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Needlestick and sharp instrument injuries are common in dental practice and present the risk of direct exposure to blood-borne pathogens, including hepatitis B virus. This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the risk factors of injury and infection in three types of dental clinic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 274 male and 241 female dentists completed a structured questionnaire on demographic factors, compliance with infection control practices, and past exposure to injury and infection hazards. Dentists with more years of professional experience were significantly less likely to report having had an injury in the past (unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 0.48, 0.27–0.87 and 0.38, 0.16–0.89 for dentists with 10–20 years and for those with over 20 years of experience, respectively). Greater compliance with infection control procedures was associated with significantly fewer reports of previous infection (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.12–0.84). Experience of occupational safety training was not associated with a lower rate of injury or infection. Greater occupational safety knowledge and compliance with infection control management practices contribute to a reduced risk of injury and infection among dentists. More focused and specialized training on infection control and occupational safety is needed for all practicing dentists and dental students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data required to perform Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) for emergency conditions are not readily available and are difficult to retrieve from accident investigations. In the absence of emergency conditions data, the conventional approach of gathering data for HRA is using expert judgment. Expert judgment often suffers from uncertainty, subjectivity, and incompleteness, which makes the reliability of this data collection technique questionable. A more recent approach is to collect data by conducting experiment in virtual environments with human subjects. Though virtual experimental technique addresses the issues of uncertainty, subjectivity, and incompleteness, it still does not consider individual differences while assigning the influence of different factors on human performance. This paper proposes to advance the virtual experimental technique by enabling the consideration of individual differences. An experiment using virtual environment was done to observe performances of 36 individuals during offshore emergency evacuation. By integrating the data collected from the virtual environment into an HRA model, the reliability of each individual was assessed. Sensitivity analysis was then performed to identify the most influential factors that contributed to failure in emergency conditions. This analysis can help identify specific weaknesses that a participant might have. For example, if a participant is found to be more sensitive to a particular factor, then training scenarios with different variations of the factor can be provided to the participant until an accepted level of competency is reached. Identification of a weakness can be combined with adaptive human factor training so that each individual can obtain competence more quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research paper is to analyze occupational risk-prevention training in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Spanish Construction Sector. To do so, an in-depth study is completed on compliance with the entrepreneurial obligation to inform and to train workers in occupational risk-prevention, in accordance with the regulations laid down in Directive 89/391/EEC, and transposed into Spanish Law in Act 31/1995, of 8 November, on Risk Prevention in the Workplace [ Ley de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales (LPRL)]. Three questionnaires were designed and two discussion groups were organized with risk-prevention trainers and business representatives in the sector. Databases from various bodies were jointly consulted, specifically the External Prevention Services (EPS) and the Construction Labour Foundation [ Fundación Laboral de la Construcción ] (CLF), to establish both the weaknesses and the strengths of occupational risk-prevention training and the training systems of the firms in the sector. Having gathered all the information, the strategic indicators of training in risk-prevention were analyzed, such as the professional qualifications of the trainers, the training methodologies employed, and the training and information that the worker received on the job. The results showed that the majority of trainers in charge of training courses were not construction specialists, the training courses were not adapted to the training level of the workers and, importantly, the teaching materials were never in the other languages of the foreign workers. In conclusion, higher levels of professionalization are necessary for all the agents involved in risk-prevention procedures and construction processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding worker health and safety in the rapidly growing legal U.S. cannabis industry is important. Although little published research exists, workers may be exposed to biological, chemical, and physical hazards. This study investigated the Colorado cannabis industry workforce and both physical and psychosocial hazards to worker health and safety. Methods: Two hundred and fourteen Colorado cannabis workers completed an online survey after in‐person and online recruitment. Participants answered questions about their occupation, job tasks, general well‐being, occupational health and safety, cannabis use, and tobacco use. Results: Colorado cannabis workers were generally job secure and valued safety. However, they regularly consumed cannabis, expressed low concerns about workplace hazards, reported some occupational injuries and exposures, and reported inconsistent training practices. Conclusions: Working in the cannabis industry is associated with positive outcomes for workers and their organizations, but there is an imminent need to establish formal health and safety training to implement best practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the workplace, safety must be the first priority of all employers and employees alike. In order to maintain the safety and well-being of their employees, employers must demonstrate due diligence and provide the appropriate safety training to familiarize employees with the hazards within the workplace. Although, a student "project team" is not a business, the work done by students for their respective teams is synonymous with the work done in a place of business and thus requires that similar safety precautions and training be administered to students by their team leads and faculty advisors. They take on the role of supervisors within the team dynamic. Student teams often utilize the guidelines and policies that their universities or colleges have developed in order to build a set of standard operating procedures and safety training modules. These guidelines aid in providing a base for training for the team, however, they are no substitute for training specific to the safety risks associated with the work the team is doing. In order to comply with these requirements, a full analysis of the workplace is required to be completed. A variety of safety analysis techniques need to be applied to define the hazards within the workplace and institute appropriate measures to mitigate them. In this work, a process is developed for establishing a safety training program for a student project team, utilizing systems safety management techniques and the aspect of gamification to produce incentives for students to continue developing their skills. Although, systems safety management is typically applied to the design of active safety components or systems, the techniques for identifying and mitigating hazards can be applied in the same fashion to the workplace. They allow one to analyze their workplace and determine the hazards their employees might encounter, assign appropriate hazard ratings and segregate each respective hazard by their risks. In so doing, safety level assignment can be completed to ensure team members are trained to be able to work on the systems associated with a given risk level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation safety knowledge is a key factor in determining how passengers will respond in an emergency, but the effectiveness of the tools (preflight safety briefing, safety briefing card) used by airlines to educate passengers about safety has been shown to be lacking. This paper explores how one of these tools could be made interactive in order to increase its effectiveness. In particular, we use Virtual Reality (VR) techniques, adapting them to the constraints imposed by on-board aircraft use, such as usage on non-immersive, small displays. As a practical application, the paper examines aviation life preserver donning, which the literature has shown to be particularly difficult for passengers. To evaluate the proposed mobile VR tool, we contrasted it with the traditional safety briefing card in a between-groups study with 68 participants, age 20–24, focusing on different aspects of effectiveness. The results of the study show that the participants who used the mobile VR tool were able to transfer the presented safety knowledge to the real world, and don an aviation life preserver significantly faster and with fewer errors than participants who used the traditional briefing card. Moreover, these objective results were consistent with subjective ratings by participants; the mobile VR tool was perceived as significantly more engaging, simpler, and more effective than the traditional briefing card. Finally, participants who used the mobile VR tool attained a higher level of self-efficacy. The generalizability of these results would benefit with additional work aimed at an older age cohort that would ostensibly be less familiar with interactive VR technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety Management Systems continue to be a prevalent research topic nowadays, which has gone from being an incipient construct to an essential factor in new currents of business management. Organizations have perceived the importance of organizing their techniques and resources under a Safety Management System with models similar to other certification systems such as the ISO 9000 family of standards. This research is aimed at knowing the conditions that accelerate the adoption of a Safety Management System, either under the principles, beliefs and values of Total Quality Management or as a consequence of the implementation and application of essential safety management techniques, namely, risk assessment processes, assumption of safety responsibilities and safety training. It has been proven that companies operating in Total Quality Management environments are more likely to adopt a Safety Management System than those which apply key safety management practices in isolation. Results show the potential of Total Quality Management to promote a Safety Management System by itself, even in the absence of proven core practices. The results are robust and suggest maintaining principles of the quality paradigm when pursuing more ambitious models based on total management such as Total Safety Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A risk management framework with integrated safety planning of construction project is formulated and presented. • Application of BIM for hazard identification and risk assessment is illustrated. • Project-integrated automated safety schedule and hazard control system are developed and demonstrated. • A prototype of worker training tracker to store and monitor workers' safety training information is built and elaborated. The construction industry accounts for 24.20% of all accidents in India, resulting in almost 75 accidents daily. Every construction job involves certain risk levels, often resulting in losses such as fatalities, compensation costs, man-hour loss, work delays, and ergonomic disorders in workers. Poor site safety management and hesitation towards adopting new methods and technologies often result in inefficient workflow, accidents, and inferior productivity. All these factors pile up, causing a surge in indirect costs, almost four times direct costs. The Indian construction industry employs 51 million workers but has only 4% formally trained workforce. Safety planning is currently considered a 'secondary' task due to insufficient safety budget, lack of well-defined training modules and modern tools, unawareness about underlying hazards, etc. The current study is an attempt to identify and assess underlying activity-based hazards using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) approach by harnessing the potential of digital tools such as Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Visual Scripting in Dynamo v.2.10 to facilitate automation in generating 'Safety Schedule' in coordination with the project schedule. This study presents a novel idea of proactive safety planning, enabling workers and managers to foresee possible hazards associated with ongoing activity. Further, a worker training tracker prototype is developed in Microsoft Visual Studio using C# to store and track workers' safety training information. Managers can use this tracker to review workers' competence and ensure that they would have received appropriate role-based safety training. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated through a case study project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Virtual Reality is a viable delivery method for industrial workplace safety training. • VR training can result in a positive reactionan be well-received. • VR may be more efficient in delivering similar learning compared to standard training. • Future work should investigate behavior change and reduction in accidents Safety training is an important factor in preventing and reducing work-related accidents. As workplaces look for ways to improve safety outcomes, increasing the effectiveness of safety training continues to be an important factor. Interest in virtual reality (VR) training has grown substantially in recent years due to the emergence of affordable, consumer-grade VR technologies. The ability to simulate hazardous and difficult-to-access scenarios and environments provides the opportunity for practical hands-on training otherwise difficult to achieve. VR also provides the opportunity for trainees to fail safely increasing the appeal for safety–critical sectors. This study investigates the preliminary effectiveness of VR training for ozone generator isolation training compared to traditional training methods. Measures included are reaction, learning (i.e., knowledge gain and knowledge retention), and training duration. A mixed design was used with between-groups cross-sectional comparisons (N = 33) and a longitudinal evaluation on knowledge retention (N = 29). The VR training group reported significantly higher reaction results and took significantly less time to complete the training when compared with the traditional training group with no significant differences in learning outcomes. Overall, the results suggest that VR training can be a viable tool for delivering ozone generator isolation training. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of VR safety training in influencing behavioral change and reducing work-related accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of all occupational accidents in industries in Japan, the most frequently occurring accidents are falls. In conventional studies on falls, their characteristics have been evaluated by assessing balance on rapidly moving and steeply sloped floorboards considering that the main cause of falls is a decline in balance control. It is speculated that this decline is caused by the development of aging-related muscle weakness. However, resultant trauma to the back of the subject's head could not be replicated in the conventional studies on falls. Therefore, after deriving the physical equation of the fall model, we developed a new equipment for testing falls that simulates a fall consistent with the physical equation. Using this equipment, the test is started by opening a rope toggle, thereby causing the floorboard to suddenly move horizontally and downward at the same time. This equipment could achieve a backward rollover fall that results in hitting the back of the head of the subject, but safely without injury. It was thus possible to confirm that the fall rate was age- and work style-related and there was no relation with height. This study showed that it is possible to identify a decline in balance control as subjects get older using this equipment to execute a falling experience as part of regular safety education. By performing this test regularly, balance control in workers could be assessed and it was also understood that most falls are caused by diminishing balance control. In addition, it would be beneficial if workers exercised on a daily basis to reduce aging-related muscle-weakening effect.

Background: An approach to control and prevent the occupational accidents is to make the workers aware of safe work practices and occupational hazards. This study aims to investigate the impact of peer education on safe behaviors among workers of renovation of structures and machines shop in Bandar Abbas Oil Refinery Company. Methods: In this interventional study, all 36 workers of Renovation of structures and machines shop of Bandar Abbas Oil Refinery Company were enrolled. Data were collected using demographic, knowledge, attitude, and behavior questionnaires. Questionnaires were completed at three stages including before the intervention and two and three months after the intervention. Behavior check lists were also completed before and three months after the educational intervention. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and repeated measures test using SPSS19 software. Results: The mean of knowledge scores before the intervention, two, and three months after the intervention were 33/5±6/83, 36/93±7/35, and 37/35±7/22 respectively. Significant increases in knowledge scores, two and three months after the intervention was observed (P

Background Temporary workers face increased risk of injury as compared to permanent workers in similar occupations. This study explores the role played by several potential risk factors. Methods Injured temporary and permanent workers, matched by industry, tenure and demographic characteristics, were interviewed to isolate the association of temporary employment with several injury risk factors. Results Temporary workers had higher workers' compensation claims rates than their permanent worker-peers. In interviews temporary workers a reported a lower frequency of exposure to hazards. However, they also reported being less likely to be equipped to cope with hazards by such countermeasures as experience screening, safety training and task control. Conclusion Policies are needed to improve screening and training of temporary workers to assigned tasks, to discourage job-switching, to improve temporary workers' hazard awareness, to protect their right to report unsafe conditions. The responsibilities of agencies and host employers for ensuring the safety of their temporary workers need clarification in regulatory policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musculoskeletal disorders are very common in the dental practice. This cross-sectional study assessed the nature and prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms (MS) and their associated risk factors among dentists in three types of clinics in Riyadh. A structured, self-administered questionnaire about demographic characteristics, nature of work, and prevalence and frequency of MS was completed by 274 male and 241 female dentists. Chi-square and logistic regression were used to determine the association of MS with a number of important variables. Pain in the lower back (64%) and neck (60%) were the most prevalent MS. Working in the dental colleges' clinics was associated with increased risk of MS (adjusted OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.27 - 4.18). A stronger association was observed for dentists working in the private clinics (adjusted OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.28 - 5.17) compared to government clinics. Female dentists were at more risk of MS than the male dentists (OR 1.63, 95%CI 1.02 - 2.59). The OR of MS for dentists treating more than 10 patients/d was 1.53 (95%CI 0.83-2.81). The higher risk of reported MS in females and for those working in the dental colleges and private clinics underscores the importance of recognition and prevention of MS even early in the dental profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Power take-off (PTO) driveline entanglements are a primary source of injury on US farms. As with many farm injury concerns, hazard control technology is widely available for mitigating the risk of these entanglements. Despite the availability of hazard control technology, PTO shields are damaged or missing on approximately 57% of PTO driveline implements in New York. Given the catastrophic nature of entanglements and the ready access to safety technology, a better understanding of what motivates farmers to install or replace PTO shields is warranted. Methods: To examine this question, agricultural health and safety researchers in New York State conducted an initial comparison of PTO shield sales on farms receiving one of three different interventional approaches. These included PTO shield audits, a social marketing campaign, and on-farm safety services. PTO shield purchases were tracked from January 2011 through June 2016 on farms receiving these interventions and on other farms that were not exposed to interventional strategies. Results: Results indicate that a significantly higher number of PTO shields were purchased on farms that requested and received on-farm safety services versus farms that were exposed to PTO shield audits, the social marketing campaign, or the control group. PTO shield sales were slightly elevated on farms receiving driveline audits, as compared with control farms (although these differences were not significant). Conclusions: No marked differences in sales were noted between control farms and farms exposed to the social marketing campaign. Only one of the three interventional strategies (on-farm safety services) approached the number of PTO shield sales necessary to prevent an entanglement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Proper hazard recognition is an essential prerequisite to effective safety management. However, recent research has demonstrated that a large proportion of safety hazards remain unrecognized and unmanaged in complex and dynamic construction environments. Despite the importance of hazard recognition, there is a dearth of research examining why construction hazards remain unrecognized. Although few studies have examined upstream factors such as management support and experience that can indirectly influence hazard recognition levels, studies have not focused on downstream workplace factors that directly impact performance. The objective of this exploratory research was to address this knowledge gap by identifying potential impediments to hazard recognition while workers examine the work environment. In the first phase of the study, eight construction workers were engaged in a hazard recognition activity using construction case images captured from real projects within the United States. Brainstorming sessions were then conducted with the workers to identify why certain hazards remained unrecognized. In the following second phase, additional factors that impact hazard recognition and relevant industry examples were gathered by engaging an expert panel of industry professionals and academic researchers. The research process yielded 13 factors that can potentially impede thorough hazard recognition. A follow-up validation study with construction workers revealed that the most common reasons that lead to unrecognized hazards included: (1) selective attention or inattention to certain hazard types, (2) unknown potential hazard set, and (3) the perception that certain hazards impose low levels of safety risk. The findings of this research will be useful in developing effective hazard recognition methods and safety training programs that are cognizant of field-level challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unrecognized or unmanaged hazards can expose workers to unanticipated safety risk and can potentially result in catastrophic safety incidents. Unfortunately, recent research has demonstrated that a large proportion of safety hazards remain unrecognized in construction workplaces. To improve hazard-recognition levels, employers adopt a variety of safety and hazard-recognition training programs. However, desirable levels of hazard recognition have not been achieved, and the expected benefits from training have not been attained. Such failure in training efforts have generally been attributed to the adoption of poor and ineffective training practices. While efforts are being undertaken to address these issues, construction research has not focused on developing or evaluating personalized training solutions that are customized to the learning needs of individual workers. To advance theory and practice, the objective of this study was to develop the first personalized training strategy targeted at improving hazard-recognition levels. The objective was accomplished by a collaborative effort involving two industry experts and three academic researchers, along with guidance from training literature. The training strategy incorporates important elements known to improve stimuli or threat detection in domains including medicine, the military, and aviation. The elements include (1) visual cues to aid systematic hazard search, (2) personalized hazard-recognition performance feedback, (3) personalized eye-tracking visual attention feedback, and (4) metacognitive prompts that trigger the adoption of remedial measures. After development, the effectiveness of the training strategy in improving hazard recognition was empirically evaluated using the nonconcurrent multiple-baseline testing approach. The findings of the study showed that the participating workers on average were able to identify only 42% of hazards prior to the introduction of the intervention; but were able to recognize 77% of hazards in the intervention phase. The findings of this study will be of interest to practicing professionals seeking to improve hazard-recognition levels within construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily dialogue between leaders and workers on traditional construction sites is primarily focused on production, quality and time issues, and rarely involves occupational safety and health (OSH) issues. A leadership training program entitled 'Toolbox-training' was developed to improve construction foremen’s knowledge and communication skills in daily planning of work tasks and their related OSH risks on construction sites. The program builds on the popular 'toolbox meeting' concept, however there is very little research evaluating these types of meetings. This article describes the development, implementation and feasibility of the Toolbox-training program, and the results of the process evaluation and outcome evaluation. A total of 57 foremen from 12 companies participated in the training in five successive groups during 2014–2015. Following each group, the program was continuously evaluated and revised until the final version after the fifth group. The evaluation utilized an action research strategy with a mixed–methods approach of triangulating questionnaire, interview, and observation data. Process evaluation results showed that the eight Toolbox-training topics were relevant and useful for the majority of the foremen, who experienced positive changes in their daily work methods and interactions with their crews, colleagues, leaders, customers and other construction professions. The program is a unique contribution to leadership training in the construction industry, and can potentially be applied and adapted in many other sectors. However, there is still a need for testing the long-term effects of the program on safety climate, injuries and business in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety is of paramount importance in all facets of the research, development, demonstration and deployment work of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Fuel Cell Technologies Program. The Safety, Codes and Standards sub-program (SC&S) facilitates deployment and commercialization of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies by developing and disseminating information and knowledge resources for their safe use. A comprehensive safety management program utilizing the Hydrogen Safety Panel to raise safety consciousness at the project level and developing/disseminating a suite of safety knowledge resources is playing an integral role in DOE and SC&S efforts. This paper provides examples of accomplishments achieved while reaching a growing and diverse set of stakeholders involved in research, development and demonstration; design and manufacturing; deployment and operations. The work of the Hydrogen Safety Panel highlights new knowledge and the insights gained through interaction with project teams. Various means of collaboration to enhance the value of the program's safety knowledge tools and training resources are illustrated and the direction of future initiatives to reinforce the commitment to safety is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Although all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are very popular in rural areas for both recreation and work purposes, the epidemiology of agricultural ATV use remains largely unknown. Methods Farm Progress Show attendees in 2012 (Boone, Iowa) and 2013 (Decatur, Illinois) were surveyed about ATVs, including riding behaviors, crash history, and safety knowledge. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed (N = 635 surveys). Results Over half of those surveyed lived on a farm and more than 90% had ridden on an ATV. Sixty-one percent rode at least once a week and 39% reported riding almost daily. Males and respondents who lived on farms were significantly more likely to be ATV riders. Regarding unsafe behaviors, > 80% of ATV users had ridden with a passenger, 66% had ridden on a public road, and nearly one-half never or almost never wore a helmet. Nearly 40% reported having been in a crash. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of adult respondent's data showed males and younger adults were both more likely to report having crashed. In addition, those reporting riding on public roads (but not having ridden with passengers) were nearly five times more likely and respondents who reported both riding on public roads and having ridden with passengers were approximately eight times more likely to have been in a crash as compared to those not reporting these unsafe behaviors. Safety knowledge did not necessarily correspond with safer behaviors; 80% who knew there should be no passengers on an ATV still had ridden with extra riders. Conclusion ATV use is prevalent in rural populations and most riders report engaging in unsafe riding behaviors. Practical applications These findings may be used to inform ATV safety education and training programs targeted toward agricultural communities, with the goal of reducing occupational ATV-related deaths and injuries and their substantial economic costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety training (ST) is essential for workplace safety and to be effective requires that the learned knowledge and skills are transferred to the job. Research on transfer mechanisms and its predictors has neglected trainers’ influence, despite their privileged position on decisions related with training. This study is aimed at identifying: (1) trainers’ perspectives on best practices for enhancing ST success; (2) unexplored transfer factors based on reported best practices; and (3) the trainers’ sense of self-efficacy and personal responsibility regarding ST results. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with experienced and first-line safety trainers, all OHS professionals. Content analysis revealed that trainers attribute training success to factors related to trainees’ individual characteristics, workplace environment and mainly to training design and delivery. OHS professionals’ presence in the workplace emerged as a critical transference trigger suggesting future research to explore under what conditions that effect occurs. Participants reported feeling responsible for training results but revealed a low sense of control. These results confirm that trainers decide on training design and deliver but their role should be expanded so to support training application in the work context. For that purpose, companies must empower safety trainers for enhancing their control over the transfer process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The present study has made significant additions to the existing knowledge of literatures related to the occurrence of human-related errors by identifying 140 contributing errors behind the occurrence of three major issues such as lack of supply & usage of PPE, improper safety training, poor safety supervision at the level of Top Management (TM), Safety Supervisors (SS) & Workers(W) through in-depth focus interview. The findings of this study will enable the top management, Safety supervisors & workers of the construction organizations to get to know about the errors that occur at their levels. Through this, they can contribute to the prevention of accidents by avoiding such issues at their levels while implementing safety practices such as the supply & usage of PPEs, Safety Training and Safety Supervision. The safety performance of the Indian construction industry is not satisfactory, due to which many accidents are still prevailing in the construction industry. To execute the project successfully without any accidents all the levels of employees must be consciously involved in preventing accidents without committing errors at their individual level. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out the major issues that lead to causes of accidents at single employee level. Finding out major issues at single employee level alone may not be sufficient to prevent accidents, because construction is not a domain of a single category of employees; instead, it is a field of several categories of employees working at various levels in the execution of the projects. Any single error committed at any of the employee level may contribute to major issues that would leads to accidents. Therefore, in order to identify the potential errors that occur at multi-level employees, the present study has adopted three-dimensional view strategy to investigate human related errors that occur during the implementation of each stage of safety practices such as supply & usage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Safety training (ST) and Safety supervision (SSV) from Top management (TM), Safety supervisors (SS) and workers (W) perspectives. This study has identified three major issues such as lack of supply & usage of PPE, improper safety training, poor safety supervision and 140 contributing errors (responses) behind the occurrence of these three major issues through focus interviews carried out at construction organizations based in Chennai city, South India. Out of identified 140 contributing errors, 45 contributing errors were behind the occurrence of lack of supply & usage of PPE (TM level −26 errors; SS level-13 errors; W level −6 errors), 32 contributing errors were behind the occurrence of improper safety training (TM level-18 errors; SS-12 errors; W level-2 errors) and 63 contributing errors were behind the occurrence of poor safety supervision (TM level-32 errors; SS level −21 errors; W level −10 errors). The results obtained are explained figuratively by comparing it with the results of similar previous studies. The study results shows that any major issue that lead to cause of accidents possibly cannot occur alone, but would occur as a result of several contributing errors from various levels of employees. The findings of the study may be helpful for the construction organizations to prevent accidents in future by avoiding the identified contributing errors at the levels of TM, SS, and W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of occupational accidents in the construction industry has necessitated a focus on proactive measures such as safety management programs. An example of this is safety parks, i.e. facilities where employees and managers from different construction companies can participate in site-specific activities and train in safety-related matters in a realistic context. Two specific focus areas are often present within these types of safety management programs: hands-on safety training and safety culture development as being within the purview of management. The purpose of this article is to investigate the developers' intentions with the park in relation to safety culture development. Twenty interviews were conducted with experts in the area of health and safety. Results indicate that the safety park can contribute as a mirror for the companies own operations, with new information and knowledge of how work can be performed with safety being prioritized, to developing communication regarding safety-related matters, and finally the stations at the park may initiate a translation process as to how the lessons learned at the park can be applied to the participants' own workplaces. All in all, the activities at the park can be said to be normative in nature, i.e. the developers seemingly have a desire to steer the safety culture development in a certain direction. There is a need for further research focusing on the concept of safety culture in these types of programs and, more broadly, in relation to its intended industry-wide effects., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The problem today's youth's narcotization is so urgent that minors', young men's and girls' abuse of narcotic substances becomes dangerous social phenomenon. Some data of the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed in September 2011 are another proof of the drug problem being a danger for the entire world.

Heat-related illness (also called heat illness) is a recurring and avoidable condition that results in multiple deaths in California farm fields every year. We conducted five focus groups as part of the California Heat Illness Prevention Study (CHIPS) in Fresno, California, during the summer of 2013. We used qualitative coding methods to analyze focus group transcript data with consideration of workers' behaviors and beliefs, workplace safety training experiences, employer-employee relations, and workplace conditions and organization. Discrete and complex factors related to worker self-care were identified, and suggest that heat illness cannot be viewed as simply a biomedical or behavioral issue, and that preventive health interventions in agriculture also need to take into account power and control structures existing in the industry. Findings indicate that prevention plans should be guided by strategies that integrate worker control with work-site organization and employer relations, as opposed to strategies that focus exclusively on traditional modes of training to advance prevention.