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Conceptually, it is not clear whether placental pathology represents a discrete, separable "risk factor" for adverse birth outcomes, or whether placental pathology arises as part of the same underlying (likely cardiovascular) aetiologic process as preeclampsia or preterm birth. Abnormal placentation - the complex process by which embryonic cells differentiate, implant into the endometrium, and remodel the uterine spiral arteries to increase blood flow to the developing embryo - is implicated in several disease processes. [Extracted from the article]

Scientific attempts to identify biomarkers to reliably diagnose mental disorders have thus far been unsuccessful. This has inspired the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach which decomposes mental disorders into behavioral, emotional, and cognitive domains. This perspective article argues that the search for biomarkers in psychiatry presupposes that the present mental health categories reflect certain (neuro-) biological features, that is, that these categories are reified as biological states or processes. I present two arguments to show that this assumption is very unlikely: First, the heterogeneity (both within and between subjects) of mental disorders is grossly underestimated, which is particularly salient for an example like Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Second, even the search for the biological basis of psychologically more basic categories (cognitive and emotional processes) than the symptom descriptions commonly used in mental disorder classifications has thus far been inconclusive. While philosophers have discussed this as the problem of mind-body-reductionism for ages, Turkheimer presented a theoretical framework comparing weak and strong biologism which is more useful for empirical research. This perspective article concludes that mental disorders are brain disorders in the sense of weak, but not strong biologism. This has important implications for psychiatric research: The search for reliable biomarkers for mental disorder categories we know is unlikely to ever be successful. This implies that biology is not the suitable taxonomic basis for psychiatry, but also psychology at large.

Objective: to check the hypothesis of the existence of a cognitive deadlock in the socialist political economy in the USSRin the 1970s, which led to stagnation in political and economic research.Methods: discursive analysis, dialectics, hermeneutics, qualitative methods.Results: the content and role of the categories “objectification”, “reification”, “dependence”, “freedom” in the political economy of socialism are revealed. The author analyzes the views of Soviet theorists on the economic evaluation of factors of production, including labor (wages), fixed assets (depreciation), land (rent), and demonstrates the contradictions and “blind spots” of the socialist political economy. In particular, the article describes the paradoxical “fallout” of the problem of depreciation of housing stock and intra-block engineering networks from the discussion of fixed assets depreciation, as well as the issue of productive forces in general.In retrospect, the analysis revealed the predominant influence of the cognitive structure limitations compared to the ideological control. The development of economic science in the USSR was constrained by the norms of speech practices, which imposed restrictions on the discussion of fundamental problems, including “alienation” and “freedom”. Compared to these restrictions, the external ideological control of the Communist party was relatively weak, which, in particular, is proved by the publication of works by E. V. Ilyenkov, V. P. Shkredov and other researchers. The cognitive structure of the socialist political economy caused blind spots, when most of the important problems related to the productive forces were not publicly discussed. At the same time, the issues (freedom, dependence, alienation) directly related to Karl Marx legacy were also largely not discussed. Scientific novelty: the influence of the cognitive structure and its limitations on the development of the socialist political economy is demonstrated.Practical significance: a retrospective analysis allows both a deeper understanding of the reasons that led to the economic collapse of the USSR, and seeing the possible cognitive limitations of modern research, which largely inherited the approaches of Soviet scholars.

An observation of organizations as social cells allows us to identify that they act within a framework of instrumental rationality, described and instrumented from the statements of the nascent sociology and, especially, by the thinking of Max Weber, pioneer of the bureaucratic school, who focused his statements on a teleological and at the same time procedural approach based on the interaction of the duality “should be” and “what to do”. This thinking became dominant in the so-called management sciences, generating actions characterized by domination over the human, its freedom and autonomy.The intellectual effort of this work is to find or contribute to a different approach in the management sciences, starting from the recognition of the historical context of the emergence of critical thinking, in the conception of the Frankfurt School, in a scenario of spiritual and cultural crisis that addressed the tasks of a redefinition of culture, the revision of ideal, hegemonic and central legacies of the thought of classical modernity, enlightened modernity, bourgeois modernity and its crisis of concepts such as reason, subjectivity, time, narrative, reality, progress, truth and value. Great importance is given to the production of Jürgen Habermas, identifying in his work the categories of “lifeworld”, “rationality” and “communication” and his critique of integrating mechanisms such as money through the market, power in the structure of organizations and solidarity generated by virtue of norms, values and communication.On these bases, the need for the theory of communicative action is justified in order to understand and overcome “instrumental rationality” so that social management (or inclusion) colonizes strategic management (or exclusion) and not as it has been happening socio-historically. Under the above perspectives, the aim of the article is to contribute to the debate on how to achieve an “economically efficient” and “humanly viable” management in order to find a reification of the empowerment of subjects, never their annihilation, since organizations are networks of the human fabric that transcends instrumental processes.

An application of Generative Diffusion Techniques for the reification of human portraits in artistic paintings is presented. By reification we intend the transformation of the painter’s figurative abstraction into a real human face. The application exploits a recent embedding technique for Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models (DDIM), inverting the generative process and mapping the visible image into its latent representation. In this way, we can first embed the portrait into the latent space, and then use the reverse diffusion model, trained to generate real human faces, to produce the most likely real approximation of the portrait. The actual deployment of the application involves several additional techniques, mostly aimed to automatically identify, align, and crop the relevant portion of the face, and to postprocess the generated reification in order to enhance its quality and to allow a smooth reinsertion in the original painting.

The increasing visibility of sexualities beyond heterosexual, gay/lesbian, and bisexual is often associated with progressive politics and the questioning of heteronormativity. Yet non‐majoritarian sexualities can also include self‐identifications premised upon an opposition to LGBTQ+ equality and inclusion, including those who identify as "ex‐gay." Drawing on fieldwork with evangelical Christian activists in London, UK, this paper uses a court case in which the "legality" of ex‐gay sexuality was contested to discuss the law's simultaneous desire and inability to render contested identities legally legible. In seeking recognition as a sexual minority, self‐described ex‐gay evangelicals reveal the inadequacy of modern law's efforts to regulate difference as either "innate" or "chosen," thus upsetting the terms of the hetero‐secular legal gaze even as they embrace heterosexual supremacy. As such, this activism, which is typically analyzed in terms of evangelicalism's commitment to heteronormativity, works to denaturalize the concept of sexual orientation(s)—including, I argue, the heterosexuality ex‐gay Christians pursue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research into the body pedagogics of cultural practices emphasises tacit/pre-reflective/corporeal knowledge, yet the role of cognition requires further non-dualist/non-conflationist theoretical elaboration. This article contributes to this task through an ethnographic case study of Daoist Internal Arts (DIA) – eastern self-cultivation practices including neigong, qigong and tai chi. Daoist Internal Arts practitioners employ cognitive thought to facilitate a phenomenological shift from a Cartesian/dualist to a non-dualist mode of embodiment whereby mind and body are experienced in their ontological unity. Yet the effective use of thought in this process requires practitioners to walk a fine line between reifying cognition as a substance separate from corporeality, thus opposing mind and body, and utilising it as an instrument to address corporeality and foster mind–body unity. In underscoring this ambivalent character of cognition, I outline a sociological perspective of embodiment that avoids both dualist and conflationist accounts of cognitive and corporeal dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of the distinction between relationalist and substantialist philosophies of science opened up by American pragmatist thinkers like Dewey and Bentley, Bentham's social ontology is relationalist and anti-substantialist. When the ontology is combined with his emphasis on ordinary language as the basis of social reality, it is seen to have thematic connections to later developments in social science such as social constructionism, social phenomenology, ethnomethodology and, due to its intent to critically question-received fictions, to neo-Marxian and other concerns about objectivation and reification. Also, by re-reading Bentham's theory of fictions as a theory of vernacular language habits, it can be shown to have empirical relevance for the sociology of language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sosiologia is the property of Westermarck Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work aims to study the barriers around crime for its intervention from a complex approach to make its intervention possible. From there, the following are analysed: the reproduction of crime by society as something circumstantial to it; the stimulation of the productive forces unleashed by criminal activity; the reification and embellishment of crime; responding to violence with violence; the relativity of crime; tendency to search for “the ultimate motive for the crime”; the non-inter and transdisciplinary vision of crime. All of them are reduced to reductionist, disjunctive and deterministic approaches to crime due to the existence of a classical linear thought that does not favor the implementation of a complex thought for its study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the expansion of social media and the growing credibility gap of academic institutions, new forms of authority have emerged. In the liberalized language market, each individual tries to build his/her own credibility and personal authority. One of the rhetoric tools for this project is the removal of an interlocutor’s verbal authority. With this new rhetoric device, the speaker accuses his/her interlocutor of not being the author of one’s own speech, of one’s own thought. Relieving someone of one’s personal verbal authority is a new form of violence in verbal interactions, a way to forcibly silence other speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article tries to carry out a critical review on the conception that ethnobiological and anthropological studies sustain regarding the relationship between indigenous knowledge and the environment, taking as a particular case the studies on knowledge of the P'urhépecha, people settled in Michoacán, Mexico. Without denying the advances regarding the field of indigenous knowledge, there are three problematic axes presented by the analyzed works: the tendency to naturalize knowledge and the indigenous-nature relationship; to reify indigenous knowledge a whose singularity and opposition to western knowledge lies in you immunity to social change; lastly, the difficulties of making visible the power relations that mediate the production and reproduction of knowledge, where indigenous peoples as agents confront, with other internal or external agents, in a struggle for meaning, appropriation and control of processes of validity of knowledge and truth, in contexts of social change and environmental deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What effects are produced in an encounter between what Gilles Deleuze calls Spinoza's 'practical philosophy' and abolition? Closely following Deleuze's account of Spinoza, this essay moves from the reifying and weakening punitive moralism of carceral state thought towards a joyful materialist abolitionist ethic. It starts with the three theses for which, Deleuze argues, Spinoza was denounced in his own lifetime: materialism (devaluation of consciousness), immoralism (devaluation of all values) and atheism (devaluation of the sad passions). From these three, it derives three parallel abolitionist theses: (1) Spinozan materialism undermines the reifications of carceral state thought; (2) Spinozan ethics undermines the punitivism of the carceral state; and (3) Spinozan joy is inversely proportional to the power of the carceral state. While Spinoza's corpus may not give us an adequate account of the complex dynamics of the carceral state and racial capitalism today, this essay argues that in the infinite streams of the Ethics we nonetheless find some vital strategies through which we might compose an anomalous alliance between this condemned philosopher and abolition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the experiences and the meaning that two bricklayers, father and son, give to their bodies, in the context of a capitalist society governed by the trend towards the universalization of commerce. Some of Karl Marx's and Georg Lukács' approaches to the concepts of alienation and reification are taken up. It is considered that their heuristic scope transcends the space and time of the foundational process of immediate production in such a way that they open up a dialogue between the structural and the experiential, between the material and the emotional, between meanings. It is of particular interest to rescue, through the help of social history and oral history, the perceptions of the workers mentioned in relation to their health-illness process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jordanian Journal of Arabic Language & Literature is the property of Mutah University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzes fake news published on the website of the Brazilian Department of Health about COVID-19 in 2020. It argues that different forms of disinformation were constituted into reified communicative processes. The study emphasizes the emergence of a disinformation production circuit whose logic is the trivialization of informational practices manifested through fake news. The methodology applied here is of an exploratory-descriptive work with a qualitative approach and content analysis. The analyses prompted the emergence of six categories obtained a posteriori: main theme, language, elements that make up the news, rhetorical devices, devices for attributing credibility to the news, and fact-checking procedures. It can be affirmed that the news articles found are based on instrumental compositions that articulate themes related to the pandemic in a simplistic way, with language that disregards grammar norms, and resorting to the combined use of several elements, specially through text and image, and of different rhetorical devices – with the recurrent use of authorities to attribute credibility to the news, and the presence of inconsistencies in fact-checking procedures by Department of Health. Finally, it can be affirmed that the fact-checking carried out by the Brazilian Department of Health had as reference the politicization of the disease in face of the tension between science, politics and the market, which compromises the fight against this health crisis and corroborates the instrumental logic of the information circulating on the web

Cet article interroge le retentissement de l'enfermement carcéral sur l'investissement subjectif du corps pulsionnel. Nous postulons l'hypothèse d'une réification de l'objet consécutive au processus d'incarcération qui retentirait directement sur l'investissement du corps propre par le sujet, comme sur ses trajectoires pulsionnelles. Nous avons travaillé à partir d'un cas de patient suivi en psychothérapie en unité de soins, en milieu carcéral. L'analyse de cas proposée illustre la manière dont l'enfermement accentue artificiellement les contours des zones laissées blanches dans la distribution libidinale du corps érogène, et la manière dont, a contrario, les zones sources favorisent des expressions pulsionnelles contraintes dans leur réalisation, pour un surinvestissement de l'intensité de la poussée alors devenu but. La manière dont nous proposons d'illustrer le dépassement de l'enfermement perceptuel dans la rencontre, ne semble pouvoir passer que par une clinique du retournement qui convoque tour à tour, et de part et d'autre, des éléments perceptifs et affectifs, loin de représentations abouties. Or, il semblerait illusoire de nier l'impact même de la représentation dans le processus associatif, ne serait-ce que par le travail narratif qui s'amorce ici, travail qui porte en lui-même les conditions du dépassement du perceptif dans le transfert. La pulsion, mise « sans dessus-dessous » par l'épreuve de l'enfermement, se délierait à l'instar d'un processus pervers favorisant les décompensations en cascades, elles-mêmes alors prétextes au cœur de la demande de soin. This article questions the impact of imprisonment on the subjective investment of the body of the drives. The author postulates the hypothesis of a reification of the object following the process of incarceration, which would have a direct impact on the subject's investment of his own body, as well as on the trajectories followed by his drives. The author exposes the case of psychotherapy with a patient in a medical care unit in a prison environment. The analysis of this case illustrates how confinement artificially accentuates the outlines of areas left blank in the libidinal distribution of the erogenous body, and how, on the contrary, the source areas constrain the realization of the expression of the drives; an overinvestment of the intensity of the constrained thrust becomes itself the goal. The possibility of overcoming perceptual confinement in a clinical encounter is only present when there is a reversal on both sides of perceptual and affective elements, at a distance from successful representations. However, it would seem illusory to deny the very impact of representation in the associative process, if only through the narrative work that begins here, work that carries in itself the conditions for going beyond the perceptual in the transference. The drive, turned "upside down" by the ordeal of confinement, tends to come undone, in a way that recalls the undoing performed perverse processes. This can lead to a series of decompensations, themselves pretexts for the demand for care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critiques the legitimisation of linear borders in mainstream international relations (IR) through a focus on postcolonial South Asia. It brings insights from political geography in conversation with IR, making three key arguments: 1. The knowledge production on bordering in postcolonial South Asia remains trapped within the cognitive confines of linear bordering 2. Problematising linear bordering can therefore lead to newer critical questions about partition/bordering in South Asia, such as: is there a way to delink democracy and political independence from linear and precisely defined territorial borders? 3. Linear bordering in South Asia has been constitutive of the identities it aimed to isolate. The paper builds its arguments from an IR perspective and relies on IR's treatment of borders, and scholarship on state formation and partition in postcolonial South Asia, to make its case. The paper understands linear borders as straight lines connecting a series of dots on a map in a way that one territory can only fall into one polity. This linear bordering was first attempted by colonial powers in Africa and then transported to other parts of the world. In South Asia, it produced reification of identities thus making divisions of territories appear as simple solutions to vastly complex challenges of identity formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smedslund (Psychol Inq 2(4):325–338, 1991) has demonstrated that much of the experimental research in psychology is pseudo-empirical—empirically testing what can be determined a priori based on the meanings of everyday psychological terminology. The present article shows how Smedslund's general perspective is consistent with certain aspects of a theoretical model of the narrative form, and how the latter provides a useful lens for making sense of pseudo-empiricism. This raises a paradox: While something along the lines of the narrative element of 'trouble' is required as a premise for research, trouble is not possible in the context of questions of the general relation between everyday psychological concepts. This paradox is resolved by showing how certain methodological and discursive characteristics of research—specifically, the reification and abstraction of psychological terminology, quantification, and the statistical analysis of group-level results function to obscure the absence (and impossibility) of trouble and/or to create the illusion of its presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on observation-based ethnography, interviews of health personnel and document review, this article describes and examines how, in clinical handling of Chagas disease, infection is treated as latent risk. It suggests that how this risk is managed has enabled a clinical practice to be conducted among people classified as at the indeterminate stage, by adding a dimension of possibility (Is it going to happen?) and potentiality (When and where?). This allows measures to be taken, including administration of medication or permanent monitoring. The reification of latent risk as a phenomenon that is manageable through a process of medicalisation engages, in turn, with other conceptions and specific experiences of risk among the affected groups. Framing the clinical practices deployed to address this risk as objects of study is a first step towards being able to describe and include them concretely in health system organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes that untranslatability and interminability in translation are both linked not only by the Derridean constant deferral of meaning or difference but also by another consequential factor of reification. A text is labelled and defined as 'untranslatable' only after several attempts at translating it and because it is 'untranslatable' future efforts to revert to the original or re-readings of the translations themselves, efforts to make the unknown known and accessible will continue making interminability both the source and product of untranslatability and vice-versa. In the process, then, untranslatability becomes a commodity which is measurable and quantifiable in relation to other commodities. It is assigned a definition and category changing cultural and social relationships to substantial 'thing' which permeates life in a capitalist society. This definition of untranslatability is repeated structurally and paradoxically gives rise to a market based on interminability of translation production. It is only when one can dereify untranslatability along the models of Cixous who prefers defamiliarizing languages to make it her own and especially Spivak when she speaks of becoming the thing translated, of originary translation which forges a responsible subject, can one think of an apolitical inclusive stance in translation which is crucial to the ethical question that plagues translation and Translation Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas intersectionality presents a fruitful framework for theoretical and empirical research, some of its fundamental features present great confusion. The term 'intersectionality' and its metaphor of the crossroads seem to reproduce what it aims to avoid: conceiving categories as separate. Despite the attempts for developing new metaphors that illustrate the mutual constitution relation among categories, gender, race or class keep being imagined as discrete units that intersect, mix or combine. Here we identify two main problems in metaphors: the lack of differentiation between positions and effects and the problem of reification. We then present a new metaphor that overcomes these two problems: a basket of apples. We argue that considering social positions as the diverse properties of different apples avoids reification by considering categories as properties and not as objects themselves, and at the same time it allows us to think about the effects dimension from a plural and contextual approach. With this shift, we propose a reframing of the discussion in debates on intersectionality theory on the relation among categories, their in/separability and fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological deterioration that is being experienced today is not the product of chance; it has its origin in the Western civilizational crisis, aggravated by the advances of the anthropocentric ideals of modernity and capitalism as the hegemonic economic model, which deny the moral condition of nature, turning it into an object of exploitation and satisfaction of human interests. Faced with this reality, the proposal of ecological ethics or environmental ethics arises as a feasible alternative that leads humanity to sustainable development. However, to achieve this goal, it is essential to break with the paradoxes of modernity: exacerbated exploitation of natural resources, instrumental rationality, the reification of nature, rupture of the man/nature duality, among others, giving way to the configuration of a new environmental, participatory, critical, democratic, collective rationality, whose objective is traced in the fight to reverse the environmental crisis through new forms of knowledge that involve awareness and education as key proposals. It concludes in the need to deconstruct modern Western rationality, raising the possibility of dialogue of knowledge, through an inclusive education, which values and encourages the dignified treatment of nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modernization's intervention with human bodies around the 1970s in Korea is epitomized in Cho Se-hui's The Dwarf and Cho Sunjak's "Young-ja's Heyday." In The Dwarf, the protagonist as Other represents the powerless low classes, especially manual labourers. Utilized like mechanical tools, his grotesque body is reified. Having lost one arm while working as a labourer, Young-ja becomes a prostitute, a sexual commodity. Both marginalized characters, who dreamed of escaping from the reality, die when they lose the exchange values of their bodies. Both best-sellers implicitly criticize the dominant capitalistic system that exploits low-class bodies to the extent of dehumanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many ways the school music curriculum has become increasingly diverse since the 1970s. For example, 'pop' and 'world' musics have been listed in UK curricula and syllabuses with an aim of becoming more inclusive. However, this article argues that such approaches to curriculum as content have confounded social justice in school music, and in particular when perpetuating a prejudicial discourse. To understand this discourse, three 'distortions' of the material nature of musical knowledge are explored as potential sources of ongoing student alienation from school music: reification, hegemonic appropriation and the loss of meaning. These distortions are also exemplified through a case study critique of social realism and the UK government's Model Music Curriculum. By way of conclusion, and as a possible resolution to the distortions, some characteristics of a curriculum as process are proposed that have implications for decolonisation and wider issues of social justice, such as class and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article aims to think about the relationships between Art, human formation and aesthetic experience, having as a reference the Critical Theory of society and its conceptual contributions about the powers of transformation and human and social formation. The theorists who support this analysis are Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno and Walter Benjamin. To these authors, Art is conceived in its autonomy and transcendence, having in the aesthetic experience its space of constitution of the human, of otherness and desire for freedom. The dialogue with these works allowed us to understand the (trans)forming powers that constitute the relationship between Art, human formation and aesthetic experience insofar as they fight reification, by making people speak, dance, sing and contemplate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this article are the analyses of the phenomenon of social integration of the proletariat, carried out by Erich Fromm and Max Horkheimer in the 1930s. Besides texts by both authors, the article resorts as well to empirical research conducted in the beginning of the decade within the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research. More specifically, the study on "character structure" of German workers (coordinated by Erich Fromm) is analyzed, being also considered the main results of the studies that had as their objects changes in sexuality and in the authority structure of European family at the time. The article shows how Horkheimer made use of central concepts of Marx's thought when examining the topics of those studies, resulting in a perspective capable of apprehending ongoing social changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, Canadian political and social thought has experienced a "treaty turn" that calls for non-Indigenous Canadians to remember a forgotten "settler treaty tradition." In this diagnostic essay, I draw out both a conceptual limitation of this turn in its obfuscation of the critical moment in Indigenous treaty visions, and a political limitation of overlooking the social forces that block and might enable the realization of treaty that follows its emphasis on the vertical (self-interpretation) rather than horizontal (social relation) axis of settler colonial reification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IgualdadES is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article traces the manifestation of the antihuman attitude in twenty-first century sf cinema, particularly in the cyborg film. The antihuman attitude is most clearly recognizable in apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic cinema, where it provides spectacular images of humanity's destruction. However, it also finds a much subtler visualization in films featuring technologically augmented characters. While presenting narratives which ultimately reinstate a privileged Enlightenment humanism, the visual economy of these films continues to represent its protagonists as dehumanized commodities. Engaging with Fredric Jameson's political unconscious and film genre theory, the article explores how the antihuman attitude manifests in 2014's RoboCop through visuals which undermine the autonomy of its human protagonist and contradict the film's humanist narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]