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Purpose: The non‐uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) involves interpolation of non‐uniformly sampled Fourier data onto a Cartesian grid, an interpolation that is slowed by complex, non‐local data access patterns. A faster NUFFT would increase the clinical relevance of the plethora of advanced non‐Cartesian acquisition methods. Methods: Here we customize the NUFFT procedure for a radial trajectory and GPU architecture to eliminate the bottlenecks encountered when allowing for arbitrary trajectories and hardware. We call the result TRON, for TRajectory Optimized NUFFT. We benchmark the speed and accuracy TRON on a Shepp‐Logan phantom and on whole‐body continuous golden‐angle radial MRI. Results: TRON was 6–30× faster than the closest competitor, depending on test data set, and was the most accurate code tested. Conclusions: Specialization of the NUFFT algorithm for a particular trajectory yielded significant speed gains. TRON can be easily extended to other trajectories, such as spiral and PROPELLER. TRON can be downloaded at http://github.com/davidssmith/TRON. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • 3D Ultrashort echo time imaging. • Multiple spin echo refocusing. • B 0 shifts correction. • Multiple T 2 component analysis. • Wood cell wall water and cell cavity water evaluation. Abstract T 2 relaxation time measurement is a powerful tool to distinguish signal components in porous media. As T 2 weighting is generally achieved by spin-echo based methods, it is very challenging to capture very short T 2 relaxation time components, approximately 1 ms, with high resolution spatial encoding. It is especially challenging when T 2 relaxation times of the other signal components are not known a priori. We propose a method, combining ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging with multiple spin echo refocusing, to generate a series of images with T 2 weighting. The T 2 decay curves for each image voxel were extracted, and multiple T 2 relaxation components were quantitatively evaluated. The method has been applied to a fast relaxation system, namely, moisture content in wood samples to differentiate cell wall (bound) water and cell cavity (lumen) water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Few systematic structure–property-processing correlations for directionally freeze-cast biopolymer scaffolds are reported. Such correlations are critical to enable scaffold design with attractive structural and mechanical cues in vivo. This study focuses on freeze-cast collagen scaffolds with three different applied cooling rates (10, 1, and 0.1 °C/min) and two freezing directions (longitudinal and radial). A semi-automated approach for the structural characterization of fully hydrated scaffolds by confocal microscopy is developed to facilitate an objective quantification and comparison of structural features. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy and compression testing are performed longitudinally and transversely. Structural and mechanical properties are determined on dry and fully hydrated scaffolds. Longitudinally frozen scaffolds have aligned and regular pores while those in radially frozen ones exhibit greater variations in pore geometry and alignment. Lamellar spacing, pore area, and cell wall thickness increase with decreasing cooling rate: in longitudinally frozen scaffolds from 25 µm to 83.5 µm, from 814 µm2 to 8452 µm2, and from 4.21 µm to 10.4 µm, and in radially frozen ones, from 69 µm to 116 µm, from 7679 µm2 to 25,670 µm2, and from 6.18 µm to 13.6 µm, respectively. Both longitudinally and radially frozen scaffolds possess higher mechanical property values, when loaded parallel rather than perpendicular to the ice-crystal growth direction. Modulus and yield strength range from 779 kPa to 4700 kPa and from 38 kPa to 137 kPa, respectively, as a function of cooling rate and freezing direction. Collated, the correlations obtained in this study enable the custom-design of freeze-cast collagen scaffolds, which are ideally suited for a large variety of tissue regeneration applications. Graphical abstract fx1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Upper extremity arterial access is often required for endovascular procedures, especially for antegrade access to the visceral aortic branches. Radial arterial access has been shown previously to have low complication rates, and patients tolerate the procedure well and are able to recover quickly. However, transradial access remains relatively uncommon amongst vascular surgeons.Methods: The radial artery was evaluated by ultrasound to evaluate for adequate caliber, and to identify any aberrant anatomy or arterial loops. A modified Barbeau test was performed to ensure sufficient collateral circulation. A cocktail of nitroglycerin, verapamil and heparin was administered intra-arterially to combat vasospasm. Sheaths up to 6 French were utilized for interventions. On completion of the procedure, a compression band was used for hemostasis in all cases.Results: Twenty-five interventions were performed in 24 patients. The left radial artery was used in 23/25 cases (92.0%). Procedures included visceral and renal artery interventions; stent graft repair of a renal artery aneurysm; embolization of splenic, pancreaticoduodenal and internal mammary aneurysms; embolization of bilateral hypogastric arteries following blunt pelvic trauma; interventions for peripheral arterial disease; delivery of a renal snorkel graft during endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, and access for diagnostic catheters during thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Technical success was 92.0%. There was one post-operative radial artery occlusion (4.3%) which led to paresthesias but resolved with anticoagulation. There were no instances of arterial rupture, hematoma, or hand ischemia requiring intervention.Conclusions: Using the transradial approach, we have demonstrated a high technical success rate over a range of clinical contexts with minimal morbidity and no significant complications such as bleeding or hand ischemia. The safety profile compares favorably to historical complication rates from brachial access. Radial access is a safe and useful skill for vascular surgeons to master. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Radial head arthroplasty is used in the treatment of nonreconstructible radial head fractures. Although traditional implants have been loosely fixed, smooth stemmed implants functioning more as spacers, modern designs have introduced press-fit, tapered implants that articulate at the capitellum with more rigidly maintained congruity. Cemented implants also use rigid initial fixation. This study was conducted to help determine which fixation method results in better functional outcomes: "fixed" or "unfixed." Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was used. We identified 63 articles via 3 databases. Ten non-English or articles with insufficient text were excluded, and 17 others did not contain sufficient data or follow-up. The remaining 36 articles were qualitatively and quantitatively reviewed. Results We identified 36 populations, with 878 unduplicated patients: 522 fixed and 356 unfixed. Respectively, mean follow-up in months was 46.2 and 37.4. Average Mayo Elbow Performance Scores were 85.9 and 88.2 (P =.08). Average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores were 17.1 and 18.7 (P =.47). Average final flexion/extension arcs were 119.1° and 115.8° (P =.08). Revision rates were 7.9% and 3.1%, and complication rates were 25.5% and 13.2%. Relative risks of revision and complications for the fixed cohort were 2.48 (P =.006) and 1.88 (P < 0.0001), respectively. Conclusions Implant fixation type does not appear to affect functional outcomes of radial head arthroplasty. However, rigidly fixing the implant may increase the risks of revision and complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 4D gravity or time lapse gravity has been used many reseracher to identify fluid injection in oil reservoir. The objective of this study is to find the better way in interpreting 4D gravity anomaly due to fluid injection around the reservoir. Radial Derivatives are derivative values of gravity anomalies against horizontal distances in the radial direction. Radial inversion is a two-dimensional inversion of lines with radial directions resulting in a 3-dimension model. Time lapse microgravity research have been performed in "X Oil Field" with amount of 604 data point covering area of 4000 m x 5000 m. This Radial derivative and Radial inversion have been aplied at an injection well of the X oil field. The yield show that 4D gravity anomaly value due to injection is 0.02 mGal to 0.36 mGal. Radial derivative value in the area is 0 micro Gal/cm to 0,012 mGal/meter. Radial inversion shows radius of fluid front movement is 304 meters to 1120 meters. Radial derivative and Radial inversion have been proven fairly good to identify injected fluid movement in the reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of an improved motion and flow robust methodology for imaging the pulmonary vasculature using non‐contrast‐enhanced, free‐breathing, golden‐angle radial MRI. Methods: Healthy volunteers (n = 10, age 46 ± 11 years, 50% female) and patients (n = 2, ages 27 and 84, both female) were imaged at 1.5 T using a Cartesian and golden‐angle radial 2D balanced SSFP pulse sequence. The acquisitions were made under free breathing without contrast agent enhancement. The radial acquisitions were reconstructed at 3 temporal footprints. All series were scored from 1 to 5 for perceived diagnostic quality, artifact level, and vessel sharpness in multiple anatomical locations. In addition, vessel sharpness and blood‐to‐blood clot contrast were measured. Results: Quantitative measurements showed higher vessel sharpness for golden‐angle radial (n = 76, 0.79 ± 0.11 versus 0.71 ± 0.16, p < .05). Blood‐to‐blood clot contrast was found to be 23% higher in golden‐angle radial in the 2 patients. At comparable temporal footprints, golden‐angle radial was scored higher for diagnostic quality (mean ± SD, 2.3 ± 0.7 versus 2.2 ± 0.6, p < .01) and vessel sharpness (2.2 ± 0.8 versus 2.1 ± 0.5, p < .01), whereas the artifact level did not differ (3.0 ± 0.9 versus 3.0 ± 1.0, p = .80). The ability to retrospectively choose a temporal resolution and perform sliding‐window reconstructions was demonstrated in patients. Conclusion: In pulmonary artery imaging, the motion and flow robustness of a radial trajectory does both improve image quality over Cartesian trajectory in healthy volunteers, and allows for flexible selection of temporal footprints and the ability to perform real‐time sliding window reconstructions, which could potentially provide further diagnostic insight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To correct gradient timing delays in non‐Cartesian MRI while simultaneously recovering corruption‐free auto‐calibration data for parallel imaging, without additional calibration scans. Methods: The calibration matrix constructed from multi‐channel k‐space data should be inherently low‐rank. This property is used to construct reconstruction kernels or sensitivity maps. Delays between the gradient hardware across different axes and RF receive chain, which are relatively benign in Cartesian MRI (excluding EPI), lead to trajectory deviations and hence data inconsistencies for non‐Cartesian trajectories. These in turn lead to higher rank and corrupted calibration information which hampers the reconstruction. Here, a method named Simultaneous Auto‐calibration and Gradient delays Estimation (SAGE) is proposed that estimates the actual k‐space trajectory while simultaneously recovering the uncorrupted auto‐calibration data. This is done by estimating the gradient delays that result in the lowest rank of the calibration matrix. The Gauss‐Newton method is used to solve the non‐linear problem. The method is validated in simulations using center‐out radial, projection reconstruction and spiral trajectories. Feasibility is demonstrated on phantom and in vivo scans with center‐out radial and projection reconstruction trajectories. Results: SAGE is able to estimate gradient timing delays with high accuracy at a signal to noise ratio level as low as 5. The method is able to effectively remove artifacts resulting from gradient timing delays and restore image quality in center‐out radial, projection reconstruction, and spiral trajectories. Conclusion: The low‐rank based method introduced simultaneously estimates gradient timing delays and provides accurate auto‐calibration data for improved image quality, without any additional calibration scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To reconstruct artifact‐free images from measured k‐space data, when the actual k‐space trajectory deviates from the nominal trajectory due to gradient imperfections. Methods: Trajectory errors arising from eddy currents and gradient delays introduce phase inconsistencies in several fast scanning MR pulse sequences, resulting in image artifacts. The proposed algorithm provides a novel framework to compensate for this phase distortion. The algorithm relies on the construction of a multi‐block Hankel matrix, where each block is constructed from k‐space segments with the same phase distortion. In the presence of spatially smooth phase distortions between the segments, the complete block‐Hankel matrix is known to be highly low‐rank. Since each k‐space segment is only acquiring part of the k‐space data, the reconstruction of the phase compensated image from their partially parallel measurements is posed as a structured low‐rank matrix optimization problem, assuming the coil sensitivities to be known. Results: The proposed formulation is tested on radial acquisitions in several settings including partial Fourier and golden‐angle acquisitions. The experiments demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to successfully remove the artifacts arising from the trajectory errors, without the need for trajectory or phase calibration. The quality of the reconstruction was comparable to corrections achieved using the Trajectory Auto‐Corrected Image Reconstruction (TrACR) for radial acquisitions. Conclusion: The proposed method provides a general framework for the recovery of artifact‐free images from radial trajectories without the need for trajectory calibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tensile properties of directionally freeze-cast biopolymer scaffolds are rarely reported, even though they are of interest from a fundamental science perspective and critical in applications such as scaffolds for the regeneration of nerves or when used as ureteral stents. The focus of this study is on collagen scaffolds freeze-cast with two different applied cooling rates (10 °C/min and 1 °C/min) in two freezing directions (longitudinal and radial). Reported are the results of a systematic structural characterization of dry scaffolds by scanning electron microscopy and the mechanical characterization in tension of both dry and fully hydrated scaffolds. Systematic structure-property-processing correlations are obtained for a comparison of the tensile performance of longitudinally and radially freeze-cast collagen scaffolds with their performance in compression. Collated, the correlations, obtained both in tension in this study and in compression for collagen and chitosan in two earlier reports, not only enable the custom-design of freeze-cast biopolymer scaffolds for biomedical applications but also provide new insights into similarities and differences of scaffold and cell-wall structure formation during the directional solidification of "smooth" and "fibrillar" biopolymers. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radial (penny-shaped) model of hydraulic fracture is considered. The tangential traction on the fracture walls is incorporated, including an updated evaluation of the energy release rate (fracture criterion), system asymptotics and the need to account for stagnant zone formation near the injection point. The impact of incorporating the shear stress on the construction of solvers, and the effectiveness of approximating system parameters using the first term of the crack tip asymptotics, is discussed. A full quantitative investigation of the impact of tangential traction on solution is undertaken, utilising an extremely effective adaptive time-space solver. • Radial model of hydraulic fracture updated with fluid-induced tangential traction. • Impact of the shear stress on the algorithm construction is investigated. • Quantitative analysis of the effect of shear stress is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we study radial solutions of $\Delta u + K(r)f(u)= 0$ on the exterior of the ball of radius R>0 centered at the origin in ${\mathbb R}^{N}$ where f is odd with f0 on $(\beta, \delta)$, $f\equiv 0$ for $u> \delta$, and where the function K(r) is assumed to be positive and $K(r)\to 0$ as $r \to \infty$. The primitive $F(u) = \int_0^u f(t) \, dt$ has a "hilltop" at $u=\delta$. We prove that if $K(r) \sim r^{-\alpha}$ with $\alpha> 2(N-1)$ and if R>0 is sufficiently small then there are a finite number of solutions of $\Delta u + K(r)f(u)= 0$ on the exterior of the ball of radius R such that $u \to 0$ as $r \to \infty$. We also prove the nonexistence of solutions if R is sufficiently large.

Axillary block is one of anesthesia technics for arm and hand surgery with varied success rates due to location variations of the targeted nerves. This has been proven by many prior studies under surface ultrasonography (USG) in many countries. Until currently, no similar study has been conducted in Indonesia. This descriptive observational–cross sectional study was performed on 75 volunteers in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung in November–December 2014 to describe the locations of radial, ulnar, median, and musculocutaneous nerves to the axillary artery using USG. The locations of those nerves at the axilla were converted into a 12-section pie-chart with the axillary artery as the axis. Data were analyzed using Sapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests and processed using SPPS 21.0 version. Assessment of 150 USG scans revealed that the median nerves are located superior to the axillary artery, i.e. in sector 12 (75%), 11 (23%), and 1 (2%). Ulnar nerves are located in the medial, i.e. in sector 9 (67%), 8 (31%), and 10 (2%). Radial nerves are located in the infero-medial, i.e. in sector 7 (78%), 8 (16%), and 6 (6%). Musculocutaneous nerves are located in the lateral, i.e. in sector 4 (89%), 5 (8%), and 3 (3%). It is concluded from this study that varied locations of radial, ulnar, median nerves are found in a quarterof subjects whereas only one tenth of the subjects have varied muculocutaneous nerves locations.

Wood shrinks anisotropically as it loses hygroscopic moisture. While longitudinal shrinkage (parallel to the grain) is nearly negligible in normal wood, transverse shrinkage (across the grain) is significant and characterized as tangential and radial shrinkage. The application of average tangential shrinkage values to a rectangular cross section results in errors, especially for boards cut from near the center of the log. In addition, using a Cartesian coordinate system to calculate shrinkage cannot provide an estimate of cup. Calculating shrinkage and cup deformation using a previously developed model, this Excel model can provide a more realistic image of the final cross section and a more accurate estimate of shrinkage. The model is dependent on wood species, initial and final moisture contents, and location of the board within the log. This paper describes and illustrates uses of the model.

In this article we prove the existence of an infinite number of radial solutions of $\Delta(u)+f(u)=0$ with prescribed number of zeros on the exterior of the ball of radius R>0 centered at the origin in $\mathbb {R}^N$ where f is odd with f0 on $(\beta,\infty)$ where $\beta>0$.

The analysis of obligatory or formulaic XVS structures - as in “Here comes the sun” or “Now is the time to solve our problems” - has been neglected in the literature since it has been argued that there seems to be no linguistic variation involved in the use of these types of syntactic constructions. Here, I defend the view that obligatory XVS structures are productive, highly structured constructions which are worthy of serious linguistic investigation. On the basis of a corpus-based analysis of written and spoken texts, it is argued that the different obligatory XVS types distinguished in the literature are clear instances of constructions as understood in the Construction Grammar framework. Despite their formal and functional dissimilarities, the article shows that these XVS structures still relate to one another in systematic and predictable ways, and are in fact grouped in relation to a unit in the schematic network which is naturally most salient - the prototype - and form with it a family of nodes which are extensions from the prototype - in the system. In sum, the analysis here will show that obligatory XVS structures are constructions which form an interconnected, structured system or network and are best understood with reference to different forms of inheritance.

In this paper we prove the existence of an infinite number of radial solutions of $\Delta u + f(u)= 0$ on the exterior of the ball of radius $R>0$ centered at the origin and $f$ is odd with $f0$ on $(\beta, \delta),$ and $f\equiv 0$ for $u> \delta$. The primitive $F(u) = \int_{0}^{u} f(t) \, dt$ has a "hilltop" at $u=\delta$ which allows one to use the shooting method and ODE techniques to prove the existence of solutions.

Since its introduction, the transradial access for percutaneous cardiovascular procedures has been associated with several advantages as compared to transfemoral approach, and has become the default for coronary angiography and intervention. In the last 30 years, a robust amount of evidence on the transradial approach has been mounted, promoting its diffusion worldwide. This article provides a comprehensive review of radial artery access for percutaneous cardiovascular interventions, including the evidence from clinical trials of transradial vs. transfemoral approach, technical considerations, access-site complications and limitations, alternative forearm accesses (e.g., ulnar and distal radial artery), and ultimately the use of the radial approach for structural interventions.

Upper extremity surgery is commonly performed under regional anesthesia. The advent of ultrasonography has made performing upper extremity nerve blocks relatively easy with a high degree of reliability. The proximal approaches to brachial plexus block such as supraclavicular plexus block, infraclavicular plexus block, or the axillary block are favored for the most surgical procedures of distal upper extremity. Ultrasound guidance has however made distal nerve blocks of the upper limb a technically feasible, safe and efficacious option. In recent years, there has thus been a resurgence of distal peripheral nerve blocks to facilitate hand and wrist surgery. In this article, we review the technical aspects of performing the distal blocks of the upper extremity and highlight some of the clinical aspects of their usage.

Objectives: Repetitive microtrauma or overuse injuries may often affect upper extremities of the long term computer users. The aim of this study was to compare sensory nerve conduction velocities (SNCV) for median, radial and ulnar nerves in the wrist of computer users with the same parameters in controls who do not use computers regularly. Material and Methods: Twenty one male computer users (age: mean (M) = 28.3 years ± standard deviation (SD) = 7.5 years) and 21 male control subjects (age: M±SD = 24.1±4.6 years) were recruited for the study. Limb length and the perimeters of the dominant arm and forearm were measured for each subject. The neurophysiological study consisted of measuring sensory nerve conduction of the median, ulnar and radial nerves. Results: The sensory conduction velocities of both median and ulnar nerves were significantly delayed in the dominant arm of the computer users compared to the controls. In addition, sensory conduction velocity of the median nerve was significantly delayed in the dominant extremity of the computer users compared to their non-dominant extremity. Conclusions: This study shows that computer users have a tendency toward developing median and ulnar sensory nerve damage in the wrist region. Mechanism of delayed SNCV in the median and ulnar nerves may be due to sustained extension and ulnar deviation of the wrist during computer mouse use and typing. Reduced SNCV changes were more apparent on the dominant side of the median nerve. This may indicate the increased neural deficits related to an increased use of the dominant side. Further investigation is needed to determine how to reduce potential risk factors at this stage in order to prevent development of median or ulnar neuropathy in the long term computer users.

Background The treatment of radial neck fractures is controversial and typically depends on displacement. Surgical procedures based on open reduction–internal fixation (ORIF) may lead to several complications, such as avascular necrosis of the radial head, nonunion, malunion, and elbow stiffness. Closed reduction with intramedullary pinning of radial neck fractures, which is commonly used in children, is a viable option for these fractures in adults and may allow for a lower complication rate compared with ORIF. The aim of this study was to report the functional outcome of closed reduction and intramedullary stabilization in isolated radial neck fractures. Methods Fourteen cases were retrospectively reviewed between January 2007 and December 2016. The inclusion criteria were isolated radial neck fractures of type I to III according to the Mason classification, absence of previous injuries of the elbow, and a minimum of 1 year of follow-up. The Mason classification was used to classify these injuries. At final follow-up, functional assessment was established based on functional scores: Morrey Elbow Score, Elbow Self-Assessment Score, and QuickDASH (short version of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire) score. Range of motion was evaluated similarly. Results The mean follow-up period was 86 months. The mean age was 44.2 years. Regarding the functional outcome, 78% of patients claimed satisfaction. Concerning the functional scoring, the mean visual analog scale score was 0.2 (range, 0-4) and the mean Morrey Elbow Score was 95.7 (range, 85-100). The mean QuickDASH score was 6.4 (range, 7-22). The complication rate was 35%. Malunion was observed in 7% of patients. Conclusion Intramedullary pinning of radial neck fractures represents a viable technique in adults because of its safety and simplicity. The complication rates are lower than those in other reports of ORIF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the relationship between BMI and age and fracture risk calculated by FRAX as well as bone mineral density (BMD) of distal radius of the non-dominant arm in male and female residents of Beijing southern suburbs． Methods A retrospective analysis of 2 680 patients，including 944 males and 1 736 females，who had dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination in our hospital from January 2015 to June 2017 was conducted，and the related clinical data were collected． BMI values were calculated，BMD of the distal radius of the non-dominant arm of the examinee was measured，and the FRAX website was used to calculate the FRAX fracture risk score． Grouped by age and BMI，analysis of variance was used to study the relationship between distal radius BMD and FRAX fracture risk score and BMI and age． The LSD method was used to compare the differences in BMD and FRAX fracture risk score between the BMI groups and age groups． Results ① BMD of distal radius of the non-dominant arm decreased with increasing age in residents of Beijing southern suburbs． The probability of major osteoporotic fracture (PMOF) of FRAX fracture risk score increased with age，with significant differences among age groups (P < 0. 05) ． In all age groups BMD was higher in males than in females． The PMOF FRAX fracture risk score was lower in males than that in females (P < 0. 05) ． ② BMD of distal radius of the non-dominant arm of adults in Beijing southern suburbs increased with the increase of BMI，and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0. 05) ． Regardless of sex，the PMOF fracture risk score peaked at the 24 to 27. 9 BMI (overweight) group，and was lower in the normal BMI and obese groups than in the overweight group． ③The BMD in each group of BMI was higher in males than that in females． The PMOF FRAX fracture risk score was lower in men than in women，and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0. 05) ． Conclusion BMD of the distal radius and the PMOF FRAX fracture risk score were correlated with sex，age and BMI of the subjects． Of the same age and BMI，the fracture risk of females was higher than that of males． With increase in age，BMD decreased，and the risk of fractures increased． With the increase of BMI，the BMD of distal radius increased gradually，but the risk of fracture did not decrease with the increase of BMD，and the risk of fracture was the highest in the overweight category and the lowest in the normal weight category． Therefore overweight is a risk factor for fracture． By using FRAX software，measuring the BMD of distal radius，and taking full account of gender，age，BMI and other factors，the risk of fracture in patients can effectively assessed． [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generalized Taylor’s Formula is used to derive a fractional radial-cylindrical diffusivity model via a fractional conservation of mass in radial geometry in a petroleum reservoir. The result is a space-fractional generalization of the diffusivity model with an arbitrary order that explains the degree of heterogeneity of the medium (a continuous spectrum of zero to one where zero heterogeneity equates to homogeneity). An implicit unconditionally stable numerical difference scheme of the linear form of the derived model is used to illustrate deviations of the model from the homogeneous medium. The variation of the order produces additional localized pressure drops during flow which is congruous with fluid inhibition effect of heterogeneities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report a highly interrupted radial variant of balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging, termed fast interrupted steady-state (FISS), for decreasing flow artifact as well as fat signal conspicuity with respect to bSSFP, and saturation effects vis-à-vis fast low-angle shot (FLASH) imaging. Methods: Numerical simulations, phantom studies, and human studies were conducted to examine the imaging contrast, off-resonance behavior, and flow properties of FISS. Human studies applied FISS for cine cardiac imaging and ungated nonenhanced MR angiography (MRA) of the legs, neck, and brain. Comparisons were made with bSSFP and FLASH imaging. Results: Simulations revealed that FISS retains the high signal levels of bSSFP for stationary on-resonant spins, while reducing undesirable signal heterogeneity from flowing spins. Phantom studies agreed with the simulations, and showed that FISS reduces fat signal and flow artifact with respect to bSSFP imaging. FISS imaging in human subjects agreed with the simulations and phantom studies, and showed reduced saturation artifact compared with FLASH imaging. Conclusion: FISS imaging reduces flow artifact and fat signal conspicuity with respect to bSSFP imaging, and ameliorates arterial signal saturation observed with FLASH imaging. Potential clinical applications include fat-suppressed cine imaging and ungated nonenhanced MRA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Quantitative cardiac MRI, and more particularly T1 mapping, has become a most important modality to characterize myocardial tissue. In this work, the value of a radial variant of the conventional modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery sequence (raMOLLI) is demonstrated. Methods: The raMOLLI acquisition scheme consisted of five radial echo trains of 80 spokes acquired using either a fast low‐angle shot (FLASH) or a true fast imaging with steady‐state‐precession (TrueFISP) readout at different time points after a single magnetization inversion. View sharing combined with a compressed sensing algorithm allowed the reconstruction of 50 images along the T1 relaxation recovery curve, to which a dictionary‐fitting approach was applied to estimate T1. The sequence was validated on a nine‐vial phantom, on 19 healthy subjects, and one patient suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy. Results: The raMOLLI sequence allowed a significant decrease of myocardial T1 map acquisition time down to five heartbeats, while exhibiting a higher degree of accuracy and a comparable precision on T1 value estimation than the conventional modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery sequence. The FLASH readout demonstrated a better robustness to B0 inhomogeneities than TrueFISP, and was therefore preferred for in vivo acquisitions. Conclusions: This sequence represents a good candidate for ultrafast acquisition of myocardial T1 maps. Magn Reson Med 79:1387–1398, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circumferential defects of the hypopharynx are a reconstructive challenge. Various local, regional and free flaps have been described with each having advantages and disadvantages in terms of functional outcomes. The fasciocutaneous radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is one of the most common free flaps used for reconstructing circumferential hypopharyngeal defects. The skin paddle is pliable and reasonably matches the native hypopharyngeal wall. It is easy to raise, has predictable vascular anatomy and a long pedicle. Unlike the anterior lateral thigh (ALT) flap, the RFFF is associated with higher rates of pharyngo-cutaneous fistula. This was thought to be due to the difficulty in achieving two-layer closure. However, in a post treatment neck or in patient with large body habitus, the use of ALT or other free flaps may not be possible leaving the RFFF as the only viable option. To aim to reduce the risk of fistula and wound dehiscence, we describe a novel design of RFFF, which provides two-layer closure. We believe that our design gives the reconstructive surgeon another reconstructive option, which should be considered in challenging circumferential hypopharyngeal defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disease was characterised by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), myocardial fibrosis, fiber disarray. The short-axis systolic function is important in left ventricle function.Methods: Forty one healthy subjects and 37 HCM patients were enrolled for this research. Parasternal short-axis at the basal, middle, and apical levels were acquired by Echocardiography. The peak systolic circumferential strain of the endocardial, the middle and the epicardial layers, the peak systolic radial strain, and the peak systolic rotational degrees at different short-axis levels were measured by 2-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI).Results: The peak systolic circumferential strain of the septum and anterior walls in HCM patients was significantly lower than normal subjects. All of the peak systolic radial strain in HCM patients was significantly lower than normal subjects. The rotational degrees at the base and middle short-axis levels in HCM patients were larger than normal subjects. The interventricular septal thickness in end-diastolic period correlated to the peak systolic circumferential strain of the septum wall.Conclusions: The short-axis systolic function was impaired in HCM patients. The peak circumferential systolic strain of the different layers, peak systolic radial strain and rotation degrees of the different short-axis levels detected by 2D-STI are very feasible for assessing the short-axis function in HCM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify or interpret the measurement results of double-flank gear measurement (DFGM), the mathematical model of radial and tangential error analysis of double-flank gear measurement is established. Using differential method, the mathematical model of surface-to-surface contact stage is concerned, and also the tip-to-surface interference stage is involved. The error sources including the base radius error (or profile slope deviation) and the tooth space angle error (or single pitch deviation) of the gear to be measured are concerned. A case study of the gear parameter with the gear contact ratio 1.77 is discussed to explain the tooth contact process, in which the critical contact points are listed for determining the rotation angle. The radial and tangential composite deviations are simulated under different sign combination or different value of the error sources to cover as many results as possible. The simulation results are compared with the measurement results on a gear measuring device (GMD) using double flank rack probe (DFRP), whereby the simulation parameters are determined through the gear profile slope deviation and the single pitch deviation of the gear measured on a Gear Measuring Center Klingelnberg P26. The curves of the simulation results and the measurement results on GMD are consistent to each other. For gear grade 6 according to ISO 1328-1:2013, the allowable value of the total profile deviation is 11.5 μm. The simulation results are compared with the measurement results on a gear measuring device (GMD) based on double flank rack probe (DFRP). The difference between the peak to peak value of the simulation results and the mean line of the measurement results within the evaluation range is 1 μm in radial direction and 1.3 μm in tangential direction, which means the simulation results has better consistency with the measurement results. The radial and tangential error analysis of DFGM can not only be used in simulation of the results, but also in interpreting the DFGM measurement results, which is helpful for gear measurement and quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an increasing awareness of the importance of the meniscus in maintaining the health and function of the knee. When injured, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the gold standard to diagnose meniscal tears. The information obtained from the MRI helps determine the need for surgical intervention. To achieve the best patient outcome a surgeon must be able to diagnose a meniscal injury by MRI as well as identify the injury at time of arthroscopy. This article aims to illustrate meniscal pathology utilizing side by side comparison of MRI identified meniscal injuries to its arthroscopic correlate as well as describe treatment options for the injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tornadoes are generally defined as rotating columns of air characterized by small size, axisymmetry and short duration. Thus, the nature of tornadic wind load is basically different from that of synoptic wind. As direct measurements of velocities are very difficult and limited, lots of empirical and theoretical expressions of tornadic wind have been proposed. In the present study, characteristics of several numerical expressions were investigated, and it was found that the characteristics of velocity fields vary widely from model to model, making it difficult to choose one that is generally applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Recently, several meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that transradial access (TRA) reduces mortality compared to transfemoral access (TFA). However, a critical appraisal of these RCTs suggests that the findings could have resulted from a greater incidence of adverse events in the TFA groups rather than a beneficial effect of TRA. Methods Scientific databases and websites were searched for RCTs. Patients were divided into groups based on access type and whether the operator was a radial expert (RE) or non-radial expert (NRE). The groups were TFA-RE, TFA-NRE, TRA-RE, and TRA-NRE. Both a traditional meta-analysis and a network meta-analysis using mixed-treatment comparison models were performed. Results Data from 13 trials including 15,615 patients were analyzed. The mortality rate for TFA-RE (3.54%) was more than double compared to TFA-NRE (1.61%). In pairwise meta-analysis, TFA-RE was associated with increased risk of mortality (RR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.13–2.62; p = 0.011) compared to TFA-NRE. In subgroup analysis, TFA-RE was associated with increased mortality (RR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.24–2.34; p = 0.001) compared to TRA, but TRA-NRE was not. Similarly, in mixed comparison models, TFA-RE was associated with increased mortality compared to TRA-NRE, TRA-RE, and TFA-NRE, but TFA-NRE was not, compared to TRA-RE and TRA-NRE. Conclusion Recently-reported survival differences between TRA and TFA may have been driven by adverse events in the TFA groups of the RCTs rather than a beneficial effect of TRA. This issue needs further investigation before labeling radial access a lifesaving procedure in invasively-managed patients with ACS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We considered the continuous cylindrical grinding wheel of the planetary transmission with the use of highly porous worm grinding wheels (single and multiple). The process of continuous grinding of teeth by the method of generating is characterized by high accurate of relative rotation of tool and workpiece gears. The developed technological model of the interaction of radial, axial and tangential movements of the feed was allowed to produce the grinding with high accuracy and productivity. The application of highly porous circles makes it possible to reduce thermal stress of process and to improve the cutting conditions. The increase in the number of passes of the grinding wheel and the increase of cutting speed reduces the impact of the thermal processes occurring during grinding of teeth by reducing the contact time between the workpiece and the tool. The treatment of the teeth of the satellites of the double grinding wheels improves performance of the process compared to the single pass on 26%. Statistical control of error radial runout of the teeth of the satellites indicates the high accuracy and stability of process of continuous grinding of teeth by the generating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we prove the existence of an infinite number of radial solutions of Δu +K(r)f(u) = 0, one with exactly n zeros for each nonnegative integer n on the exterior of the ball of radius R > 0, BR, centered at the origin in RN with u = 0 on ∂BR and limr→∞ u(r) = 0 where N > 2, f is odd with f < 0 on (0, β), f > 0 on (β, ∞), f(u) ~ up with 0 < p < 1 for large u and K(r) ~ r-α with 0 < α < 2 for large r. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we study radial solutions of Δu + K(r)f(u) = 0 on the exterior of the ball of radius R > 0, BR, centered at the origin in RN with u = 0 on ∂BR where f is odd with f < 0 on (0, β), f > 0 on (β, ∞), f(u) ~ up with 0 < p < 1 for large u and K(r) ~ r-α for large r. We prove that if N > 2 and K(r) ~ r-α with 2 < α < 2(N - 1) then there are no solutions with limr→∞ u(r) = 0 for sufficiently large R > 0. On the other hand, if 2 < N - p(N - 2) < α < 2(N - 1) and k, n are nonnegative integers with 0 ≤ k ≤ n then there exist solutions, uk, with k zeros on (R, ∞) and limr→∞ uk(r) = 0 if R > 0 is sufficiently small [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any kind of anatomical variation whether encountered during cadaveric dissections or routine clinical or surgical procedures needs to be reported and taken into account. This can be quite helpful in planning surgeries accordingly and avoid disastrous complications. During routine cadaveric dissection, authors found a superficial course of arteries of the arm as well as the forearm, unilaterally in one cadaver. In this case, there were two brachial arteries - superficial and deep. Superficial brachial artery terminated into superficial radial and superficial ulnar artery. Deep brachial artery was trifurcated into common interosseous, medial and lateral artery branches. Authors have also discussed the developmental anomaly, which could have led to the observed morphological variation. Superficial vessels can provide large size pedicles for raising flaps for local reconstructive surgeries in the region of axilla, elbow, wrist or hand, or other regions.

Gunung Merapi merupakan salah satu gunung berapi yang paling aktif di Indonesia. Pemantauan aktivitas gunung berapi dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai metode salah satunya adalah metode deformasi. Pemantauan deformasi gunung berapi menggunakan Continously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) karena dapat menghasilkan data dengan ketelitian yang sangat tinggi hingga orde mm (milimeter). Untuk mendapatkan ketelitian yang tinggi, stasiun GPS CORS yang merupakan stasiun referensi GPS yang mengontrol GPS secara kontinu sangat bergantung pada berbagai macam faktor salah satunya strategi pengolahan data. Untuk memberikan gambaran tingkat ketelitian yang dihasilkan dari perangkat lunak pengolah GPS secara post-processing, peneliti menggunakan perangkat lunak ilmiah GAMIT/GLOBK 10.6 yang diolah menggunakan dua metode konfigurasi jaring yaitu metode jaring tertutup dan metode radial. Dari hasil analisa yang dilakukan pada bulan Juli 2015, pengolahan data GPS CORS Gunung Merapi dengan GAMIT/GLOBK 10.6 memberikan tingkat hasil pengolahan data yang presisi sampai orde milimeter. Rata-rata nilai standar deviasi hasil pengolahan GAMIT/GLOBK metode jaring adalah 2,92 mm sedangkan pada metode radial adalah 3,39 mm. Dari uji statistik metode jaring tertutup dan radial tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan. Selisih rata-rata standar deviasi pada pengolahan GAMIT/GLOBK antara metode jaring tertutup dan radial adalah 0,47 mm.

Aims and objectives: Transradial interventions are gaining popularity in recent years. However the radial artery being small, there is a limitation in using interventional devices through this route. We have measured radial and ulnar arteries size in adult patients at our tertiary care cardiology center in southern Rajasthan. Method: Adult patients >30 years, who came for Echocardiography at a tertiary care center were included. Radial and ulnar arteries inner diameters were measured 2–3 cm above the Styloid process in both forearms with the Ultrasonography. Patient information about weight, height, diabetes and hypertension were collected. Body mass index and Body surface area were calculated. Results: We studied 204 patients, which includes 60.8% males. Mean diameter was 2.325 ± 0.4 mm mm for radial arteries and 2.358 ± 0.39 mm for ulnar arteries (p = 0.24). Hypertensive and male patients had larger mean radial artery diameter than non hypertensive (2.383 mm v/s 2.272 mm, p = 0.006) and female patients (2.37 mm v/s 2.26 mm, p = 0.008) respectively. Diabetic patients (2.305 mm) had nonsignificantly smaller radial arteries diameters than nondiabetics (2.329 mm, p = 0.6). We calculated correlations between radial arteries diameters and Body surface area, Body mass index, height and weight of patients, none of these correlations were statistically significant (r = 0.30, r = 0.28, r = 0.07, r = 0.031 respectively). Conclusion: Mean radial artery diameter (2.325 ± 0.4 mm) in the study was slightly smaller than ulnar artery (2.358 ± 0.39 mm). Males and hypertensives had a larger mean radial artery diameter than females and non hypertensives. Radial artery inner diameter measurement by Ultrasonography may be more helpful than Allen's test for ideal selection of cases.

One of the major criticisms of the radial approach is that it takes longer overall procedure and fluoroscopy time, which means not only more staff will be exposed during the procedures, but they will also stand close to the patient where rates of radiation scattered by the patient are higher. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of the radial versus femoral artery approach in our institution’s routine coronary angiography practice. Methods: All cases of diagnostic coronary angiography (CA) over a 23 month period at a tertiary care hospital were reviewed for this analysis. Procedure duration was calculated as a total in laboratory catheter time. Contrast volume and fluoroscopy time were recorded, as it is correlated to catheter manipulation. Results: Eight hundred patients who underwent a diagnostic CA were included in this study. The radial approach was used in 586 patients (73.25%) and the femoral approach in 214 patients (26.75%). Comparing the radial and femoral approaches, fluoroscopy and procedure times were not significantly different (3.43 ± 1.19 vs 3.86 ± 1.49 min, P = 0.215 and 31.87 ± 9.61 vs 33.24 ± 10.33 min, P = 0.170, respectively). While contrast utilization during the procedure was significantly lower in the radial than the femoral approach (67.63 ± 25.49 vs 81.53 ± 24.80 mL respectively, P = 0.03). Conclusion: Transradial coronary angiography can be safely performed for the patient and the professional staff members as the transfemoral approach.

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) is considered the preferred reperfusion strategy for patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study compares the door-to-balloon (D2B) time between transradial vs. the transfemoral approach in patients presenting with STEMI. Methods: A retrospectively collected catheterization laboratory database was reviewed for the consecutive patients presenting with a STEMI. Specific time parameters were recorded, and our composite end points were time to revascularization, angiographic success, short term clinical success, and procedural vascular complications. Results: Radial PCI (r-PCI) was performed in 33 patients (67.3%) and in 16 patients (32.7%) PCI was done through femoral artery (f-PCI). No significant difference was observed in the pre-catheter and catheter laboratory times. Mean times from emergency room door-to-catheter laboratory time for r-PCI vs. f-PCI were 82.48 ± 37.42 and 76.29 ± 34.32 min, respectively (P = 0.636). The mean time from patient arrival to the cardiac catheter laboratory-to-balloon inflation was 34.56 ± 14.2 in the r-PCI group vs. 33.12 ± 12.56 min with the f-PCI group (P = 0.215). The total D2B time was not significantly different between r-PCI vs. f-PCI groups (100.32 ± 36.3 vs. 97.31 ± 30.37 min, respectively, P = 0.522). Angiographic success rates were observed in 92.1% of the patients for r-PCI, and in 87.5% for f-PCI (P = 0.712). There were no vascular complications in both groups. Conclusions: Patients presenting with STEMI can undergo successful pPCI via radial artery without compromising patient care.