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The object of this study is the process of planning the work of a transport and forwarding company when serving different categories of customers who need organizational support for the delivery of goods by road transport in international traffic. The solved problem is due to the need to devise recommendations for organizing the work of forwarders when interacting with customers of transport and forwarding services that export or import different categories of cargo. A simulation model of the transport and forwarding company’s work in customer service was developed and implemented in the GPSS World simulation automation package. The model provides for the optimization of organizational and management processes in cooperation with customers of transport and forwarding services. When developing the model, the duration of the types of work in which freight forwarders are involved in the export and import of goods by road transport was taken into account. The model also predicts the probability of errors in the forwarder’s work and the duration of their elimination. The application of the developed model in practice will enable the owners of transport and forwarding companies to plan the full-time number of forwarders and the duration of service provision under different conditions of interaction with customers. The simulation results reflect the performance indicators of the enterprise in serving different categories of customers. This will make it possible to optimize the work of the enterprise by planning personnel support. At the same time, the duration of transport and forwarding services will be reduced by 10–15 %, the capacity of the enterprise will increase by 6–11 %, and the reliability of service provision will increase by 8–14 % [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In laser cutting, the fundamental role of the gas flow for melt removal and kerf formation is generally accepted. Beyond this vague understanding, however, the underlying physical mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In particular, detailed data concerning the momentum and heat transfer between the gas and melt have seldom been reported. This study addresses the local interactions between the cutting gas and kerf surface (melt film surface) in a fundamental way based on a combined experimental, theoretical, and numerical approach. Typical solid-state laser cut edges are analyzed considering the characteristic surface structures and the basic influences of the gas flow on the global and local melt movement. Here, apparent structures in the micrometer range indicate the effect of vortical gas structures close to the wall. Theoretical investigation of the gas boundary layer is conducted by semiempirical equations and the transfer of basic results from the boundary layer theory. It is shown that the boundary layer is in transition between the laminar and turbulent flow, and local flow separations and shock-boundary layer interactions primarily induce spatially periodic and quasistationary instability modes. An improved numerical model of the cutting gas flow confirms the theoretical results and exhibits good agreement with experimental cut edges, reproducing relevant instability modes and quantifying the local momentum and heat transfer distributions between the gas and melt. With the knowledge gained about the underlying physical mechanisms, promising approaches for improvements of the fusion cutting performance are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the developed curvilinear motion simulation model for a vehicle with two traction electric motors moving on a solid surface used to study the dynamic properties of a wheeled vehicle and to subject the developed methods to virtual testing. The simulation model of the electric all-wheel drive vehicle is carried out in the Simcenter Amesim environment to account for the dynamic characteristics and features of the vehicle. The simulation model was developed based on the drawn requirements while the assumptions were justified. Inertia characteristics, tire characteristics, suspension elements, grip characteristics, and surface and air resistance were considered, as these factors affect the vehicle longitudinal and transverse dynamics. The article presents the model implemented in the "Labcar" system and confirms its adequacy by comparing it with the data obtained during the full-scale prototype tests. The bench and range tests of a test vehicle with electric transmission equipped with a measuring complex confirmed the adequacy of the developed model. The results of comparative tests allow for the conclusion that the developed model complex is suitable for modeling purposes, including studying, debugging and initial calibrations of the algorithm of torque distribution on the driving axles of all-wheel drive electric vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroponic leafy vegetables can be enveloped and then clamped into the center of the planting hole in the cultivated pipeline, in order to avoid the root residues for the accurate root cutting of stems. However, the centering envelope grabbing mechanism with the fixed orientation can vary greatly with the different initial inclination angle and the position of hydroponic leafy vegetables. In this study, a variable orientation grabbing mechanism was proposed to adjust the orientation relative to the center of the planting hole during grabbing. Taking Lvbao hydroponic Chinese kale as the research material, the related properties were measured to determine the structural parameters. The initial opening angle of 15°, the closing angle of 30°, the rotating angle of 45°, and two times rotating speed of the two fingers were determined for the gripper during envelope grasping. A comparison test was performed on the grasping performance and success rate of the fixed and variable orientation grabbing mechanism with different initial inclination angles and positions using multi-body dynamics simulation with ADMAS software and laboratory grabbing test. The simulation results showed that the clamping inclination angle increased significantly with the increase of the initial inclination angle. At the initial inclination angles of 50°, 65°, and 80°, the mean clamping inclination angles of 84.25°, 85.86° and 87.76° for the variable orientation centering and clamping state, were better than those of 82.17°, 83.73° and 86.41° for the fixed orientation approach. At the position of P1 -P8, the mean clamping inclination angles of 84.89°, 85.93°, 84.81°, 86.86°, 85.16°, 86.47°, 86.70°, and 86.78° for the variable orientation centering and clamping state, were better than those of 82.67°, 85.09°, 84.64°, 85.09°, 84.13°, 83.17°, 83.94°, and 83.53° for the fixed orientation. The grabbing test also show that the grasping inclination angle increased, as the initial inclination angle increased. In the inclination angles of 45°-60°, >60°-75°, and >75°-90°, the mean grasping inclination angles of the variable orientation grabbing at different positions were 85.78°, 87.91°, and 87.57°, respectively, which were better than those of 83.08°, 85.00° and 86.76° for the fixed orientation. At the position of P1 -P8, the mean grasping inclination angles of 87.18°, 87.10°, 84.83°, 88.13°, 87.63°, 86.90°, 87.92°, and 88.21° for the variable orientation grabbing, were better than those of 80.89°, 86.98°, 88.07°, 85.88°, 81.56°, 83.99°, 85.51°, and 86.68° for the fixed orientation. In the hydroponic Chinese kale with different initial inclination angles, the mean values of grabbing success rate were 91.67%, 95.83% and 100.00% for the variable orientation, which were better than those of 87.50%, 91.67% and 100.00% for the fixed orientation. Except for the P2 position, the mean values of grabbing success rate of variable orientation grabbing at different position were higher than those of the fixed orientation. It infers that the simulation was consistent with the test. The variable orientation grabbing was more applicable for the better performance of the centering envelope grabbing mechanism. High-speed photographic images presented that the main reason for the grabbing failure at P2 was that the double-layer finger was directly contacted and pushed with the extended leaves of the hydroponic Chinese kale during entering and positioning. Therefore, it can be expected to avoid the collision of the fingers and the extended leaves in future. The finding can provide a strong reference for the harvesting equipment of hydroponic leaf vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fugacity models are used widely to predict the time-dependent behaviors of chemicals in environments containing several media (e.g., air, sediment, soil, and water). However, these fugacity models work on the assumption that the concentration of a chemical in each medium is uniform, so they cannot describe the spatial distribution of the chemical. We developed a new fugacity model, termed InPestCFD, incorporating computational fluid dynamics to describe both the time-dependent distribution and the spatial distribution of a chemical in a medium. InPestCFD was used to calculate the behavior of an insecticide released from an aerosol canister in a room. Indoor airflow and aerosol particle behavior were calculated via computational fluid dynamics and using a Lagrangian dispersion model. Transport of the insecticide among media (aerosol particles, air, ceiling, floor, and walls) was calculated using the fugacity model. The time-dependent distributions and spatial distributions of the insecticide in the media agreed well with real measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce global energy consumption, energy-efficient, green and smart buildings should be built. In addition to the application of other energy efficiency measures, effective management of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are also required. High-quality management and control of those systems ensures optimal occupant comfort, proper operation, rational energy consumption, and a positive impact on the environment. This is especially important for large buildings with complex systems such as hotels. As a contribution to the creation of appropriate tools for the management and control of HVAC systems in smart buildings, this paper presents the results of the development of a detailed dynamic simulation model based on data collected from a smart room system in a hotel in Zagreb, Croatia. The smart room system provides historical data on a set and actual room temperatures, occupancy schedule, windows openings, fan coil unit (FCU) operating status, fan speed, control valve opening, and heating or cooling modes with a time step of 5 minutes. The simulation model based on TRNSYS software uses part of the available data and predicts the room temperatures. A comparison of the predicted and measured temperatures at each time step shows that the deviations of the manually calibrated model are within acceptable standardized limits. The developed model has been applied to identify major anomalies in the operation of the FCU system, yielding promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of researching weapons distribution strategies to ensure effective combat operations in a military conflict zone is being formed and solved. The relevance of the study is related to the solution of the task of an operational-tactical nature in order to establish the military parity of forces in the conditions of the introduction of various equipment into the combat zone (CZ), which has different characteristics of combat capability from the set of warehouses and suppliers, with long supply chains. The problems that arise when establishing military parity of forces with the help of various weapons with different indicators of combat capability, the limited capabilities of suppliers, and the complications of supply logistics are analyzed. It is shown that asymmetric solutions, according to military equipment, are possible because of the use of technological innovations and high indicators of the combat effectiveness of weapons. It was concluded that the establishment of military parity of forces is possible thanks to the use of rational strategies for the distribution of weapons, which is an urgent problem in the conditions of modern hybrid warfare. Thus, this paper proposes a study of possible strategies for the distribution of weapons by CZ in conditions of threats of martial law of the country. The current study creates models that allow for the evaluation of possible arms distribution strategies, considering the diversity of military equipment, limited capabilities of suppliers, and risks associated with long logistics supply chains. Using set-theoretical analysis, methods of combinatorics, and enumeration theory, a systematic presentation of the distribution process of weapons is created. Possible strategies for the distribution of weapons by CZ to establish military parity of forces are formed and analyzed. Optimization models have been created for the rational distribution of military equipment under conditions of limited capabilities of manufacturers in terms of costs, production terms, and risks of arms supply. A simulation model is being developed to study the dynamics of the logistical process of distribution and supply of weapons in agent representation using the AnyLogic platform. Modeling allows you to analyze the impact of threats to the main indicators of the distribution and supply of weapons. An illustrative example of the distribution of weapons by CZ of a military conflict is presented. The scientific novelty of this research is related to the solution of the actual problem of the rational distribution of various military equipment by CZ in the conditions of modern hybrid warfare. The results of this study should be used for operational-tactical planning of the logistical process of distribution and supply of weapons to solve the problem of establishing military parity of forces in the CZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents a new method of predicting the time of completion of a transport task. The method is based on the created mathematical model of the transport task process and on artificial intelligence methods. The choice of the optimal transportation route is based on the conditions of a specific task. A new method of choosing the optimal route is presented, taking into account the influence of such factors as weather conditions, day of the week, time of day, condition of the road surface, presence of residential complexes and other factors. The purpose of the study is to optimize the method of building a transport route using neural networks. The work presents the improvement of the general method of optimizing the transport process, the development of a neural network training method for predicting the time of the transport process, the development of a simulation mathematical model of the transport process and the determination of the model parameters and the effectiveness of the method verification. Research methods: methods of mathematical modeling, simulation modeling, Monte Carlo method, methods of artificial intelligence based on neural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses simulation of a circular interpolator developed according to the principle of differential analyzers on the basis of two coordinate electric servo drives with a stepper electric motor using the MATLAB/Simulink software during processing of the technological radius of workpiece. A simulation model has been obtained, including a model of a circular interpolator and models of two servo electric drives based on a stepper motor, which move, for example, along the X and Y coordinates of various coordinate machines with numerical control, using a stepper motor. The contour errors of servo electric drives when processing the radius of a circle were obtained, as well as graphs of transient processes of servo electric drives for various interpolation parameters. The resulting tracking errors are not only necessary for diagnosing the inertial properties of the electric drive, but also can be considered as a consequence of adjusting the control system as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We have developed the Building, Relating, Assessing, and Validating Outcomes (BRAVO) diabetes model, an individual-level, discrete-time microsimulation model specifically designed for type 2 diabetes (T2D) management. This study aims to validate the model's performance when populated exclusively with a fully de-identified dataset to ensure its applicability in secure settings. Methods: Patient-level data from the Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering (EXSCEL) trial were fully de-identified by removing all identifiable information and masking numerical values (e.g., age, body mass index) within ranges to minimize the risk of re-identification. To populate the simulation, we imputed the masked numerical values using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We applied the BRAVO model to the baseline data to predict 7-year study outcomes for the EXSCEL trial and assessed its discrimination power and calibration using C-statistics and Brier scores. Results: The model demonstrated acceptable discrimination and calibration in predicting the first occurrence of non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, heart failure, revascularization, and all-cause mortality. Even with the fully deidentified data from the EXSCEL trial primarily presented in ranges rather than specific values, the BRAVO model exhibited robust prediction performance for diabetes complications and mortality. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using the BRAVO model in settings where only fully de-identified patient-level data are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed knowledge of female pelvic floor anatomy is essential for midwifery and other professionals in obstetrics. Physical models have shown great potential for teaching anatomy and enhancing surgical skills. In this article, we introduce an innovative physical anatomy model called "Pelvic+" to teach anatomical relationships in the female pelvis. The Pelvic+ model's value was compared to a traditional lecture in 61 first‐year midwifery students randomly allocated to either the Pelvic+ (n = 30) or a control group (n = 32). The primary outcome measure was a quiz comprised of 15 multiple choice questions on pelvic anatomy. Participants were assessed at baseline (Pre‐Test), upon completion of the intervention (Post‐Test1) and 4 months afterward (Post‐Test2). Satisfaction with the approach was assessed at Post‐Test1. Increase in knowledge was greater and the approach more accepted among resident midwives when Pelvic+ was used instead of standard lectures. Four months after the intervention, the improvement in knowledge was preserved in the Pelvic+ group. This randomized study demonstrates that the Pelvic+ simulator is more effective than classical learning for pelvic anatomy education, and offers a higher level of satisfaction among students during the educational process. Medical students training in obstetrics and gynecology, or any professional who specializes in the female pelvic floor might also benefit from incorporation of the Pelvic+ model into their training program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the influence of bridge tower wind shielding effect on the safety of train operation under random crosswind loads, the aerodynamic simulation model and train dynamics model for a high-speed train and bridge tower system are established to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics and derailment coefficient under constant crosswind and random crosswind, and analyze the impact of random crosswind on train operation based on such safety performance indexes of the train in the bridge tower environment as wheel load reduction rate, wheel rail lateral force are wheel rail vertical force. The results indicate that: the bridge tower of width less than that of the train carriage has little effect on the safety of train operation; compared with train speed, wind speed and wind model have stronger influence on train driving safety; the influence of random wind on train safety is of hysteresis; compared with the constant crosswind, the influence of random wind on driving safety is stronger; as the train speed is lower than 250 km/h, under random crosswind, the maximum value of safety parameters is at least 3.12% higher than that under constant crosswind; according to the standard deviation of safety parameters, the volatility of aerodynamic load and safety parameters under random wind is more drastic than that under constant wind; the fluctuation degree of safety parameters increases with the increase of the average wind speed; and when the average wind speed of random wind is not higher than 10 m/s, the train can run safely at 250 km/h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landscape fragmentation and defaunation have major impacts on plant dispersal and dynamics. However, whether the impact of such perturbations on seed dispersal and recruitment change in sign and strength across habitats and spatial scales, and whether they amplify or buffer each other, remains largely unknown. To evaluate, for the first time, the joint impact of fragmentation and defaunation on seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) across spatial scales (e.g., short‐ and long‐distance seed dispersal), we utilized the long‐term field data of a mammal‐dispersed tree (Pyrus bourgaeana) in a spatially explicit individual‐based model. By means of simulation experiments, we evaluated the effects of different levels of landscape fragmentation and defaunation on SDE and tree recruitment. Our simulation results revealed that the direction and magnitude of the fragmentation effect on SDE depended on its strength (mild, severe) and the spatial scale considered. Severe fragmentation decreased SDE for short‐ and intermediate‐distance seed dispersal. Interestingly, mild and severe fragmentation increased SDE of long‐distance seed dispersal, suggesting a positive effect of such perturbations (i.e., an increase in the proportion of successful long‐distance dispersal events). Though defaunation had a consistently negative effect on overall SDE, its magnitude was highly species‐ and spatial–scale‐dependent. The impact of defaunation on seed dispersal distance was also species‐specific: the proportion of long‐distance dispersal increased under total badger (Meles meles) defaunation but decreased under total fox (Vulpes vulpes) defaunation. A pervasive integration of seed dispersal distance into the SDE framework is essential to most comprehensively understand the scale‐dependent nature of human activity impacts on plant dynamics. In the long term, strong perturbations (landscape fragmentation and defaunation) could select either for or against long‐distance seed dispersal, altering in different ways the ability of plants to cope with climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Indian village of Palanpur has been the subject of close study over a period of six decades from 1957/8 to 2015. Himanshu et al. (2018) document the evolution of the village economy over this period and point to two distinct drivers of growth and distribution of income. An early period of agricultural intensification associated with the green revolution saw an expansion of irrigation and the introduction of new agricultural technologies, leading to rising incomes accompanied by falling poverty and fairly stable, or even declining, income inequality. From about the mid-1970s onwards, a cumulative process of non-farm diversification took hold, and was associated with further growth and poverty decline but also a significant rise in income inequality. Such a process of structural transformation has been observed more widely in rural India. We construct a simple model of a village economy that captures several of the salient features of the Palanpur economy and society, and that is able to reproduce the distributional outcomes observed in the village. Our analysis suggests that while non-farm diversification occurred alongside rising inequality, the counterfactual of no diversification would in fact be associated with an even greater increase. We suggest therefore that non-farm diversification has in fact helped to contain growth in inequality, and has played a particularly pronounced role in reducing poverty. To the extent that other villages in India share features similar to Palanpur, our findings may also hold elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogen energy storage technology based on the electric-hydrogen conversion mechanisms can realize wind and PV power consumption， smooth out wind and PV power fluctuations， and thus can be used as an important form of renewable energy power generation support. The construction of multivariate simulation models is an important means to promote the design and control of a wind-PV-hydrogen coupling system. The mechanistic models and common simplified models of wind power generation， photovoltaic power generation， and hydrogen production through electrolysis are introduced. The coupling characteristics of different renewable energy generation and hydrogen production are compared. Moreover， the application value of simulation models in operation and control optimization， source-grid-load interaction， and capacity configuration is illustrated based on domestic and foreign modeling cases. In view of the present technology development， the development of technology is analyzed and foreseen concerning the multi-physical field， multi-time scale， and multi-element to guide and facilitate the construction of related platforms and projects to accelerate the energy mix transformation towards zero-carbon energy supply and green energy use through the review of the basis for modeling of coupled hydrogen production from renewable energy sources.

Apartment development projects have steadily emerged in Korea. For a successful project, the developer must manage the economic risk factors that directly influence the project profit. In this respect, the main economic risk factors are sales price, sales ratio, land cost, construction cost, and financial cost. These factors have a causal relationship and create a complex profit structure and flow of funds as simulated in a dynamic simulation model. Furthermore, these factors are highly influenced by the economic trend over time. The developer needs to manage these risks to avoid business failure and obtain optimum profit. Therefore, this study aims to develop a risk management model of apartment development projects using system dynamics. This study establishes strategy by setting the risk range limit: lower control limit and upper control limit of each risk factor. The developed model was verified by applying it to the actual case project. The key findings are: (1) the optimum profit is maintained as long as the value of risk factors are managed within the risk range limit, (2) the developer can readjust the risk range limit to maintain the optimum profit whenever there is changing economic conditions that influence the value of risk factors.

Background. The problem of this work is to optimize the currently used methods for calculating the available bandwidth based on analytical calculations by building a simulation model in the AnyLogic software package. Most scientists are working on the issues of laying the traffic schedule without taking into account the complex of issues related to predictive modeling and improving the accuracy of calculating the available capacity. Materials and/or methods: simulation modeling, economic and mathematical modeling, AnyLogic software package, methods of general systems theory, logistics. Results. In the course of the work, an abstract model of a railway line was developed and built that simulates the movement of trains according to the specified traffic parameters. The results of the study can be used in the dispatching centers of transportation management of JSC “Russian Railways” in order to optimize the analysis of the subject of the completed work of the railway landfill of the road. Conclusion. The paper considers and proposes a method for calculating the available capacity on a railway line based on existing analytical formulas and the use of simulation modeling tools in order to adjust them and calculate the value of the simulation modeling coefficient proposed in the work.

Abstract Background As mental health in adulthood is related to mental status during adolescence, school-based interventions have been proposed to improve resilience. The objective of this study was to build a simulation model representing the natural history of mental disorders in childhood, adolescence and youth to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the UPRIGHT school-based intervention in promoting resilience and mental health in adolescence. Methods We built a discrete event simulation model fed with real-world data (cumulative incidence disaggregated into eight clusters) from the Basque Health Service database (609,381 individuals) to calculate utilities (quality-adjusted life years [QALYs]) and costs for the general population in two scenarios (base case and intervention). The model translated changes in the wellbeing of adolescents into different risks of mental illnesses for a time horizon of 30 years. Results The number of cases of anxiety was estimated to fall by 5,125 or 9,592 and those of depression by 1,269 and 2,165 if the effect of the intervention lasted 2 or 5 years respectively. From a healthcare system perspective, the intervention was cost-effective for all cases considered with incremental cost-utility ratios always lower than €10,000/QALY and dominant for some subgroups. The intervention was always dominant when including indirect and non-medical costs (societal perspective). Conclusions Although the primary analysis of the trial did not did not detect significant differences, the UPRIGHT intervention promoting positive mental health was dominant in the economic evaluation from the societal perspective. Promoting resilience was more cost-effective in the most deprived group. Despite a lack of information about the spillover effect in some sectors, the economic evaluation framework developed principally for pharmacoeconomics can be applied to interventions to promote resilience in adolescents. As prevention of mental health disorders is even more necessary in the post-coronavirus disease-19 era, such evaluation is essential to assess whether investment in mental health promotion would be good value for money by avoiding costs for healthcare providers and other stakeholders.

A model for the flow of a gas mixture in the respiratory circuit of an artificial lung ventilation apparatus has been developed. This model can be used to calculate the optimal values for artificial lung ventilation. It can also be used to simulate various situations that may arise during the treatment of a patient. In this paper, the cases were considered when the tubes were straight and when they were subjected to physical pressure, as well as when the tubes were subjected to a change in geometry (bent). The values of excess pressure in the respiratory circuit of the artificial lung ventilation apparatus were calculated. Recommendations on the use of the model are given.

To investigate the mechanical behavior and design methodology of column-free QRST (quasi-rectangular segmental tunnel) structures, a theoretical analysis based on prototype experiments and simulation models is conducted. Initially, a prototype experimental investigation is conducted to reveal the structural behavior at the service stage. Subsequently, the ESHR model (Equivalent Stiffness Homogeneous Ring), the BS model (Beam Spring), and the MBS model (Modified Beam Spring) are used to simulate structural behavior. For design purposes, the design methodology is explored based on the ESHR model, followed by a sensitivity analysis of several key load parameters. Based on the experimental results, weak parts of the column-free QRST structure are found to include several joints (Joint 1, Joint 5, Joint 3, and Joint 8), and corresponding optimization measures are proposed. By comparing the test results, the above-mentioned three models demonstrate their applicability in structural simulation, with the ESHR model having sufficient design accuracy. A model-based deformation mechanism analysis found that joints contribute approximately 2/3 of the structural deformation. For the structural design of the column-free QRST using the ESHR model, amplifying the calculated results of structures directly subjected to the service stage by 10% suffices to meet engineering requirements. Based on the test and study, special attention should be paid to the negative bending moment regions at the waists of the structure during both the design and service stages.

Objective. To describe the suturing consistency of orthopaedic residents in microsurgery using a low-fidelity set-up. Background. Residents lack the time and resources to practice microsurgical suturing under a microscope before being exposed to live surgeries. Speedy and consistent suturing are critical skills during live surgery (e.g., vessel anastomosis in free flap surgery, or critical revascularization). This study presents a budget-friendly home or office setup for microsurgery practice to improve the consistency of suture distance and interval. Methodology. This is a cross-sectional study that measured the consistency of suture distances and intervals and time to completion of seven Orthopaedic residents using a locally available digital USB-powered microscope, a monitor, and latex sheets. Consistency was analyzed using intraclass correlation. Results. All residents had a faster time to completion with each attempt (mean 1st attempt = 27.7 min, 2nd attempt = 20.4 min, 3rd attempt = 17 min). The third attempt showed significantly improved suture consistency in all participants (ICC = 0.50, p

Summary: Background: The US Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative aims to reduce national HIV incidence 90% by 2030 and to address the disproportionate burden of HIV among different racial/ethnic populations. Florida's state-wide 2022–2026 Integrated HIV Prevention and Care Plan outlines objectives for reaching EHE goals. In Miami-Dade County, we determined the epidemiological impact of achieving the integrated plan's objectives individually and jointly. Methods: We adapted an HIV transmission model calibrated to Miami-Dade County adjusting access to HIV testing, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and antiretroviral treatment to model the effects of each objective between 2022 and 2030. We compared two service scale-up approaches: (a) scale-up proportionally to existing racial/ethnic group access levels, and (b) scale-up according to new diagnoses across racial/ethnic groups (equity-oriented). We estimated reductions in new HIV infections by each objective and approach, compared to the EHE's incidence reduction target. Findings: The single most influential strategy was reducing new HIV diagnoses in Hispanic/Latinx men who have sex with men through increased PrEP uptake, resulting in 907/2444 (37.1%) fewer annual new HIV infections in 2030. Achieving all objectives jointly would result in 1537/2444 (62.9%) and 1553/2444 (63.5%) fewer annual new HIV infections with the proportional and equity-oriented approaches, respectively. Interpretation: Achieving the goals of Florida's integrated care plan would significantly reduce HIV incidence in Miami-Dade County; however, further efforts are required to achieve EHE targets. Structural changes in service delivery and a focus on effective implementation of available interventions to address racial/ethnic disparities will be crucial to ending the HIV epidemic. Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse grant no. R01-DA041747.

Abstract The objective of this work was to establish and validate the dry matter distribution and yield prediction models based on physiological developmental timing, to compare the differences between the dry mass distribution index model and the dry mass distribution coefficient model, for the simulation of ear dry mass and to improve the accuracy of maize growth models for predicting yield. The experiments were conducted in three tropical sites (Longchuan, Mangshi, and Ruili) in the tropical region of Yunnan Province, China. The NRMS of ear dry mass and yield were generally less than 10. The dry mass distribution index method (NRMS = 5.44% and RMSE = 807.22 kg ha-1 for ear dry mass; and NRMS = 7.32% and RMSE = 707.67 kg ha-1 for grain yield) is better than the dry mass distribution coefficient method (NRMS = 7.52% and RMSE = 1115.31 kg ha-1 for ear dry mass; NRMS = 8.6% and RMSE = 830.76 kgha-1 for grain yield) to simulate maize ear dry mass and grain yield. The distribution index model improves the accuracy of the model, which is valuable for future maize production and management in Yunnan.

Background. The study of electronic equipment in the field of the impact of vibration load on it does not cease to be relevant for complex systems with high-speed electronic equipment. Printed circuit board manufacturing technologies, and the printed circuit board itself, currently represents a well-established production mechanism, as a result of which a high-quality product in the form of printed circuit boards is obtained. But despite the high degree of reliability of electronic equipment, and in particular its component part, as a printed circuit board, when certain conditions of external influencing factors occur, there is a high chance of its failure due to the occurrence of critical deformations and mechanical stresses in the design of the printed circuit board. In this regard, there is a problem of taking into account critical deformations in the design of the printed circuit board when certain (harsh) conditions of external influencing factors occur and developing ways to analyze, prevent and improve the design of the printed circuit board. Materials and methods. The paper uses methods and methods of mathematical, simulation, algorithmic and software analysis and calculation of critical deformations taking into account mechanical stresses in typical PCB designs to increase its mechanical strength. Results. Models and methods of modeling electronic equipment designs have been improved to improve accuracy and reliability prediction. Conclusions. The refined mathematical and simulation models of calculation of mechanical stresses and displacements of the printed circuit board, the algorithm of application of the refined mathematical model, the program of calculation of the clarifying coefficient are developed.

Introduction: Preterm birth rates and maternal and neonatal mortality remain concerning global health issues, necessitating improved strategies for testing therapeutic compounds during pregnancy. Current 2D or 3D cell models and animal models often fail to provide data that can effectively translate into clinical trials, leading to pregnant women being excluded from drug development considerations and clinical studies. To address this limitation, we explored the utility of in silico simulation modeling and microfluidic-based organ-on-a-chip platforms to assess potential interventional agents. Methods: We developed a multi-organ feto-maternal interface on-chip (FMi-PLA-OOC) utilizing microfluidic channels to maintain intercellular interactions among seven different cell types (fetal membrane-decidua-placenta). This platform enabled the investigation of drug pharmacokinetics in vitro. Pravastatin, a model drug known for its efficacy in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation during pregnancy and currently in clinical trials, was used to test its transfer rate across both feto-maternal interfaces. The data obtained from FMi-PLA-OOC were compared with existing data from in vivo animal models and ex vivo placenta perfusion models. Additionally, we employed mechanistically based simulation software (Gastroplus®) to predict pravastatin pharmacokinetics in pregnant subjects based on validated nonpregnant drug data. Results: Pravastatin transfer across the FMi-PLA-OOC and predicted pharmacokinetics in the in silico models were found to be similar, approximately 18%. In contrast, animal models showed supraphysiologic drug accumulation in the amniotic fluid, reaching approximately 33%. Discussion: The results from this study suggest that the FMi-PLA-OOC and in silico models can serve as alternative methods for studying drug pharmacokinetics during pregnancy, providing valuable insights into drug transport and metabolism across the placenta and fetal membranes. These advanced platforms offer promising opportunities for safe, reliable, and faster testing of therapeutic compounds, potentially reducing the number of pregnant women referred to as "therapeutic orphans" due to the lack of consideration in drug development and clinical trials. By bridging the gap between preclinical studies and clinical trials, these approaches hold great promise in improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers issues related to the undercarriage system of a high-speed electric train with body inclination and a vibration recovery system. The main suspension systems of the electric train body, which are currently used, were investigated. The existing shock absorption systems and alternative approaches and solutions for increasing the speed characteristics of electric rolling stock have been highlighted. A basic problem of these suspension systems was put forward, which is the lack of the possibility of recovery of oscillations, as well as the complexity of systems for tilting the body. The main dimensional and power parameters of the proposed promising shock absorber are presented. The characteristics of basic parameters of the electromechanical shock absorber were compared with those of a pneumatic spring shock absorber. A simulation model of a high-speed electric train with an electromechanical shock absorber was built in the MATLAB Simulink environment. The main units of the simulation model were defined and described, owing to which it is possible to simulate the inclination of the body to a given angle and the simulation of vibration energy recovery. Based on the results of simulating the operation of an electromechanical shock absorber as part of the undercarriage of the electric locomotive, it was determined that the synthesis of this system makes it possible to tilt the body by 5 degrees in 2 seconds. It is also stated that the proposed system makes it possible to reduce the vibrations of the electric train body by 2 times, and to recover 84 W/h of vibration energy. The body tilt results are predetermined by the speed of the mechanism due to the absence of a compressor set used in the pneumatic system. The scope of application of the vibration damper also includes the automotive field, subject to additional research into the form, amplitude of road surface vibrations and changes in overall parameters in accordance with the requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is globally ranked fourth in terms of incidence and mortality among women. Vaccination against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and screening programs can significantly reduce CC mortality rates. Hence, executing cost-effective public health policies for prevention and surveillance is crucial. However, defining policies that make the best use of the available resources is not easy, as it requires predicting the long-term costs and results of interventions on a changing population. Since the simpler task of predicting the results of public health policies is difficult, devising those that make the best usage of available resources is an arduous challenge for decision-makers. Methods: This paper proposes a fine-grained epidemiological simulation model based on differential equations, to effectively predict the costs and effectiveness of CC public health policies that include vaccination and screening. The model represents population dynamics, HPV transmission within the population, likelihood of infection clearance, virus-induced appearance of precancerous lesions and eventually CC, as well as immunity gained with vaccination and early detection with screening. Results: We offer a compartmentalized modeling approach that separates population, epidemics, and intervention concerns. We instantiate models with actual data from a Colombian case study and analyze their results to show how our modeling approach can support CEA studies. Moreover, we implement models in an open-source software tool to simultaneously define and evaluate multiple policies. With the support of the tool, we analyze 54 policies within a 30-year time horizon and use as a comparator the CC policy that has been used until recently. We identify 8 dominant policies, the best one with an ICER of 6.3 million COP (Colombian Pesos) per averted DALY. We also validate the modeling approach against the available population and HPV epidemic data. The effects of uncertainty in the values of key parameters (discount rate, sensitivity of screening tests) is evaluated through one-way sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: Our modeling approach can provide valuable support for healthcare decision-makers. The implementation into an automated tool allows customizing the analysis with country-specific data, flexibly defining public health policies to be evaluated, and conducting disaggregate analyses of their cost and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of surface plasmon resonance sensors allows for the fabrication of highly sensitive, label-free analytical devices. This contribution reports on a grating coupler to enable surface plasmon resonance studies using silver on silicon oxide technology to build long-term stable plasmonic structures for biological molecule sensing. The structural parameters were simulated and the corresponding simulation model was optimized based on the experimental results to improve its reliability. Based on the model, optimized grating nanostructures were fabricated on an oxidized silicon wafer with different structural parameters and characterized using a dedicated optical setup and scanning electron microscopy. The combined theoretical and experimental results show that the most relevant refractive index range for biological samples from 1.32–1.46 may conveniently be covered with a highest sensitivity of 128.85°/RIU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new design of a powered roof support for the controlled longwall top coal caving in thick coal seams contains a special outlet and a reciprocating feeder. The introduction of such technology needs pre-testing and analysis of the outlet modes per the support units, such that to ensure the maximum allowable fill of the longwall conveyor without its overloading and dynamic phenomena. Created in Rocky DEM environment with that end in view, the simulation model takes into account the physical effect of rock mass fracture using the discrete element method, and enables variation in the design parameters and operating conditions of the powered roof support. The implemented experiments make it possible to assess the interdependence of the average velocity of coal outlet to the conveyor, the outlet gate angle and the feeder vibration frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multispecies approaches to questions in ecology and evolution are at the forefront of many fields spanning both theoretical and applied research. In conservation and landscape genetics, simulation models offer a powerful means to evaluate complex questions, yet most models lack the ability to consider landscape effects on multiple species or to simulate the complex interactions that occur among species and drive eco‐evolutionary processes. Tools are needed that provide a mechanistic framework to explore multiple and simultaneous interspecific interactions and their effects on demogenetic processes for each species. We present a generalized, multispecies version of Cost‐Distance Meta‐Population (CDMetaPOP) that simulates changes in neutral and selection‐driven genotypes across space and time as a function of individual‐based movement, spatial population dynamics, and multiple and dynamic landscape drivers. The number of species in a given simulation is limited only by the number of computer processors available. In addition to simulating multiple species, we use Lotka–Volterra theory to implement interspecific interactions via competition. We validate the competition model and present a real‐world example to demonstrate the potential role of species interactions in landscape connectivity and gene flow. While the example uses fish as the model species, CDMetaPOP ver. 2 is flexible enough to simulate species that span the breadth of the tree of life. The simulation framework presented here provides a novel approach to addressing questions concerning the spatial ecology, evolution, and conservation of diverse taxa, from individual species to whole communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inadequate ability to dissipate heat of the gas head cover of the diaphragm compressor will result in its excessive temperature, which will put the operation of the hydrogen filling station at risk for safety issues and raise operating costs. This paper analyzed the structure and the heat transfer characteristics of the gas head cover, along with the relevant heat transfer boundaries, based on which a finite element simulation model of the temperature distribution was established. A test rig for the temperature test of a 22 MPa diaphragm compressor was built to validate this simulation model. The results indicated that the simulated temperatures agree well with the measured values, and the deviation is within 9.1%. Further, this paper proposed two head cover structures for enhancing the heat transfer according to the temperature field distribution characteristics, and the simulation and experimental verification were carried out, respectively. The findings demonstrate that the method of enhancing heat transfer around the centre area is more effective, reducing the highest temperature by 14.1 °C, because it greatly lowers thermal conduction resistance, which is the principal impediment to the heat dissipation of the gas head cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the correlation between wind and block spatial form focuses mainly on hot and humid cities. However, cold regions are also experiencing high summer temperatures due to global climate change. Enhancing wind speed in blocks through urban spatial control improves comfort. Existing research cannot be directly applied to cold regions due to natural differences. Using Xi'an as an example, this study explores the impact of high-rise residential block spatial form on internal and external wind environments through field measurements and simulations. Optimal strategies for block planning and architectural design are identified to improve the wind environment. Results show that blocks with high buildings on the south and north sides and low buildings in the middle achieve a more comfortable internal wind environment. Gradually increasing building height from south to north has minimal impact on downwind blocks. Reducing the angle between the main facade and dominant wind direction enhances the residential area's wind environment. Specific spatial planning and design strategies are summarized for early-stage decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current circuit simulation research on EMU (Electric Multiple Unit) overvoltage has focused on overvoltage amplitude distribution and the oscillation frequency of the operating main circuit breaker overvoltage. However, when studying the suppression method, the overvoltage amplitude and frequency characteristics must be considered simultaneously, and few studies have reported on the overvoltage frequency distribution. In this paper, a new simulation model of train-operational main breaker overvoltage based on the 3D structure of the EMU body was proposed, which provided guidance for the study of overvoltage suppression in operational main circuit breakers. This model simulated the transient overvoltage characteristics and distribution of the vehicle body when the train operated the main circuit breaker. The simulated results showed that the first vehicle had the highest operating overvoltage amplitude, and the fourth vehicle had the lowest. The overvoltage amplitudes of vehicles 1–4 were all above 1 kV, and the main overvoltage oscillation frequencies of each vehicle were at 0.70 MHz and 1.30 MHz. The accuracy of the distribution characteristics and spectral characteristics of the operating main breaker overvoltage was verified by static tests on trains, and the simulation was considered to be in agreement with the test. Aiming at the problem that there was no universal suppression method for the operating main breaker overvoltage, a general suppression method for the overvoltage on the high-voltage side of the EMU was studied, and an overvoltage suppression device based on a grounding inductor was proposed. The inductance parameter requirements of the suppressor were theoretically analyzed, and the validity of the design of the inductance suppressor was experimentally verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the problems of easy damage and high digging resistance in the process of green onion harvesting, a mechanical model of digging green onions was established by taking the moment of digging and drawing green onions as the research object, and the main factors affecting the digging and harvesting effect were determined as the angle of digging, the dip angle of clamping carrier and the length of shovel. Thus, a complex simulation model of soil-green onion-digging mechanism system reflecting the state of harvesting was established, and the model was verified by testing soil compactness. The simulation tests were carried out by means of the complex simulation model of soil-green onion-digging mechanism system, making it clear that digging angle and the length of shovel have a extremely significant impact on the digging resistance, and the dip angle of the clamping carrier had a significant impact on the digging resistance. Through target optimization, the optimal combination of digging parameters was obtained, namely, the digging angle of 20°, the dip angle of clamping carrier of 25° and the shovel length of 70 mm, with the digging resistance of 1394 N at this moment. The field digging resistance test has showed that the average digging resistance is 1543 N with the average clamping damage rate of 1.27% and the average clamping loss rate of 0.44%, which can meet the requirements of green onion harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Force–velocity profiling has been proposed in the literature as a method to identify the overall mechanical characteristics of lower extremities. A force–velocity profile is obtained by plotting for jumps at different loads the effective work as a function of the average push-off velocity, fitting a straight line to the results, and extrapolating this line to find the theoretical maximum isometric force and unloaded shortening velocity. Here we investigated whether the force–velocity profile and its characteristics can be related to the intrinsic force–velocity relationship. Methods: We used simulation models of various complexity, ranging from a simple mass actuated by a linearly damped force to a planar musculoskeletal model comprising four segments and six muscle–tendon complexes. The intrinsic force–velocity relationship of each model was obtained by maximizing the effective work during isokinetic extension at different velocities. Results: Several observations were made. First, at the same average velocity, less effective work can be done during jumping than during isokinetic lower extremity extension at this velocity. Second, the intrinsic relationship is curved; fitting a straight line and extrapolating it seem arbitrary. Third, the maximal isometric force and the maximal velocity corresponding to the profile are not independent. Fourth, they both vary with inertial properties of the system. Conclusions: For these reasons, we concluded that the force–velocity profile is specific for the task and is just what it is: the relationship between effective work and an arbitrary estimate of average velocity; it does not represent the intrinsic force–velocity relationship of the lower extremities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that simulation models are reliable tools for predicting land changes, which contributes to better understanding and management of human impact on the environment. Land use and land cover changes in the Lower Neretva Region between 1990 and 2035 have been analysed and modelled in this study. The final simulation model of future changes was created based on cellular automata and artificial neural networks, implemented in the MOLUSCE plugin for QGIS. In addition, a test simulation model for 2020 was created, which showed high accuracy. Input variables for the final simulation model included a digital elevation model (DEM), slope, distance from water bodies, distance from built-up areas, and population density by settlement in 2011 and 2021. According to the results, forests and grasslands will expand and occupy almost 45% of the area. A slight increase in built-up and agricultural areas is expected, while swamps, water bodies, and sparse vegetation areas will decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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At present, the optimization of the plunger mechanism is shale gas wells is mostly based on empirical methods, which lack a relevant rationale and often are not able to deal with the quick variations experienced by the production parameters of shale gas wells in comparison to conventional gas wells. In order to mitigate this issue, in the present work, a model is proposed to loosely couple the dynamics of gas inflow into shale gas wells with the dynamics of the liquid inflow. Starting from the flow law that accounts for the four stages of movement of the plunger, a dynamic model of the plunger lift based on the real wellbore trajectory is introduced. The model is then tested against 5 example wells, and it is shown that the accuracy level is higher than 90%. The well 'switch', optimized on the basis of simulations based on such a model, is tested through on-site experiments. It is shown that, compared with the original switch configuration, the average production of the sample well can be increased by about 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive review of optimization algorithms utilized in reservoir simulation-optimization models, specifically focusing on determining optimal rule curves. The study explores critical conditions essential for the optimization process, including inflow data, objective and smoothing functions, downstream water demand, initial reservoir characteristics, evaluation scenarios, and stop criteria. By examining these factors, the paper provides valuable insights into the effective application of optimization algorithms in reservoir operations. Furthermore, the paper discusses the application of popular optimization algorithms, namely the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), cuckoo search (CS), and tabu search (TS), highlighting how researchers can utilize them in their studies. The findings of this review indicate that identifying optimal conditions and considering future scenarios contribute to the derivation of optimal rule curves for anticipated situations. The implementation of these curves can significantly enhance reservoir management practices and facilitate the resolution of water resource challenges, such as floods and droughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Minerals & Processing / Huagong Kuangwu yu Jiagong is the property of Industrial Minerals & Processing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is often misdiagnosed as Type I or II diabetes. This study was designed to assess the cost–effectiveness of MODY screening strategies in Hungary, which included a recent genetic test compared with no routine screening for MODY. A simulation model that combined a decision tree and an individual-level Markov model was constructed to assess the costs per quality-adjusted life year of screening strategies. Stratifying patients based on age and insulin treatment followed by a risk assessment questionnaire, a laboratory test and genetic testing was the most cost-effective strategy, saving EUR 12 and generating 0.0047 quality-adjusted life years gained per screened patient. This screening strategy could be considered for reimbursement, especially in countries with limited resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to eliminate the accuracy deviation of the optical diameter measurement system (ODM) induced by glue and dust buildup, a filter rod cleaning unit was designed and fixed on the input component of the ODM. The unit is composed of a seat and a cover, which define an annular chamber and an annular jet. After being introduced into the annular chamber, the compressed air flows out of the annular jet, forms an air stream flowing in the opposite direction of the moving filter rod. A simulation model of the cleaning unit was created with Comsol software, and the dimensions of the unit were optimized to allow the air stream evenly swept over the surface of the filter rod at maximum flow velocity. The designed unit was tested on three KDF4 filter rod makers in Qujing Cigarette Factory of HongyunHonghe Tobacco (Group). The results showed that the filter rod moved stably, and the average value and standard deviation of the filter rod circumference were not affected. The monthly average number of ODM cleaning reduced from 64 to 5 per KDF4 filter rod maker. This technology supports the improvement of the operating efficiency of filter rod makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double-twisted hexagonal gabion wire mesh is a type of reinforced soil material that is used in gabion retaining walls to stabilize the soil slope in geotechnical engineering. In this study, a series of tensile tests were conducted to investigate the tensile behavior of hexagonal gabion wire mesh. Meanwhile, numerical models of gabion wire mesh were built to investigate the whole tensile loading-strain process. The influence of wire diameter, mesh width, and mesh length on the tensile strength of hexagonal gabion wire mesh were evaluated based on laboratory tests and numerical simulation. The quantitative relationship of tensile strength versus wire diameter, mesh width, and mesh length was typically fitted by a quadratic function, linear function, and monotonically decreasing exponential function. The numerical result presents a good consistency with those obtained from the experiment. The result of the loading-strain curve obtained by both experiment and simulation exhibits an "S" shape with a distinct serrated characteristic. The loading-strain curve can be divided into the following four stages: mesh distortion stage, wire stretching stage, overall yield stage, and wire fracture stage, which well reflects the tensile behavior of double-twisted hexagonal wire mesh. The tensile behavior of gabion wire mesh is influenced by the structure pattern of wire mesh and the mechanical characteristic of steel wire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-Triggered Ethernet (TTEthernet) is a new hybrid transmission network technology that introduces time-triggered, synchronization, and security mechanisms based on traditional Ethernet. It is difficult to verify the overall performance mechanism of the TTEthernet through manual calculation. Therefore, this paper models the TTEthernet End System and Switch, and simulates the overall performance of the TTEthernet Model based on the OPNET platform. Firstly, this paper introduces the key mechanisms and development status of the TTEthernet. Secondly, the simulation modeling of the TTEthernet End System and Switch are described, and the key technologies within the model are explained; The End system is an important component of the network, responsible for data generation, transmission, and processing. The Switch is responsible for data forwarding and routing, which plays a crucial role in the performance and stability of the network. Finally, the performance of the TTE network model in this article is analyzed through simulation data, verifying the timeliness, determinacy, and reliability of the model. Simulation data shows that the global throughput of the TTE network model in this article is stable at around 70Mbps, the End-to-End Delay of TT services is around 2.5ms, and the packet loss rate is almost zero, which meets the expected results. However, RC and BE services have higher end-to-end latency and packet loss rates than TT services due to their event triggered messages, but they still meet expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automotive Digest is the property of Automotive Digest Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)