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In certain cases, the conversion of paddy fields is unavoidable. Nevertheless, the change in land use must consider various aspects of the feasibility of development, both legal aspects, physical aspects of the area, the environment and others.The objectives are to, analyze the implementation of the policy on the transfer of agricultural land into residential areas, and analyze the factors that support and hinder the implementation of the policy. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative, using primary and secondary data. Data collection methods are interviews, in-depth (Indep interview) and direct discussion or Focus Group Discussion (FGD), observation and literature review. The results of the study indicate that the activity of land conversion into a residential area in West Lombok Regency has been guided by the Regional Regulation and Regional Spatial Planning (RSP) No. 11 / 2011. The use of agricultural land for residential areas has been regulated in the determination of the spatial pattern of residential areas in urban areas. and rural areas, the inhibiting factor in implementing the land use change policy is the absence of a detailed regional spatial planning plan and the limited number of field officers. The supporting factors are the Regional Spatial Planning Coordination Team, which is coordinated by the Regional Secretary. The recommendation given is to immediately issue a Detailed Spatial Plan so that there is an even distribution of housing areas. It is necessary to make a regional regulation that specifically examines and regulates the conversion of land functions.

Good dietary quality among pregnant women is critical for maternal and fetal health. The primary objective of our study was to analyze the dietary quality of pregnant woman and its influencing factors. Pregnant women were enrolled using a multistage, stratified, random-sampling method in Shanghai. We used a personal food frequency questionnaire and a household condiment weighing method for dietary assessments. Participants' scores on the China Healthy Diet Index (CHDI) were analyzed to evaluate diet quality. Significant differences in the median daily intake of almost all food types were found across all trimesters, and all food types were found across all residential areas (urban, suburban and rural). The median of total CHDI score was 71.6 in all subjects, 71.1 in early pregnancy, 71.5 in middle pregnancy and 72.3 in late pregnancy. The results of uni-variate analysis showed that significant differences in CHDI scores were found across trimesters and residential areas. Eighty one point six percent of participants scored below 80 points, indicating general or poor dietary quality. Logistic regression models showed that participants in early and middle pregnancy had lower scores than those in late pregnancy. Women in urban areas had higher scores than those in suburban and rural areas. Most of pregnant women living in Shanghai suffer from a general or poor dietary quality. Education on balance diet should be strengthened to guide pregnant women in making reasonable food choices and intake, especially those living in suburban and rural areas and those in their first and second trimesters.

The distinctive features of the noise protection legislation at the level of 85 subjects of the Russian Federation are considered. The comparative characteristics of the time parameters “day”, “night” for working days and holidays are given. It is compared with similar indicators of other countries. 46% of subjects considered 7 am as the beginning of the “day” period; 61% considered 22 pm as the beginning of the "night" period. For the first time Russia developed the following time periods separately: “day rest”, “evening”, “weekends and holidays”. The penalty system for violation of the noise legislation is analysed. Irkutsk region has the “smallest” fines in Russia and Novosibirsk and Belgorod regions have the “biggest” fines.

Cyber village is a residential area in RT (neighborhood association) 36 in the tourist area in Tamansari Yogyakarta. It has recognized image as an information technology based region with good internet network. Internet technology at the cyber village is slowly changing the behavior of the citizens from the social, economy, culture and tourism aspects. The behavior changes on the social, economic, cultural and tourism aspects affect the spatial setting at Tamansari "cyber" village to become a unique tourist area. The methods used in this research were Qualitative Research through observation to identify phenomena that occur, interviews, and literature studies that were analyzed by behavior setting method. The results of this research showed that changes in the image of the region influence the citizens’ behavior that finally creates certain spatial settings to meet the needs for space which could accommodate the village potentials, covering the social, economic, tourism and cultural potentials.

Coronavirus disease 2019 brings about the economic damage and loss of life. Thus, demand of personal protective equipment continues to increase, consequently an increase in infectious equipment pollution. Most of these wastes threaten the environment and increase the spread of diseases. This paper provides a research hypothesis whether effective medical waste management would prevent the possible impacts of coronavirus disease 2019-related waste issues on environment at the city level. To confirm this hypothesis, installation of waste treatment centre is addressed. Then, by incorporating uncertain waste generation amounts utilizing Jimenez method, a pickup routing is addressed to decide the pickup routes between the waste treatment centre and residential area. This study is first to assign the optimistic, realistic and pessimistic scenarios of the uncertain waste generation using time series analysis method and waste generation formulation. Also, L-type matrix is used to define, assess and prioritize the environmental and operational risks on waste generation formulation and to provide risk reaction strategies. Practicality of these approaches is illustrated in the case of Turkey. The computational results reveal the effectiveness of the integrated method, which ensures practical and theoretical insights controlling the waste generation to prevent virus propagation for health authorities.

We investigate the characteristics of a dust-devil-like vortex (DDLV) observed using thermal image velocimetry (TIV) at a sports ground in Tokyo. Thermal image velocimetry provides unique observations of the two-dimensional velocity distribution for a DDLV with high spatio–temporal resolution (i.e., tens of cm s−1) near the ground. Two DDLVs were detected, one each in summer and winter, and the quantitative features of the larger, stronger DDLV in the winter are examined. The size and strength of the detected DDLV, which are quantified using TIV, are within the ranges reported in past observations and numerical simulations of dust devils. The vortex appears at the boundary of a cold-air current near a 55-m building wall, and persists for more than 3 min.

Numerous collapses and landslides caused by the Wenchuan earthquake provide abundant loose materials for a large number of debris flows that occurred after the earthquake. Most of the check dams were silted or damaged by debris flow due to the increased volume of materials after the earthquake. Taking the debris flows in the Qinglin Basin in China as a case study, 43 sets of numerical simulations of debris flow with different probabilities of occurrence and different facility combinations were performed to obtain the submerged range, velocity, and mud depth of debris flow in the residential area. The total risk of the residential area is calculated on the basis of the risk of a single building according to the vulnerability of the property and population and combined with the depth and velocity of debris flow. According to the change in risk in the residential area under different facility combinations, a novel method of quantitative evaluation of the benefits of facilities for disaster mitigation based on risk reduction per unit height of facility (RRPH) has been proposed. According to the result of the analysis, the method can quantify the benefits of disaster reduction by different facilities, analyze whether existing facilities meet disaster mitigation goals, and determine the optimal facility height, facility combination, or existing facilities improvement and optimization scheme.

Nowadays, there are a lot of ongoing construction projects at nearby existing building and residential area. Each construction will have many effects such as environmental effect and damage effect on the existing infrastructure and building. The effects of construction activities include piling work to existing infrastructure or building produce settlements and cracks. This effect is usually caused by vibration effect from construction work. This study represents a research on the effect of vibration during piling installation that is generated by hydraulic piling machine for drainage located at construction site as damage object. All the data were recorded by Labview Signal Express Software and analysed by Microsoft excel. The result from the analysis of the relationship between the vibration with the distance showed that the vibration decreased when the distance increased. Other than that, it showed that all the vibration values were lower that the vibration limit.

Autonomous vehicle technology and its enabled mobility services are evolving at a more rapid pace than the understanding of the infrastructure required for them to be efficiently and safely implemented. This has not been systematically investigated in literature or practice. This research makes exploratory efforts to investigate this research area by examining and evaluating the infrastructure requirements needed to support autonomous vehicles. It formulates an infrastructure change guideline and an evaluation framework to prioritise the safety, efficiency and accessibility when integrating autonomous vehicles alongside conventional vehicles and multimodal users such as public transport commuters and pedestrians. The case study results show that for different type of regions, being a regional commercial and transportation hub in a residential area and a regional CBD street in a multimodal and spatially limited area, different arrangement and trade-offs can be made. Promisingly, the proposed guideline and framework work sufficiently, and serve as a first step towards a more systematic guideline for autonomous vehicle integration. The outcome of the research consists of a review of approaches that can guide urban planners and other users to understand and prioritise the implementation of autonomous vehicles.

This study was conducted to assess the building coverage and environmental quality of residential area in Nkpor Uno Idemili North L.G, Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive survey design to find out level of compliance of buildings to planning regulations. One hundred and eighty (180) were interviewed using a modified instrument (questionnaire). The data collected were coded into SPSS and analyzed with descriptive statistics. The results showed that 72(40%) reported inadequate setback as a major effect of over built buildings, 55(30.6%) reported inadequate free air space, 37(20.6%) said inadequate ventilation and lighting. Also, the nature of drainage system provided in residential areas; 76(42.2%) has no drainage system, 70(38.9%) has close drainage system. The building coverage of residential houses in the study area; 60(33.3%) has their building falls under 51-75% for over built, 48(26.7%) has their building falls under 76-100% for overbuilt. For the factors influencing the percentage of area built upon, 57(31.7%) has greed and no money to acquire a large plot of land, 47(26.0%) has no land space to built their desirable house. Then, non adherence to provision of adequate ventilation and lighting in the residential houses in the study area affects the dwellers’ health and such factors can promote communicable diseases. In conclusion, it was observed that the compliance rate was not encouraging because the planning regulations recorded very low compliance as include set–back from property boundaries; inadequate free air space; lost of aesthetic values, and inadequate ventilation and lighting. Therefore, government should embark on enforcement of land use plan, and strategic plans for various towns and villages to accommodate its utilities and facilities.

The increasing population that occurs in the metropolis of Indonesia often causes problems with the structure of urban space utilization. It’s triggered by the phenomenon of urban sprawl that occurs in the outskirts of Jakarta, especially Tangerang, causing a transformation of the landscape. The existence of Lippo Karawaci which is supported by road accessibility and supporting facilities and infrastructures encourages the growth of a new city center titled independent city. The development of independent cities has the potential to change the structure of urban spaces that cause changes in the pattern of development of residential areas, especially in rural areas. This research emphasizes the condition of distance in the residential areas in Karawaci, namely Kampung Bencongan, Binong Village, Dadap Village, and Kampung Kelapa Dua as icons of traditional settlements associated with the city center. The purpose of this research is to know the transformation of land use and analyze spatial patterns of independent urban settlements in Karawaci Village. In conducting the analysis, the method used is descriptive spatial analysis with NNA (Nearest Neighbor Analysis) method to produce the pattern of settlements formed and land use transformation in residential areas through ArcMap 10.8 software. The required data was obtained through participatory mapping using the Google Earth platform for the 2003-2020 recording year as well as field observations by comparing the conditions of village distance to independent cities. The results showed an increase in settlement area of 11.4% (2.51 ha) in Binong Village, 14.2% (2.08 ha) in Dadap Village, 15.7% (4.84 ha) in Kampung Kelapa Dua, and 9.7% (3.67 ha) in Kampung Bencongan from 2003 to 2020. Spatial patterns formed in residential areas in Karawaci Village show that the closer the residential area with an independent city center will form a cluster settlement pattern. Meanwhile, the further the residential area from the city center independently will form a pattern of random settlements. So, it can be concluded that the transformation of the city space structure with the development of independent cities increases the area of settlements and forms different patterns of settlements to the city center.

Brigittaplatz located in the 20th district of Vienna, which is a mixed culture residential community with various issues. This paper attempts to uncover the existing problems, weaknesses, potential opportunities of the site and explore a set of local interventions to accomplish site regeneration through architectural and landscape measures. Study utilizes two axes to improve and reconnect the public service, green corridor as well as the interactive relationship. All the proposed interventions are not merely public facility renewal but a new functional and social design, which is trying to reactivate the various relationships in the site that can enhance the quality of life and carry over the impact to larger scales. Authors seek a holistic approach to regenerate Brigittaplatz.

Since one and half years, the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 virus (disease caused is Covid-19) has ruined the entire humanity in unimaginable ways, whether it is economy or unemployment or children mental health disorder or large number of deaths. There is no country in the world which is not affected by this virus. In some countries, this pandemic is coming in the form of outbreak such as first wave of pandemic then after some gap period, second wave of pandemic. In country like India, the second wave of corona pandemic has crippled the economy, public health safety and at the same time put a big question on the health infrastructure of entire nation whether it is availability of oxygen cylinders, or testing facility, hospital bed or ventilators. The actual number of patients who can get affected had not been estimated correctly. This poses more problems due to asymptomatic nature of the expression of COVID-19 on individual basis. Tragically, for developing countries like India with high population density, the situation has been more complex. Additionally, more amount of waste from the Covid affected population goes to effluent water, waste water coming out of residential area, hospitals, isolation centres and so on. In this review article, we have focused on presence of corona virus and infection transmission through effluent water in country like India with huge number of population and also provide further scope in research to inform future studies. Keywords : SARS- CoV-2, COVID- 19, Waste water, Sewage, Developing countries.

Impact of the odd–even (O/E) car rationing scheme implemented in Delhi city was assessed in this study. Traffic data, ambient air quality, vehicle speed and tailpipe emissions were measured along chosen urban corridors (UC) of the central business area (UC1), institutional area (UC2), and residential area (UC3), during and post-odd–even policy implementation. The intervention resulted in reduction of peak hour traffic flow by 27.6%, 25% and 25% at UC1, UC2 and UC3, respectively. The average emissions per trip decreased at all the UCs due to increase in the average speed and subsequent reduced idling time. The ambient Particulate Matter (PM) concentration at institutional area (UC2) was found to be lower during the O/E scheme as compared to post-O/E results; however, the PM values were observed to be higher in the other two locations. The increase in ambient PM concentrations at UC1 and UC3 can be attributed to a proportionate increase in non-exhaust emissions during the O/E scheme. The findings of present study reveal that the intervention had a positive impact on tailpipe emissions but a negative influence on non-exhaust emissions, as resuspension of road dust was contributing significantly ambient PM concentrations in Delhi during the O/E policy. Field observations revealed that interventions like odd–even cannot be successfully implemented and executed without people's engagement and participation.

The land requirement for Putri Betung Sub District in Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP) area kept increasing along with the population growth. The population density in the Putri Betung Sub-district was driven by the need for cultivation and residential area along the GLNP conservation boundary. This study aims to analyze the space adequacy for Putri Betung Sub-District in the GLNP area based on the population pressure prediction for 20 years. The research method was conducted by field survey using remote sensing, interviewed the residents, and analyzed the population pressure index using the Soemarwoto formula. The Population Pressure Index (PPI) for the cultivation area was determined from 13 villages in Putri Betung Subdistrict and shows that 12 villages had a PPI 1 value (population pressure was over the land carrying capacity limits). Only one village had PPI 1 (population pressure less than the land carrying capacity. Based on data surveys obtained, the cultivation area set in the Putri Betung area was no longer sufficient for population, resulting from the expansion in the GLNP area of 4,776.97 ha. Meanwhile, predictive analysis on space adequacy for people living decently in Putri Betung Sub District for 20 upcoming years is 6117.15 ha. In conclusion, 12 out of 13 villages in the Putri Betung SubDistrict have PPI 1 value, which is inversely proportional to the land carrying capacity. The PPI values could result in other pressures on the ecology and biodiversity conservation in National Park. It is suggested that the government need to surpass the pressure by making new policy on people’s resettlement, expanding the cultivation area, or shifting people's livelihoods

Residential area greenness may influence diabetes, but limited studies have explored this relationship in developing countries. This study assessed the association between residential area greenness and diabetes among urban adults in Bangladesh. The mediation effect of the body mass index (BMI) was also assessed. A total of 2367 adults aged ≥ 35 years were extracted from a nationally representative survey. Diabetes was characterised as fasting plasma glucose level be ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or taking prescribed medications to reduce blood sugar level. Residential area greenness was estimated by enhanced vegetation index. Binary logistic regression models were employed to estimate the association between residential area greenness and diabetes adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Mediation analysis was performed to assess whether BMI mediated the association between greenness and diabetes. Greater area greenness was associated with lower odds of diabetes (adjusted odds ratio 0.805, 95% confidence interval 0.693–0.935, p = 0.0052). BMI significantly mediated 36.4% of the estimated association between greenness and diabetes. Presence of areas of greenness adjacent to living area tends to be associated with lower diabetes prevalence. Findings emphasised the importance of preserving the local environment to tackle the growing diabetes prevalence in Bangladesh.

Introduction. The problem of antagonistic contradiction between human life and the environment has been turning global along with the development of urbanization, breakthrough growth of the energy and technological potency of cities, leading to an increase in the consumption of natural resources and an impact on the biosphere. All over the world and in Russia, scientists are searching for environmentally friendly technologies for urban planning, housing and utilities sectors. However, the problem of analyzing and forecasting the state of ecosystems in residential areas and their influence on man and the environment remains unresolved and needs to be solved in many settlements. Materials and methods. The article analyzes the legal and regulatory documentation on design and construction, urban planning solutions for residential areas, architectural and structural solutions for apartment buildings, statistical and analytical reports on housing construction in Russia, presented on the Internet. Results. The proposed subjects for discussion include two concepts of the term “ecosystem”, results of the analysis of indicators of housing construction in Russia, indices of the quality of the urban environment in settlements, and a factor model used to assess the ecosystem of a residential area. A lifecycle model of a residential area, that represents a complex system, composed of capital construction facilities, linear facilities, landscaping and gardening, and waste management, is used as the basis for the generalization of well-known approaches, developed from the standpoint of the system analysis. Properties of interaction between facilities, on the one hand, facilities and the environment, on the other hand, are taken into account. Conclusions. Now residential housing is constructed faster, and urban areas, occupied by residential buildings, grow accordingly in the settlements of the Russian Federation willing to provide their population with high-quality housing. Mass construction of apartment buildings continues to be the main focus of the country’s urban development. Urban planning activities, aimed at the development and maintenance of residential areas, need all the more attention. It is important to use the biosphere approach, supported by the regulatory and technical framework of construction and operation of facilities and the urban planning environment, to solve the problem of nature conservation and human health maintenance.

Visitors to the ruins of Ur venturing into the residential area south of the ziggurat and royal cemetery are confronted with a reconstructed “House of Abraham” (fig. 1), named after the city’s most...

Paper’s objective is to save time for district heating (DH) companies, which are new to the Geographic Information Systems-supported (GIS) modelling and optimizing heat consumption profiles; also to suggest specific guidelines for the system operation within a residential area. A specific case of the real DH network was simulated. A two-stage programming model combining the optimal design and operation of a DH pipe network was developed. We designed an aerial image of the testing area (modified from Google Map by means of QGIS) and to forecast the building thermal energy consumption, we used a pre-collected data set representing the heating season in Omsk, Russia. Weekday and weekend day were taken as the periods for forecasting. Actual profiles and the simulated data were compared. The error differs slightly for both forecasts regardless of a weekday or a weekend day it is. The obtained results are important because the simulation allows to cut off the peaks at 2:00 and 7:00. The error increases when the optimized values differ greater from the heat consumption basic profiles and vice versa. There are clearly visible local peaks induced by the domestic hot water (DHW) use and a manual temperature setting through a weekday. This leads to a larger inconsistency in relation to a weekend day. It is proposed to optimize the system operation, its objective is to minimize the daily heat energy consumption, annual total fuel demand consumption and the annualized cost of the network.

Introduction. The problematic environmental situation in the industrialized territories requires precise management decisions to ensure the excellent quality of atmospheric air to protect public health. Information on the atmospheric air quality is based on data from various monitoring systems: socio- hygienic, environmental, production control, as well as the results of control measures carried out by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) and Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (Rosprirodnadzor)). Materials and methods. The analysis of normative permissible emissions, sanitary protection zones projects, the results of socio-hygienic and environmental monitoring, production control, as well as carried out own laboratory, and instrumental laboratory studies of 130 samples of atmospheric air in the sanitary protection zone of the chemical industry enterprise and the nearest residential area. The research was based on the North-West Public Health Research Centre and the chemical-analytical centre “Arbitrage”, D.I. Mendeleev Research Institute for metrology. Results. According to various monitoring systems and the results of own research, on the territory of residential buildings, the concentrations of pollutants did not exceed the MАC, mainly corresponded to the design values. However, the ammonia content in the atmospheric air on the territory of the nearest building to the enterprise exceeded the calculated design values by three times. At the border of the industrial site of the enterprise for ammonia and diPhosphorpentaoxide, concentrations comparable to the MАC were recorded, while hydrochloric acid and gaseous fluorides were not detected either at the border of the industrial site or in the nearest residential development. Conclusions. The programs of air quality control monitoring are based on the research and analysis of the project documentation. The developed scheme for monitoring atmospheric air can be applied to assess atmospheric air quality in areas around mineral fertilizer production enterprises. Contribution: Gorbanev S.A. — the concept and design of the study; Markova O.L. — collection and processing of materials, writing text; Yeremin G.B. — the concept and design of the study, writing text, editing; Mozzhukhina N.A. — the concept and design of the study, editing; Kopytenkova O.I. — writing text, editing; Karelin A.O. — editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Population growth in Depok City is large and not in accordance with development land causes many residents’ to build houses with conditions

One of the residential areas that have a densely populated settlement is Pelambuan Village, West Banjarmasin. Pelambuan Village is a slum area with medium and low categories. Rapid population growth also affects the growth of illegal residential buildings on land that is not privately owned. From several settlement conditions formed in Pelambuan Village, it is necessary to analyze residential buildings and settlement areas formed based on three physical aspects: building, environmental, and legal aspects. This study aimed to determine the factors that affect habitability and degradation of environmental quality and perform analysis to determine a treatment plan that needs to be taken for occupancy and problematic areas occupancy can meet the requirements habitability. Analysis and distribution of questionnaires provided several factors that affect the decline in the quality of habitability of buildings and residential areas. From the building aspect, it was found that what caused the residential building to be declared quite feasible with repairs was the condition of the building, which was quite good. However, it needed repairs to several building components, and on the environmental aspect, the factors that made the Pelambuan residential area decreased in quality were the irregularity of the building and inadequate infrastructure. In legality, the problem factor is buildings that stand illegally on the company and government land. Research results are given based on aspects that include, for the building aspect is the addition, repair, and change of the appearance of the building. It is planned to repair, procure, and replace parts of roads in the environmental aspect. It is planned to tighten supervision on licensing and supervision of building construction.

A city is a residential area that is physically indicated by a group of houses that dominate the layout and have facilities to support the lives of its citizens independently. In order to optimize urban development, the use of urban space needs to be directed into a city spatial plan consisting of spatial structure and spatial patterns. Data collection methods in this study using observation techniques and data analysis methods in this study using qualitative descriptive. The final result of this research is the condition of the existing spatial structure in Medan Baru District, which has met the service needs in Medan Baru District. However, there must be added facilities that are still lacking in certain areas. The structure of Medan Baru District is close to the concentric concept, the pattern of urban development is in the middle of Medan Baru District as the central area city ​​and spatial structure model of Medan Baru Subdistrict when viewed based on centers service that is approaching the multi-nodal space structure model which consists of one center and several sub-centers and sub-centers which are connected.

Cihampelas Street Bandung is one of the main tourist destinations in Bandung; besides that, Cihampelas is also a residential area with a high population density. Jalan Cihampelas has many residential places, one of which is the Jardin Cihampelas Apartment. The Jardin Cihampelas Apartment is a building consisting of 4 building towers, namely towers A, B, C, and D. Each tower has 23 floors, and a U shape, Tower A - B and C - D are located close to each other on the inside of the "U" shaped mass surrounding the swimming pool. The approach used is geometry, and basic shapes, geometry, and basic shapes show that architecture is an expression of humans and is a basic principle always present from a work of architecture. This research aims to study the relationship between geometric shapes that affect the Jardin Cihampelas apartment building mass. The method used is a descriptive qualitative method using field surveys; the research study is the shape of the building mass in geometric shapes. The research variables discussed include basic form, unity, proportion, balance, rhythm, and emphasis. This research is expected to get useful results from studying the mass shape of the building in the Jardin Cihampelas apartment with the residential typology of tall buildings with geometric shapes in the processing of space in structures.

Urban areas are generally in the form of housing with narrow land. The purpose of this activities was to use narrow land for farming with verticulture techniques. The activity was held in Puri Zahara 1 Residence, Medan Tuntungan District. which is a residential area with narrow land. The method used was to provide training to housewife to be able to utilize the land with verticulture techniques. Housewives was briefed in order to be able to use the land using existing materials, especially verticulture techniques. The material used in verticulture techniques was paralon. The result of this dedication is that the community can utilize small land, especially in residential areas with verticulture techniques to plant flowers or vegetable crops, so that the house becomes greener and livelier. With this verticulture technique, more vegetable or fruit crops can be planted. some plants planted include lettuce, water spinach, flowers

Ozone (O3) have many adverse impacts toward the living human, environment and O3 formed through the photochemical reaction with the aid of sunlight. Therefore, this study focused on the determination of O3, nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations and meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind direction) three residential area namely Taman Tun Dr Ismail Jaya, Selangor as the urban area, Taman Delima, Sungai Petani, Kedah as the sub urban area and Taman Kifayah, Jeli, Kelantan as the rural area. The monitoring were continuously done for three days in 24 hours from 12 a.m. until 12 a.m. per day at each site. Aeroqual S500 series and weather station model RK900-01 were used to measure O3, NO, NO2 concentrations and meteorological parameters. The concentration of O3, NO, NO2 and the meteorological parameters were determined and O3 concentration was compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Among the studied areas, the highest mean O3 concentration was recorded in Taman Delima, Sungai Petani with 35.2 ppb followed by Tun Dr Ismail Jaya with 33.3 ppb. Result suggested that sub urban areas showed higher mean O3 concentration compared to urban area which might linked to the availability of the O3 precursors in the area. As expected, the lowest mean O3 concentration recorded at Taman Kifayah, Jeli with 12.1 ppb as the area have limited O3 precursor’s sources. However, the ozone concentration at three residential areas were still under permissible level according to Recommended Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (RMAAQ).

In this paper, park-and-ride-sharing (P&RS) is proposed to manage morning peak hour congestion in a monocentric linear city, where there is a multilane highway with a single bottleneck connecting the residential area and the central business district (CBD). To realize ride-sharing matching, a ride-sharing parking lot (RSPL) and a ride-sharing meeting point (RSMP) are set up somewhere between the origin and the bottleneck. To encourage ride-sharing participation, the lanes of the highway are physically divided into high occupancy vehicle (HOV) and general purpose (GP) lanes for only ride-sharing vehicles and non-ride-sharing vehicles, respectively. The user equilibrium principle in terms of generalized travel cost is adopted to formulate commuters’ mode choice and arrival time choice at the RSMP. It is demonstrated that there exist three possible equilibrium ride-sharing matching patterns and three possible equilibrium traffic flow patterns. All possible equilibrium ride-sharing matching and traffic flow patterns are analytically derived. In addition, to minimize total system cost (TSC), three break-even parking charge schemes are designed under the case that all parking lots are managed by the government. The optimal allocation scheme of bottleneck capacity to HOV lanes under each parking charge scheme is analytically derived. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the properties of the proposed bottleneck model with P&RS and the effectiveness of the designed parking charge schemes.

Streets function both as circulation area for vehicles and vital public space for city people. Street edge is a crucial feature that create the character of the street. In urban residential area, usually boundary element creates the edge of its adjoining streets. If the formation of boundary element integrates with its surroundings properly, it will establish coherence with public and private space, which can enhance one’s urban experience. Dhaka, the bustling metropolis of Bangladesh, is undergoing rapid expansion in residential sector, which is mainly concentrating on individual architectural structures, instead of taking into account the entire urban region as an integrated entity. In most cases, it has been observed that individual buildings are ignoring the outer public environment by constructing solid boundary walls. This type of solid boundary element entirely separates the public and private space that creates negative impact on street environment. Hence, the primary purpose of this research is to investigate the present condition of street edges in Dhaka’s urban residential areas, as well as to assess the influence of various forms of street edges on their adjacent spaces. Therefore, a small segment of Dhanmondi residential area in Dhaka has been selected as survey area. This study was mainly based on field survey and observation. Sources of secondary data were journals, books, information from websites and so on. It is found that, street edges which are physically and visually permeable make positive impact on dwellers and commuters

Màster Universitari en Estudis Avançats en Arquitectura-Barcelona: Urbanisme The residential area is the basic unit of people's life. The public space of a residential area is the range of space that residents share and use, and is the carrier of daily interactions. Therefore, I have selected four residential areas in my hometown, Taiyuan, built at different times and inhabited by different people, to analyze their inner logic and discover their positive parts and current problems. Traditional residences are where the same bloodline lives in the same quadrangle and interacts with neighbors in hutongs, which are small in scale, making the distance between people small, which is conducive to interaction. The workers' collection apartment is where workers of the same factory live together, and all parts except the bedroom are shared, neighbors are familiar with each other, and the functional open space enclosed by the residence can be used for public interaction. The outdoor public space in multi-story residential communities is a service space, providing facilities that are not available inside the house. The public spaces in high-rise residential communities are divided into different functions according to the needs of different people using them, and the landscape is perfect. However, all public spaces in residential areas have problems such as low utilization rates and being occupied by cars, resulting in the public interaction among residents being affected. It is necessary to propose suitable micro-renewal solutions in the public spaces of different residential areas, such as changing the remaining spaces into pocket parks and changing the residential corridors that are not conducive to interactive social spaces, so as to continuously improve the overall quality of the public space in residential areas and guide residents to relax in the body and mind of the public space, so that they can trust and rely on the residential area.

Social distancing and movement restrictions associated with COVID-19 have highlighted the role played by easily accessible greenery at one’s own residence, which is of key importance to people’s physical and psychological wellbeing. The main focus of this study is to provide insights into residential green areas in Wrocław, Poland in terms of knowledge, investment, trends and associated issues, as examined from the perspective of the potential to boost urban resilience. Sixty-six representative multi-family construction projects typical of Central European cities were analyzed. The study is divided into three stages: I—pre-construction (selection of locations), II—construction of a housing estate (clearance of vegetation, number of trees planted, use of pro-ecological solutions), and III—post-construction (monitoring of the condition of green areas by means of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and data from Sentinel-2 satellites). The results highlighted the insufficient use of pro-ecological solutions (green roofs, fountains or ponds) and shortage of woody plants in residential green areas. Their implementation should be included in any strategies for Wrocław’s transformation toward a sustainable post-pandemic city. Furthermore, the main findings of the study also revealed an imbalance between the amount of vegetation cleared vs. vegetation planted during construction and unequal access to high-quality greenery for local residents. Although some positive trends in spatial planning were observed compared to previous studies, two construction projects were implemented in floodplains. NDVI analyses indicate the poor condition of residential green areas; moreover, the change in NDVI for the period 2015–2020 attests to the poor standards of vegetation maintenance. The results of this study suggest that the potential of residential green areas for boosting urban resilience has not been fully utilized in Wrocław. It is highly recommended to implement monitoring of the condition of green areas by means of NDVI and to introduce detailed provisions on the shaping of green estate areas in the Local Development Plans to enhance Wrocław’s resilience. The main findings being presented expand the directions of methods of monitoring residential areas’ conditions in terms of applied landscape research and boosting urban resilience.

This study tested if sex differences in personality differ between urban (n = 1778) and rural (n = 885) populations in Finland. The result based on pre-registered analysis plan (https://osf.io/4q3dx/register/5730e99a9ad5a102c5745a8a) showed that sex differences were of equal magnitude in rural residential areas (Mahalanobis D = 0.71, 83% CI [0.60, 0.79]) and large cities (D = 0.70, [0.62, 0.76]). See Table 1 for more detailed facet level results (also null result) and Cohen's d for single personality variables.

In this study, a two-dimensional hydraulic routing model was applied to a sudden failure scenario for the Atasu Dam in Trabzon, Turkey. The goal was to simulate spreading and propagation of a dam break flood wave along a narrow valley into a downstream city center with many buildings. Flow properties along the downstream were routed according to diffusive and dynamic wave models represented by Saint–Venant equations. Maximum flow depth, maximum flow velocity, and time moment of the maximum flow depth maps are shown in a Geographic Information System environment. The results predict that flow depths could reach approximately 8 m in the residential area, and this would be achieved approximately 32 min after the dam-break event. Houses in a large section of the city center would be under the maximum flow depths. The results of this study demonstrate that these two approaches can determine potential risk areas of a floodplain due to natural hazards and facilitate preparation of emergency action plans.

The Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro is the second largest urban and industrial region in Brazil. While the south and south-east areas are affected by vehicular emissions, the districts and cities located in the northern area are subjected to industrial emissions and have the poorest air quality of the region. In this study, BTEX concentrations were determined in the District of Iraja, a residential area located in the north of the city of Rio de Janeiro, approximately 25 km from the industrial zone, as well as in the District of Jardim Primavera, in the city of Duque de Caxias. The mean values for total BTEX concentrations were 38.4 ± 11.7 and 44.6 ± 29.3 μg m−3, in Iraja and Jardim Primavera, respectively, which are higher than those previously reported for other areas. The benzene/toluene rates, (approximately 0.5 for both sampling sites), were also higher than typical values that were determined for diesel and gasoline emissions through dynamometer experiments.

It is estimated that more than 27,200 of Malaysians’ deaths annually are related to smoking. Majority of the smokers start smoking at the early age, smoke more than 15 years and spend less than RM 100 for cigarettes in a month. So, this study aims to determine the trend of smoking among smokers in a residential area in Dengkil, Sepang, Selangor. A cross-sectional study was conducted among Malaysian, aged more than 18-year-old with a combination of stratified, systematic and simple random sampling. Respondents who fulfill the inclusion & exclusion criteria were interviewed using a validated questionnaire and data were analysed using SPSS. The prevalence of current smoker was 23.5% with higher among male (50.7%), single (31.0%) and self-employed (44.1%). Peer pressure plays important role in either to start or to quit from smoking. It is important to increase awareness program primarily in educational institutions such as schools and colleges. Keywords: smoking, trend, prevalence, sub-urban, Selangor, Malaysian.

This Paper examines the existing spatial inequalities in residential areas of Dhaka City, the megacity of Bangladesh on the basis of household resources and amenities. The empirical data has been collected through a detailed semi-structured questionnaire from 180 purposively selected respondents in Dhanmondi and Mirpur residential area and Kallayanpur slum area. . The results clearly indicate that there exist significant differences and variations of household resource and amenity indicators, particularly household and housing characteristics, sanitation facilities, water, electricity, and gas supplies, etc. More specifically, the finding reveals that there is a huge gap in tenure systems, income-expenditure, occupational, education and social status, utilities, and physical developments, and these are the prime issues for creating massive inequality in slum area from other residential areas. Furthermore, the slum dwellers are more deprived and neglected from all kinds of urban facilities though they play significant role in informal economy of urban areas as well as in GDP of Bangladesh. Hence, the findings suggest that policymakers should take proper initiatives to address multi-dimensional issues of slum areas to ensure a sustainable environment among residential areas of Dhaka City. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 9(1), 2020, P 49-62