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The last decade has seen the development of the so-called ‘monster bills’ in France, that is too say remarkably long laws, putting together heterogeneous elements. Among the notorious examples of them, we investigate the ‘Grenelle laws’ aiming at protecting the environment field (2009) and the ‘Macron Law’ aiming at liberalizing the economy (2015). The development of these laws is interpreted as resulting from two factors: a. the willingness of the executive power to send a diversity of messages to a diversity of audiences through visible legislation, b. pressures from bureaucracies of state departments cyclically willing to promote their reforms in a context of limited access to the legislatures’ agenda. The paper presents this process as well as it consequences for the functioning of the parliament in terms of work-overload, lobbying and MPs influence. The paper supports the view that the inner-logic of rationalization within the State paradoxically lead to de-rationalize the legislative procedure, i.e. a greater complexity and legal as well as political uncertainty in the passing of such bills.

The twinning model has been used to develop a wide array of political, economic and cultural relationships that connect communities and institutions in the United Kingdom with counterparts overseas. However, where local governments were once among the most ardent promoters of twinning, years of austerity coupled with changing processes of financial rationalisation, have led many councils to question the value of these relationships. Today, fewer British local authorities are taking up new twinnings and some have even been involved in a process of quiet ‘untwinning’. This paper takes pause to examine what might be lost with this set of changes—it asks: just what is of value of twinning? Taking a cue from ongoing debates in the field of cultural policy studies, it advocates for a broadening and deepening of the operational concept of ‘public value’ to better account for the manifold ways that twinning can deliver pro-social benefits to British communities and their partners.

This thesis studies the effects of multi-professional primary care structures (MSPs) considered as a policy instrument that contributes to rationalizing the ambulatory health care sector. Introduced in France at the end of the 2000s and bringing together self-employed primary care professionals, mainly GPs and paramedics, these new organizations are presented by the State and a growing number of professionals as one of the main responses to the problem of care access, making it possible to attract GPs to certain territories and facilitate the transfer of tasks to paramedics. In a predominantly private sector, the government has chosen an incentive and contractual policy to encourage professionals to regroup in MSPs, which involves the labeling of structures by the health administration and the allocation of new remunerations by the health insurance, in addition to individual fee-for-service revenues. Without calling into question their private status, this contractual relationship comes with rules and procedures, unprecedented in the private sector, which affect care access, types of care services and coordination between professionals. Why do self-employed practitioners willingly enter into a contractual relationship that inherently limits their sacrosanct autonomy? What are the effects of these new procedures on their practices? Through a qualitative sociological analysis at both national and local levels in 6 MSPs, we show that professionals manage to maintain their autonomy by appropriating the new rationalization procedures in order to limit their constraining dimension and even turn them into a new resource. Moreover, the organizational context creates new situations of cooperation leading to a reconfiguration of professional jurisdictions., Cette thèse étudie les effets des Maisons de Santé Pluriprofessionnelles, considérées comme un instrument d’action publique participant d’un processus de rationalisation du secteur ambulatoire. Introduites à la fin des années 2000 en France et regroupant des professionnels libéraux de soins primaires, principalement médecins généralistes et paramédicaux, ces nouvelles organisations sont présentées par l’État et une part croissante de professionnels comme l’une des principales réponses au problème d’accès aux soins, permettant d’attirer des médecins généralistes sur certains territoires et de faciliter le transfert de tâches vers d’autres professionnels. Dans un secteur à dominante libérale, le gouvernement a choisi une politique incitative et contractuelle pour encourager les professionnels à se regrouper en MSP, qui passe par une labellisation des structures par l’administration sanitaire et l’attribution de nouvelles rémunérations par l’assurance maladie s’ajoutant aux rémunérations individuelles et à l’acte des libéraux. Sans remettre en cause leur statut libéral, cette relation contractuelle s’accompagne de règles et procédures, inédites dans le secteur libéral, qui touchent à l’accès aux soins, aux types de soins et à la coordination entre professionnels. Comment expliquer que des professionnels libéraux acceptent de s’engager dans une relation contractuelle qui vient encadrer leur traditionnelle liberté d’exercice ? Quels sont les effets des nouvelles procédures sur leurs pratiques ? À travers une analyse sociologique qualitative aux niveaux national et local dans 6 MSP, nous montrons que les professionnels parviennent à maintenir leur autonomie en s’appropriant les nouvelles procédures de rationalisation pour en limiter la contrainte, voire en faire une nouvelle ressource. Le contexte organisationnel crée par ailleurs de nouvelles situations de coopération qui s’accompagnent d’une reconfiguration des territoires professionnels.

This chapter discusses the political and social contexts of understanding boundaries and borders and the philosophical understanding of categories of thinking as containers and a critique of the geometrisation and rationalisation of the experience of space It discusses a feminist critique of the involvement of depth psychology in maintaining traditional, societal discourses and a psychotherapeutic analysis of the defensiveness of psychotherapy as a discipline. The chapter discusses the shadows of the containing space that reveal some of its negative aspects or possible implications. The psyche-house as described by psychoanalysis has a structure, including the walls and layers. The individual came to be seen as possibly spatially ‘containable’, and this was established as the main aim of psychotherapeutic work. For successful and effective psychotherapeutic work, impingements may be as important as boundaries. For instance, some unplanned changes and unexpected events may bring surprisingly good results for the treatment.

Addressing the problem of the insider threat is multifaceted as it involves trusted individuals who have legitimate authorisation to the information resources of an organisation. It has been reasoned that understanding the catalysts, that is, motivation, rationalisation and opportunity that converge in a crime scenario, may assist in managing the problem. However, not all individuals who are motivated and in the presence of an opportunity for a crime will be maleficent. It is the rationalisation that intercedes in the decision-making step as to whether to commit a crime or not. Criminals must neutralise their feelings towards conformity using rationalisations or more specifically apply "techniques of neutralisation" (i.e. a set of rationalisation techniques), to engage in criminal activities. As the thought patterns and behaviour associated with the successful application of neutralisation techniques, appear to be characteristic of maladaptive behaviour, it may be contended that personality is a mediating factor in the process. This notion underpinned the theoretical basis of this research study which is founded on the socially aversive traits of the Dark Triad (DT), which may enable a dissociation with conformity thereby enhancing an insiders’ capacity to invoke techniques of neutralisation. However extant research shows these traits may be influenced by gender variations. Consequently, the goal of this research is to understand the joint effect of the traits of the DT and the techniques of neutralisation as moderated by gender from the perspective of an insider threat. The findings of this study may help in improving the management of insider threats.

This chapter is an abolitionist critique of penal ‘reform’ in India, wherein I suggest a reinterpretation of ‘reform’ not as an extension but rather a process of replacement, dismantling and elimination of the existing penal structures. Tracing the presence of principle of nonviolence (ahimsa) as an instrument of response to violence (himsa) and inegalitarianism in the Indian subcontinental cultural history by navigating through precolonial and colonial periods, I argue, by thinking through postcolonial and subaltern frameworks, that the existing penal structures and punishments are colonial products. Highlighting the role of the relationship between different social systems and rationalisation of violence in law for caging the subalterns and marginalised people, I contend that India needs decriminalisation, diversion and decarceration as apparatuses to decolonise criminal law so as to take the recourse of social justice and not criminal justice as a response to social deviance.

Why fund the deployment of a technology where, due to lack of infrastructure, it cannot physically function properly? If the objectives put forward by the World Bank, at the origin of the launch of the African Virtual University (AVU) in 1997, are to increase access to higher education in Africa coupled with economies of scale, the question arises as to what democratisation is hoped for when the means that should make it possible simply cannot function due to lack of infrastructure. This is evidenced by the failure of the AVU in economic and pedagogical terms (Loiret, 2007), in contrast to its continued development through its transformation into a pan-African intergovernmental organisation in 2002. Based on the concept of 'hypertelia' developed by Gilbert Simondon (1958) to designate the over-adaptation of a technical object in an environment unsuited to its functioning, this doctoral research proposes to understand the launch of the African Virtual University (AVU) as an anticipated introduction of ICTs and digital culture by the World Bank within traditional universities in sub-Saharan Africa, with the objective of commodising higher education. This objective is supported by the transformation of the AVU into an intergovernmental organisation which generates a myth (Barthes, 1957; Simondon, 1958) characterised by the separation of a primary form from its ideological background, which, thus liberated, can be attached to other forms, articulated to other backgrounds, and become a general trend. The AVU thus acquires a reason to be : to constitute a mythical form capable of conveying concepts that are transformed into tendencies in the form of structures., Pourquoi financer le déploiement d'une technologie là où, faute d'infrastructures, celle-ci ne peut matériellement pas fonctionner correctement ? Si les objectifs avancés par la Banque mondiale, à l'origine du lancement de l'Université Virtuelle Africaine (UVA) en 1997, sont l'augmentation de l'accès à l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique couplée à des économies d'échelles, la question se pose de savoir quelle démocratisation est espérée lorsque le moyen qui doit la rendre possible ne peut tout simplement pas fonctionner par manque d'infrastructures. En s'appuyant sur le concept d'« hypertélie » développé par Gilbert Simondon (1958) pour désigner la suradaptation d'un objet technique dans un milieu inadapté à son fonctionnement, cette recherche doctorale propose d'appréhender le lancement de l'Université Virtuelle Africaine (UVA) comme une introduction anticipée des TIC et de la culture numérique par la Banque mondiale au sein d'universités traditionnelles d'Afrique subsaharienne avec pour objectif la mise en marché de l'enseignement supérieur. Objectif soutenu par la transformation de l'UVA en organisation intergouvernementale qui génère un mythe (Barthes, 1957 ; Simondon, 1958) caractérisé par la séparation entre une forme première et son fond idéologique, qui, ainsi libéré, peut se fixer à d'autres formes, s'articuler à d'autres fonds, et devenir une tendance générale. L'UVA acquiert ainsi une raison d'être : constituer une forme mythique capable de véhiculer des concepts qui se transforment en tendances sous forme de structures.

International audience

International audience; La constance de la dénonciation du nombre « trop important » de diocèses en Italie a pu nourrir bien des procès d’inaction ou de timidité dans l’action réformatrice : la péninsule pourrait ainsi apparaître particulièrement rétive à la constitution de « nouveaux territoires diocésains ». La courbe du nombre de diocèses dans l’espace couvert aujourd’hui par l’Italie, établie pour les deux derniers siècles, montre pourtant une diminution irrécusable, d’un peu plus du tiers de l’effectif initial, qui suppose bien des réajustements territoriaux. Il apparaît toutefois qu’elle ne s’est opérée, formellement, que par à-coups, avec seulement deux grandes vagues de suppressions, en 1818 et 1986, séparées par un long palier où la situation paraît gelée – entre 310 et 330 diocèses, avec même une remontée des effectifs significative, quoique contenue, dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle – avant qu’un nouveau palier ne se dessine après 1986, autour de 225. Il convient de ne pas percevoir ici l’usage, explicite ou parfois quasi explicite, des concepts de « rationalité » ou de « rationalisation » (absente et à mettre en œuvre) comme un simple outil de diagnostic distancié. Nous proposons plutôt d’y voir un outil rhétorique, mobilisé parfois en toute sincérité, servant à subsumer des enjeux, des attentes, propres aux groupes de décideurs qui en font usage à un moment donné, et que l’on ne peut réduire à la seule quête d’une saine et efficace gestion, tant administrative que pastorale. C’est d’ailleurs, peut-être, parce que ce concept de rationalisation, dans son acception instrumentale, ne parvient pas à résoudre toutes les contradictions ou à dépasser les singularités présentes dans la façon de concevoir le rapport au territoire, qu’il a échoué à provoquer une table rase similaire à celles qu’a connues la France révolutionnaire et consulaire.

International audience; A number of authors have recently advanced a 'disjunctivist' view of the rationalising explanation of action, on which rationalisations of the form 'S A'd because p' are explanations of a fundamentally different kind from rationalisations of the form ‘S A’d because she believed that p’. Less attempt has been made to explicitly articulate the case against this view. This paper seeks to remedy that situation. I develop a detailed version of what I take to be the basic argument against disjunctivism, drawing on a framework of explanatory proportionality. The disjunctivist cannot reject this framework, I argue, because they need it to respond to another challenge, from psychological individualism. As I explain, however, the proportionality-based challenge is not in principle insurmountable, and I outline a number of ways in which a case for disjunctivism might be developed in response to it. The paper thus clarifies the dialectic around disjunctivism about the rationalisation of action and, specifically, what advocates of the view must do in order to make a compelling case for it.

The commissioning of manufacturing plants is considered a complex and at the same time critical phase in the life cycle of a production system, because errors and delays lead to long downtimes and cost-intensive re-work at the start of production. Optimizations and rationalisation of this phase can be implemented by employing the idea of virtual commissioning. This paper summarises conceptual approaches to virtual commissioning and concertises them with the help of subject-oriented process models. As reference models, these depict the plant design process and demonstrate the advantage of virtual commissioning in terms of time, cost, and quality. The discussion along recognised quality criteria show that the reference model is suitable for providing orientation for the people involved in the plant engineering process and that the model can be used to support the creation of company-specific models.

Licensing regimes form an integral part of Australia’s Twin Peaks system of financial regulation. This article surveys three of the different licensing regimes that were particularly relevant to the Financial Services Royal Commission: the Australian Financial Services Licence (AFSL); the Australian Credit Licence (ACL); and the Registrable Superannuation Entity (RSE). Taking into account the recent changes to regulation of superannuation in the Financial Sector Reform (Hayne Royal Commission Response) Act 2020 (Cth), the article analyses the structure and content of these three regimes, and their broader regulatory context, to determine whether there is scope to consolidate, rationalise, and harmonise these licensing regimes. From that survey, the article concludes that there is scope for rationalisation of the AFSL and ACL regimes, but that the RSE licensing regime should continue to be separate.

The aim of the article is to provide a rationalisation of different approaches that courts, especially those possessing constitutional review functions, commonly develop when facing scientifically complex issues. In the light of this, the impact of scientific complexity will be particularly weighted, particularly focussing on how the latter can influence the axiological assessment made by courts and how it shapes the entire attitude of courts, especially in the light of guaranteeing the margin of appreciation of legislatures. In the light of this, the analysis will start by focusing on the approach taken by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR); subsequently it will shift to the national level by analysing cases resulting from three contexts where scientific complexity and axiological pluralism achieve the highest level of relevance and interconnection: assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), surrogacy and end of life decisions.

In this chapter, I highlight issues around premarital sex, a prevalent practice under the reform among young people, to uncover how it creates new dilemmas for young women of this age as they negotiate between moralism and realism in terms of their premarital sexual conduct. I focus on their narratives about the stigma attached to premarital abortion and women’s interpretations of ‘responsible motherhood’ in order to reveal the specific Chinese characteristics of their rationalisation of reproductive choice.

The determination of the objectives of vocational education and training has always been characterised by the tension between the educational objectives aimed at the development of the personality and qualification requirements of the world of work and the (training) objectives derived from these. In the vocational education discussion, a large number of attempts can be made to resolve this tension in the form of a holistic vocational training concept (Heid, 1999; Ott, 1998). The tradition of mastery (in the broader sense) is often referred to as an example of holistic vocational training. Richard Sennett has examined the social-historical and philosophical roots of mastery in his book Handwerk and has attributed it a significance that goes far beyond institutionalised craftsmanship by opposing mastery to the world of fragmented skills (Sennett, 2008). The emphatic formula of ‘education in the medium of occupation’ probably best represents the ever-new attempts to reconcile education and qualification (Blankertz, 1972). With his deskilling thesis, Harry Braverman classifies such attempts as idealistic misconceptions of reality in the work environment, which is based on the principle of deskilling, at least in industrial work with its processes of the progressive mechanisation of human labour—and subject to the conditions of capitalist value realisation (Braverman, 1974). In the sociological studies initiated by the Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training Research (BBF) in 1969 on changes in qualification requirements in industrial technical work, the authors confirm this thesis or modify it to form the so-called polarisation thesis, according to which the larger number of those deskilled is contrasted by the smaller number of those more highly qualified: the winners of rationalisation (Baethge et al., 1976; Kern & Schumann, 1970). This stance can occasionally be found in more recent contributions to the discussion. Nico Hirtt sees the Anglo-Saxon tradition of ‘competency-based education’ as an expression of the ‘marketisation of education’ and as a response to a technologically and economically induced ‘low skilled work force’ (Hirtt, 2011, 172).

Cilj je ovoga rada otvaranje prostora mogućoj revitalizaciji religije izvan ideološkoga koncepta dijalektike suvremenoga društva, a unutar povijesnoga konteksta specifičnoga značenja sekularizacije religije. Razumijevanje religije nužno ostaje s onu stranu dijalektike svjetovnosti, s obzirom na to da religija ne ovisi o toj dijalektici nego o Svetom i njegovu razumijevanju. Bez njega bili bismo u situaciji »stalnog vraćanja istoga« koje u sebi ima i negativne posljedice na čovjekov život u vidu suvremenih modernih ideologija. Iz navedenoga proizlazi potreba za višedimenzionalnim teorijskim pristupima proizišlima iz složenosti društvenih prilika i različitih razvojnih puteva religije u suvremenosti. Time nam teorijski pristupi religiji u suvremenom društvu, koji su analizirani na temelju dominantnih teorija, ponajprije funkcionalizma, fenomenologije i neoweberijanizma, pokazuju različite paradigme kroz različita razumijevanja sekularizacije i revitalizacije religije., This paper aims to pave the way for religion’s potential revitalisation – outside of the ideological concept of the dialectics of contemporary society and within the historical context of the specific meaning of the secularisation of religion. Accordingly, in its understanding of religion, this paper’s discussion necessarily remains beyond the dialectics of secularity, since religion is not dependent on that kind of dialectics, but on the Sacred and its comprehension. Without the Sacred, we would be in a situation of ‘reoccurring of the same’, as a result of which contemporary modern ideologies would negatively influence the life of the individual. The aforementioned then points to the need for multi-dimensional theoretical approaches resulting from the intricate social circumstances and various development courses of individual religions in the contemporary world. In this way the theoretical approaches to religion in contemporary society, primarily analysed based on prevalent theories of functionalism, phenomenology and the neo-Weberian tradition, exhibit diverse paradigms in their different explanations of the secularisation and revitalisation of religion.

The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview to workplace innovation research and to rationalise the book’s focus. Growth trajectories and key knowledge clusters were uncovered by a citation network generated from 144 workplace innovation publications sourced from a systematic literature search executed in the Scopus database. The analysis identified the presence of six main knowledge clusters residing in leadership and organisational culture; forms of work organisation and quality of work; employee participation; occupational stress; occupational safety including health innovation and innovation in the social aspects of organisation. Future research areas were suggested in terms of level of analysis in research designs, organisational behaviour and practice, research contexts and research design methods. These provided the rationalisation of the book’s focus which is organised under the following six areas: workplace innovation in contexts, determinants, processes, outcomes, transformations and ecosystems.

The chapter presents the evaluation and selection of the most desired global transportation systems of goods’ delivery for the company operating in the household appliances industry. Pursuant to the company policy, some of the manufacturing components are being delivered from the Far East, in particular from the factory located in China. Such delivery process involves a lot of difficulties resulting from the distance, which also affects the transportation time. In order to reduce the negative influence of all these aspects on the other processes inside the company (e.g. number of stock in storage) Plant Director (acting as a Decision Maker DM) decided to look for alternative solutions aiming at minimisation of the stock in storage, such as rationalisation of the delivery method and optimisation of the costs and time of delivery, thereby increasing its security and timeliness. In order to evaluate the possible global transportation systems, the number of calculations have been performed including different methodologies, in particular the scoring method represented by the classical approach to decision making and Promethee II method (the ranking method used in Multi-Criteria Decision Making/Aiding methodology, one of the tool of Intelligent Decision Making). As a result of the computational experiments the final rankings of the global transportation systems have been generated, enabling DM the choice of the most accurate transportation solution.

NAB’s acquisition strategy had generally been aimed at enhancing the Group’s position within its chosen markets through the purchase of retail banks with strong retail customer franchises. It had also focused on building key capabilities and developing critical mass in selected financial services activities through acquisitions and internal growth. NAB’s ability to participate in further rationalisation of the banking industry in Australia had been constrained by the prohibition of the merger of major banks in Australia by the Commonwealth Government. So it looked elsewhere. An international network was built by the end of last century, and plans to go and grow further were in progress.

Hydraulic engineering infrastructure is supposed to keep functioning for many years and is likely to interfere with both the natural and the social environment at various scales. Due to its long life-cycle, hydraulic infrastructure is bound to face changing environmental conditions as well as changes in societal views on acceptable solutions. This implies that sustainability and adaptability are/should be important attributes of the design, the development and operation of hydraulic engineering infrastructure. Sustainability and adaptability are central to the Building with Nature (BwN) approach. Although nature-based design philosophies, such as BwN, have found broad support, a key issue that inhibits a wider mainstream implementation is the lack of a method to objectify BwN concepts. With objectifying, we mean turning the implicit into an explicit engineerable ‘object’, on the one hand, and specifying clear design ‘objectives’, on the other. This paper proposes the “Frame of Reference” approach as a method to systematically transform BwN concepts into functionally specified engineering designs. It aids the rationalisation of BwN concepts and facilitates the transfer of crucial information between project development phases, which benefits the uptake, acceptance and eventually the successful realisation of BwN solutions. It includes an iterative approach that is well suited for assessing status changes of naturally dynamic living building blocks of BwN solutions. The applicability of the approach is shown for a case that has been realised in the Netherlands. Although the example is Dutch, the method, as such, is generically applicable.

The period just after the first theft is committed is critical for whether the offender will decide to continue to steal. This decision may occur after the offender has paid back the stolen funds to fulfil the rationalisation that they were only borrowing the funds. The offender is attempting to determine whether the organisation realises their funds have been stolen, and if not, why not? When there is no response, the offender often experiences an emotional reaction to the theft and develops confidence that the theft won’t be detected which then allows them to consider what they will do next. If they have successfully paid back the stolen funds, this will feed into their decision-making process.

Ce chapitre cherche à comprendre par quels processus l'aide apportée aux personnes âgées peut être transformée par l'utilisation d'objets connectés. Pour ce faire, on rappellera dans une première partie les caractéristiques de ce "travail de femme". On verra ainsi comment la division sexuelle du travail conduit à assigner aux femmes l'aide aux personnes âgées, et on soulignera les effets de cette partition de genre, tout particulièrement le déni du travail effectué dans la sphère privée domestique. Puis, dans une deuxième partie, on montrera comment les objets connectés sont actuellement porteurs d'une rationalisation de type industriel, ayant comme résultat de renforcer l'invisibilité des tâches les plus caractéristiques de ce "travail de femme". On s'interrogera pour terminer sur les conditions auxquelles ces objets pourraient au contraire être porteurs d'améliorations des conditions de travail et d'une meilleure reconnaissance du "travail de femme".

In mathematics education, there is general agreement regarding the significance of mathematical literacy (also quantitative literacy or numeracy) for informed citizenship, which often requires evaluating the use of numbers in public policy discourse. We hold that such an evaluation must accommodate the necessarily fragile relation between the information that numbers are taken to carry and the policy decisions they are meant to support. In doing so, attention needs to be paid to differences inhowthat relation is formed. With this in mind, we investigated a public discourse that heavily relied on numbers in the context of introducing, maintaining, and easing the rules and regulations directed to contain the spread of the virus SARS-CoV-2 during the first epidemic wave of COVID-19 in Germany with its peak in early April 2020. We used a public-service broadcasting outlet as data. Our theoretical stance is affiliated with post-structuralist discourse theory. As an outcome, we identified four major related strategies of using numbers, which we namedrationalisation,contrast,associationandrecharging. In our view explicit attention to these strategies as well as identifying new ones can aid the task of furthering critical mathematical literacy.

International audience; Since the 1970s, environmental policies have experienced a “liberal turn” underlined by scientific, law and market dynamics that result in the rise of market-based environmental policies. Applying a Weberian sociology of rationalization to endangered species conservation banks in the United States, this article questions such policy choices. First, it shows how applications of environmental law incur a restrictive definition of legal categories—the natural elements to be protected—according to a value-based hierarchy. Second, financing circuits and profitability factors that incentivize the participation of financial investors in the implementation of environmental policies are analyzed. This reveals how only a reduced number of federally listed endangered species are attractive therefore actually protected. Exploring the tension between abstract legal principles and their material rationalization in the making of economic transactions, a Weberian approach thus highlights the limiting effects on nature protection of market dynamics.; Desde los años 70, las políticas medioambientales han experimentado un «giro liberal» bajo la acción combinada de la ciencia, el derecho y el mercado, lo que ha dado lugar a un aumento de los instrumentos económicos producidos en respuesta a los problemas medioambientales. Este artículo cuestiona la pertinencia de dicha orientación aplicando la sociología weberiana de las racionalizaciones a los bancos de especies en peligro de extinción, que son un instrumento económico de protección de la naturaleza desarrollado en Estados Unidos. En primer lugar, muestra cómo los ámbitos de aplicación del derecho ambiental forman parte de una definición restrictiva de los objetos del derecho, es decir, de las categorías que deben protegerse, que se sustenta en una jerarquía de valores atribuidos a la naturaleza. En segundo lugar, se analizan los canales de financiación y los factores de rentabilidad que organizan la participación de los inversores privados en la aplicación de las políticas, y se pone de manifiesto el hecho de que un número limitado de especies amenazadas son atractivas y, por tanto, están efectivamente protegidas. Al invitarnos a examinar la tensión entre los principios abstractos del derecho y su racionalización material en el desarrollo de los intercambios de mercado, la sociología weberiana revela así los efectos reductores de la conservación de la naturaleza basada en el mercado.; Depuis les années 1970, les politiques environnementales sont le lieu d’un « tournant libéral » sous l’action conjuguée des sphères de la science, du droit et du marché, qui se traduit par une recrudescence d’instruments économiques produits en réponse à des problèmes environnementaux. Cet article interroge la pertinence d’une telle orientation en appliquant la sociologie wébérienne des rationalisations aux banques d’espèces menacées d’extinction, un instrument économique de protection de la nature développé aux États-Unis. Premièrement, il montre comment les domaines d’application du droit de l’environnement participent à une définition restrictive des objets du droit, c’est-à-dire des catégories à protéger, sous-tendue par une hiérarchie de valeurs attachées à la nature. Deuxièmement, il analyse les circuits de financement et les facteurs de rentabilité qui organisent la participation d’investisseurs privés dans la mise en œuvre de la politique, et met en évidence le fait qu’un nombre restreint d’espèces menacées sont attractives et donc effectivement protégées. En invitant à se pencher sur la tension entre les principes abstraits du droit et leur rationalisation matérielle dans le développement d’échanges marchands, la sociologie wébérienne donne ainsi à voir les effets réducteurs de la protection de la nature par le marché.

This thesis paper is a historical study that examines the labor political issues which the movement of Swedish trade unions faced between the years 1966–1985. How did they understand and formulate these problems and what solutions did they present? “The good work” (“Det goda arbetet”) was one such solution which was introduced in 1985 by The Union of Industrial Metalworkers (Metallindustriarbetareförbundet). This thesis explores the underlying ideas and the history behind this visionary program and how it took inspiration from the ideological developments of the previous decades. This is done by analysing four conference reports published in association with yearly union conferences between 1966 and 1985. These reports center around themes of technological development, working conditions, worker power and self determination to name a few. The analysis focuses on the labor political issues that arose after the establishment of the “Swedish model” and the post-war era economic boom. One of the major ideological developments during the 1960s was the backlash against the fordist model of production and the critique of rationalisation of work in general. This is shown to be one the major shifts in thinking about work which leads towards the development of solutions such as “The good work” during the 1970s and 80s. Furthermore, it is shown how “The good work” was linked historically to alienation theory and sociological research during the period. The key conclusions from the analysis focus on how worker discontent during the late 1960s led to massive labor political reforms during the 1970s along with the larger project of democratising the workplace gaining new life. This development, however, took a turn in 1976 when the social democratic party lost their first election in nearly 40 years. The analysis of the report by The Union of Industrial Metalworkers from 1985 shows the vision of “The good work” as they formulated it to be stuck between two separate eras. On the one hand it was still in conversation with the left-wing project of advancing labor power and democracy from the 1970s. On the other it had to confront the new political landscape of the 1980s and the right-wing turn towards neoliberalism.

Given the changes in motivation to steal, offenders need to reconsider whether the same or a different approach to stealing from the organisation is required. The factors that can determine this decision will be whether the previous approach will give the level of funds required by the motivation on an ongoing basis, the confidence they have in this strategy and whether there are less risky alternatives. Once a strategy is settled upon, offenders decide when to start stealing regularly and whether they should continue to attempt to pay back the stolen funds to fulfil the common rationalisation that they are just borrowing the funds.

Departing from the fact that László Moholy-Nagy’s Von Material zu Architektur (1929), had been an important source of inspiration for Alvar Aalto, this article examines the affinities between László Moholy-Nagy and Alvar Aalto’s intellectual positions. The article places emphasis on two particular ideas: how Aalto and Moholy-Nagy conceived the connection of biology with standardization and technology and its relationship to light and perception. Special attention is paid to the notions of “flexible standardisation” and rationalisation in Aalto’s thought, as well as to his belief that nature and standardization should be conceived are closely interconnected. In regard to their shared intellectual development, the article sheds light on the first encounters of the two men including: their meeting at the second Congrès International de l’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) in 1929; the June 1931 Finish meeting of Aino Marsio-Aalto, Alvar Aalto, Moholy-Nagy and Ellen Frank; the June 1931 exchanges between Aalto and Moholy-Nagy during the inner circle CIAM meeting in Berlin; and the common stay of the Aaltos and Moholy-Nagy in London in 1933 are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on Aalto’s “The Reconstruction of Europe is the Key Problem for the Architecture of Our Time”, in which he argued that standardization in architecture should draw upon biological models., Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research, 17 (1)

The RGR framework was synthesised using the ‘construction as simile’ framework with specific reflections on ‘construction as biological cells’ simile. A generic blueprint of the model vis-a-vis a write-up was developed to explore its relevance, validity, and applicability as a precursor to an industry survey. The purpose of this study was to assess the comprehensibility of the blueprint. Seven professionals from Tier 1 construction companies, large client organisations, and regulatory authorities were chosen to review the blueprint. Three rounds of reviews were conducted each involving two reviewers at a time integrating feedback received in subsequent reviews. Feedback received identified the need to tone the descriptions to a neutral, non-construction, non-verbiage blueprint. This resulted in further reflections of the concepts leading to further refinement. Additionally, this analysis led to the rationalisation of a global set of ‘tools’ (concepts) for cellular replication effectiveness and efficiency which are to be explored in the near future. The peer review indicates progress is in the right direction with some reviewers already describing the implementation aspect of this framework to construction encouraging. While the authors profess likely wider application of this model to construction, this study is limited to the issue of developing a generic and a refined blueprint of the RGR framework so to as develop a construction-specific blueprint for application post a detailed industry survey.

This article explores the experiences of HIV-positive adolescents disclosing their status to romantic partners in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Disclosure of HIV status continues to be one of the most pressing issues facing adolescents, especially those in relationships, yet health care workers have minimal tailored guidance on how to approach this except to encourage full disclosure. Motives for disclosure were: guilty conscience; legal and ethical obligations; preventing partners being infected; and supportive people, honesty and trust. Disclosure was done on a one-on-one basis in public spaces such as roadsides where the adolescents usually met, or in health care facilities through the help of health care workers, and through mobile phones using WhatsApp. Results revealed that disclosure was associated with negative and positive outcomes ranging from disruption of relationships, depression, breaches of confidential information and, in some instances, relationship and marriage assurance. However, results clearly showed that adolescents living with HIV struggle with disclosure because the process is complex and loaded with emotions and the outcomes can be unpredictable and difficult to handle. Optimism towards treatment, social support, rationalisation, and social comparison through attributing new meanings to the disease were employed to deal with negative outcomes of disclosure. Therefore, the development and implementation of evidence-based initiatives to raise awareness and train the youth to disclose is recommended. Through their experiences, we can learn what works well and what needs to be strengthened.

The aim of this chapter will be to employ a Strategy as Practice (SasP) perspective to consider the organisation’s ‘Asset Optimisation Process’ (AOP). The AOP process was a rationalisation of products and production capacity that was conducted within the organisation. The rationalisation outcome was delayed, subverted and reconfigured by networks of middle managers, trade unions and other actors. The chapter will draw upon and inform SasP literature (e.g., Nicolini, Organization Studies, 30(12), 1391–1418, 2009, Practice theory, work, and organization: An introduction, Oxford University Press; Whittington, Long Range Planning, 29(5), 731–735, 1996, Organization Studies, 27(5), 613–634, 2006) and combine Actor-Network Theory perspectives with SasP (see Nicolini 2012). By using ethnography in an insider account the chapter will demonstrate how practices are constructed and deployed as well as how a SasP perspective can be applied by researchers in other organisational settings.

This paper employs cognitive dissonance theory to investigate the mediating effect of Overcompensation of Rationalisation (OCR) on instrumental climate and escalation of corruption relationship. Moreover, this study examines the role of loyalty as a moderator to reduce the impact of instrumental climate on OCR. This study uses laboratory experiments with 94 master’s degree students as participants. The results show that OCR fully mediates the relationship between the instrumental climate and the escalation of corruption. Instrumental climate leads an individual to OCR, which impacts on the corruption escalation. The analysis also shows that loyalty can moderate the effect of instrumental climate on OCR. It indicates that a level of loyalty enables an individual to filter the impact of instrumental climate on OCR. Besides, the intention of corruption also contributes to the escalation and snowballing effect of corruption. Surprisingly, it is also found that individuals with their experiences tend to be more expert, skilful, and efficient in committing acts of corruption. Those enable the perpetrator to be corrupt smoothly; the amount of corruption, in aggregate, is more massive without the increase of maximum scores so it can lead the evaluator on.

The emergence of e-HRM in tourism and hospitality industry in Sinai of Egypt depicts the challenges in competency, performance and compensation associated with progressing the human resource function towards handling the effective managerial decisions. The emergence leads to a variety of investment vehicles evolving a competitive and user friendly tool which is available for anytime, anywhere access. Thus, the delicate situations of dependency on person-based decision-making, which is highly pervasive on memory and mood consistencies for making judgements are regularised and facilitated by data. Thus, puzzles and mathematical reliance on human-based sincerities are delinked and merged to machine-based delivery, subjected to auditing at varied levels of inputs and alerts. Many intuitive, heuristics and biases that deviate the rationalisation of decision-making process are leveraged and captured continuously so that various possibilities can be formed as an algorithm at later stages. These determine the tendency to bond stronger on technology reliability. The competitiveness among decision-makers to tackle situation is completely matched to performance dependent and competency of the resources applied to the activity of deployment. The evolved system is through the stakeholders’ inputs through ‘one-to-one’, ‘one-to-many’ and ‘many-to-one’ of the tour management team, with vital inclusive of the guest responses which make it as an essential connect in the genesis for understanding the market segment for the content knowledge on the guests’ profile, behaviour and preferences expected. Sinai of Egypt is a nice place for tourism, it’s a paradise in offering, with places such as Sharm El Sheikh, Naama Bay, Ras Mohammed National Park, Mount Sinai, St Catherine’s Monastery and Resorts of Dahab, Nuweiba and Taba for travellers to choose a wide range of plush five-star resorts at relatively low prices, with good weather, beyond sea-and-sand. The News media Harteez in the year 2019 had quoted that according to the Egyptian Tourism Ministry, the tourism industry had brought in $12 billion in 2018, which a mere half during the previous year. This potential can be harnessed with the adorable use of technology which can help this industry to reach unlimited geography and bring travel and leisure customers to enjoy the beauty of the creator.

This paper outlines the theoretical concept of the “saviour vision”, aligning with Weber, and applies it to the “save the planet” narrative surrounding the ecological crisis faced within contemporary society. The paradoxical core of this saviour vision is highlighted through a reading of Plato’sPhilebus.

This article starts by claiming that there is something uncanny in the persistent and even increasing actuality of Weber, given that he not only set up a sociological framework particularly helpful to understand the stakes of the current worldwide lockdown, but that he died a hundred years ago in a truly devastating influenza epidemics. It then argues in some details about the continued relevance of some of Weber’s most important concepts, such as rationalisation, bureaucratisation, charisma, the iron cage, and instrumental rationality, though also exposing their occasional limits. Stepping back from the argument, the article explores the question of what it means to go beyond Weber’s words in the spirit of Weber. The concluding comments venture the idea that the forces behind the escalation of the current madness are set to work on the destruction of humanity.

Depuis une dizaine d’années, l’arbre est au cœur de mots d’ordre attirant l’attention sur la dégradation des environnements menacés par l’industrialisation et la financiarisation de la nature. Une lutte pour et par l’arbre prend ainsi corps dans un espace public traversé par des revendications multiples politiques, écologiques, sociales. L’arbre en est à la fois l’objet, le partenaire et la figure de proue. Cet article explore une forme de lutte pour et avec un arbre singulier et « attachant », le châtaignier. En suivant ses humains – ceux qui en ont parlé et ceux qui en ont vécu dans un des territoires qui lui reste dédié, l’Ardèche – il montre comment, le châtaignier apparaît comme la figure même de la résistance et de la générosité, liant et rassemblant les hommes. L’arbre et sa société – la châtaigneraie – ont été engagés dans des luttes collectives menées avec opiniâtreté et génie, contre la misère et un découpage un peu trop pur du monde, qui n’est pas sans faire écho aux luttes actuelles. For the past ten years or so, the tree has been at the heart of watchwords drawing attention to the degradation of environments threatened by the industrialization and financialization of nature. A struggle for and through trees is taking shape in a public space crossed by multiple political, ecological and social demands. The tree is at the same time the object, the partner and the figurehead of this struggle. This article explores a form of struggle for and with a singular and “endearing” tree, the chestnut tree. By following its humans —those who have talked about it and those who have lived in one of the territories that remains dedicated to it, the Ardèche— it shows how the chestnut tree appears as the very figure of resistance and generosity, binding and bringing humans together. The tree and its society —the chesnut forest— have been engaged in collective struggles led with determination and genius, against misery and a somewhat too pure division of the world, which echoes current struggles.

International audience; Le récent développement d’une maîtrise d’ouvrage revendiquant un fort engagement face aux enjeux environnementaux apparaît comme une réponse alternative aux montages d’opération traditionnels. Nous étudierons ainsi dans cet article le cas de la Foncière Chênelet, un bailleur qui se présente comme monteur de projet sociétal autour du logement social et témoigne d’une approche holistique des enjeux de la durabilité dans ce secteur d’activité. Afin d’interroger comment ce positionnement se concrétise dans le domaine opérationnel d’une part, et ses incidences sur les formes architecturales, urbaines et paysagères, sur les métiers de la production de l’espace et sur les modes d’habiter, d’autre part, nous nous pencherons sur le modèle d’habitat développé par la Foncière Chênelet, et plus particulièrement sur une opération exemplaire de sa démarche.

Several religious and theological approaches to culture in African studies have assessed the idea of inculturation as a helpless incorporation of cultural values from one culture into another. We showed in this article that this is a limited perspective to the process of inculturation, and that this limitation is the reason for the failure of several attempts at inculturation. We assessed inculturation from the angle of marketisation of cultures, and we argued that the adoption or adaptation of cultural elements from one culture into another should be an agentic rationalisation process. The article demonstrated that the rationalisation process is validated by pre-adoption pragmatic experiences or expectations such that the feature(s) being adopted has either initially proven – or at least is expected – to be more useful than what it is meant to replace or enhance. We concluded that a rationalisation approach to inculturation is based on an initial recognition of conceptual entities and practices, the need to adopt them, and a follow-up justification for this need. Without such perspective, an inculturation effort will not be successfully completed, sustainable or mutually respectful. Contribution: Our primary contribution is that we tried to provide broad, agentic, rational approach to inculturation. This contribution is important in sub-fields of Christian Church History and Philosophy of Religion. It properly aligns with this journal’s focus on history of religions, as well as phenomenology, and philosophy of religion(s).

Contrairement aux avocats qui travaillent en cabinet, les juristes d’entreprise font partie des organisations qu’ils conseillent. À partir du cas d’un service juridique d’une grande enseigne de la distribution, nous montrons comment les juristes gèrent la tension entre leur aspiration à l’autonomie professionnelle et les contraintes inhérentes au travail en col blanc au sein de grandes organisations. Pour être en mesure de formuler efficacement des prescriptions auprès des non-juristes, la direction juridique étudiée s’engage dans la voie de la routinisation de ses pratiques. Cette organisation du travail, qui se double d’une forte hiérarchisation, provoque un sentiment de déqualification chez les juristes subalternes, qui varie toutefois en fonction de leur trajectoire professionnelle. Unlike lawyers who work in law firms, in-house lawyers belong to the organizations they advise. Based on the case of the legal department of a large retailer, I show how lawyers cope with the tension between their aspiration for professional autonomy and the inherent constraints of white-collar work in large organizations. To be able to formulate effective prescriptions affecting laypeople, the legal department I studied chose to routinize its practices. This work organization, which is coupled with a strong hierarchy, causes junior lawyers to feel deskilled. However, this feeling varies according to their professional trajectory. Contrariamente a los abogados que trabajan en bufetes, los juristas de empresa forman parte de las organizaciones a las que asesoran. A partir del caso de un servicio jurídico de una gran marca de la distribución, mostramos cómo los abogados manejan la tensión entre su aspiración a la autonomía profesional y las obligaciones inherentes al trabajo de oficina dentro de grandes organizaciones. Para tener la posibilidad de formular eficazmente instrucciones ante los que no son abogados, la dirección jurídica estudiada participa en la vía de la rutinización de sus prácticas. Esta organización del trabajo, que se duplica con una fuerte jerarquización, provoca un sentimiento de descalificación entre los abogados subalternos, aunque varía en función de su trayectoria profesional.