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PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) or triamcinolone (IVT) on the rate of early postvitrectomy hemorrhage in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: Eligible eyes were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 groups: the IVB group received 1.25 mg bevacizumab, the IVT group received 4,0mg triamcinolone and the control group underwent a sham procedure. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of early postvitrectomy hemorrhage. Secondary outcome measures included changes in visual acuity (BCVA) and adverse events. RESULTS: Twenty and seven eyes, 9 in each group were randomized. The incidence of vitreous hemorrhage was lower in the IVB group (p=0.18). Postoperative vitreous hemorrhage at 1 month also was less in the IVB group compared with the control group (p > 0.05). The rate of bleeding immediately after surgery was higher in IVT group with 4 (44.4%) cases. The overall mean visual acuity was 1.72 ± 0.37 logMAR preoperatively and 1.32 ± 0.73 logMAR in 6 months after surgery. Accessing visual acuity by group evidenced that the IVB group had initial mean logMAR VA of 1.87 and 1.57 logMAR VA at the six months (p = 0.84). In IVT group, initial mean VA was 1.75 logMAR and 0.96 logMAR VA at six months (p < 0.001). And in control group, the initial mean VA was 1.85 logMAR and 1.57 logMAR VA at six months (p= 0.34). CONCLUSION: Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab 1 week before vitrectomy seems to reduce the incidence of early postvitrectomy hemorrhage in diabetic patients. There was a better visual acuity outcome in the triamcinolone group.OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito no pré-operatório da injecao intravítrea de bevacizumab (IVB) ou triancinolona (IVT) sobre a taxa de hemorragia precoce pos-vitrectomia na retinopatia diabética proliferativa. MÉTODOS: Os olhos foram distribuídos em três grupos: IVB - 1,25 mg bevacizumab, IVT - 4,0 mg de triancinolona e o grupo controle - simulação da injeção. O objetivo primário foi a avaliação da incidência da hemorragia precoce pós-vitrectomia. Os objetivos secundários incluíram mudanças na acuidade visual corrigida e eventos adversos relacionados à injeção. RESULTADOS: Dos Vinte e sete olhos, 9 foram randomizados em cada grupo. A incidência de hemorragia vítrea foi menor no grupo IVB (P=0,18). A hemorragia vítrea em 1 mês também foi menor no grupo IVB (P > 0,05). A taxa de sangramento pós-operatório imediato foi maior no grupo IVT com 4 (44,4%) dos casos. A média da acuidade visual (AV) foi de 1,72 ± 0,37 logMAR no pré-operatório e 1,32 ± 0,73 logMAR em 6 meses após a cirurgia. Analisando a AV por grupo evidenciamos que o grupo IVB tinha inicialmente AV média logMAR de 1,87 e AV logMAR de 1,57 em seis meses (p = 0,84). No grupo IVT, a média inicial de AV foi de 1,75 logMAR e 0,96 logMAR em seis meses (p < 0,001). E no grupo controle, a média inicial foi de 1,85 logMAR e 1,57 logMAR no seis meses (p = 0,34). CONCLUSÃO: A injeção intravítrea de bevacizumab antes da vitrectomia parece diminuir a incidência de hemorragia vítrea precoce pós-vitrectomia em diabéticos. Houve um melhor resultado na acuidade visual no grupo da triancinolona.

Objetivo: Caracterizar la extracción extracapsular del cristalino con implante de lente intraocular en pacientes con retinopatía diabética en los hospitales "Saturnino Lora" y "Juan Bruno Zayas" de Santiago de Cuba de enero a septiembre de 2007. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y longitudinal prospectivo en 72 pacientes. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, indicación de cirugía de catarata, agudeza visual antes de la cirugía y después de esta, y complicaciones. Se utilizó el porcentaje como medida de resumen y se aplicaron las pruebas de chi cuadrado y de hipótesis de comparación de proporciones. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino, la edad de 70 años o más y la indicación óptica de la cirugía de catarata. La agudeza visual posquirúrgica fue superior a 20/40 en 47,2 % de los pacientes. La opacificación de la cápsula posterior fue la complicación más frecuente. Conclusiones: La indicación más frecuente de la cirugía de catarata, en pacientes con retinopatía diabética, es con fin óptico. La evaluación de la agudeza visual antes de la cirugía y después de esta, en el paciente con retinopatía diabética y catarata con criterio de cirugía, es un parámetro de valor diagnóstico y pronóstico. La opacidad de cápsula posterior constituyó la complicación más frecuente.Objective: To identify existing complications in patients suffering diabetic retinopathy during or after extracapsular lens extraction with intraocular lens implantation surgery performed at "Saturnino Lora" and "Juan Bruno Zayas” hospitals in Santiago de Cuba, from January to September 2007. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, observational and descriptive, study was conducted in 72 patients. The analyzed variables were age, sex, indication for cataract surgery, visual acuity before and after surgery, and complications. The percentage as a summary measure and the chi-square tests and comparison of proportions hypotheses were used, according to each table. Results: Predominance of females, 70 years or older age and visual indication of cataract surgery. Postoperative visual acuity was above 20/40 in 47.2% of patients and posterior capsule opacification was the most common complication. Conclusion: The optical indication is the most common for cataract surgery in patients with diabetic retinopathy as well as the assessment of visual acuity before and after surgery in these patients with cataract surgery criterion is a diagnostic and prognostic parameter. Posterior capsule opacity was the most frequent complication.

Antecedentes: el edema macular es la principal causa de baja visión en personas con retinopatía diabética. Objetivo: revisar los resultados del tratamiento con ruboxistaurin en el edema macular diabético. Desarrollo: la hiperglucemia, entre otras alteraciones metabólicas, activa la proteína quinasa C, lo que contribuye a la disfunción microvascular, trastorno importante en la patogenia del edema macular diabético. Diversos procederes terapéuticos se han utilizado en su tratamiento. En los últimos años el ruboxistaurin ha demostrado su capacidad de inhibir la activación de la proteína quinasa C. Algunos autores opinan que este fármaco es capaz de mejorar el edema macular diabético, y por tanto, la visión. Se ha comunicado que la administración de 32 mg diarios de ruboxistaurin, previene la progresión de la retinopatía diabética y atenúa el riesgo de pérdida visual por edema macular diabético. Otros estudios describen resultados similares, y además, refieren, que el ruboxistaurin disminuye el riesgo de empeoramiento y progresión del edema macular diabético, así como reduce la necesidad de tratamiento con láser. Conclusiones: el uso del ruboxistaurin abre nuevas perspectivas en la prevención y tratamiento del déficit visual por retinopatía diabética y por edema macular diabético, sin embargo, se piensa que los estudios realizados hasta el momento son insuficientes para llegar a conclusiones valederas. Se imponen estudios a más largo plazo para definir su costo/beneficio.Backgrounds: the macular edema is the main cause of low vision in persons with diabetic retinopathy. Objective: to analyze the results of treatment with ruboxistaurin in cases of diabetic macular edema. Development: the hyperglycemia among other metabolic alterations, to active the kinase C protein contributing to microvascular dysfunction, an important disorder in the pathogenesis of the diabetic macular edema. Different therapeutical procedures have been used in its treatment. In past years the ruboxistaurin has showed its ability to inhibit the activation of C kinase protein. Some authors consider that this drug is able to improve the diabetic macular edema and thus, the vision. It has been reported that the administration of 32 mg daily de ruboxistaurin prevents the progression of the diabetic retinopathy and decrease the risk of visual loss from diabetic macular edema. Other studies describe similar results and also, report that this drug decreases the risk or worsening and progression of this type of edema as well as to reduce the need of laser treatment. Conclusions: the use of ruboxistaurin open new perspectives for prevention and treatment of visual deficit due to diabetic retinopathy and from the diabetic macular edema, however, authors consider that the studies conducted until now are insufficient to arrive to valid conclusions. Studies at longer term are necessary to define its cost/benefit.

Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento clínico-epidemiológico de la retinopatía diabética en el municipio Marianao, en el periodo de agosto - noviembre de 2007. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal. El universo estuvo constituido por los 7 693 diabéticos dispensarizados en el municipio Marianao. Se realizó interrogatorio y examen oftalmológico a los 150 pacientes incluidos en la muestra. Además se tomó fotografía de fondo, angiografía fluoresceínica y tomografía de coherencia óptica a aquellos que lo precisaban. Resultados: La prevalencia de retinopatía diabética fue de un 16,0 %. Se encontró con más frecuencia entre los 55 a 64 años de edad (20,0 %), con predominio en los diabéticos tipo 1 (28,6 %). Se evidenció un incremento de la retinopatía diabética con el aumento del tiempo de duración de la diabetes. Se observó tendencia a las formas menos severas y se encontró mayor severidad en ojos de pacientes con 21 años o más de evolución. El 4,7 % de los pacientes presentaban edema macular diabético y el 4,0 % ceguera legal. La retinopatía diabética y la catarata constituyeron las causas más frecuentes de ceguera, 1,3 % respectivamente. Conclusión: La prevalencia de retinopatía diabética y ceguera por esta enfermedad, mostró cifras inferiores a las recogidas en estudios previos. Con el aumento del tiempo de evolución de la diabetes mellitus se observó una mayor severidad de la retinopatía diabética y el edema macular diabético.Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological behavior of diabetic retinopathy in Marianao municipality in the period of August to November, 2007 Methods: A single-phase, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 7693 diabetic adults was carried out from August 2007 to November 2007 in Marianao municipality. The sample of 150 adults with diabetes was questioned and examined from the ophthalmological viewpoint. Additionally, funduscopy, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography were performed on those patients who required so. Results: Diabetic retinopathy prevalence was 16,0 % and it was more frequent in patients aged from 55 to 64 years (20,0 %) and in patients suffering from diabetes type 1 (28,6 %). The length of time suffering from diabetes mellitus had an impact on the increased diabetic retinopathy. There was a tendency toward less severe forms of the disease, although more severity was found in patients who had had this disease for 21 years or more. About 4,7 % and 4 % of the patients presented macular diabetic edema and legal blindness respectively. Diabetic retinopathy and cataract were the most frequent causes of blindness (1,3 % both). Conclusions: The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and blindness caused by this illness showed figures lower than those collected in previous studies. The longer the time of evolution of diabetes, the more severe forms of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema found.

FUNDAMENTO: Em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2, a presença de retinopatia está associada a doença cardiovascular aumentada, independentemente dos fatores de risco conhecidos para a doença vascular. OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação da retinopatia diabética (RD) e seus graus com a presença de aterosclerose coronariana subclínica em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1. MÉTODOS: Um estudo transversal foi conduzido com 150 pacientes com diabetes tipo 1, assintomáticos para doença arterial coronariana. Foram submetidos à avaliação clínica para verificar complicações microvasculares e avaliação para a presença de calcificação arterial coronariana (CAC). RESULTADOS: Formas graves de RD (RD grave não proliferativa - RDNP - e RD proliferativa - RDP) foram associadas à CAC (RC: 3,98; IC de 95%; 1,13-13,9, p = 0,03), de maneira independente dos fatores de risco conhecidos para a doença cardiovascular (idade, A1C, hipertensão, dislipidemia e sexo masculino). CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com formas graves de RD estão em risco de presença de doença arterial coronariana, de maneira independente dos tradicionais fatores de risco cardiovascular.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores de riesgo que favorecen la aparición de la retinopatía diabética. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó un estudio observacional analítico de tipo caso-control en 153 diabéticos atendidos consecutivamente en el Centro de Atención al Diabético, entre julio y diciembre del año 2008. Se estudiaron: edad, sexo, color de piel, consumo de alcohol, hábito de fumar, tipo de diabetes mellitus, tratamiento y evolución, tipo de retinopatía diabética, factores sistémicos y oculares asociados. Se aplicó Odds Ratio para valorar la influencia de factores de riesgo en probabilidad de aparición de la complicación. RESULTADOS: Predominaron los diabéticos tipo 2 (72,5 % en grupo estudio y 79,4 % en grupo control), la retinopatía diabética no proliferativa moderada (31,4 %), las mujeres (70,6 % en grupo estudio y 61,8 % en grupo control) mayores de 40 años y piel blanca. La hipertensión arterial (OR= 2,83, p= 0,003) se presentó en 52,9 y 28,4 %, respectivamente. En el grupo estudio, el 43,1 % eran fumadores (OR= 2,76, p= 0,005) y el 72,5 % tenían más de 15 años de evolución de la diabetes (OR= 17,91, p= 0,000) mientras 62,8 % del grupo control llevaban entre 5 y 15 años de diabéticos. Resultaron significativos el antecedente de oclusión venosa retiniana (OR= 4,92, p= 0,001), cirugía de catarata (OR= 2,85, p= 0,012), cicatriz coriorretiniana (OR= 0,12, p= 0,015) y glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto (OR= 0,18, p=0,013). CONCLUSIONES: Los factores de riesgo asociados fueron: tiempo de evolución de la diabetes mellitus en pacientes con tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad mayor de 15 años, la hipertensión arterial, el hábito de fumar, antecedentes de cirugía de catarata y oclusiones venosas. El glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto y cicatrices coriorretinianas parecen ser factores protectores significativos.OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors favoring the appearance of the diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: A case-control, analytical and observational study was conducted in 153 diabetic patients seen in the Diabetes Care Center from July to December, 2008. Variables included: age, sex, skin color, alcohol consumption, smoking, type of diabetes mellitus, treatment and evolution type of diabetic retinopathy, associated systemic and ocular factors. Odds Ratio was applied to assess the influence of risk factors on probability of appearance of the complication. RESULTS: There was predominance of type 2 diabetes (72.5 % in study group and 79.4% in control group), moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (31.4 %), women (70.6 %) in study group and 61.8 % in control group, over 40 years old and white skin. High blood pressure (OR = 2.83, p = 0.003) was present in the 52.9 and 28.4 %, respectively. In the study group, the 43.1 % were smokers (OR = 2.76, p= 0.005) and the 72.5 % had more than 15 years of evolution of diabetes (OR= 17.91, p= 0.000) whereas the 62,8 % of control group had 5 and 15 years to be diabetic. The retinal occlusion background (OR - 4.92, p= 0.001), cataract's surgery ( OR= 2.85, p= 0.012), chorioretinal scar (OR= 0.12, p = 0.015) and open angle primary glaucoma (OR= 0.18, p= 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: The associated risk factors were: evolution of the diabetes mellitus bigger than 15 years, arterial hypertension, smoking habit, antecedents of cataracts surgery and vein occlusions. Primary open angle glaucoma and corioretinal scars seem to be protective significant factors.

OBJETIVOS: Conocer la cobertura de un programa de cribado de retinopatía diabética en atención primaria y la concordancia entre médicos de familia (MF) y oftalmólogos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional transversal. Revisión de retinografías midriáticas de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (2007-2008) solicitadas por MF de tres centros de salud urbanos en Jaén,España. RESULTADOS: En total 296 retinografías (2007) y 380 (2008) (cobertura=26%±2.4).Retinografías patológicas: 181 MF (27%±1.3) y 59 (9%±0.3) oftalmólogos. Concordancia global moderada (kappa=0.408±0.039), que mejora del primer al segundo año (0.34 y 0.45; pOBJECTIVE: To identify the coverage of a diabetic retinopathy screening program in primary health care and to assess agreement between ophthalmologists and family physicians (FP) regarding retinography evaluations of diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study,with a review of diabetic patients' mydriatic retinographies (2007-2008) from three urban primary health centers (PHC)(Jaén-Spain). RESULTS: A total of 296 retinographies in 2007 and 380 in 2008 (coverage=26%±2,4) were reviewed. Pathological retinographies were identified by 181 FPs (27%±1,3) and 59 (9%±0,3) ophthalmologists.Total agreement was moderate (kappa=0,408±0,039).Agreement was better in the latter year (0,45 vs 0,34; p

Being the commonest ocular disorder, dense cataracts disable fundoscopic examination and the diagnosis of retinal disorders, which dogs may be predisposed. The aim of this study was to compare the electroretinographic responses recorded according to the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision human protocol to evaluate retinal function of diabetic and non diabetic dogs, both presenting mature or hypermature cataracts. Full-field electroretinogram was recorded from 66 dogs, with ages varying from 6 to 15 years old allocated into two groups: (1) CG, non diabetic cataractous dogs, and (2) DG, diabetic cataractous dogs. Mean peak-to-peak amplitude (microvolts) and b-wave implicit time (milliseconds) were determined for each of the five standard full-field ERG responses (rod response, maximal response, oscillatory potentials, single-flash cone response and 30 Hz flicker). Comparing CG to DG, ERGs recorded from diabetic dogs presented lower amplitude and prolonged b-wave implicit time in all ERG responses. Prolonged b-wave implicit time was statistically significant (p< 0.05) at 30 Hz flicker (24.0 ms versus 22.4 ms). These data suggests full-field ERG is capable to record sensible alterations, such as flicker's implicit time, being useful to investigate retinal dysfunction in diabetic dogs.Catarata madura e hipermadura, alteração frequentemente observada em cães, impossibilita a visibilização do fundo do olho e provável diagnóstico de degenerações retinianas. Objetivou-se comparar as respostas retiniana de cães diabéticos e não diabéticos, ambos portadores de catarata madura ou hipermadura, com auxílio do eletrorretinograma de campo total, utilizando o protocolo da International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision. Sessenta e seis cães, com idades variando entre 6 a 15 anos de idade foram divididos em dois grupos: (1) CG, cães não diabéticos com catarata madura ou hipermadura e (2) DG, cães diabéticos com catarata madura ou hipermadura. Mensurou-se amplitude pico a pico (microvolts) e tempo de culminação da onda-b (milisegundos) para as cinco respostas do ERG (resposta de bastonetes, máxima resposta, potencial oscilatório, resposta de cones e flicker a 30Hz). Avaliando-se as respostas obtidas com o exame, o grupo de cães diabéticos apresentou menor amplitude e maior tempo de culminação da onda-b em todas as respostas. O aumento do tempo de culminação da onda-b em DG foi estatisticamente significante (p

Diabetes mellitus is caused by an alteration of the carbohydrate metabolism which leads to the appearance of excessive amounts of glucose in blood and sometime in the urine. This produces alterations in all the structures of the eyeball, being diabetic retinopathy the most frequent and precocious complication. It is caused as a result of a prolonged hyperglycemia; with cell, capillary and neurosensory alterations in the retina. It represents the first cause of blindness in the adult population of the industrialized countries, and its development is associated to the duration of the illness and poor glycemic control.

OBJETIVOS. Determinar la prevalencia global y específica de catarata, retinopatía diabética, pterigium, glaucoma y degeneración macular senil en la población. Caracterizar su prevalencia, según variables de interés epidemiológico, y medir la asociación de algunos factores de riesgo con la ocurrencia de estas enfermedades. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico a 29 313 habitantes mayores de 5 años, pesquisados en el municipio de Guanes, en la provincia de Pinar del Río, entre el 17 de abril y el 17 de Agosto de 2006, para lo cual se utilizó la regresión logística multivariada, con un riesgo relativo (RR) > 2 como muestra de asociación significativa. Los datos fueron tomados de las encuestas clínico - epidemiológicas confeccionadas al efecto y de la base de datos existente en la provincia. RESULTADOS. Se encuestó y examinó el 81,1 % de la población general, de la cual 4 720 personas tenían al menos una de las enfermedades estudiadas, lo que representó una tasa de prevalencia de 16,1 x 100 habitantes. De las principales afecciones oculares en estudio, la catarata y el pterigium fueron las que mostraron mayor prevalencia, con 7,12 y 5,93 x 100 habitantes, respectivamente. De cada 100 personas mayores de 65 años, 70 presentaron al menos una de las enfermedades oculares estudiadas, lo cual mostró una prevalencia de 69,76. CONCLUSIONES. La prevalencia general fue de 16,1 x 100 habitantes. La catarata y el pterigium fueron las más frecuentes. Los consejos populares más afectados resultaron ser Combate de Tenerías, Punta de la Sierra y Los Portales. La edad mayor de 45 años resultó ser el factor de riesgo que se asoció significativamente a la ocurrencia de catarata, degeneración macular y retinopatía diabética. En cambio, el pterigium y el glaucoma no mostraron asociación alguna con los factores de riesgo estudiados. El color de la piel y el sexo no mostraron diferencia entre ellos en las 5 enfermedades estudiadas.OBJECTIVES: To determine the global and specific prevalence of cataract, diabetic retinopathy, pterygium, glaucoma and senile macular degeneration in the population and to characterize their prevalence according to some variables of epidemiological interest as well as to measure the association of some risk factors to the occurrence of these diseases. METHODS: An analytical observational study was conducted in 29 313 inhabitants aged over 5 years in Guanes municipality, Pinar del Rio province, from April 17th to August 17th, 2006. Multivariate logistic regression with relative risk (RR) higher than 2 as significant association sample was used. Data were taken from customized clinical-epidemiological surveys and from the existing database of the province. RESULTS: In this study, 81,1% of the general population was surveyed and examined; 4 720 people of this amount presented with at least one of the studied diseases, for a prevalence rate of 16,1 x 100 pop. Of the main eye diseases under study, cataract and pterygium were the most prevailing, accounting for 7,12 and 5,93 per 100 pop. respectively. Seventy out of 100 persons aged over 65 years had at least one of the mentioned ocular diseases, yielding a prevalence rate of 69,76. CONCLUSIONS: the general prevalence was 16,1 per 100 pop. Cataract and pterygium were the most frequent diseases. The most affected districts were Combate de Tenerías, Punta de la Sierra and Los Portales. The age of over 45 years was the risk factor with the most significant association with occurrence of cataract, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. However, pterygium and glaucoma did not show any association with the analyzed risk factors. Race and sex did not show any difference regarding the five studied diseases.

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar o perfil morfofuncional da avaliação de pacientes com retinopatia diabética sem baixa acuidade visual severa em hospital público de referência em endocrinologia, determinando nesta amostra, a relação entre o tempo de diabetes, idade e acuidade visual com a espessura retiniana medidas pela tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e retinografia (RET). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo, linear, em corte transversal de 61 pacientes consecutivos com retinopatia diabética registrados no Hospital Regional de Taguatinga (HRT), e encaminhados pelos serviços de oftalmologia e endocrinologia. Pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação oftalmológica completa, incluindo história clínica, aferição da acuidade visual com correção e com buraco estenopeico. 109 olhos de 55 pacientes foram então submetidos à OCT e RET para avaliação da presença ou ausência de edema macular pela RET e da avaliação quantitativa (medidas da espessura retiniana das 9 regiões classificadas pelo Early Tratment Diabetic Retinophaty Study - ETDRS) e da avaliação qualitativa (presença ou ausência de edema retiniano pela fenda central, número 1). RESULTADOS: O tempo médio de diabetes entre os sujeitos da pesquisa foi de 12 anos, com idade variando de 23 a 86 anos; 51% eram do gênero feminino, e 49% do masculino. A avaliação da acuidade visual melhorou em 47% (51/109) dos pacientes com buraco estenopeico. Somente 22% (24/109) dos olhos apresentavam acuidade visual corrigida de 20/20 com correção e sem edema macular diabético (EMD). Em 83% (91/109) dos casos havia concordância e em 17% (18/109 olhos) havia discordância em relação à presença/ausência de EMD no perfil da avaliação morfológica realizada pela OCT e pela RET nos olhos do grupo amostral. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve correlação estatística significante entre a espessura retiniana e o tempo de diabetes. O grupo da oftalmologia teve 5 vezes mais chance de apresentar EMD do que o grupo da endocrinologia.OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the morpho-functional profile of the evaluation of patients with diabetic retinopathy without severe loss of visual acuity in a public hospital of reference in endocrinology, determining in this sample, the relation between the time of diabetes, age and visual acuity with the retinal thickness measured by the optical Coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus picture (FP). METHODS: Prospective, linear study was carried through, in transversal cut of 61 consecutive patients with diabetic retinopathy registered in the HRT, and refered from the services of ophthalmology and endocrinology. Patients had been submitted to a complete ophthalmic evaluation including clinical history, visual acuity with correction and pin hole. The patients who had presented diabetic retinopathy, with transparent media, without previous surgery, nor previous Laser photocoagulation and with visual acuity better than 20/100 at Snelen scale, had been included in the study. After the elimination of the patients who had not obeyed the inclusion/exclusion criteria 109 eyes of 55 patients then had been submitted the OCT and FP for evaluation of the presence or absence of edema by the FP and of the quantitative evaluation (measured of the retinal thickness of the 9 regions of the pelo Early Tratment Diabetic Retinophaty Study (ETDRS), and of the qualitative evaluation (presence or absence of retinal edema for the central slit, number 1). RESULTS: The average time of diabetes was of 12 years, varying of 23 to 86 years old. 51% were female, and 49% male. The OCT demonstrated discrete reduction of the retinal thickness with elapsing of the age. The patients of the ophthalmology had greaters values of retinal thickness of what of the group of the endocrinology. The evaluation of the visual acuity improved with pin hole in 47% (51/109). The endocrinology group were 45% (23/50) of the eyes and the ophthalmology group were 55% (28/59). Only 22% (24/109) of the eyes presented corrected visual acuity of 20/20 with correction and without Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). In 83% (91/109) of the cases it had agreement and in 17% (18/109 eyes) it had discord in relation the presence/absence of DME in the profile of the morphologic evaluation carried through by the optic coherence tomography and the fundus picture, in the eyes of the amostral group. CONCLUSION: It did not have statistical significant correlation between the retinal thickness and the time of diabetes.

La retina es un tejido fundamental en el órgano de la visión.En este artículo hacemos una revisión sobre la anatomía yfisiología de esta estructura así como sobre las principalespatologías que la pueden afectar, entre ellas: despren-dimiento de retina, retinopatía diabética y la enfermedadmacular relacionada con la edad. Aunque actualmentecontamos con técnicas médicas y quirúrgicas seguras yefectivas para el manejo de estas patologías, aúnrepresentan un reto para la ciencia médica, y en estadosavanzados comprometen seriamente la función visual, porello es de gran importancia que el médico general tengaclaros los conceptos básicos sobre el diagnóstico de estasenfermedades, para realizar una remisión adecuada y así poder evitar al máximo secuelas visuales en el paciente. En este artículo revisamos libros de texto reconocidos y empleando MEDLINE, algunos artículos representativos sobre este tema, para mostrar un panorama general del estado actual, clínico e investigativo, del diagnóstico y tratamientode las enfermedades más importantes que afectan la retina y el vítreo. ______________________________________________________________________The retina is a fundamental tissue of the visual organ. In this article we make a review of the anatomy and physiology of this structure as well as the main pathologies that may affect it like: retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy, and age related macular degeneration. Although currently there are safe medical and surgical alternatives for the management of these diseases, they still represent a challenge for the medical science, and in advanced stagesthey seriously compromise visual function. For this reason it is of vital importance that the primary care physician has clear concepts about the diagnosis of these diseases, to perform an adequate referral, avoiding visual sequelae as much as possible. In this article we reviewed recognized textbooks and using MEDLINE we found some representative articles on this subject. We provide anoverview of the current clinical and research status on the diagnosis and treatment of the most important diseases affecting retina and vitreous.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El registro de los potenciales evocados visuales es muy útil para determinar lesiones en la vía visual, que en la diabetes mellitus se expresan mediante la retinopatía diabética y el daño del nervio óptico. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar el compromiso del analizador visual en la diabetes mellitus mediante la determinación del daño de la vía visual a través de los potenciales evocados visuales; correlacionar el estado clínico de la vía visual, el control metabólico y el tiempo de la enfermedad con la alteración electrofisiológica de la diabetes mellitus. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio acerca de los potenciales evocados visuales en diabetes mellitus tipos I y II INTRODUCTION: The recording of visual evoked potentials is very useful to determine visual lesions that in diabetes mellitus are expressed as diabetic retinopathy and damage of the optic nerve. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the involvement of the visual analyzer in diabetes mellitus through determining the damage to the visual path on the basis of visual evoked potentials; and also to correlate the clinical state of the visual path, the metabolic control and the length of the disease with the electrophysiological alteration of diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A study on the visual evoked potentials in type I and II diabetes mellitus under 15 years of evolution was conducted together with a cross-sectional analytical research of cases (n = 32) and healthy controls (n = 16).Latency and P100 amplitude of VEP in both eyes were ascertained and the retina was clinically studied to determine related diseases. RESULTS: Latency P100 104,68 ± 4,28 in GE y 97,5 ± 3,71 in GC (p = 0,089), amplitude P100 10,84 ± 2,45 in GE and 8,02 ±1,70 in GC (p = 0,673)

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de la retinopatía diabética está determinada por el tipo de diabetes mellitus y por el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. El edema macular es la principal causa de la disminución de la agudeza visual en el paciente diabético. Un diagnóstico precoz y certero de esta enfermedad, unido al establecimiento de un tratamiento adecuado es crucial en el esfuerzo por reducir la incapacidad visual. El propósito de este trabajo fue determinar la efectividad de la triamcinolona subtenoniana como tratamiento del edema macular en un grupo de pacientes diabéticos. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-prospectivo de caso control. La muestra estuvo formada por 30 pacientes diabéticos que fueron atendidos en el Hospital Clínicoquirúrgico "Dr. Miguel Enríquez, desde enero a junio de 2007, con diagnóstico de edema macular diabético que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. RESULTADOS: Predominó el sexo femenino, el grupo de edades más frecuentes fue de 55 a 65 años. Se relacionó el tiempo de evolución con la presencia de edema macular, se evidenció una involución de esta patología, así como una mejoría en la agudeza visual después de aplicado el tratamiento y no se presentaron complicaciones graves. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento con acetato de triamcinolona por vía subtenoniana posterior es una alternativa efectiva en el tratamiento de el edema macular.INTRODUCTION: Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is determined by type of diabetes mellitus and the length of development of the disease. Macular edema is the main cause of reduction in visual acuity of the diabetic patient. An early exact diagnosis of the disease together with an adequate treatment is essential to decrease visual disability. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of subtenon triamcinolone as therapy for macular edema in a group of diabetics. METHODS: A prospective descriptive case-control study was conducted. The sample was made up of 30 diabetic patients who were seen at "Dr Miguel Enríquez" clinical and surgical hospital from January to June 2007, with diagnosis of diabetic macular edema, and who met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Females prevailed and the 55-65 year age group was the most common. Length of development of the disease was associated with the presence of macular edema; it was evident that this pathology declined and that visual acuity improved after the treatment whereas no serious complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The use of triamcinolone acetonide through posterior subtenon way of administration is an alternative for the treatment of macular edema.

Objetivo: Conocer la satisfacción de los pacientes diabéticos respecto al servicio de retinografía. Métodos: Encuesta telefónica a 64 usuarios entre julio de 2006 y marzo de 2007. El 57,8% eran varones. La edad media fue de 65,2 años. El 54,7% procedían de un equipo de atención primaria (EAP) urbano. Las variables fueron: sexo, edad, EAP, retinografía/tonometría (normal/patológica), accesibilidad, puntualidad, limpieza, tiempo dedicado, explicaciones, buenas manos, amabilidad en escala mala/regular/buena/muy buena/perfecta, y satisfacción telefónica/global en escala 0-10. Resultados: Se valoró (>80%) la accesibilidad, la puntualidad, la limpieza, el tiempo dedicado, las buenas manos y la amabilidad. La media de satisfacción global fue de 8,38 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 8,03-8,72) y la telefónica fue de 7,88 (IC95%: 7,4-8,36). Se asociaron (p8) el tiempo de visita, las explicaciones comprensibles y la llamada telefónica que informa del resultado. La regresión logística muestra (pObjective: To determine satisfaction with the retinography service among patients with diabetes. Methods: We performed a telephone survey of 64 users from July 2006 to March 2007. The mean age was 65.2 years, 57.8% were men, and 54.7% were from urban primary care centers. The variables analyzed were sex, age, primary care team, retinography/tonometry (normal/pathologic), accessibility, punctuality, hygiene, consultation length, explanations, good hands, kindness on a scale rated bad/average/good/very good/perfect, satisfaction with the telephone call informing users of the results of the examination, and overall satisfaction, both rated on a scale from 0 to 10. Results: Accessibility, punctuality, hygiene, consultation length, good hands and kindness received scores of >80%. The mean overall satisfaction score was 8.38% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 8.03-8.72), while satisfaction with the telephone call was 7.88% (95%CI: 7.4-8.36). The variables associated (p8 were consultation length, receiving comprehensible explanations, and the telephone call informing patients of the results of the examination. Logistic regression showed (p

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência da retinopatia diabética na população cadastrada no Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) - Parque Prazeres, em Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, e o nível de conhecimento desta doença pelos pacientes diabéticos. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo de série de casos onde foram convidados a participar do trabalho de pesquisa todos os 72 pacientes diabéticos cadastrados através da ficha A (ficha de cadastro das famílias) do PSF estudado. Para a realização do estudo aceitaram participar 46 (64%) dos 72 pacientes. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame de acuidade visual, sendo posteriormente aplicado um questionário para a avaliação do nível de conhecimento das alterações visuais causadas pelo diabetes, em seguida foi realizado o exame de fundoscopia direta. O estudo estatístico foi feito com auxílio do programa Microsoft Excel e Bioestat 5.0 RESULTADOS: A prevalência da retinopatia diabética foi de 19,5% ( IC 95% entre 8,1 e 31%); 13% possuíam retinopatia diabética não proliferativa e 6,5% retinopatia diabética proliferativa. De acordo com critério da Organização Mundial de Saúde: 8,5% foram considerados cegos e 8,9% com baixa visão no momento do exame ocular. Setenta e dois por cento dos pacientes afirmaram ter conhecimento que o diabetes poderia causar alterações visuais, mas 80% não sabiam dos exames necessários para diagnóstico e 65% nunca foram anteriormente submetidos ao exame de fundoscopia. CONCLUSÃO: Programas de prevenção à cegueira pela retinopatia diabética no PSF são justificados, considerando que a prevalência desta doença nas comunidades carentes assistidas pode estar em níveis elevados, como a observada neste estudo. A melhora do conhecimento dos pacientes sobre o risco de perda de visão e exames oftalmológicos periódicos poderá contribuir para um melhor controle da retinopatia diabética.OBJECTIVE: Determine the diabetic retinopathy prevalence in a Family's Health Program unity in Parque Prazeres - Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, and the level of patient's knowledge about diabetes visual impairment. METHODS: Seventy two diabetic patients were selected, but only 46 attended the research. The patients were chosen based on Family's Health Program medical registers. They were submitted to visual acuity examination and afterward to a questionnaire in order to evaluate their knowledge level about visual impairment. Then, they were submitted to a direct fundoscopic examination. Statistical studies were done based on Microsoft Excel and Bioestat 5.0 RESULTS: Diabetic retinopathy prevalence was about 19,5% (CI 95% between 8,1 and 31%); 13% showed non proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 6,5% showed proliferative retinopathy. In accordance with World Health's Organization criteria: 8,5% were considered blind and 8,9% with low vision at the moment of ocular examination. Seventy two percent of patients had previous knowledge that diabetes could cause visual reduction, but 80% didn't know the necessary exams to diagnose it and 65% never were previously submitted to ophthalmoscopy. CONCLUSION: Blindness prevention programs by diabetic retinopathy in Family Health Programs are justified considering that the retinopathy diabetic prevalence in assisted communities could be high, as was in this study. The improvement of patient knowledge about the vision threatening risk and ophthalmological exams can allow a better retinopathy diabetic control.

O diagnóstico do edema macular diabético deve ser feito precocemente, a fim de evitar perda visual significativa. Para tal, contamos com exames complementares cada vez mais desenvolvidos e específicos. Os autores fazem uma revisão dos principais métodos existentes para diagnosticar a retinopatia diabética.Diabetic macular edema must be assessed as early as possible, to avoid significant vision loss. To achieve this goal, there are many specific diagnostic tests that can be performed. The authors review the most common methods in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy.

OBJETIVOS: Dermopatia diabética é o marcador cutâneo mais comum de diabetes mellitus. Embora, a dermopatia e a retinopatia diabéticas sejam consideradas manifestações de microangiopatia diabética, poucos estudos foram publicados a respeito de uma possível associação. Este estudo pretendeu investigar a associação de retinopatia e dermopatia diabéticas e determinar a prevalência e os fatores de risco associados com retinopatia diabética em pacientes diabéticos do tipo 2 do Ambulatório de Diabetes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Passo Fundo no Hospital de Ensino São Vicente de Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de 90 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, atendidos sucessivamente em um Ambulatório de Diabetes nos quais foi realizado exame físico dermatológico e oftalmológico. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de dermopatia diabética foi de 16,6% (n = 15) e a de retinopatia diabética foi de 34,4% (n = 31). Destes, 67,8% (n = 21) consistiam em retinopatia não-proliferativa e 32,2% (n = 10) em retinopatia proliferativa. Observou-se que a duração da doença maior do que 10 anos (p = 0,001) e idade maior que 50 anos (p = 0,014) estavam associadas à retinopatia. Não se encontrou associação entre hemoglobina glicada (p = 0,5) e glicemia de jejum (p = 0,8) com retinopatia diabética. A freqüência de retinopatia diabética em pacientes com dermopatia diabética não foi maior do que nos pacientes sem dermopatia (7,7%, 7 casos, p = 0,586). Não houve associação, estatisticamente significativa, entre retinopatia e dermopatia diabéticas. CONCLUSÃO: Não se encontrou associação entre dermopatia e retinopatia diabéticas entre estes indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2. A presença de retinopatia diabética estava associada à duração da doença e à idade avançada dos pacientes.PURPOSE: Diabetic dermopathy is the most frequent cutaneous marker of diabetes mellitus. Although diabetic dermopathy and diabetic retinopathy are both considered as manifestations of diabetic microangiopathy, there are only few reports in the literature regarding their possible association. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between diabetic dermopathy and diabetic retinopathy and to determine the prevalence and the associated risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients from the Outpatient Diabetic Clinic of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Passo Fundo and Teaching Hospital Sao Vicente de Paulo. METHODS: Cross sectional study was performed in 90 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who attend to the outpatient diabetic clinic, consecutively. Physical, dermatological and ophthalmologic evaluations were performed in all the patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetic dermopathy was 16,6% (n = 15) and diabetic retinopathy was 34,4% (n = 31); 67,8% of those (n = 21) consisted of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 32,2% (n = 10) of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The duration of the disease greater than 10 years (p = 0,001) and age over 50 years (p = 0,014) were associated to retinopathy, but no association was found with elevated levels of HbA1c (p = 0,5) and fasting plasma glucose of 126 or higher (p = 0,8). The frequency of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetic dermopathy was not higher than in patients without dermopathy (7,7%, 7 cases, p = 0,586). There was no statistically significant association between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic dermopathy. CONCLUSION: No association between diabetic dermopathy and diabetic retinopathy in this group of type 2 diabetes patients was found. The presence of diabetic retinopathy was associated to the duration of the disease and the advanced age of the patients.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores de RDP. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 61 pacientes do Setor de Retina, do Departamento de Oftalmologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, portadores de RDP, maiores de 18 anos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a um inventário de qualidade de vida "WHOQOL Bref 1998". Foram classificados dois grupos: Grupo I, com Acuidade Visual (AV) melhor que 20/200 e Grupo II, com AV pior ou igual a 20/200. RESULTADOS: Não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos quanto às pontuações nos domínios: físico (p = 0,255) e psicológico (p = 0,287). Quanto aos domínios social (p = 0,019) e meio ambiente (p = 0,009), houve significância estatística. CONCLUSÃO: Os domínios que apresentaram maior significância para o grupo com pior AV (Grupo II) foram o social e o meio ambiente, o que pode demonstrar falta de apoio da sociedade aos pacientes portadores de RDP.OBJECTIVE: To verify the Quality of life for the Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) patients. These subjects have a higher risk for severe visual loss, due to the vascular retina complications. METHODS: We evaluated the Quality of Life of 61 PDR patients, over 18 years old, who have been followed up in the Ophthalmology Clinic of the Clinical Hospital of Medicine School of São Paulo, Brazil. All patients data were obtained using a questionnaire of health quality of life "WHOQOL Bref - Portuguese version - 1998", and the statistical analysis was done using SPSS program. The 61 patients were classified in two groups: Group I, with 28 patients (46%), with better visual acuity (VA) of 20/200 and Group II, with 33 patients (54%), with worse or equal VA of 20/200. RESULTS: No statistical significant difference (SSD) was observed between the groups, regarding to physical domain (p= 0,255) and psychological domain (p=0,287). SSD was observed between the groups, regarding to social domain (p=0.019) and environment domain (p=0.009). CONCLUSION: Patients with poor VA can be equivalent with those with better vision in physical and psychological domains (no SSD). The SSD regarding to social and environment domains demonstrate the lack of social support for people living with severe visual loss.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effectiveness of intravenous sodium fluorescein visibility in the vitreous during vitrectomy surgery in patients with diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: Fourteen consecutive cases of vitreoretinal surgery for vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment secondary to diabetic retinopathy underwent intravenous injection of sodium fluorescein to 20% 1 hour before the surgery. The images of the steps of the surgeries were recorded. RESULTS: The sodium fluorescein stained green from the vitreous peripheral, vitreous base, posterior hyaloid, further improving visibility to a complete and more secure vitrectomy. The sodium fluorescein also stained fibrous points (sites of neovascularization) with high intensity making it easier its visibility. No complications associated with the dye injection were observed in all cases. CONCLUSION: Intravenous sodium fluorescein can be used safely for facilitating the observation of the vitreous, vitreous base, posterior hyaloid and sites of neovascularization. This technique can facilitate the process of vitrectomy in patients with diabetic retinopathy.OBJETIVO: Observar a eficácia da fluoresceína sódica intravenosa, na visibilidade do vítreo, durante a cirurgia de vitrectomia nos pacientes com retinopatia diabética. MÉTODOS: Quatorze casos consecutivos de cirurgia vitreorretiniana para hemorragia vítrea e descolamento tracional da retina secundário à retinopatia diabética, foram submetidos à injeção de fluoresceína intravenosa a 20%, 1 hora antes da cirurgia.As imagens de todos os passos das cirurgias foram gravadas. RESULTADOS: A fluoresceína corou de verde o vítreo periférico, base vítrea, hialóide posterior melhorando a visibilidade para uma vitrectomia completa e mais segura. A fluoresceína também corou pontos fibrosos (sítios de neovascularização) com alta intensidade tornando mais fácil sua observação. Nenhuma complicação associada com a injeção do contraste foi observada. CONCLUSÃO: Fluoresceína sódica intravenosa pode ser usada de forma segura para facilitar a observação do vítreo, base vítrea, hialóide posterior e sítios de neovascularização. Esta técnica pode facilitar o procedimento de vitrectomia em pacientes com retinopatia diabética.

O edema macular é a principal causa de baixa visual em pacientes diabéticos. Seu mecanismo de formação é complexo e envolve alterações bioquímicas e estruturais. Os autores fazem uma revisão e atualização dos conceitos fisiopatológicos envolvidos na maculopatia diabética.Macular edema is the leading cause of poor vision in diabetic patients.The mechanism of edema formation is complex and involves biochemical and structural changes. The authors review and update the physiopathologic concepts related to diabetic maculopathy.

Objective: To apply artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, through deep learning algorithms, for the development and optimization of a system for predicting the age of a person based on a color retinography and to study a possible relationship between the evolution of retinopathy diabetes and premature ageing of the retina., Methods: A convolutional network was trained to calculate the age of a person based on a retinography. Said training was carried out on a set of retinographies of patients with diabetes previously divided into three subsets (training, validation and test). The difference between the chronological age of the patient and the biological age of the retina was defined as the retinal age gap., Results: A set of 98,400 images was used for the training phase, 1000 images for the validation phase and 13,544 for the test phase. The retinal gap of the patients without DR was 0.609 years and that of the patients with DR was 1905 years (p < 0.001), with the distribution by degree of DR being: mild DR: 1541 years, moderate DR: 3017 years, DR severe: 3117 years and proliferative DR: 8583 years., Conclusions: The retinal age gap shows a positive mean difference between diabetics with DR versus those without DR, and it increases progressively, according to the degree of DR. These results could indicate the existence of a relationship between the evolution of the disease and premature ageing of the retina., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To describe the main retinal alterations detected by non-mydriatic retinal camera screening and to evaluate factors related to referral to ophthalmology in a population at high cardiovascular risk in Palmira, Colombia., Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional observational study, which included 11,983 photographic imaging records of patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus from Gesencro's S.A.S. comprehensive chronic disease care program between 2018 and 2020. Risk factors associated to referral to ophthalmology were evaluated with logistic regression, and crude and adjusted ORs (odds ratios) were obtained., Results: A total of 11,880 records were analyzed; 67.7±12years old, and 69.5% were women. Among the retinal alterations were patients with diabetic retinopathy classified as more than mild in 10% and gradeI hypertensive retinopathy in 54.9% right eye, 51.9% left eye. Macular edema was also identified. Only 2069 patients (17.4%) required referral to ophthalmology, and for imaging control 82.6%. In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors associated with the probability of being referred were male gender, age 60years and older, glycosylated hemoglobin out-of-target, advanced chronic kidney disease and the microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio moderate to severely elevated., Conclusion: This study makes it possible to determine the importance of screening with a non-mydriatic retinal camera in patients at high cardiovascular risk to detect retinal abnormalities and assess risk factors associated with referral to ophthalmology. Early documentation of ocular compromise in these patients could prevent and avoid visual impairment and blindness., (Copyright © 2022 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to use a questionnaire to evaluate knowledge concerning diabetic retinopathy among the physicians present at the 12th Latin American Congress on Diabetes held in São Paulo, Brazil, September 2004. METHODS: A questionnaire about their experience and management of patients with diabetes mellitus and the ophthalmologic examination was administered to 168 endocrinologists attending the meeting. RESULTS: Among the 168 physicians, only 36.9% correctly referred patients with diabetes type 1 to an ophthalmologist, whereas 86.9% referred patients with the type 2 disorder as recommended by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Regarding the correct indication for screening for diabetic retinopathy, more physicians who had received their degree less than 5 years previously implemented this practice (54.8%), as opposed to those who had received their MD 20 years or more ago (22.6%). Regarding their experience in funduscopy during their specialty training, 52.4% claimed to have experience, but only 21.4% of those interviewed performed this examination on their patients. According to 84.5% of the interviewees, the fundus examination influenced their clinical treatment program. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that medical knowledge among medical practitioners and endocrinologists on preventive measures and periodicity of diabetic retinopathy examinations appears to be far from ideal for diabetes type 1, but satisfactory for diabetes type 2. Therefore, refresher courses emphasizing the correct management of diabetic patients are necessary, because the social and economic impact of retinopathy is significant.OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar através de questionário o conhecimento dos médicos presentes no 12º Congresso Latino Americano de Diabetes Realizado em São Paulo Brasil, Setembro de 2004. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Através de um questionário aplicado a 168 especialistas em endocrinologia presentes no 12º Congresso Latino Americano de Diabetes realizado São Paulo - Brasil em Setembro de 2004, os autores interrogaram sobre a experiência e conduta em relação à Retinopatia Diabética e ao exame oftalmológico. RESULTADOS: Dos 168 médicos, apenas 36,9% encaminhavam corretamente ao oftalmologista os pacientes com diabetes do tipo 1, enquanto 86,9% o faziam de acordo com a Academia Americana de Oftalmologia para os diabéticos do tipo 2. Quanto ao correto encaminhamento dos pacientes para exame de fundo de olho: os médicos com tempo de formação inferior a cinco anos foram os que mais realizam esta prática (54,8%), comparados àqueles com 20 ou mais anos (22,1%). Quanto à experiência em fundoscopia durante a especialização, embora 52,40% afirmassem possuir experiência, apenas 21,4% dos entrevistados realizavam fundo de olho em seus pacientes. Para 84,5% dos entrevistados, o exame de fundo de olho influenciava o tratamento clínico sistemico. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstra que o conhecimento médico das medidas preventivas e de periodicidade do exame da Retinopatia Diabética apresenta-se distante do ideal, para diabéticos tipo 1 e satisfatória para diabéticos tipo 2. Médicos graduados ate 5 anos apresentaram maior porcentagem de correto encaminhamento. A presença de retinopatia diabética no exame de fundo de olho influencia o tratamento clinico sistêmico da maioria dos médicos entrevistados.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate optical coherence tomography consistency on foveal thickness, foveal volume, and macular volume measurements in patients with and without diffuse diabetic macular edema. INTRODUCTION: Optical coherence tomography represents an objective technique that provides cross-sectional tomographs of retinal structure in vivo. However, it is expected that poor fixation ability, as seen in diabetic macular edema, could alter its results. Several authors have discussed the reproducibility of optical coherence tomography, but only a few have addressed the topic with respect to diabetic maculopathy. METHODS: The study recruited diabetic patients without clinically evident retinopathy (control group) and with diffuse macular edema (case group). Only one eye of each patient was evaluated. Five consecutive fast macular scans were taken using Ocular Coherence Tomography 3; the 6 mm macular map was chosen. The consistency in measurements of foveal thickness, foveal volume, and total macular volume for both groups was evaluated using the Pearson's coefficient of variation. The T-test for independent samples was used in order to compare measurements of both groups. RESULTS: Each group consisted of 20 patients. All measurements had a coefficient of variation less than 10%. The most consistent parameter for both groups was the total macular volume. DISCUSSION: Consistency in measurement is a mainstay of any test. A test is unreliable if its measurements can not be correctly repeated. We found a good index of consistency, even considering patients with an unstable gaze. CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography is a consistent method for diabetic subjects with diffuse macular edema.OBJETIVOS: Investigar a consistência das medidas de espessura foveal, volume foveal e volume macular total feitas pela tomografia de coerência óptica em pacientes com e sem edema macular difuso diabético. INTRODUÇÃO: A tomografia de coerência óptica é uma técnica objetiva que proporciona tomografias seccionais da estrutura retiniana in vivo, entretanto, é esperado que uma baixa capacidade de fixação ocular, assim como observado nos casos de edema macular diabético, possa prejudicar os resultados deste exame.Vários autores já discutiram sobre a reprodutibilidade da tomografia de coerência óptica, entretanto, há pouca publicação deste assunto na maculopatia diabética. MÉTODOS: O estudo incluiu pacientes diabéticos sem evidências clínicas de retinopatia (grupo controle) e pacientes portadores de edema macular difuso diabético (grupo caso). Apenas um olho foi avaliado em cada paciente. Foram realizadas cinco medidas consecutivas com o protocolo "fast macular" do aparelho de tomografia de coerência óptica. Utilizou-se o mapa macular de 6 mm. A consistência das medidas de espessura foveal, volume foveal e volume macular total foi avaliada pelo teste do coeficiente de variação de Pearson. O teste T para amostras independentes foi utilizado para comparar as medidas entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Cada grupo consistiu de 20 pacientes. Todas as medidas apresentaram um coeficiente de variação menor do que 10%. O parâmetro mais consistente foi o volume macular total. DISCUSSÃO: A consistência é um quesito fundamental para qualquer teste. Caso as medidas de um determinado teste não possam ser corretamente repetidas, o resultado deste teste não pode ser considerado confiável. Nós observamos um alto índice de consistência da tomografia de coerência óptica, mesmo considerando portadores de fixação ocular instável. CONCLUSÕES: A Tomografia de coerência óptica é um teste consistente em portadores de edema macular difuso diabético.

A retinopatia diabética representa um importante problema de saúde pública e, embora muitas atitudes possam ser desenvolvidas no campo da prevenção, esta complicação vascular não é passível de cura, dado o seu caráter multifatorial. Quando se mencionam os efeitos adversos do tratamento da diabetes, a hipoglicemia representa o maior risco para a segurança do tráfego, nos usuários de insulina ou secretagogos de insulina, podendo provocar desde taquicardia, tremores, aumento da agressividade, sudorese, náuseas, tonturas e falhas de atenção até obnubilação visual e síncope. Caso não corrigida, pode provocar sintomas relacionados ao sistema nervoso central como inquietação, incoordenação, desorientação e diplopias, progredindo até convulsões, coma e morte, interferindo diretamente no ato de conduzir veículos. Apesar de diversos trabalhos associarem diabetes e risco de acidentes, não há estudos suficientes que correlacionem a doença ocular diabética como causa de acidente.

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A cohort study of 18 diabetic elderly, affected by cataract and some degree of retinitis, assistted in the respective Cataract and Retina services of the Ophthalmological Center of "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from July, 2012 to March, 2013, aimed at determining the utility of panretinal cryotherapy as prophylaxis of the neovascular glaucoma. In the case material the women (66.6%) and the mean ages of 68.1 years in the female sex prevailed; among the personal and family pathological history, the diabetes mellitus prevailed (with 100.0 and 88.8%, respectively) and the most common symptom was the progressive decrease of vision in the preoperative period and the bad night vision in the postoperative period. After extracting the opaque lens, the vision was higher at 0.4 in 83.3% of the series members, which facilitated recovering its functional capacity and, therefore, their life quality increased substantially by preventing the emergence of neovascular glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia is the property of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The number of adults with diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is expected to almost double by 2035. This study investigated the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its risk factors at entry into a community-based screening programme.Methods: All persons with diabetes screened for retinopathy at entry into a screening programme in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania between November 2010 and December 2014 were included. Fundus photographs were taken with a Topcon retinal camera following pupil dilation. Data were collected on BP, random blood sugar, duration of diabetes, BMI and visual acuity on entry.Results: A total of 3187 persons were screened for DR. The prevalence of any DR was 27.9% (95%CI 26.4-29.5%) with background diabetic retinopathy (BDR), pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) having a prevalence of 19.1% (95% CI 17.7-20.4%), 6.0% (95%CI 5.2-6.8%) and 2.9% (95%CI 2.3-3.5%), respectively. Maculopathy was present in 16.1% (95%CI 14.8-17.4%) of participants. Multivariable logistic regression analysis for the presence of any DR found independent associations with duration of diabetes (P < 0.0001), systolic BP (P < 0.0001), random blood sugar (P < 0.0001) and attending a government hospital diabetic clinic (P = 0.0339).Conclusions: This study is the first to present data from a DR screening programme in SSA. The results will provide policymakers with data to aid planning of DR screening and treatment services in the African region. The study highlights the importance of managing comorbidities within DR screening programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]