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Cuniculture BIO au pâturage et gestion sanitaire. Journées Tech & Bio

The idea to use blood biochemical parameters to evaluate the health and nutritional status of one individual is an old practice in human medicine. In veterinary medicine, blood analyses have been proposed to help first the diagnosis of cattle diseases since nearly one century. But they were initially developed only in the sixties in the specialized research laboratories, in Veterinary Services and later in the veterinary cabinets. Currently, a whole set of analyses that are critical for vets' diagnostics and farmers' decision-making is proposed to the livestock and animal health actors to define metabolic, biochemical or blood profiles, Cattle is undoubtedly the more investigated species among farm animals. Data on sheep and goat are numerous, but it is already more disparate for camel. The biochemical investigations are convenient if (i) the purpose of the analyses is clear and based on a clear sampling procedure plan, (ii) the physiological variation factors are taken in account for convenient interpretation of the results, (iii) the sampling protocol is respected (for example blood sampling before feeding), (iv) the interpretation is based on a set of animals due to the between-individual variability, and on a pattern of parameters (v) the confusion between statistical difference and biological significance is avoided. Regarding the camel specificities, the followings could be listed: (i) predominance of polynuclear neutrophils in its white cell formula, (ii) maintenance of hematocrit in case of physical effort, (iii) osmolality resistance, (iv) relative hyperglycemia, (v) absence of ketone bodies, (vi) low plasma cholesterol in plasma concentration, (vii) susceptibility to hyperuremia, (viii) thermo-resistance of alkaline phosphatases, (ix) maintenance of metalloenzymes activities in case of mineral deficiency, (x) maintenance of electrolytes balance in dehydrated animals, (xi) low plasma zinc concentration in supplemented camel, (xii) higher sensitivity to selenium toxicosis, (xiii) richness of camel milk in vitamin C, (xiv) richness of plasma in vitamin D, (xv) seasonal pattern of testosterone, (xvi) decreasing insulin responsiveness with age of the young calves to induced hyperglycemia.

Exfoliative toxins (ETs) are secreted virulence factors produced by staphylococci. These serine proteasesspecifically cleave desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) in mammals and are key elements in staphylococcal skininfections. We recently identified a new et gene in S. aureus O46, a strain isolated from ovine mastitis.In the present study, we characterized the new et gene at a genetic level and the enzymatic activity ofthe deduced protein. The S. aureus O46 genome was re-assembled, annotated and compared with otherpublicly available S. aureus genomes. The deduced amino acid sequence of the new et gene shared 40%,53% and 59% sequence identity to those of ETA, ETB and ETD, respectively. The new et gene sharedthe same genetic vicinity and was similar in other S. aureus strains bearing this gene. The recombinantenzyme of the new et gene caused skin exfoliation in vivo in neonatal mice. The new et-gene wasthus named ete, encoding a new type (type E) of exfoliative toxin. We showed that ETE degraded theextracellular segments of Dsg1 in murine, ovine and caprine epidermis, as well as in ovine teat canalepithelia, but not that in bovine epidermis. We further showed that it directly hydrolyzed human andswine Dsg1 as well as murine Dsg1α and Dsg1β, but not canine Dsg1 or murine Dsg1γ. Molecularmodeling revealed a correlation between the preferred orientation of ETE docking on its Dsg1 cleavagesite and species-specific cleavage activity, suggesting that the docking step preceding cleavageaccounts for the ETE species-specificity. This new virulence factor may contribute to the bacterialcolonization on the stratified epithelia in certain ruminants with mastitis.

Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms and cause a number of economically important diseases affecting humans, animals, insects and plants. Here, we demonstrate that highly virulentMycoplasma mycoidessubspeciescapri(Mmc) can be fully attenuatedviatargeted deletion of non-essential genes encoding, among others, potential virulence traits. Five genomic regions, representing approximately ten percent of the originalMmcgenome, were successively deleted usingSaccharomyces cerevisiaeas an engineering platform. Specifically, a total of 68 genes out of the 432 genes verified to be individually nonessential in the JCVI-Syn3.0 minimal cell, were excised from the genome.In vitrocharacterization showed that this mutant was similar to its parental strain in terms of its doubling time, even though ten percent of the genome content were removed. A novelin vivochallenge model in goats revealed that the wild-type parental strain caused marked necrotizing inflammation at the site of inoculation, septicemia and all animals reaching endpoint criteria within seven days after experimental infection. This is in contrast to the mutant strain, which caused no clinical signs nor pathomorphological lesions. These results highlight, for the first time, the rational design, construction and complete attenuation of aMycoplasmastrain via synthetic genomics tools. Trait addition using the yeast-based genome engineering platform and subsequentin vitroorin vivotrials employing theMycoplasmachassis will allow us to dissect the role of individual candidateMycoplasmavirulence factors and lead the way for the development of an attenuated designer vaccine.IMPORTANCEMembers of theMycoplasma mycoidescluster cause important animal plaques in Africa and Asia, which impact animal welfare, provision of food and the life of thousands of small-scale farmers. We applied synthetic biology tools toMycoplasma mycoidesin order to design and create a fully attenuatedMycoplasmastrain that was subsequently confirmedin vivousing a novel caprine infection model. This is the first time that aMycoplasmamutant developed by applying synthetic biology tools has been testedin vivoto pin point candidate virulence traits. The mutant strain is similar to “apathogenicE. coliK12” strains that boosted the research on host-pathogen interactions for the genusEscherichiaand other bacterial genera.

Mycoplasma species are responsible for several economically significant livestock diseases for which there is a need for new and improved vaccines. Most of the existing mycoplasma vaccines are attenuated strains that have been empirically obtained by serial passages or by chemical mutagenesis. The recent development of synthetic biology approaches has opened the way for the engineering of live mycoplasma vaccines. Using these tools, the essential GTPase-encoding gene obg was modified directly on the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri genome cloned in yeast, reproducing mutations suspected to induce a temperature-sensitive (TS+) phenotype. After transplantation of modified genomes into a recipient cell, the phenotype of the resulting M. mycoides subsp. capri mutants was characterized. Single-point obg mutations did not result in a strong TS+ phenotype in M. mycoides subsp. capri, but a clone presenting three obg mutations was shown to grow with difficulty at temperatures of ≥40°C. This particular mutant was then tested in a caprine septicemia model of M. mycoides subsp. capri infection. Five out of eight goats infected with the parental strain had to be euthanized, in contrast to one out of eight goats infected with the obg mutant, demonstrating an attenuation of virulence in the mutant. Moreover, the strain isolated from the euthanized animal in the group infected with the obg mutant was shown to carry a reversion in the obg gene associated with the loss of the TS+ phenotype. This study demonstrates the feasibility of building attenuated strains of mycoplasma that could contribute to the design of novel vaccines with improved safety. IMPORTANCE Animal diseases due to mycoplasmas are a major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with economic losses for farmers all over the world. Currently used mycoplasma vaccines exhibit several drawbacks, including low efficacy, short time of protection, adverse reactions, and difficulty in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. Therefore, there is a need for improved vaccines to control animal mycoplasmoses. Here, we used genome engineering tools derived from synthetic biology approaches to produce targeted mutations in the essential GTPase-encoding obg gene of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. Some of the resulting mutants exhibited a marked temperature-sensitive phenotype. The virulence of one of the obg mutants was evaluated in a caprine septicemia model and found to be strongly reduced. Although the obg mutant reverted to a virulent phenotype in one infected animal, we believe that these results contribute to a strategy that should help in building new vaccines against animal mycoplasmoses.

The role of the recently described interleukin-32 (IL-32) in Staphylococcus aureus -induced mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is unclear. We determined expression of IL-32, IL-6, and IL-8 in S. aureus - and Escherichia coli -infected bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. Using live bacteria, we found that in S. aureus -infected cells, induction of IL-6 and IL-8 expression was less pronounced than in E. coli -infected cells. Notably, IL-32 expression was decreased in S. aureus -infected cells, while it was increased in E. coli -infected cells. We identified the staphylococcal phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptides as key contributors to these effects, as IL-32, IL-6, and IL-8 expression by epithelial cells exposed to psm mutant strains was significantly increased compared to that in cells exposed to the isogenic S. aureus wild-type strain, indicating that PSMs inhibit the production of these interleukins. The use of genetically complemented strains confirmed this observation. Inasmuch as the decreased expression of IL-32, which is involved in dendritic cell maturation, impairs immune responses, our results support a PSM-dependent mechanism that allows for the development of chronic S. aureus -related mastitis.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major pathogen involved in ruminant mastitis and present worldwide. Clinical signs of S. aureus mastitis vary considerably and are largely dependent on strain-specific factors. A comparison of two S. aureus strains that reproducibly induced either severe (O11) or mild (O46) mastitis in ewes revealed that the transcriptional regulator sigS was mutated in O46 (Le Maréchal et al., 2011. PLoS One. 6 (11) e27354. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027354). In the present paper, we analysed the sigS sequence in 18 other S. aureus strains isolated from goat or ewe mastitis and found a 4-bp deletion similar to that of the O46 sigS gene in three strains associated with subclinical ewe mastitis. This sigS gene was disrupted in strain O11 (O11ΔsigS), so our aim was to investigate its involvement in the severity of infections in the context of mastitis. The wild type (wt) and mutant strains were then characterized in vitro to determine the involvement of sigS in the response S. aureus under various stress conditions, and assess its influence on the cytotoxicity of the pathogen, its invasive capacity and biofilm formation. The strains were compared in vivo in an experimental mouse mastitis model in which clinical signs and cytokine production were evaluated at 24 h post-infection. While no significant differences in the effect on bacterial growth between O11 and O11ΔsigS were observed either in vitro or in vivo, a significantly weaker in vivo production of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α was measured in the mammary glands infected with the mutant strain, suggesting that infection with O11ΔsigS induced an attenuated local innate immune response. These results suggest an impact of sigS disruption on S. aureus pathogenesis in a ruminant mastitis context. This disruption is probably involved in, and may partly explain, the milder symptoms previously observed in S. aureus O46-induced mastitis in ewes.

In the recent years, there has been a massive increase in the amount of data published on the web about human and animal health events. Epidemiologists use this spatio-temporal information on a daily basis to detect and monitor disease outbreaks over time. While official sources such as the World Organization for Animal Health release formal outbreak notifications, unofficial sources such as online newspapers contain unstructured information with different levels of reliability. Manually retrieving the data from a website like Google News and then deriving sensible insights from the huge dataset takes a lot of time and effort. We present EpidNews, a new visual analytics tool that helps to visualize and explore epidemiological data for monitoring animal disease outbreaks. The tool uses several views depicting various levels of abstraction, which helps fulfill almost all the data analysis requirements of epidemiologists. EpidNews allows to visualize and compare data from both official and unofficial sources. We also present the use case of an epidemiology expert, wherein the expert assesses the usability and productivity of EpidNews by using the tool in her daily work.

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International audience; One Health (OH), EcoHealth (EH), and Planetary Health (PH) share an interest in transdisciplinary efforts that bring together scientists, citizens, government and private sectors to implement contextualized actions that promote adaptive health management across human, animal and ecosystem interfaces. A key operational element underlying these Integrated Approaches to Health (IAH) is use of Systems Thinking as a set of tools for integration. In this paper we discuss the origins and epistemology of systems thinking and argue that participatory modeling, informed by both systems theory and expertise in facilitating engagement and social learning, can help ground IAH theoretically and support its development. Participatory modeling is iterative and adaptive, which is necessary to deal with complexity in practice. Participatory modeling (PM) methods actively involve affected interests and stakeholders to ground the field of inquiry in a specific social-ecological context. Furthermore, PM processes act to reconcile the diverse understandings of the empirical world that stem from divergent discipline and community viewpoints. In this perspective article, we argue that PM can support systems thinking in practice and is essential for IAH implementation. Accordingly we invite PH, OH, and EH practitioners to systematically incorporate specialists in systems science and social engagement and facilitation. This will enable the appropriate contextualization of research practice and interventions, and ensure a balanced representation of the roles and relationships of medical, biological, mathematical, and social disciplines. For completeness, funding schemes supporting IAH need to follow the same iterative, adaptive, and participative processes to accompany IAH projects throughout their implementation.

Le dérèglement climatique va accroitre la fréquence d’exposition des populations humaines et animales des zones tempérées à des vagues de chaleur auxquelles elles ne sont pas habituées. L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer les conséquences d’une exposition chronique à la chaleur sur la truie gestante et sur la santé et la réactivité au stress de sa descendance. Les femelles ont été logées à la thermoneutralité (TN, 18-24°C, n=12) ou en conditions chaudes (CH, 28-34°C, n=12) entre les jours de gestation 7 (G7) et 106 (G106), puis déplacées à la thermoneutralité à G107, le terme étant à G115. Les mesures ont été réalisées sur les truies gestantes, puis sur les porcelets jusqu’à 65 jours d’âge.Pendant la gestation, les truies CH présentaient une température cutanée supérieure aux TN de G9 à G106. Le cortisol salivaire, mesuré à G9, G29, G60 et G106, ne différait pas entre les 2 lots de truies. La durée de gestation n’a pas été influencée par le traitement. A la mise-bas, le poids de naissance (TN : 1368 vs. CH : 1362 ± 41 g), les pourcentages de mort-nés (5,8 %) et de porcelets morts entre 0 et 12h après la naissance (8,7 %) ne différaient pas entre les lots. La mortalité entre 12 et 48h était plus élevée dans le lot CH (CH : 9,4%, TN : 1,0%, P

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Cet article se penche sur la dynamique des rapports entre l’État et un groupe professionnel, en analysant le cas des vétérinaires. Il montre que ces rapports ne se limitent pas à la construction et la défense d’une juridiction, mais concernent également la régulation de l’activité professionnelle, c’est-à-dire la définition des savoirs, des pratiques, des modalités d’exercice, des formes de revenus, etc. Après avoir examiné le processus de professionnalisation des vétérinaires depuis le xixe siècle, l’article s’attache à analyser la façon dont des politiques publiques sanitaires (notamment dans les domaines de l’inspection en abattoir, de la gestion sanitaire en élevage et de la régulation du médicament) contribuent à réguler l’activité des vétérinaires, dans leurs relations à la clientèle, à leurs concurrents professionnels ou entre eux. This article investigates the dynamics of the relationships between the State and professional groups by analyzing the case of the veterinarians. It shows that these relationships are not limited to the construction and the defence of a jurisdiction but also concern the regulation of professional activity, i.e. the definition of knowledge, practices modalities of exercise, sources of incomes, etc. Having examined the process of professionalization of veterinarians from the 19th century onwards, the article analyses the ways sanitary public policies (in particular in the domains of slaughterhouse inspection, farm animal health management, and drugs regulation) contribute to regulate veterinarians’ activity, in their relations to their clients, their professional competitors, and amongst themselves.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen responsible for bovine mastitis, the most common and costly disease affecting dairy cattle. S. aureus naturally releases extracellular vesicles (EVs) during its growth. EVs play an important role in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions and are notably considered as nanocarriers that deliver virulence factors to the host tissues. However, the potential contribution of S. aureus EVs to bacterial pathogenesis has only been explored for human isolates. Moreover, whether EVs play a role in a mastitis context is still unknown. ln this work, we showed that S. aureus Newbould 305 (N305), a bovine mastitis isolate, has the ability to generate EVs in laboratory conditions with a designated protein content including numerous virulence factors. Purified S. aureus N305-secreted EVs were not cytotoxic when tested in vitro on MAC-T and PS, two bovine mammary epithelial cell lines. However, they induced the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines at levels similor to those induced by live S. aureus N305. The in vivo immune response to purified S. aureus N305-secreted EVs was tested in a mouse model for bovine mastitis and their immunogenic effect was compared to that of live S. aureus N305, heat-killed S. aureus N305 and to S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Clinical and histopathological signs were evaluated and pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokine levels were measured in the mammary gland 24 hour post-inoculation. Live S. aureus induced a significantly stronger inflammatory response thon that of any other condition tested. Nevertheless, S. aureus N305-secreted EVs induced a dose-dependent neutrophil recruitment and the production of a selected set of pro-inflammatory mediators as well as chemokines. This immune response elicited by intramammary S. aureus N305-secreted EVs was comparable to that of heat-killed S. aureus N305 and, partly, by L TA. These results demonstrated that S. aureus N305-secreted EVs induce a mild inflammatory response distinct from the live pathogen, predominantly a chemotaxis related migratory response, after intramammary injection. Overall, our combined in vitro and in vivo data suggest that these EV play a significant role in the pathogenesis of bovine S. aureus mastitis.

Inflammation is a coordinated immune response to infections or tissue damage. The inflammasome is a multi-protein signaling platform that assembles after recognition of danger signals and/or pathogens by a family of cytosolic receptors called NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeats containing receptors) or PYHIN protein family members. Once assembled, inflammasomes initiate signaling by activation of downstream proteases, most notably Caspase-1 and Caspase-11, which then proteolytically mature pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18, and pro-IL-33, and promote their secretion from the cell. Furthermore, inflammasome activation triggers pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death. Staphylococcus aureus is a highly adaptive and versatile gram-positive bacterium that has major importance to human and animal health. S. aureus can cause life-threatening infections such as bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis and sepsis. S. aureus are also the predominant cause of bone infections worldwide. Comprehending the mechanisms by which staphylococci interact with and damage bone is critical to the development of new approaches to meet this challenge. While the role of inflammasomes formed in the different types of phagocytes during S. aureus infection was widely investigated, the involvement of inflammasomes in osteoblast cells have not been studied. Objective: To understand the mechanisms of Bone Joint Infection we investigated the involvement of inflammasomes in the model of persistent infection of human osteoblast-like cells. Materials and Methods: CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to prepare Caspase-1 deficient line of MG-63 cells. Western blot analysis and ELISA were employed for the detection of activated cytokines. Results: An employment of wild type vs Caspase-1 deficient MG-63 osteoblast-like cells allow demonstrating the involvement of inflammasomes during S. aureus infection. Using deletion mutants and complemented S. aureus strains, we determined the role of its most important virulence factors for their capacity to activate Caspase-1 and produce IL-1β. Conclusions: Non-phagocytic osteoblast-like MG-63 cells form inflammasomes in the response to S. aureus infection, however the time of inflammasomes formation was different compared to the professional phagocytes. Many virulence factors induce the inflammasomes assemblage.

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Surgical castration without anaesthesia is increasingly recognized as a painful and welfare relevant procedure, although the systematic use of anaesthesia with or without additional analgesia for pain relief during surgical castration is currently only practiced in some countries where this was mandated or part of their national quality assurance scheme. From scientific studies it is evident that the effectiveness of pain intervention during and after surgical castration is only given when anaesthesia is combined with preemptive analgesia, although it has to be considered that additional stress and associated health and welfare risks may be imposed by the intervention itself. Previous surveys among stakeholders evidenced that the acceptance and likelihood of anaesthesia implementation will depend on authorisation of farmers to do the pain interventions after special training. However, such protocols are difficult to apply taking into account legal and economic constraints. Immunocastration is another already licensed and practiced alternative performed by farmers. Although this intervention was proven to be effective with less impact on health and welfare of pigs, this method has not achieved a broad application due to the resistance of some chain actors that fear low acceptance of this method by consumers. The widely favoured option of fattening entire males poses a risk for injuries due to unwanted behaviours under current housing and management conditions, unless pigs are slaughtered before puberty in order to reduce critical behaviours and to limit boar taint. Raising entire young males and immunocastration seem to be the preferred short term and widely usable options, whereas fattening of matured heavy entire males as a sustainable and effective long-term goal would necessitate the implementation of new genetic schemes as well as new housing and management systems and a significant effort in research.

Le médicament vétérinaire est un outil essentiel de protection de la santé et du bien-être des animaux. En maintenant le niveau sanitaire des animaux de production, il permet d’assurer leur productivité et de garantir la qualité sanitaire des denrées d’origine animale. Il contribue donc à préserver également la santé publique en participant à la prévention et au contrôle des maladies animales transmissibles à l’homme. Afin de pouvoir remplir pleinement son rôle, il doit répondre à des critère...

A - Compréhension des besoins en médicaments vétérinaires 1 - Les productions animales : un secteur clé en mutation Comparativement aux autres régions du globe, l’économie asiatique se développe à une vitesse record avec des taux de croissance annuels moyens supérieurs à 6 %. La consommation individuelle de produits dérivés de l’élevage étant fortement corrélée au revenu par habitant, on assiste à un changement des habitudes alimentaires avec une diversification des produits consommés. À cela...

Cette enquête de terrain menée au Cambodge, au Laos et au Viêt Nam entre fin 2010 et début 2011 avait pour ambition de dresser un état des lieux actuel du médicament vétérinaire dans cette région sensible de l’Asie du Sud-Est. Nous revenons ici sur certains aspects clés et certaines limites repérés dans la gestion de cet important outil de santé publique. La problématique de l’approvisionnement en médicaments vétérinaires de qualité dans ces pays apparaît particulièrement complexe. Au Viêt Na...

En mars 2011, après la découverte de résidus de clenbutérol dans la viande de porc distribuée par un leader de l’agroalimentaire chinois, les projecteurs internationaux se sont à nouveau tournés vers les élevages d’Asie. Ce médicament, encore utilisé en médecine humaine et animale, mais à faible dose et pour des indications thérapeutiques bien précises, fait partie des additifs alimentaires interdits en production animale dans de nombreux pays. Les résidus retrouvés dans la chaîne alimentaire...

D'un cadre conceptuel à un programme expérimental pour la gestion intégrée de la santéchez les monogastriques. Journées d'Animation Scientifique du département Phase (JAS Phase 2018)

un poster présenté; L'ontologie des caractères phénotypiques ATOL, est un outil dédié aux productions animales, permettant uneannotation des bases de données phénotypiques (http://www.atol-ontology.com/). Sur l’ensemble des finalitésciblées dans l’ontologie, les caractères liés à la santé ont été initialement renseignés uniquement dans la finalité Bien-Etre. Le projet P-AHOL, soutenu par le métaprogramme GISA, avait pour objectif de compléter ces caractères en créant une finalité «santé» avec l'ensemble des troubles détectés en élevage et susceptibles de pénaliser les autres finalités (croissance, nutrition, reproduction, production de lait, d’oeufs et foie gras, bien-être). Une démarche de co-construction a été ainsi réalisée sur la standardisation des troubles de santé, par leur dénomination et leur définition, et leur caractérisation, par leur hiérarchisation et avec une attention sur les symptômes. Le travail s’est appuyé sur quatre groupes d'experts du domaine de la santé, pluridisciplinaires (immunologie, virologie, bactériologie, …) et multi-espèces (ruminants, oiseaux, poissons, porc-lapin et cheval) et sur un réseau plus large incluant des scientifiques des départements Santé Animale, Génétique Animale et PHASE, et des porteurs d’enjeu au coeur des questions de santé animale (responsables d’installations expérimentales et de R&D). Pour le choix des maladies retenues, la démarche de co-construction s’est appuyée sur la liste des maladies identifiées dans le système d’informations Sicpa sanitaire et un document ANSES sur les poissons. Pour leur caractérisation, nous nous sommes appuyés sur des ontologies existantes telles que l’ontologie SNOMED CT pour les symptômes et l’ontologie NCBI Taxonomy pour les organismes. Le projet décrit la finalité santé avec 3 branches principales : les maladies classées en fonction de leur type (infectieux, génétique, métabolique, physique, psychologique, chronique) et de leur voie de transmission (horizontale, verticale, vectorielle), les symptômes et les organismes. La branche «organisme» correspond aux classes des agents pathogènes (virus, bactéries, champignons, parasites) et des espèces atteintes. De plus, des propriétés ont été créées pour développer la sémantique entre les différents classes (est pathogène de, a comme symptôme, affecte). En perspective, l’objectif du programme ATOL vise à une utilisation de l’ontologie par différents acteurs impliqués dans les programmes de phénotypage, ainsi que pour l’évaluation du statut sanitaire des animaux et des troupeaux. Aussi le travail va se poursuivre avec la création de liens entre les données du SICPA Sanitaire et l’ontologie ATOL. En parallèle un travail d’enrichissement sera mis en place (1) sur les propriétés entre les finalitésde l’ontologie pour renseigner leurs interactions, (2) sur l’apport de nouveaux caractères ou de liens sur desméthodes de mesures en utilisant des méthodes de text-mining appliquées à la bibliographie ou à des bases de données.

Nous avons testé la capacité des poussins de poulets de chair à consommer spontanément des huiles essentielles (HE) en plus de l'eau de boisson pour pallier les effets des facteurs stressants pendant la période post-natale. Des poussins ont été soit immédiatement placés en bâtiment d'élevage (groupe T), soit soumis à une mise en élevage retardée de 24h (groupe S) mimant des conditions stressantes de transport du couvoir en bâtiment d’élevage. Dans l'expérience 1, la moitié des poussins avait accès uniquement à l’eau et l’autre moitié à l’eau et une HE préparée dans l’eau (cardamome ou marjolaine à coquille ou verveine) pendant la phase de démarrage (13j). Dans l’expérience 2, la moitié des poussins avait accès uniquement à l’eau et l’autre moitié à l’eau et simultanément aux trois HE présentées séparément. Dans l'expérience 1, la consommation de chacune des HE était plus élevée dans le groupe S que dans le groupe T de J1 à J6,quelle que soit l'HE. Dans l'expérience 2, l’HE de marjolaine était la plus consommée de J1 à J6 quel que soit le traitement. La consommation d'HE n'a pas permis de pallier la réduction de croissance dans le groupe S mais a corrigé la réduction du pourcentage relatif des muscles Pectoralis major. L'analyse du transcriptome des cellules sanguines a montré des effets à long terme des conditions post-natales stressantes sur l'expression des gènes à l'âge de l'abattage. Dans le groupe S, une surreprésentation de facteurs de transcription impliqués dans le stress oxydant a été observée chez les mâles et dans l’oncogénèse chez les femelles. La consommation des HE a corrigé la surexpression de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans lestress oxydatif et l'inflammation dans le groupe S. En conclusion, les poussins sont capables de faire des choix spontanés de consommation d’HE en fonction de leur expérience post-natale. Ces choix ont eu quelques effets bénéfiques sur leur performance et des effets régulateurs à long terme sur leur transcriptome sanguin qui pourraient participer au maintien du bien-être et de la santé du poulet.Cette étude a été financée par le métaprogramme de gestion intégrée de la santé animale (GISA) de l'INRA pour le projet «WHELP» (www.gisa.inra.fr).

International audience; This study aimed to analyze the financial impact of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in cattle at the farm-level and the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of biannual vaccination strategy to prevent and eradicate FMD for cattle in South Vietnam. Production data were collected from 49 small-scale dairy farms, 15 large-scale dairy farms, and 249 beef farms of Long An and Tay Ninh province using a questionaire. Financial data of FMD impacts were collected using participatory tools in 37 villages of Long An province. The net present value, i.e., the difference between the benefits (additional revenue and saved costs) and costs (additional costs and revenue foregone), of FMD vaccination in large-scale dairy farms was 2.8 times higher than in small-scale dairy farms and 20 times higher than in beef farms. The BCR of FMD vaccination over 1 year in large-scale dairy farms, small-scale dairy farms, and beef farms were 11.6 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 6.42-16.45], 9.93 (95% CI 3.45-16.47), and 3.02 (95% CI 0.76-7.19), respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that varying the vaccination cost had more effect on the BCR of cattle vaccination than varying the market price. This benefit-cost analysis of biannual vaccination strategy showed that investment in FMD prevention can be financially profitable, and therefore sustainable, for dairy farmers. For beef cattle, it is less certain that vaccination is profitable. Additional benefit-cost analysis study of vaccination strategies at the national-level would be required to evaluate and adapt the national strategy to achieve eradication of this disease in Vietnam.

In South Western Indian ocean (IO), Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) are a main public health issue. In livestock, ESBL-E burden was unknown. The aim of this study was estimating the prevalence of ESBL-E on commercial farms in Reunion, Mayotte and Madagascar and genes involved. Secondly, risk factors of ESBL-E occurrence in broiler, beef cattle and pig farms were explored. In 2016–2017, commercial farms were sampled using boot swabs and samples stored at 4 °C before microbiological analysis for phenotypical ESBL-E and gene characterization. A dichotomous questionnaire was performed. Prevalences observed in all production types and territories were high, except for beef cattle in Reunion, which differed significantly. The most common ESBL gene was blaCTX-M-1. Generalized linear models explaining ESBL-E occurrence varied between livestock production sectors and allowed identifying main protective (e.g., water quality control and detergent use for cleaning) and risk factors (e.g., recent antibiotic use, other farmers visiting the exploitation, pet presence). This study is the first to explore tools for antibiotic resistance management in IO farms. It provides interesting hypothesis to explore about antibiotic use in IO territories and ESBL-E transmission between pig, beef cattle and humans in Madagascar.

National audience

Since microbiota may influence the physiology of its host including body weight increase, growth rate or feed intake, in this study we determined the microbiota composition in high or low residual feed intake (HRFI and LRFI) pig lines, of different age and/or subjected to sanitary stress by sequencing the V3/V4 variable region of 16S rRNA genes. Allisonella, Megasphaera, Mitsuokella, Acidaminococcus (all belonging to Firmicutes/class Negativicutes), Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Catenibacterium, Butyrivibrio, Erysipelotrichaceae, Holdemania, Olsenella and Collinsella were more abundant in HRFI pigs. On the other hand, 26 genera including Bacteroides, Clostridium sensu stricto, Oscillibacter, Paludibacter, Elusimicrobium, Bilophila, Pyramidobacter and TM7 genera, and Clostridium XI and Clostridium XIVa clusters were more abundant in LRFI than HRFI pigs. Adaptation of microbiota to new diet after weaning was slower in LRFI than in HRFI pigs. Sanitary stress was of relatively minor influence on pig microbiota composition in both tested lines although abundance of Helicobacter increased in LRFI pigs subjected to stress. Selection for residual feed intake thus resulted in a selection of fecal microbiota of different composition. However, we cannot conclude whether residual feed intake was directly affected by different microbiota composition or whether the residual feed intake and microbiota composition are two independent consequences of yet unknown genetic traits differentially selected in the pigs of the two lines.

Les tiques représentent en Europe les principaux vecteurs d'agents pathogènes en santé animale et humaine. La plupart d'entre elles sont très sensibles aux conditions météorologiques. La question se pose donc de l'impact des changements climatiques en cours sur la distribution des tiques et des maladies associées. Néanmoins, les dynamiques sousjacentes sont complexes : les impacts directs et indirects sont difficiles à différencier, et d'autres facteurs, notamment d'origine anthropique, entrent en jeu. Les effets de ces divers facteurs intéressent tous les composants du système vectoriel et le lien entre changements climatiques et risque lié aux maladies à tiques n'est ni direct ni uniforme.

Worldwide the livestock industry, from small farmers to large industrialized farms, is affected by arthropods and arthropod-borne diseases at various scales, which cause huge losses and are a constraint to socio-economic development. Farmers make considerable efforts to prevent and control pest and disease incidence, often requiring the use of vaccines, if available, drugs and pesticides. Examples of current problems are presented, to set the stage for the detailed and state-of-the-art presentations of specific cases of livestock pests and their associated diseases and modern methods of prevention and control.

En agriculture biologique, les possibilités de traitements allopathiques chimiques étant limitées, les éleveurs doivent faire preuve d’une grande technicité et intégrer de nombreux éléments dans la conduite de leurs activités. Un bon état sanitaire passe avant tout par une approche globale de la gestion de la santé des animaux, basée sur la mise en place de pratiques préventives. Le projet casdar « Synergies pour la santé des élevages biologiques » (Experton, 2013) fournit des références et des recommandations pour la consolidation et la mise en pratique d’une approche globale de la santé à destination des éleveurs, des conseillers et des vétérinaires. Les résultats d’une enquête épidémiologique sur 85 lots de poulets de chair en AB, permettent de dresser un état des lieux de l’état de santé et de bien-être en volailles de chair. Les résultats montrent un bon état général de la santé et du bien-être des poulets biologiques avec un très faible recours aux traitements antibiotiques (dans 5 lots), des taux de mortalité faibles (2,8% en moyenne à 77 jours d’âge) et peu de problèmes sanitaires (32 lots, essentiellement digestifs). Malgré une pression parasitaire, susceptible d'être plus forte en élevage plein air (parcours...), les lésions parasitaires sont faibles et aucun lien entre présence parasitaire et problèmes digestifs n’a pu être mis en évidence. Pour autant, des marges de progrès sont encore possibles, pour réduire la mortalité, notamment une meilleure gestion de la qualité de l’eau de boisson, des mesures d’hygiène avec la désinfection des bâtiments et de la biosécurité avec un changement de chaussures ; l’aménagement de la zone de sortie de trappes ; la mise en place d’un vide sanitaire périodique complet sur l’élevage; et le développement de l’accès au conseil technique pour les éleveurs indépendants. Une sortie plus précoce des poulets n’engendre pas de problèmes de santé (malgré une exposition plus longue aux parasites) et permet de mieux valoriser l’ensemble du parcours en favorisant le comportement exploratoire. Enfin cette étude montre aussi une forte utilisation de produits naturels (aromathérapie, phytothérapie) et un faible recours aux antibiotiques. Des besoins de mieux connaître leurs modalités d’action et d’utilisation ont été exprimés., In organic breeding, the synergies between livestock husbandry practices and animal health, taking into account the outlooks of the farmers, make it possible to strengthen the health of the livestock farms In organic production systems, health management is based on an ecopathological approach using preventive practices and alternative methods to the use of allopathic treatments.[br/] The results of the Casdar project “Synergy for healthy organic livestock” ((Experton, 2013) allow to draw a picture of the broilers’ health and welfare status. Based on an epidemiologic survey using 85 organic poultry farms and experiments on the animal leaving age, vaccination impacts against the coccidia, the water disinfection as well as socio-technical surveys, we observed a good state of health and welfare of the organic broilers with limited use of antibiotic treatment, low mortality rate and few healthcare issues, mostly digestive ones. Despite parasitic pressures, likely to be higher in outdoor farming (path outdoors…), the parasitic lesions were low and no link between parasitic presence and digestive issues has been highlighted. Space for improvement still exists, such as a better drinking water quality management, strengthening of hygiene and biosecurity measures. This project gave an overview of the alternative treatment methods used in organic broiler production. There was a wide variety of products used in organic chicken production with 62 different products and 203 identified uses. The share of preventive use was essential, with 78.9% of the uses compared with only 21.2% for curative treatments. Essential oils and plant extracts followed by oligo elements and minerals were the major components.

The pharmacokinetics and the effects of a single intramuscular (IM) dose of alfaxalone on sedation and cardiopulmonary and echocardiographic variables was studied in dogs. Twelve healthy adult Beagles (3 females, 9 males) were used in this prospective controlled cross-over trial. Echocardiography was performed with and without 4 mg kg(-1) alfaxalone IM with a week wash-out interval. Sedation (19-point scale; 0 = no sedation), cardiopulmonary parameters, blood gas analysis and plasma concentration of alfaxalone were assessed every 5 minutes following the injection (T0). The influence of the alfaxalone plasma concentration and time on physiological variables was tested using a linear model whereas echocardiographic measurements were compared between conscious and alfaxalone-administered dogs using paired t-tests. Compared to baseline, alfaxalone administration was followed by an increase in heart rate (HR) from T5 to T30 and a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at T10, T25 and T30, in stroke volume (SV; 15 +/- 5 to 11 +/- 3 ml; P

International audience; Depuis quelques années, l'élevage de précision a fait son apparition dans les élevages. En particulier, le robot de traite est présent dans de nombreuses fermes laitières. Cet équipement est généralement introduit pour soulager le travail des éleveurs et leur faire gagner du temps. Ces machines ont cependant un coût qu'il s'agit de relativiser avant leur acquisition. Mais quel est le bilan tiré par les éleveurs wallons qui ont franchi le cap ? Voici les principales conclusions d'une enquête réalisée auprès de 15 éleveurs dans le cadre d'un mémoire.

International audience; Sheep pox, a well-known endemic capripox infection, has significant impacts on small ruminant populations in Tunisia. It is responsible for high economic losses throughout North Africa due to its enzootic nature and to the active animal transhumance existing in some governorates in Tunisia. The aim of this review was to analyse data gathered on annual vaccination campaigns designed to control its spread by reducing the level of endemicity and to describe diagnostic and management tools adapted to the Tunisian situation. Seasonal, temporal and spatial distributions of sheep pox outbreaks, as well as related clinical features, were found. It was concluded from this review that establishing strong herd immunization through individual animal immunization, creating adequate infrastructure, increasing awareness among breeders, setting up a field-based surveillance network and improving routine diagnostic methods need to be the major components of a programme to eradicate the disease. It was also felt that cost-benefit analyses of the surveillance and control strategies used would help in controlling its persistence.

Chapitre 6; National audience

National audience; La volonté des Départements Génétique Animale (GA) et Physiologie Animale et Systèmes d’Élevage (Phase) de mutualiser les moyens humains de développements informatiques dédiés au phénotypage animal et de mettre en place des systèmes d’informations (SI) communs pour les Unités et Installations Expérimentales (UE/IE) des deux Départements s’est concrétisée par la création du Cati Systèmes d’Informations et Calcul pour le Phénotypage Animal (Sicpa). Cette collaboration des informaticiens de deux Départements autour de projets communs s’est progressivement et tout naturellement ouverte sur l’idée d’échanger et de collaborer avec d’autres collectifs de l’Institut sur des projets de développement et des aspects méthodologiques ou dans l’idée de réunir les conditions nécessaires à la mise en oeuvre des outils de phénotypage sur le terrain. Nous avons choisi d’illustrer ces collaborations au travers de quelques exemples.

Weaning of piglets is associated with important changes in gut structure and function resulting from stressful events such as separation from the sow, moving to a new facility and dietary transition from a liquid to a solid feed. This may result in post-weaning diarrhoea and a decrease in feed intake and growth. In humans, the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis (SP) and the freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris (CV) are known for their beneficial health effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of early oral administration of Spirulina and Chlorella in piglets on mucosal architecture and cytokine expression in the intestine around weaning, and consequences on growth performance and diarrhoea incidence. The experiment was conducted on 108 suckling piglets of 14 days of age (initial BW = 4.9 +/- 0.7 kg) and weaned at 28 days of age (day 0). Animals received orally 385 mg/kg BW per day of SP or CV, or water (negative control (NC)) during 4 weeks from day -14 to day 14 and their growth performance was measured daily. After weaning, growth, feed intake and diarrhoea incidence were measured daily. Intestinal morphology and functionality were assessed at day -1, day 2, and day 14. During the suckling period, average daily gain (ADG) in SP piglets was higher, resulting in a higher weaning BW compared to NC and CV piglets (P < 0.05). No significant difference between treatments was observed for ADG, average daily feed intake, and gain to feed (G: F) ratio after weaning, but the extent of growth retardation after weaning was the lowest in piglets supplemented with Chlorella (P < 0.01). Supplementation with Spirulina reduced diarrhoea incidence by 50% from day 0 to day 14 (P < 0.05). Mucosal architecture at the jejunum was unaffected by Spirulina or Chlorella administration (P > 0.10). Shorter ileal villi were measured in SP and CV piglets than in NC piglets (P < 0.05). Cytokine expression did not differ between treatments in response to weaning. At day 14, IL-8 expression in the ileum was higher in SP piglets, while IL-1 beta expression in the jejunum was higher in CV piglets (P < 0.05). This study shows that Spirulina administration around weaning alleviates diarrhoea in weaned piglets, without marked modulation of local inflammation.

This data article reports the values of indicators of bovine health determined in the plasma of Normand cull-cows at different times of the about 100 days lasting finishing period and at slaughter. The data constitute a large dataset based on the quantification of metabolites and the evaluation of enzymes activities allowing the determination of antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress level, energy and lipid metabolisms, activity of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal axis and the hepatic status in cull-cows. Keywords: Cows, Plasma, Health, Diet, Stress

Complément numérique; National audience

Le laboratoire international associe (LIA) Bact-Inflam, dedie a l’etude des bacteries et des maladies inflammatoires en sante humaine et animale, offre un exemple exceptionnel de cooperation reussie entre le Bresil et la France depuis le debut du XXIe siecle.