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The main symbol of a French colonial ethnology characterised by widespread, all-out and rapid (little documented) cultural looting, the Quai Branly Museum (QBM)-Jacques Chirac preserves an unrivaled collection of Cameroonian heritage. So one would have expected that the commitment of President Macron, for a restitution to Africans of their heritage looted during the colonial period, would find a most favourable reply for Cameroon. Far from it. While the country is struggling to establish itself as a requesting State, the irresistible network of "France-Africa" is paradoxically activated, through the "Route of the Chiefdoms " project in Cameroon, to send during 2022 some of the last survivals of heritage to the QBM- Jacques Chirac. Once again it is a question of going to the continent, taking the beaten path of the "Route of the Chiefdoms of Cameroon", in order to relive the fantasies of a fetishised Africa, in the grip of the eternal initiatory passage "from the visible to the invisible". Against the current of the perspective of restitution of heritage looted during the colonial periods, the exhibition project "On the road to the Chiefdoms of Cameroon..." at the MQB can intrigue by its motivations, its opportunity, its interest and its objectives.

Durante las décadas finales del siglo xv se constata la intervención de varios miembros de la aljama de judíos de Medina del Campo en dos disputas familiares relacionadas con la devolución de los bienes matrimoniales y de la herencia. Aplicando un enfoque histórico-social y jurídico, el análisis de la casuística escogida revela las identidades, competencias y actuaciones de varios rabinos, jueces y árbitros, así como de otros agentes. La particularidad de los casos reside en el propio procedimiento judicial, que carece de orden de prelación en la aplicación de la normativa, y en el recurso a arbitrajes como medida previa o paralela de mediación entre las partes.

There are not many topics in international law which are more complex, more heterogeneous, with more regional and contextual particularities, but also more politicized than the issue of succession of states and therefore the succession of responsibilities. In the 21st century alone, there are numerous open issues, among which the issue of Kosovo* is of particular importance for the Republic of Serbia. The mentioned significance of this topic, alongside its actuality and legal complexity is the reason why the authors decided to analyze the work of the International Law Commission on the issue of the succession of state responsibilities in the above article. The reports of Pavel Šturma, the rapporteur of the International Law Commission, were analyzed consecutively, highlighting the most significant features, with an adequate normative and comparative review. Through the analysis of all four reports provided by the rapporteur, the authors did not focus only on the tasks given to the rapporteur and his findings. Instead, they are also emphasizing dilemmas, other views, and opinions that were brought by various countries but also provide a historical and comparative context of both issues and solutions. While this topic could be further analyzed in many more articles and books, a clear overview of the work of the International Law Commission and Mr. Šturma on the topic of the succession of responsibilities in international law was provided. This approach benefits both younger scholars and practitioners looking for a firm basic article to commence research as well as for more experienced researchers and their need for more in-depth analysis. Legal analysis, focused on normative framework, resulted from the work of the Commission, as well as on practical implications is the basis of the authors' approach in this article.

Grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) impairs rumen epithelial barrier function, but it is yet to be determined if SARA can cause persistent damage to the morphology and function of the rumen epithelial barrier. The objective of the present study was to investigate if SARA has persistent effects on the morphological structure and permeability of ruminal epithelium and the expression of the genes involved in epithelial barrier function using a lactating goat model. Twelve mid-lactating Saanen goats with rumen cannulas were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: control group (Ctrl, n=4) fed a basal diet with a non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) to neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio of 1.40, and SARA group (SARA, n=8) fed the same basal diet but with increasing NFC to NDF ratio from 1.4 to 1.79, 2.31, and 3.23 overtime to induce SARA. At the end of the SARA challenge (post-SARA), 4 goats were randomly selected from the SARA group and fed only hay mixture adlibitum for another 4 weeks to allow for restitution (post-SARA). Ruminal pH was continuously recorded to monitor the severity of SARA. Samples of the ventral ruminal epithelium were collected after slaughter to examine the structural and functional changes of the ruminal epithelium using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Ussing chambers, qRT-PCR, and Western bolt analyses. Compared with the Ctrl group, ruminal papilla length, width, surface area and thickness of stratum corneum increased (P0.05). The SARA challenge also decreased cellular junction and widened the intercellular space between epithelial cells. Rumen transepithelial short-circuit current (Isc), tissue conductance (Gt), and mucosa-to-serosa flux of paracellular horseradish peroxidase (HRP) all increased (P

This article covers the places that came to constitute the pivotal points of reference in the narration of the life of Z., a female migrant from Albania to Greece. It attempts to highlight the function of such places as cognitive and reconstructive frames that signify the life, memories and biographical plans of the narrator, the shaping but also the reception of a personal and social identity by herself as also by others. It attempts to point to the meaning of such places not only in the sense of the scenography (setting) of a life and its narration, but also as the defining elements in the trajectory and self-knowledge of an immigrant.

The question of land is indeed a vexing one in contemporary South Africa. White control of land and the unequal distribution thereof was one of the pillars of the apartheid system. During colonial rule and under apartheid, numerous communities were simply expelled from their land. The Land Act of 1913 had a diabolical effect in dislocating communities and separated people from their traditional inheritance and from each other. Dispossession of land by its original inhabitants in waves of incessant forced removals proved to be highly distressing and ultimately led to enduring poverty for the masses. It is important in our predominantly Christian society to atone for past ills and to redress some of the ills relating to land which were in fact human rights abuses, by considering inter alia, Leviticus 25 as a starting point. Thus, a Christian stance is considered to be important from both a biblical and ethical perspective as land dispossession due to inhuman laws is addressed. We are stressing the fact that only in a liberating relationship with God can we consider and apply human rights and that in African thought social issues are viewed from a communitarian perspective in which the common good takes precedence.

Objective. To conduct a morphometric analysis of the soleus muscle of rats after moderate spinal cord contusion injury. Material and Methods. Experiments were performed on female Wistar rats aged 8–12 months, weighing 270–320 g. Animals of the experimental group (n = 25) underwent laminectomy at the T9 level under general anesthesia and modeling of spinal contusion injury of moderate severity. Intact rats constituted the control group (n = 10). Euthanasia was performed on the 5th, 15th, 30th, 60th, 90th, and 180th days of the experiment. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson, the diameters of muscle fibers were determined by computer morphometry, and histograms of their distribution were obtained. Results. In the soleus muscle, the signs of reversible reparative processes prevailed in response to neurotrophic damage. It was evidenced by a local increase in the diversity of myocyte diameters and the loss of polygonality of their profiles, focal destruction of muscle fibers, ac- tivation of the connective tissue component, disorganization of some intramuscular nerve conductors, and vascular fibrosis of perimysium. Nevertheless, the histostructure of an intact muscle prevailed in the course of the experiment, which was confirmed by the data of morphometric analysis. All histograms of the distribution of the muscle fiber diameters are unimodal with a mode in the range of 30–41 μm. On the 180th day, the maximum myocyte diameters in the histogram of the left limb muscle belonged to the range of 21–30 μm, which was typical for histograms in the intact group. Conclusion. The nature of the plastic reorganization of the soleus muscle when neurotrophic control is impaired indicates compensatory regeneration of muscle tissue by the type of restitution, which opens up the possibility of predicting the rehabilitation period. It is advisable to take this into account when developing medical and social programs and therapeutic measures, where the most important role is played by superficial neuromuscular and functional electrical stimulation.

The subject of the study is the conceptual, theoretical, empirical, methodological and applied foundations of the international legal fight against the illegal circulation of cultural heritage objects in the conditions of economic integration. Methodology. General scientific and special legal methods were used in the research process. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of illegal circulation of cultural heritage objects in conditions of economic integration as a social phenomenon were determined with the help of the analysis. The synthesis provided the formation of common features of negative and positive factors that hinder and facilitate the illegal circulation of cultural heritage objects. The comparative legal method allowed to identify the common and distinctive features of the international agreements in this area, as well as with regard to the implementation of their provisions in the national legislation of Ukraine and the Republic of Azerbaijan. The formal-legal method created the conditions for formulating conclusions on the effectiveness of measures defined by international and national legislation in combating the illegal circulation of cultural heritage objects. The purpose of the article is to identify the characteristics of the international legal fight against the illegal circulation of cultural heritage objects in the conditions of economic integration. The results of the study showed that the international legal fight against the illegal circulation of cultural heritage objects is reflected within the universal international legal, regional international legal and national levels, which are mediated by the legislation of general, special and national legal regimes. Conclusion. Characteristic signs of the deformation of the legal market for the circulation of cultural values have been revealed, taking into account the socio-political and economic conditions of the country in which it exists, the culture of the relevant people, and the level of regulatory and legal support that determines the rules for the civilized circulation of such objects. It has been established that the characteristic conditions under which the illegal circulation of cultural heritage objects takes place as a social phenomenon in today's conditions are: 1) interpenetration of the cultures of existing peoples within the framework of economic, political, legal and other spheres of society; 2) establishment of various forms and methods of exchange of similar goods in social life; 3) occupation of a corresponding niche by such objects in the spiritual, legal, social and economic content of such relations; 4) creation of conditions for access to such objects not only by representatives of the countries of origin, but also by other representatives of the world community, in particular through the means of the global Internet network; 5) as a result of the increase in value of such objects due to demand in society, especially due to illegal procedures; 6) in connection with the radicalization of social relations within certain countries or geopolitical formations, creation of conditions for illegal export of such objects from countries where armed conflicts are spreading. In terms of economic integration, the first level is significant, which is mediated by normative prescriptions of international legislation within the framework of the UNESCO Convention 1970 та UNIDROIT Convention 1995, the first of which has a more declarative and generalized nature on issues of normalization of rules of circulation of cultural heritage, and the second ensures the creation of legal structures for the return of illegally transferred cultural values in circulation using private law means. It is established that the instruments of the UNESCO Convention of 1954 with its attached protocols UNESCO Convention of 1954 with its attached protocols UNESCO 1954 Protocol to the Convention та UNESCO 1999 Second Protocol to the Convention make it impossible for criminal groups to finance their activities precisely at the expense of the sale of objects of cultural heritage, mediate the introduction of the category of crime under such circumstances as acts in the form of denial of the right to culture and consideration of the latter as a method of waging war. The cultural value approach of the given regulations is supported. The ways of implementation of the international standards of the fight against the illegal circulation of cultural heritage objects in the national legislation of Ukraine and the Republic of Azerbaijan are analyzed.

Addressing colonial injustices by claiming restitution of artefacts and other belongings before German courts is undeniably a legal challenge for all stakeholders. As a shield against (potential) legal claims, museums, state authorities and some legal scholars have argued that there is no legal obligation for restitution of such belongings. Based on the stipulation that “colonial law has to be applied, even if it is no longer compatible with today’s views on law and justice”, this line of argument assumes that the acquisition of the possessions of colonized people by Europeans and subsequent transactions were generally considered lawful in the nineteenth century. In this contribution, we question this assumption.

The study aims at examining the limitations of the Indonesian legislation concerning the compensation and restitution for the victims of crime by reviewing court cases and the implementation of the laws. By employing the doctrinal legal research, this study identifies that the victims’ rights to compensation and restitution in various legislations are contingent upon the perpetrator’s conviction, excluding the victims of crime from obtaining their rights. In court decisions, the perpetrator’s resuscitation is frequently accompanied with a sentence of criminal detention for a short period of time. Victims have a tough time obtaining restitution since the perpetrator prefers to serve time in prison rather than to pay compensation to the victim. Therefore, to provide victim protection and assistance, it is necessary to comprehensively understand the distinguished natures between compensation and restitution that have direct impact on the promulgation of the laws and the imposition of such victim rights by the courts.

Topics relating to race and experiences of racism are made visible through literary texts such as Carol Anderson's White Rage and Reni Eddo-Lodge's Why I'm No Longer Talking to White People about Race. This paper examines the ways in which the two texts address historical trajectories of racism and how they suggest these histories should be dealt with in the present, drawing on Michael Rothberg's theory of implication in oppressive and unjust pasts. The paper engages with these notions while also exploring Eddo-Lodge's and Anderson's critique of color-blindness and post-racialism. The two texts provide an opportunity to examine potential avenues for and ways of dealing with legacies of racial inequality; legacies that inevitably persist in the present moment, taking new shapes and forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the role of museums in contemporary and past formations of imperial knowledge and power, and the consequences of this role for the questions of accountability and restitution that have gained new prominence over the past few years. Departing from the view that matters of repatriation and restitution should privilege the terms of collection, this article instead examines the problem of colonial inheritance for museum collections as a whole, and for the museum as an institution. Further, it argues that the museum is an institutional form lacking in contemporary justification, this article proposes that the project for those who seek to 'decolonise' the museum must be to end the museum, and to imagine, in its place, new ways of relating to matters of memory and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the artifacts collected during the peak of colonization are made from organic materials and vulnerable to being eaten by insects or decomposition from mould. As part of the technical developments of the twentieth century, chemical treatments seemed to provide a viable solution to prevent decay of many collections. A broader awareness of the long-term effects of the employed toxic substances arose only decades later. Based on existing research, and explorative interviews in half a dozen museums in Europe, this text draws connections between the history of colonial collections, the use of chemicals in museum conservation, and the questions raised by shifting conceptions of the role of museums in the light of restitution and access-provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this article we will study about restitution of conjugal rights. Conjugal Rights refer to those rights which are accrued upon the persons by status of being married. There has been a constant debate relating to constitutionality of restitution of conjugal rights, for this it is necessary to understand the topic in detail. There are certain elements which need to be proved that the rights of the person have been truly violated; these are that there should be actual withdrawal by either the husband or the wife, from the society of other partner; it should be without a reasonable cause. This decree ensures that the person can force his partner to live with him or her against that partners will. Thus, this act of forcing the person to live with the person against the will was challenged in the court of law. It was first observed in the case of T. Sareetha Vs T Subbaiha, in which the court held that the decree was unconstitutional as it is violative of certain rights of the person guaranteed under the Indian constitution, and it was immoral to force any person to live with a person against will. It was after some time that the High Court of Delhi in case of Harjinder Singh Vs Harvinder Kaur held that the decree was constitutional as it is a positive relief which aims to protect the marriage rather than end it on a small matter. This view of the High court was supported by the Supreme Court in the case of Saroj Rani vs Sudarshan Kumar Chadha, and it also declared the decree as constitutional and overruling judgement of the lower court given in the case of T. Sareetha Vs T. Subbaiha. In this article we will also study about decree for restitution of conjugal rights from an international perspective and also try to analyse the same from judicial as well as societal point of view to finally decide whether the same is still relevant in today's time or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retention of sacred artifacts against the will of source countries, particularly ex-colonies, represents a form of social and cultural control that facilitates and exacerbates political and economic inequities between nations. Since independence, generations of Nigerian artists have engaged in various forms of recuperation of pre-colonial aesthetics through the adoption of postcolonial modernist visual tactics to negotiate a sense of self-determination and to recover an autonomous postcolonial national identity. Contemporary artists in Nigeria, particularly in Benin and throughout the diaspora have employed a range of aesthetic political practices to disrupt the legacies of colonialism still pervasive within their industries and communities. Through the creation of subversive artwork which attempts to think beyond the framework of western benevolence embedded in the project of restitution, some have made efforts to resist hegemonic influences within the global contemporary art world. The tactics of decolonial resistance that some Nigerian and diasporic artists have employed suggest a strategic redeployment of an aesthetic tradition that simultaneously advocates for the reclaiming of a black radical indigenous history and full realization of Nigerian cultural autonomous potentialities, while also envisioning a future situated within a global cosmopolitan framework – what I refer to as cosmopolitan repair. Such forms of cultural production constitute a critical component of the recent resurgence of decolonial activism that has swept the global art world which, at its core, poses a resistance to extractive capitalism in the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclination to pursue monetary compensation to solve difficult large‐scale housing, land, and property (HLP) claims problems resulting from wartime population dislocation as part of peacebuilding efforts has become common in recent years. Certain donors, countries, militaries, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), and policy organisations see compensation as a relatively quick, easy, and conclusive solution to massive numbers of destabilizing HLP claims. This article examines such a preference and finds that while the international legal, human rights, and moral foundations for using compensation in this way are significantly developed, a series of operational tensions exists that preclude compensation from being the easy remedy it is often thought to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for the restitution of cultural property has not been an easy endeavour. Despite the availability of multiple legal regimes securing various channels for the restitution of cultural property, improvement has been quite sluggish. This article argues that the debacle to the restitution process lies in the simultaneous operation of two diametrically opposed conceptions of cultural property- the nationalist and internationalist schools of thought. The 1954 Hague Convention sees cultural property as the cultural heritage of all mankind whilst the 1970 Convention takes the view that it is the cultural heritage designated by each country. These two approaches have been used to characterise nations theoretically in the international arena into source nations with nationalistic interests and market nations with international concerns. The conflict between both conceptions of cultural property becomes evident where the nationalists seek to employ legal and extra-legal means to protect their cultural heritage and facilitate their return and restitution; whereas, internationalists sabotage these efforts on the ground that cultural heritage is the common heritage of mankind thereby contradicting the notion of return. This article finds that although both schools of thought have divergent propositions, they nonetheless share a common theoretical underpinning- utilitarianism, which validates their respective ideologies. Since utilitarianism supports the maximisation of the overall happiness of a collective group, nationalists can predicate the protection of their cultural heritage on the need to secure this happiness just like the internationalists. This article, therefore, seeks to examine if the common theoretical foundation which both schools of thought share can serve as a reconciliatory tool that bridges the gap between them towards the promotion of the interest of the international community in protecting cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PT Rama Global is a trading company that carries out preliminary restitution under certain conditions. The purpose of this paper is to find out how the preliminary restitution with certain requirements in the context of tax planning is carried out by PT. Rama Global, how are the obstacles faced in making tax refunds, and what efforts are being made to deal with these obstacles. The method used is a qualitative method with data collection techniques, namely interviews, observation, documentation, and triangulation. Based on observations, PT Rama Global is an export company that input tax is greater than the output tax. PT Rama Global chose to restitute the tax with preliminary restitution, but there will be some refunds that cannot be withdrawn, so PT Rama Global confirms the transaction with the counterparty.

One of the crimes that are prone to happen to children is sexual crime. Sexual crimes committed against children will have a psychological impact on the child, in the form of mental and emotional state disorders, so that the child who is the victim should be given great attention to the suffering or loss experienced in the form of restitution from the perpetrator. The purpose of this research is to study and analyze how the fulfillment of restitution for child victims of sexual crimes and the extent to which law enforcers and victims influence the fulfillment of these restitution rights, so that empirical research methods are used to answer these problems. The results of this study indicate that the fulfillment of restitution rights for child victims of sexual crimes in the city of Makassar is not fulfilled. This is evidenced by only one case where the victim submitted a request for restitution and the victim did not get restitution from the perpetrator. Law enforcers and victims each have influence in fulfilling restitution rights. Even so, the role of the victim has a bigger influence, this is because even though the law enforcer should inform the victim about the right of restitution, it is the victim who decides whether to apply for restitution or not because restitution can only be obtained if the victim submits a request. not automatically accepted by the victim. How to cite item: Miftahul Jannah, S., Muchtar, S., Mirzana, H. (2021). Restitution rights for children of victims of sexual crimes: between protection and reresting. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 12(2), 223-232. doi:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v12i2.4705

Can and should one even write a review of a book that has already been extensively reviewed in all major journals and magazines and that continues to excite people? You can - and must! The political scientist, historian and journalist Götz Aly, who comes from Heidelberg, has succeeded in putting his finger in a wound with his latest book and, due to its popularity, has given a highly sensitive discussion its own twist. The merit of his book is to point out the problematic conditions of the German colonial epoch in Oceania, as seen from today’s perspective. But an unfortunate series of generalizations serves to undermine the value of this book as the basis for a factual discussion. First of all: Aly has deliberately ignored the most important scientific principle while at the same time insisting that his work is of a scientific nature: if a matter cannot be conclusively and clearly established, it must be addressed accordingly, and one should refrain from expressing conclusions that have a definitive character. From the available data, one can address possible strands of interpretation and weigh the pros and cons of the probability of individual aspects and formulate one’s own assessments; but it must always be kept in mind that things could have been entirely different. In addition, a necessary distance from the research topic should prevent one from being too “drawn in” and then possibly no longer being able to credibly represent the desired objectivity. Götz Aly fails to maintain this distance to the topic in many cases. Indeed, he claims to know what actually happened over a hundred years ago in the then young and historically short-lived German colony of German New Guinea. He does this by absolutizing indifferent and neutral formulations from his selectively consulted sources and prefers interpretations that support his own line of reasoning. This would be less problematic if he did not use his own conclusions to formulate allegations against historical contemporary persons as well as current institutions and colleagues. My comments below on the book – as the opening sentence already suggests – are not generated in a vacuum, but inevitably take up the discussions that have arisen around the book, at least in those areas where they are important for the assessing its merits. What is the book about? The installation of a large object, an approximate 15-metre-long outrigger boat from the island of Luf, one of the Hermit Islands in the Bismarck Archipelago (now part of Papua New Guinea), which came to Berlin in 1904 along with two masts and a square sail. Its inclusion in the newly opened Humboldt Forum in Berlin was a welcome occasion for Aly to further develop his theory that the vast majority of objects from German colonial times and kept in German museums are basically looted art. Starting from a specific object, whose exact acquisition history cannot be conclusively clarified, Aly launches a wide-ranging attack against those museums and institutions that store and exhibit objects from the German colonial era. This work cannot be viewed separately from a much broader discussion on several subject areas: the current debates about the present and future handling of objects acquired in colonial contexts, questionable object acquisition histories and restitution debates. One has to concede to Aly that his book proceeds with considerable precision, cleverly linking some of these points and connecting them to broader accusations.

Negotiations between Ukraine and Poland concerning the return of lost treasures have been ongoing since the beginning of the 1990s. In total, during 1997–2020 six sessions were held of the Intergovernmental Ukrainian-Polish Commission for the Protection and Return of Cultural Property Lost and Illegally Displaced during World War II. However, no cultural objects have been returned to Ukraine or Poland. This article analyzes current Ukrainian-Polish intergovernmental relations on the return and restitution of cultural property lost in consequence of World War II, describes the accomplishments, and examines the problematic issues concerning mutual co-operation.

This article discusses various pictures made during an ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a Gabonese logging company in the early 2010s. It describes a particular work environment, in a transforming sector (considering sustainable development) and in a company with a peculiar place in an authoritarian country political economy. The paper, which combines description and reflexivity, addresses the issue of visibility of the forestry company and shows the forestry workers' staging of themselves. It highlights the variations of these according to the fieldwork relations transformations. The subjective issues at work are progressively revealed, in the shots as well as during the restitution of the pictures. In relation to the photographic act, the work clothes (potentially combined with the appropriate tools) take on a nodal importance in the personal expression as well as in the group' one. The reflexive analysis replaces these images in their postcolonial dimensions.

This article aims to establish the reasons and demonstrate the necessity for restitution and its basic beginnings in Ukraine. The article emphasizes that process of restitution, which is undoubtedly needed in Ukraine, should be conducted in accordance to the principle of fairness in order to prevent a violation of private property rights.

The paper analyses the objective of an ownership claim – “to declare ownership rights.” According to the literal meaning of law, the claim can be brought by the present owner, still, in the court practice and in legal science this provision is interpreted broader, including a reference to the former owner. Due to this reason the borderline between an ownership and a restitution claim is lost, although in essence they are different. The paper examines borrowings from the German and Swiss law and attempts to construct the so-called “claim on rectification of a land register record” in the Latvian law. Lately the court practice has gradually abandoned this idea by giving preference to protection of the acquirer in good faith, which excludes rectification of a land register record during the trial of an ownership claim. The legal science has also moved into this direction by proposing the respective amendments in the Civil Law. The paper analyses a competition of claims. It is concluded that mostly such competition is only ephemeral. Claims on protection of possession, on execution of a contract and on unjust enrichment are independent claims. Each of them has different aims, and these claims cannot achieve the result that would be ensured by the ownership claim.

This research article aims to study the relationship between researcher and actors in the field studied in the light of actorial expectation and its effects in the research process. From a doctoral research carried out in CIFRE and favoring a survey by participant observation, the article exposes the self-analysis by the researcher of his posture when he is confronted with the expression of expectations with regard to him some players in the field, tutors-nurses in psychiatry. The reaction to these expectations leads him to take part in working days bringing together these tutors and to return to them certain research data concerning them. It thus identifies a hidden function constituting a resource for the activity of tutors, both in the context of tutoring and in care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negotiations between Ukraine and Poland concerning the return of lost treasures have been ongoing since the beginning of the 1990s. In total, during 1997-2020 six sessions were held of the Intergovernmental Ukrainian-Polish Commission for the Protection and Return of Cultural Property Lost and Illegally Displaced during World War II. However, no cultural objects have been returned to Ukraine or Poland. This article analyzes current Ukrainian-Polish intergovernmental relations on the return and restitution of cultural property lost in consequence of World War II, describes the accomplishments, and examines the problematic issues concerning mutual co-operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a critical look at how in Latin America the normative orders of indigenous peoples are excluded when resolving situations that concern them and essentially involve a conflict of laws. It is sustained that this goes against rights recognized to these peoples by the human rights system. This has occurred in cases related to the restitution of cultural property of indigenous origin, for example, in the case of the Quimbaya Collection, which was resolved by the Constitutional Court of Colombia. As the article will discuss, although the neocolonialism that is present in Latin American private international law has contributed to the exclusion of the normative orders of indigenous peoples in this context, this legal field offers some tools that address diversity and otherness and that, therefore, can serve the need for the inclusion of such normative orders to resolve cases of this type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In both tort and contract, the addition of a public body as a party to proceedings typically superimposes complex, policy-based considerations onto a given claim. This premise remains true in the context of a claim concerning restitution for unjust enrichment. The recent case of SurreyCountyCouncil v NHS Lincolnshire [2020] EWHC 3550 (QB) concerned a successful unjust enrichment claim by one public body against another to recover costs of specialist care for an autistic man which, although statutorily required, were not provided. The facts of the case and its decision provide fertile ground to explore the complexities that arise in an unjust enrichment claim where a public body is party to the proceedings. In particular, the reasoning of Thornton J encourages analysis of the policy-based reasons for restitution and the utility of the change of position defence in the context of an unjust enrichment claim against public bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]