules and embedded into the CS matrix. The Ca-loading CS granules achieved about 1.6% Ca loading and 25% of Ca recovery in encapsulation. CaCi and Och would chelate together during preparation of the granules. Eudragit coating enabled the granules smooth and compact, and resulted in slow Ca release in dissolution. In a 28-days of animal test, oral administration with Ca + Och/CS granules inhibited osteoporosis progression in OVX rats through increasing serum Ca/P and internal Ca retention, as well as enhancing bone density and major minerals. Therefore, the composite granules have some potential in sustaining bone health owing to its improvements in Ca protection and the multi-nutritious delivery.

Antioxidant‐enriched probiotic yoghurt was developed using spray‐dried green coffee extract (SGC). A full factorial design was employed to optimise the spray‐drying conditions. A significant yield of polyphenols besides the physico‐chemical properties was attained in SGC. Green coffee‐enriched yoghurt (GY) containing 0.5% SGC resulted with desirable pH (4.7), acidity, colour and minimum syneresis. The chemical composition of GY depicted low calorific value, and significant antioxidant activity corresponding to polyphenols and alkaloids. The GY depicted improved flavour, texture and other sensory attributes with a shelf life of 14 days at 4 °C. GY is a promising functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of air outlet temperature (75 and 85 °C) and milk type on proximate composition, water activity, particle size distribution, color, and rehydration ability of spray-dried skim dromedary and cow's milk powders. While the water activity of powders was close to 0.4 when spray-dried at 75 °C air outlet temperature, it ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 for a production at 85 °C air outlet temperature. Skim dromedary milk powder had a lower water activity than skim cow's milk powder after spray-drying at 85 °C air outlet temperature. Spray-drying yields were greater at the higher air outlet temperature (85 °C) for both skim milk powders. The particle size distributions of spray-dried skim milk powders were centered around 14–20 µm. The particles of skim dromedary milk powders were smaller than those of skim cow's milk powders as skim dromedary milk was less viscous, leading to smaller sprayed droplets. No significant influence of spray-drying conditions on particle size distribution was observed for dromedary milk powders. Regardless of the spray-drying conditions and the milk type, the produced powders were very bright and had a low color saturation. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that spray-dried powders appeared as agglomerates of small particles with angular shapes rather than individual particles. All investigated spray-dried powders were considered non-wettable, hardly dispersible, and fairly soluble. Skim dromedary milk powder produced at 85 °C air outlet temperature showed a significantly higher solubility index than the same formulation spray-dried at 75 °C outlet air temperature. The opposite was obtained for skim cow's milk powder. These results demonstrated that the outlet drying air temperature significantly influenced water activity, spray-drying yield and solubility of spray-dried dairy powders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthrospira maxima is a cyanobacterium with several applications in the food industry due to its capacity of biomass produce rich in protein and additional nutrients by photosynthesis. However, this biomass has a characteristic green color and an unpleasant flavor and aroma. Since variation in cultivation conditions leads to changes in Arthrospira biochemical composition, the objective of the present work was to optimize the cultivation of A. maxima in terms of biomass product and protein content. Furthermore, technological treatments to mask or attenuate biomass color, flavor, and aroma were applied. Central composite design (CCD) was employed to evaluate optimum culture conditions to enhance biomass product and protein content of A. maxima. According to experimental results, the predicted maximum biomass product and protein content after 7 days of cultivation were 0.89 g L−1 and 69.44%, respectively, under optimized conditions (temperature of 30 ± 2 °C, light irradiance of 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1, and orbital agitation of 136 rpm). If all combinations of these three-factor and three-level cultivation conditions were tested, it would generate 27 experiments, while using the CCD tool 17 experiments were conducted saving time and resources. The biomass produced at the optimized conditions was submitted to microencapsulation by spray-drying using an inlet temperature of 220 °C and presented a positive result by masking color, flavor, and aroma. Moreover, the optimized spray-dried A. maxima biomass produced a very high protein content (81%) showing that this microalga could become more attractive to be added in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexican stingless bee honey was already used in ancient civilizations for food and medicinal purposes. In this study, certain physical and chemical parameters of honey [liquid and powder (spray-dried)] produced by the stingless bee Scaptotrigona pectoralis from Yucatan, Mexico, were determined. Measured parameters in liquid honey were as follows: color (85.0 mm Pfund), moisture (25%), pH (3.6), acidity (116.0 meq kg−1), ash (0.25%), hydroxymethylfurfural (43.0 mg kg−1), invertase activity (22.0 IN) and reducing sugars [38.0 g (10 kg−1)]. Of nineteen volatiles compounds positively identified, p-anisaldehyde was found as the major compound. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using the methods ABTS•+ [37.0 µmol ET (10 kg−1)] and DPPH [3.50 µmol ET 10 kg−1]. Polyphenols content was 23.0 mg EAG 10 kg−1. Honey antioxidant activities were by ABTS•+ [37.0 µmol ET (10 kg−1)] and DPPH [3.5 µmol ET (10 kg−1)]. Polyphenols content was 23.0 mg EAG (10 kg−1). On the other hand, the spray-dried honey of S. pectoralis, presented high hygroscopicity [22.0 g (10 kg−1)], good solubility (265 s), low density (0.34 g ml−1) and good volatiles retention (77%). The antioxidant activity of the honey powder was higher [51 µmol ET (10 kg−1)] (ABTS•+ method) than in the liquid honey. The results show new information about the composition of the liquid honey and honey powder, which helps to assess their qualities. Further, the spray-drying process could be an alternative to preserve and even improve the antioxidant activity of S. pectoralis honey probably due to enrichment of antioxidant compounds in the powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]