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Background: Diverticulum of the human gall bladder is an important but distinct anatomical entity with significant clinical implications. It is one of the rarest congenital anomalies of the gall bladder being rarely discussed in literature. This article details the morphology of the diverticula found, along with the embryological basis and clinical significance of this important anatomical and clinical entity. Aim: To study the diverticula found, with respect to their morphology, and ascertain whether they were of congenital or acquired variety. Setting and Designs: The present study is a retrospective study carried on hundred cadavers during undergraduate dissection, in the Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, and Department of Anatomy, Subharti Medical College , Meerut during a four year period i.e. 2008-2012 after obtaining necessary permission from institutional ethical committee. Material and Methods: Hundred gall bladder specimens collected from 10% formalin fixed cadavers were studied in detail with regard to their number, position, shapes dimensions and histology. Results: Nine, congenital (true) diverticula were found in one hundred gall bladder specimens. The diverticula were of various shapes and dimensions. They formed pouches on the luminal surface of the gall bladder. Diagnosis of congenital diverticulum was confirmed by histology. Conclusion: In this cadaveric study, solitary diverticulum was found in nine (9%) specimens out of one hundred specimens. Association of diverticulum with non-specific prolonged ailments, acalculus cholecystitis, cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, recurrent cholangitis and carcinoma of gallbladder has been reported in literature. This important anatomical as well as clinical entity poses challenges for radiologists and laparoscopic surgeons during interventional procedures and also should be differentiated from other types of congenital anomalies and pathological states of gall bladder.

Introduction: Our present observational study attempted to evaluate the clinical profiles, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up results of 51 pediatric neurocysticercosis patients over a mean duration of five years (from January 2006 to December 2010). Materials and Methods: Diagnosis was mainly based on clinical features, computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging scan and exclusion of other causes. Patients with active, transitional cysts and seizure were treated with albendazole for 28 days, steroids and anticonvulsants. Results: A total of 38 patients completed this study. Mean age of the presentation was 8.47 ± 3.19 years 52.6% of the patients were female. Overall patients presented with generalized seizure in 55.3%, focal in 31.6%, headache ± vomiting in 63.2%, focal neurodeficit in 10.5% and combination of symptoms in 60.5% cases. Contrast CT brain showed a solitary lesion in 27 (71.1%) and multiple in the rest. At presentation lesions were transitional in 58.2%, inactive in 20% and mixed in 14.6%. After a mean of 2 years, seizure persisted in 9 (23.7%) and headache in 8 (21.1%) of whom six had normal electroencephalography (EEG) while one each showed focal slowing, generalized slowing and epileptiform discharges. During the follow-up, CT scan brain 44.7% lesions calcified, 31.6% disappeared, 10.5% regressed and the rest persisted. Conclusion: Solitary ring enhancing lesions (transitional stage) involving the parietal lobe was the commonest CT picture at presentation. Generalized tonic-clonic seizure was the most common type of seizure. Number of lesions, persistence of lesion, number of seizures, EEG abnormality at presentation were not found to be prognostically significant (P > 0.05).

A case of 65-year-old female with intrasellar mass was operated on under the diagnosis of pituitary adenoma. The final diagnosis of plasmacytoma was made by immunocytochemical stain of IgG and electron microscopical findings. Postoperatively, the radiological studies of systemic skeletal bone and cytology of bone marrow were normal. However, the serum IgG was high, and the urinary Bence-Jones protein (kappa type) was positive. Although these laboratory data normalized after operation and irradiation, the patient converted to severe multiple myeloma and expired one and half year after operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La localisation sous cutanée, primitive et isolée, du kyste hydatique est exceptionnelle, même dans les pays où la maladie hydatique est endémique. Nous rapportons le cas d'une jeune patiente présentant un kyste hydatique sous cutané sans atteintes viscérales associées.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a relatively rare subgroup of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is characterized by an aggressive and severe disease course with frequent involvement of regional lymph nodes and/or early metastasis. Because most cases of MCL are diagnosed in the advanced stages, clinical data on extranodal or early stage MCL is lacking, and MCL that is both extranodal and diagnosed during the early stages is even more rare. There have been several case reports on primary gastric MCL, which comprise a type of extranodal MCLs. However, to our knowledge, there have been no reports on solitary primary gastric MCL without regional lymph node involvement or distant metastasis. Recently, the authors experienced an uncommon case of MCL with the aforementioned characteristics that was managed with chemotherapy followed by allogenic stem cell transplantation.

Angiokeratomas (AK) are a group of capillary vascular malformations encompassing several unrelated conditions, predominantly seen on the lower extremities. AK can be classified into localized and diffuse forms. The diffuse forms comprise Fabry′s disease, which is the result of α-galactosidase deficiency. The cutaneous AK includes the Mibelli type, the Fordyce type, angiokeratoma circumscriptum (AC), and ′solitary and multiple papular angiokeratoma′. We describe a case of AC with unusual features including late onset and palmar affection. Amongst the possible therapeutic options, cryotherapy was considered. However, the patient was lost to follow up.

Metastatic cardiac tumors are more common than the primary ones and they most commonly involve the pericardium or myocardium. Very rarely they may show partial or total intracavitory growth. Ours is one such case of solitary intracavitory cardiac metastasis in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the right lung who presented with hemoptysis and palpitation. Echocardiography and histopathological study clinched the diagnosis.

Background/Aims: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) is a rare disorder that has a wide spectrum of clinical presentation and variable endoscopic findings. To further characterize the clinical and pathological features, a retrospective, hospital-based clinicopathological study was conducted. Materials and Methods: All cases of SRUS diagnosed at Farwania Hospital, Kuwait, between 2002 and 2007 were retrieved from the computerized filing system. The histological slides were reviewed by two authors to confirm the diagnosis. Immunohistochemical stain for smooth muscle actin (SMA) was performed. The clinical files were reviewed for clinical features and endoscopic findings. Results: Thirteen cases were identified: 8 males and 5 females. The age range was 15-85. Rectal bleeding, constipation, and abdominal pain were the most common presenting symptoms and were seen, either alone or in various combinations, in 12 of the 13 cases. Rectal ulceration was the most common endoscopic finding, being seen in 9 of the13 cases; 3 of these cases had multiple ulcerations. Two patients had rectal polyps, with one of them having multiple polyps. The histological examination revealed surface serration, fibromuscular obliteration of the lamina propria, and crypts′ distortion in all the cases. Seven of the cases had diamond crypts. Ectatic mucosal vessels were a common finding. Positivity for SMA in the lamina propria was seen in all examined cases. Conclusion: SRUS is a rare disorder and only 13 cases were diagnosed in Farwania hospital over a 6-year period. The clinical presentation of our patients was variable. The presence of polyps and multiple ulcerations on endoscopy is further evidence that SRUS is a misnomer. Surface serration, fibromuscular obliteration, and crypts′ distortion are the most characteristic features. The presence of diamond crypts is an additional diagnostic feature.

Theory of mind (ToM) undergoes significant developments during childhood, particularly between the ages of four and seven years. A growing body of research has indicated that children's social understanding may be related to their social behaviour with peers, in line with Theory Theory which proposes that children's social cognition is influenced by and influences their peer interactions. The current study examined the relationship between ToM and behaviour among 193 children aged 4-7 years. Children carried out a battery of ToM tasks, and teaching staff reported on children's aggressive, prosocial, and solitary behaviour and victimisation experiences. Aggression was not directly related to ToM; prosocial behaviour was positively associated with ToM for girls but not boys. Solitary behaviour and victimisation were negatively related to ToM. When this was broken down by gender, there was only a significant association between solitary behaviour and ToM for boys. When controlling for the relationship between behaviours, the only significant predictor of ToM was solitary behaviour for boys. ToM was also a significant predictor of solitary behaviour for boys, demonstrating that there is a bidirectional relationship at play. The findings highlight the importance of looking across these four behaviour types and understanding the relationship between behaviour profiles and ToM for boys and girls separately.

Neonatal liver abscess is a rare condition with a high mortality rate. However, in a low-resource setting, high clinical vigilance and the use of readily accessible diagnostic modalities can help in early diagnosis and, along with appropriate medical management, prevent lethal complication., Case Presentation: We present the case of a patient who presented with one day of sudden abdominal distension and two episodes of projectile nonbilious vomiting. A solitary liver abscess was diagnosed using ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography findings, and the patient was treated conservatively with parenteral broad-spectrum antibiotics. Following the completion of the antibiotic dose, an ultrasound of the abdomen reveals that the size of the liver abscess has decreased., Clinical Discussion: Neonatal liver abscess is a rare clinical condition that causes significant morbidity and mortality in premature and term babies. In a neonate with potential risk factors, a high index of suspicion is required to make the diagnosis. Baseline tests, as well as computed tomography with or without contrast, aid in the definitive diagnosis of a hepatic abscess. For management, a multidisciplinary approach should be considered, including correction of the predisposing factor as well as appropriate medical and/or surgical intervention., Conclusion: Neonatal liver abscess is frequently overlooked due to its rarity. Thus, whenever a neonate exhibits the aforementioned clinical spectrum, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis, and a diagnostic workup and treatment should be initiated as soon as possible to avoid debilitating complications., Competing Interests: All the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Paper reports a case of Massetric muscle cysticercosis diagnosed on sonography. Clinically patient presented with a solitary lesion, was considered to be a benign cyst, a tumor of mesenchymal tissue or salivary gland?, Lesions in the maxillo-facial region may present first to a dentist and, in endemic areas, cysticercosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of solitary nodular lesions of the oral cavity even though they are considerably rare.

Reading the short stories of L’Exil et le Royaume, we show that Camusian heroes are all faced with the "solitaire ou solidaire" dilemma, that they aspire to communicate with the other and the world, in short, to the kingdom, but face a triple isolation – geographical, political and psychological – which proves to be the essence of their exile. However, we find that, because he is placed in a different geopolitical context – South America and not the pre-war Algeria – the protagonist of "La Pierre qui pousse" escapes this fate, the isolation and loneliness that can lead to solidarity and even brotherhood.

We propose higher-order approximation formulae recovering the surface elevation from the pressure at the bed and the background shear flow, for small-amplitude Stokes and solitary water waves. They offer improvements over the pressure transfer function and the hydrostatic approximation. The formulae compare reasonably well with the asymptotic approximations of the exact relation between the pressure at the bed and the surface wave in the zero vorticity case, but they incorporate the effects of vorticity through the solutions of the Rayleigh equation. Several examples are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This small, mixed-methods study sought to understand the use of special housing units among formerly incarcerated men. In the present study, 110 participants were placed in solitary confinement, ranging from ≤30 days to 20 years, with a mean of 2 years (SD = 2.55). These men ranged in age from 35 to 67 years, with a mean age of 46 years. Years of incarceration ranged from less than 30 days to 34 years; the mean number of years incarcerated was 4 (SD = 6.39). Of the 110 participants, qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 men to explore their experiences during time spent in solitary. The qualitative themes that emerged from the study were getting special housing units might be used for punishment, getting used to solitary, and getting solitary might mean peace of mind. Personalized reentry plans for men placed in special housing units facilities are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metastatic spread of malignant phaeochromocytoma is known to involve multiple organs including the axial skeleton. Its presentation as a solitary lesion in the long bones of the extremities is extremely rare. We report a unique case of solitary metastatic phaeochromocytoma presenting in the distal femur, 16 years after excision of primary abdominal tumor. A 60 year old female, operated for adrenal phaeochromocytoma 16 years back was detected to have a bone tumor in her left distal femur. Chest and abdominal CT evaluation including bone scintigraphy confirmed the lesion to be solitary. Magnetic resonance imaging of the left femur revealed the tumor to be of aggressive nature. It involved whole of the distal femoral metaphysis with bone destruction, soft tissue extension and an impending pathological fracture. The tumor was histopathologically confirmed to be phaeochromocytoma. Patient underwent wide surgical resection of the tumor along with simultaneous endoprosthetic reconstruction. Following surgery, rehabilitation was rapid and effortless with patient ambulating independently. She had pain free full range of knee movements and resumed her daily activity uneventfully. On 18 months follow up the patient had no recurrence or complications. Late and solitary skeletal metastasis of malignant phaeochromocytoma although rare, can occur in the distal femur mimicking a primary bone tumor. Wide surgical excision and simultaneous endoprosthetic reconstruction should be considered as a treatment option. This not only permits limb salvage and early rehabilitation, but also restores form and function of the limb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining social contacts among solitary carnivores is difficult given their often nocturnal and secretive nature. We used proximity-sensing radiocollars to quantify social contacts and den sharing among striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in suburban Flagstaff, Arizona, United States, in summer, autumn, and winter 2012-2013. During June and July, we followed 6 males and 5 females and, in spite of overlapping home ranges, they had few social contacts (range = 0-7), and all were brief, nocturnal encounters. From October through February, we followed 8 males and 9 females and found that patterns of contacts were similar for males and females except for significantly higher diurnal contacts (co-denning) among females in winter. Females varied in denning behavior; 1 female denned continuously in the same location from early November to late January, while at the other extreme 1 female moved among 10 different dens across the same time period. Several females moved to new communal dens in late January, resulting in new combinations of females co-denning. Males visited multiple female dens throughout winter. Overall, our data were consistent with previous studies in documenting overlapping home ranges of both sexes with few social contacts in summer, male intolerance but lack of male territoriality, and divergent social behavior in winter, with females co-denning while males generally denned alone. Our study differed from others in documenting more social interaction and movement during winter, often through nocturnal visits by males to female dens, and a shift in denning associations among females near the end of January. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a progressive disorder of unknown etiology that predominantly affects the lungs, and the resulting respiratory failure can be fatal. Extrapulmonary LAM is a rare disease that often occurs concurrently with pulmonary LAM. Usually, extrapulmonary LAM presents as a localized, well-circumscribed mass. Due to the rare occurrence of extrapulmonary LAM and its atypical location, extrapulmonary LAM is often difficult to diagnose prior to surgery. The present study describes the clinicopathological features of primary liver LAM in a 26-year-old woman. To the best of our knowledge, the present study presents the first case of a primary solitary extrapulmonary form of LAM in the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In oral cavity neurogenic tumors are rare, especially if they are malignant. Neurofibromas are the benign tumors of nerve sheath origin involving multiple nerve fascicles of the smaller branches of peripheral nerves. They may present as solitary lesions or as a part of generalized syndrome of neurofibromatosis also known as von Recklinghausen's disease (VRD) or very rarely as multiple neurofibromas without VRD. Oral solitary neurofibromas are not uncommon, but histologically plexiform variant is a rare form. This article describes a case of oral solitary plexiform neurofibroma with a review of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very recently, the KdV6 was extended to a $$(2+1)$$ - dimensional equation by a direct way. Here, by using the ' $$\hat{kp}$$ -operator' the extension of that equation is done in a rigorous mathematical formulation. Polynomial solutions to the closed form equation are obtained via the unified method. It is found that via nonlinear interactions of traveling waves the solutions of the constructed equation may not be unique. Also, these solutions may show solitary or explosive shock waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solitary Plasmacytoma (SP) is a rare lesion characterized by localized accumulation of monoclonal plasma cells neoplastic without evidence of systemic myelomatosis. It représente 5% of all plasma cell tumors. Its diagnosis is based on three essential elements, radiology, immunohistochemical examination, and biological investigation. The treatment is based on radiation. Prognosis depends on its evolution or to a Multiple myeloma which requires regular monitoring of patients with this lesion. This work shows through a clinical case of a woman aged 58 years, The clinical, radiological and histological appearence of this lesion, and the treatement are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the long-term outcomes of pulmonary nodules detected on chest computed tomography in a consecutive cohort of patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent head and neck squamous cell cancer staged between 2001 and 2003. Results: The study included 222 patients, 148 patients with newly diagnosed head and neck cancer (group 1) and 74 patients with recurrent cancer (group 2). Abnormalities were identified in 101 patients (45.4 per cent); these were predominantly benign in group 1 (61.7 per cent) as compared to predominantly malignant in group 2 (64.3 per cent) (Fisher's exact test; p = 0.0009). Only four patients (7.4 per cent) with an initially benign-looking pulmonary nodule went on to develop malignancy over time, conferring a negative predictive value of 93 per cent for the whole cohort. Conclusion: Chest computed tomography abnormalities in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer are statistically more likely to be malignant. Very few patients with an initially benign-appearing nodule develop chest malignancy over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792), called the giant armadillo, is monotypic and by far the largest extant armadillo. Average adult weight is about 30 kg (in captivity, as high as 80 kg). Its carapace extends about halfway down its sides, making it impossible to curl up tightly. It is dark brown to black dorsally, with a broad light band around the lower part of its carapace. It primarily digs to escape, enhanced by its 20-cm, sickle-shaped nail on its 3rd forefingers. P. maximus is widely distributed in South America but nowhere abundant. It is affected by habitat loss and fragmentation, agriculture, hunting, collection for museum specimens, and illegal animal trafficking. P. maximus is listed as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La localisation sous cutanée, primitive et isolée, du kyste hydatique est exceptionnelle, même dans les pays où la maladie hydatique est endémique. Nous rapportons le cas d'une jeune patiente présentant un kyste hydatique sous cutané sans atteintes viscérales associées. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of metastasectomy on survival in advanced/urologic malignancies still remains unclear. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common solid tumor within the kidney. 25-30 % of patients have metastases at manifestation. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) consists of bladder carcinoma, upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma and urethral carcinoma. Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide. Half of patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer have lymph node or distant metastases. In metastatic disease first-line treatment is multi-agent platinum-based systemic chemotherapy. Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men between the age of 15 and 35. Testicular tumors represent excellent oncologic outcomes. Prostate cancer is the most common solid tumor in Europe. Surgical resection of metastases can be considered as a treatment choice in advanced/metastatic urologic malignancies to improve survival rates, particularly in RCC and UC. Metastasectomy can be suggested in conjunction with effective chemotherapy if complete resection is possible. Solitary metastasectomy can represent better survival rates compared to multiple metastasectomy even if multiple metastases confined to single organ. Site of metastases is one of the main determinants of successful metastasectomy such as lung metastasectomy in urothelial cell carcinoma and liver metastasectomy in RCC may lead to better oncologic outcomes. Due to the lack of the relevant data it is not possible to make an evidence-based recommendation on the role of metastasectomy for solitary-/organ-confined metastases of prostate cancer, testicular cancer and penile cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Gallstones represent a major health problem across the world. In the United States the prevalence is about 10% and increasing up to 30% in advance age people. Its Prevalence in Islamic Republic Pakistan is around 15 to 20 %. OBJECTIVE: Aim of our study is to assess the differences in clinical presentation between single and multiple gallstones. DESIGN: Comparative study. SETTING: This study was conducted at surgical department of Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. DURATION: 1st Feb 2010 to 31st January 2014. SAMPLE SIZE: Total one hundred patients. METHODOLOGY: All sonographically diagnosed patients of gallstones admitted into the ward. Clinical presentation like signs, symptoms and preoperative ultrasound findings of all patients were noted on predesigned performa, than after all necessary preoperative workup patients fit for surgery underwent cholecystectomy under elective conditions. The gallbladder was incised and the gallstones were exposed. The number of stones (single or multiple) in each gallbladder was recorded and on this basis all patients were divided into two groups. Group "A" labeled as a single stone and group "B" multiple stone. RESULTS: The age range from 20 to 70 years, mean age was 44±5.5 years. Incidence of disease is about five times higher in female than males (80% female, 20% male). 80% of patients had multiple stones, 20% patients had single stones. Majority of patients of group "A" has colicky type of pain and located in right upper quadrant and majority of group "B" patients has dull pain and located in Epigastrium. Other clinical symptoms like dyspepsia, vomiting and fever have no major difference in both groups. Sonographic findings are also almost same in both groups. CONCLUSION: It is concluded from our study that the clinical and Sonographic presentation is almost same in both groups, except site and type of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare experience with solitary cecal diverticulum (SCD) with literature on the indication for appendectomy in cases of solitary cecal diverticulitis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of SCD in our institution from September 2011 to March 2013. Data on sex, age, ethnic origin, presence of pain in the right iliac fossa, duration of symptoms, diagnosis, management, intraoperative findings, histologic examination, hospital stay, complications, and follow-up were reviewed and analyzed. We compared this to related literature reported between 2000 and 2015. Results: In the study period, 10 patients presented with an SCD. Male sex and Asian origin were predominant. All patients had pain in the right iliac fossa, with a duration of 2-5 days. In nine cases the diagnosis was made by clinical examination and laboratory testing. One patient who had undergone a previous appendectomy was diagnosed with SCD by computed tomography. This last patient was treated conservatively, four patients were treated with resection of the cecum "en bloc" with the last jejunal loop and appendix, and the other five patients were treated with appendectomies. Two patients had minor complications. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 12 to a maximum of 24 months. No recurrence was recorded in either the case treated conservatively or the cases treated by appendectomies. Conclusions: In cases of operative but conservative treatment for SCD, appendectomy could be justified to avoid misdiagnosis in case of future episodes of solitary cecal diverticulitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to see whether lessons could be learned from the prospectively maintained nationwide database on solitary pancreas transplantation (SPTx) performed in the UK. Methods: Two hundred and forty-five SPTx were utilized from the 2004-2013 period (113 pancreas transplant alone and 132 pancreas after kidney). The statistical analysis included donor, recipient, transplant variables, and the effect of a rejection episode on graft survival. Results: Cold ischemia time (CIT), CIT > 12 h, donor body mass index (BMI) > 30, and non-lymphocyte-depleting induction immunosuppression achieved p-value <0.05 in the unadjusted univariate hazard model analysis. In a multivariate analysis, variables that persisted in demonstrating increased independent risk included CIT > 12 h (hazard ratio [HR] 1.94, p = 0.035) and the use of non-depleting induction immunosuppression (HR 1.95, p = 0.002). Factors such as bladder-drained grafts and donor variables including age, BMI, and donation after cardiac death (DCD) vs. donation after brain-stem death did not attain significance. Rejection reduces the overall graft survival by approximately 1000 d (1841 ± 114 d vs. 915 ± 119 d, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Cold ischemia time <12 h and the use of depleting antibodies as induction immunosuppression have a positive effect on pancreas allograft survival. Other factors such as bladder-drained grafts and donor variables such as age, BMI, and DCD status did not attain significance in a multivariate analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case Report: Solitary plexiform neurofibroma of the penis is an extremely rare peripheral nerve lesion with only about 20 cases reported all around the world. Here, we are reporting a case of solitary penile plexiform neurofibroma with sexual dysfunction due to difficulty in penetration. This 47-year-old gentleman presented with a swelling on the dorsal side of the penis. He was aware of the swelling for the last 15 years. The swelling was slow growing and there was no associated loss of sensation or sexual dysfunction. For the last 2 months, he noticed that the tumour is rapidly increasing in size. He was also having difficulty in penetration during sexual intercourse which forced him to seek medical attention. He underwent excision of the swelling from our department. After 18 months of follow-up following excision, there has been no evidence of recurrence of the tumour.Conclusion: Penile plexiform neurofibromas are a rare type of lesions and are usually associated with neurofibromatosis. Solitary penile plexiform neurofibromas are extremely rare. Excision, when done properly, gives good results, without erectile dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porokeratosis is an assorted group of five genetic disorders. These include porokeratosis of Mibelli, DSAP, punctate porokeratosis, porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminata, and linear porokeratosis.They are disorders of abnormal keratinization characterized by the appearance of atrophic patches. Porokeratosis of Mibelli is referred to the more localized form of this disorder usually manifesting as solitary or a small group of lesions. It was first described by Mibelli in 1893 who described atrophic patches surrounded by a clinically and histologically unique ridge like border termed the cornoid lamella. The cornoid lamella is formed by rapidly proliferating atypical keratinocytes that expands peripherally to form a raised boundary at the junction of abnormal and normal cells. These lesions are most commonly found on the extremities, but can also be found on genitalia, face, oral mucosa and cornea. Though the patches are generally asymptomatic they can often lead to ulcerative, verrucous, giant, and malignant lesions. We describe a case of Porokeratosis of Mibelli at an unusual site in a 22 yr old male. The presenting history, clinical findings, biopsy results and available literature are reviewed.

Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder accounting for 2% of all lymphomas. Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a rare, albeit commonest form of primary cutaneous T cell lymphoma. MF d′emblee is an uncommon variant which is easily mistaken clinically for epithelial malignancy. Diagnosis at cytology is challenging due to low degree of suspicion, rare occurrence and diverse morphology. We report a case of 51-year-old male presenting with a solitary nodulo-ulcerative lesion over right thigh. Smear showed atypical lymphocytes with hyper-convoluted cerebriform nuclei along with few mature lymphocytes consistent with MF. To our knowledge, this is the first report of unilesional MF d′emblee diagnosed at fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Our case emphasizes that FNAC is an accurate method for early diagnosis and clinical staging of patients with MF.

A 59-year-old woman presented with a history of rapidly progressive recurrent tumor of 6.5 cm diameter of the scalp. Histopathological examination revealed a case of malignant cylindroma. There has been no recurrence or metastases and the patient is disease free at the end of 15 months postoperatively. Malignant transformation occurs less often in solitary form of cylindroma, but once transformed, tumors behave aggressively with extensive local infiltrative growth or metastases. The case is reported to document a rare case of malignant cylindroma arising in a patient with solitary cylindroma on the parieto-temporal region.