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not availableBangladesh Agron. J. 2014, 17(2): 95-97

The limestone modified by pyroligneous acid has been proved to have good CO2 capture behavior in the calcium looping process. In this work, SO2 retention of the highly cycled modified limestone in the carbonation/calcination cycles was investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG). The cyclic carbonation/calcination of the modified limestone was performed in a dual fixed-bed reactor and then the cycled modified limestone was sent for sulfation in TG. The effects of sulfation temperature, cycle number, and prolonged carbonation on SO2 retention of the cycled modified limestone were discussed. The optimum temperature for sulfation of the cycled modified limestone should be in the range of 900–950 °C. The effect of sulfation temperature on SO2 retention of the modified limestone drops with increasing cycle number. With increasing cycle number from 20 to 100, the sulfation conversion of the cycled modified limestone is stable and can reach ~0.4. The cycled modified limestone exhibits obviously higher SO2 retention than the cycled raw one for the same number of cycles. The prolonged carbonation increases SO2 retention of the modified limestone and the raw one after the subsequent cycles. The sulfation conversions of the modified limestone and the raw one at 118 min after 9-h carbonation in the 20th cycle increase 43 and 56 %, respectively. The cycled modified limestone shows a greater SO2 retention than the cycled raw one after the same prolonged carbonation treatment. The prolonged carbonation increases the pores in 5–20 nm range which is considered the optimum pore size for sulfation of CaO-based sorbent, so it results in an improvement in SO2 retention of the cycled sorbents.

We studied the pyrolysis process and products of Rosmarinus officinalis leaves. Three kinds of plant materials were used: fresh leaves, air-dried leaves, and air-dried leaves after essential oil distillation. The pyroligneous acids (PA) obtained by pyrolyzing the plant materials with different heating powers were extracted with organic solvents, including methanol, ethyl formate, dichloromethane, thiophene and tetrahydrofuran. The antioxidant activities, including free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power of the PA extracts were investigated. The synthetic antioxidants BHA and BHT were used as positive controls. The dichloromethane extract of PA showed superior antioxidant properties. The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined by GC–MS, and further proved that the dichloromethane extract had the best antioxidant characteristics.

Experimental investigations have been carried out on the calcium oxide obtained by the calcination of domestic limestone from eastern Taiwan to determine the absorption performance of CO2. Repetitive carbonation/calcination reaction with modified sorbents, i.e., the synthetic sol–gel sorbent (sol–gel), limestone modified with pyroligneous acid (PA), and cesium-doped CaO sorbents (doped Cs) in a fixed bed was operated to enhance the reactivity and durability of the sorbents for CO2 capture. The liquid-phase hydration treatment on the modified sorbent was also employed to improve the capture capability of CO2. Conversions for the repetitive carbonation/calcination reaction of modified sorbents were evaluated under different operating conditions. The empirical models for the decay of the CO2 capture by the previous investigation were presented in comparison with the experimental results.

Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) annually cause enormous loss to the producers and their combat has become a worldwide challenge mainly due to several reports of pesticides resistance. Today, one of the best alternatives used in this combat is the application of natural insecticides such as neem oil and pyroligneous acid. This study demonstrates a method to obtain a hexane fraction from sugarcane pyroligneous acid, which can be easily applied, as well as its effectiveness against S. frugiperda . The hexane fraction exhibited LC 50 of 2206,41 ppm after 24 h of exposure with a linear dose-response, indicating that the fraction can be used as a bio-insecticide against S. frugiperda . Keywords: Wood vinegar, insecticide, Saccharum officinarum , fall armyworm, pyroligneous extract.

With the growing amount of the chemical fertilizer consumption and agricultural wastes, non-point pollution of agriculture has been one of the problems threatening world crop production, especially considering the urgency of climate change. In this paper, a review of the research of biochar, pyroligneous acid and organic fertilizer mixture is given. And agronomic and environmental benefits that can potentially be derived from the application of this soil amendment in soils are discussed.

Alternatives to commercial chemical herbicide are currently being searched and tested due to the numerous adverse effects of commercially available herbicides to the environment. Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli) is an important weed species around the world, especially in paddy rice fields. This study focuses on the favorable effects of mixing pyroligneous acids with commercial liquid herbicides. Seedlings were transplanted and grown under greenhouse conditions. The effect of treatment time or leaf-stage on herbicide-pyroligneous acid efficacies was checked, coupled with isolation and quantification of biochemical compounds. Results revealed that herbicide treatment at early post emergence (2~3 leaf stage) of Echnochloa crus-galli leads to effective control. Both liquid herbicides affected fatty acid, protein, and amino acid syntheses as reflected on their contents. The influence of wood vinegar (WV) or rice vinegar (RV) on these compounds was not thoroughly verified due to lack of information on the pyroligneous products. We observed that mixing WV or RV with BCB (bentazone + cyhalof-butyl) gives more favorable results than BUC (butachlor + clomazone), mixed with WV or RV. The result would indicate the potential of mixing pyroligneous acid in reducing herbicide application rate.

Wood vinegar (WV) or pyroligneous acid and fermented bioextracts (FB) from plants or animal residues, have been used in agriculture in an attempt to reduce the dependence on the use of chemicals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of WV and FB on growth and yield of tomato, cv. Delta, in pot and field experiments. The study was undertaken between December 2008 and May 2009. A split-plot design with four replications was used. The main-plot treatments comprised high and low application rates of chemical fertilizer, while the sub-plot treatments were water, diluted FB (1:500 by volume), WV (1:800 by volume) applied as soil drench and foliar spray, in nine treatment combinations which included untreated control treatment. The foliar spray and soil drench treatments were applied at 10 day-intervals after transplanting (30 days after emergence). The results of two experiments were in agreement, with rates of chemical fertilizer clearly increasing the yield of tomato (P

Catalytic upgrading of pyroligneous acid, by-product from slow pyrolysis of woody biomass for char production, was carried out using zirconia-supported iron-oxide catalysts under a steam atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 623 to 723 K, and the effect of ZrO 2 content in the ZrO 2 –FeO X catalysts on catalytic activity and ketone yields was investigated. It was demonstrated that hydroxyacetone and carboxylic acids (acetic and propionic acids) in the pyroligneous acid were converted into aliphatic ketones (acetone and 2-butanone) via a ketonization reaction over the ZrO 2 –FeO X catalyst. However, reaction inhibition by metal impurities in the pyroligneous acid such as potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) was also observed. These metal impurities could be removed from the pyroligneous acid without changing the organic composition by using an ion-exchange resin. The removal of the metal impurities was effective in increasing the ketone yields. Moreover, as the W / F value ( W : Amount of catalyst, and F : Flow rate of the pyroligneous acid in the feed) increased, the ketone yield increased up to approximately 30 C mol%, and the ketone fraction in the liquid product reached 55 C mol%.

This paper reports the physico-chemical characteristics of the products derived from the thermolysis (thermolytic distillation) of waste silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) wood at different temperatures (400℃- 600℃) in a pilot scale plant. Depending on the thermolysis temperature, the procedure yielded 45 - 53 wt% pyroligneous acid with a high water content (80 - 86 wt%) and pH ≈ 3.6. The process also produced a carbonaceous solid or biochar (23 - 26 wt%), its properties strongly dependent on the thermolysis temperature. Gases (20 - 31 wt%) were also produced; these were transformed into electrical energy via a gas turbine. The pyroligneous acid was centrifuged to isolate a subfraction composed mostly of phenols (phenol, mequinol and furfural) with a total C content of 68 - 74 wt%. The remainder was subjected to fractionated distillation at laboratory scale, and the distillate subjected to liquid-liquid extraction using diethyl ether in two stages to obtain a bio-oil composed mainly of acetic acid (≈47%), aldehydes, ketones and alcohols (≈31%), phe- nols (≈18%) and aliphatic alcohols. The characteristics of the bio-oil depended on the thermolysis temperature.

This study was conducted to investigate foliar treatment effects of organic agricultural materials for the environmentally-friendly cultivation of grape. The organic materials applied were chitosan, wood vinegar (pyroligneous acid), amino acid solution, and ginkgo leaf extract. All the organic materials were relatively strong acidic ranging lower than pH 4.6. when comparing with other organic materials, amino acid solution contained relatively high contents of selected plant nutrients, such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. As comparison of selected soil properties in the grape cultivating field, soil pH values were lower at the harvest stage than at the first stage of grape growing (before treating the organic materials), and electrical conductivity (EC) and soil organic matter content were higher at the harvest stage in the all plots. The concentrations of available phosphorus increased in most of the plot soils except in control plot (conventional treatment). The concentrations of exchangeable K decreased in the plot treated with ginkgo leaf extract and the control plot. The exchangeable Mg concentrations decreased in soils of all the plots. On the other hand, the concentrations of N and K in the grape leaves were higher with the treatments of chitosan and amino acid solution, P concentrations were higher with the applications of chitosan, wood vinegar and amino acid solution, and Ca and Mg concentrations were higher with chitosan and amino acid solution treatments, respectively, than with others. The yields of grape were higher, , in the control and wood vinegar treatment plots than others. Sugar contents of grape were not different among all the plots.

The germicidal activity of pyroligneous acid (PA) against a picornavirus, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), was analyzed, and the component responsible for its disinfectant activity was identified. Bamboo PA (BPA) inactivated EMCV, but neutralization of BPA abolished this activity. Using liquid–liquid phase extraction and silica gel column chromatography, the hydrophobic active fraction of BPA was separated and its 12 major components were identified. The active fraction was reconstructed by mixing synthetic chemicals at the determined concentrations, and a subtraction series of one chemical from the complete mixture was prepared. An in vitro virus assay demonstrated that phenol was the sole germicidal component, and acetic acid augmented the phenol’s inactivating activity resulting in >5-log decrease in EMCV infectivity. Considering the low environmental risk of PA, these findings suggest that BPA is a potentially useful agent for preventing viral epidemics in agricultural and human environments.

Hydrogen production by supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of biomass is a unique process of producing energy without drying of the biomass. Especially liquid by-product streams offer via SCWG the possibility of energetic utilization in comparison to waste disposal. In this paper the parameters temperature, residence time, TOC-concentration of the feed and potassium carbonate as catalyst for the hydrothermal gasification of pyroligneous acid are studied. Pyroligneous acid is a liquid by-product of charcoal production mainly composed of acetic and formic acid. Results measured with different lab-scale reactors and a pilot plant with a maximum throughput of 100 kg/h are presented. The experiments show an increase of gasification efficiency at high temperatures, low TOC-concentration of the feed, moderate residence times and the addition of potassium carbonate.

Tannery effluent (sludge, wastewater) is treated by natural way. The waste sludge has been taken for two treatment process. The alkali chemicals are neutralized by pyroligneous acid which is obtained by pyrolysis process of wood. This sludge is sent out for drying. The dried sludge contains some crack pattern formation. Photographs were used to record two sludge cracking surfaces. Experiment has been performed to study the fracture pattern formation in thin film sludge. We studied changes of crack surface of a sludge by image analysis and also assessed applicability of fractal scaling to crack surfaces. The calculated crack surface dimension shows that the fracture surface exhibit fractal structure. Image size was 256 × 256 pixels. MFA (multifractal analysis) was carried out to the method of moments, i.e., the probability distribution was estimated for moments ranging from −150

The manure which we are using for plant growth does not help to increase the porosity of the soil. We use pyroligneous acid to treat the soil as softener, nutrient and porosity increaser. This helps to the soil to remove unwanted carbonates and separate the soil particles. In this way, we can increase 30% porosity of the soil. When we pour pyroligneous acid into soil, the soil increase the carbon content. We consider changes of pore space of a soil by image analysis and also assess the applicability of fractal scaling of pore surfaces. The calculated pore surface dimension showing that the surface exhibit fractal structure. Lacunarity shows the size distribution of holes. If Lacunarity increases, then the value become decreases. This study demonstrates that applicability of fractal scaling for evaluating pore surface of the soil images.

This paper addressed the probability of the generation of ultra-clean coal from chemical leaching of low-rank Victorian brown coal. Sequential leaching was employed to determine the modes of occurrence of the major elements in the two coals studied, including Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Al, Ti, and Si. The results indicate that, the modes of occurrence of individual metals vary greatly with brown coal sample and elemental type. For one brown coal tested, it is dominated by water-soluble and ammonium acetate-soluble ion-exchangeable cations. Therefore, a single washing through the use of woody biomass-derived pyroligneous acid or citric acid easily reduced the concentrations of its overall ash and even sulphur and chlorine to meet the requirements for gas turbine fuel. The leaching of the organically bound cations in this coal was also very rapid and completed in 5 min. In contrast, another brown coal tested is mainly composed of quartz and/or clay compounds which remained intact even after being leached with 5 M nitric acid. These mineral grains possess two peak size ranges in the coal, 1.0–2.2 μm and 4.6–10 μm. The former size bin was embedded deeply in coal matrix, and hence, its leaching upon acids was very slow when compared with coarse particles which are mostly discrete grains residing separately from coal matrix. The Na–EDTA was found to be able to mobilise the small grains substantially through its Na ion to penetrate coal matrix to react with Al, forming acid-soluble Na aluminates. The ammonium acetate-insoluble Ti and Fe polyhedra were also mobilised by the EDTA. Accordingly, the overall ash content in coal residue accounts for ~ 1.5 wt.%, relative to 2.6 wt.% in the corresponding raw coal and 2.0 wt.% in the ammonium acetate-insoluble residue.

In this work, pyroligneous acid (PA) was used to modify limestone, and the CO2 capture capacity in calcination/carbonation cycles was consequently strengthened. The cyclic CO2 capture behavior of PA-modified limestone was investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer and a dual fixed-bed reactor. The main component of the PA-modified limestone was found to be calcium acetate hydrate. The optimum ratio of PA to limestone was found to be 20 mL/g. The PA-modified limestone was found to retain a higher CO2 capture capacity for carbonation at 700 °C. The carbonation conversion of the PA-modified limestone achieved 0.33 after 103 cycles, whereas, for the original sorbent, the conversion was just 0.078 under the same reaction conditions. The modification of limestone increased the surface area and pore volume of the calcined material during cycles. Furthermore, the calcined form of the modified limestone had more pores in the ranges of 1.8–4.6 and 18–155 nm, and as a result, its surface area and pore volume were ...

Based on differences in acidity, organic acids and phenols were enriched by pH gradient extraction method from walnut shell pyroligneous acid. Contents of organic acids and phenols were measured by acid–base titration method and Folin colorimetric assay, respectively to assess the effectiveness of the extraction. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the organic acids and antioxidant activity of phenols extracted were investigated. Chemical components of the extracts that were from the optimal concentrations of NaHCO3 and NaOH were measured by GC–MS. The results showed that 5% NaHCO3 could enrich the highest amount of organic acids, whereas 4% NaOH could enrich the highest amount of phenols. The enriched organic acids exhibited high antimicrobial activity, and the enriched phenols exhibited antioxidant activity under low concentrations, and demonstrated dosage dependency.

Pyroligneous acid (PA), obtained from charcoal production, has been reported excellent capability in antioxidant by chemical examination. However, the biological effect of PA in living animal is still unknown. In this study, a simple model organism, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, was used as anin vivosystem to assess the biological effects of PA treatment. The worms were exposed to concentrated pyroligneous acid (CPA) and extraction (CPAE) thereof in a 0.5-5.0 mg/mL concentration and their brood size and germline cell apoptotisis were examined. The results showed that CPA and CPAE rescued the germline cell apoptosis induced by paraquat, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator. Additionally, CPA and CPAE did not show negative effect on the brood size and germline cell apoptosis in wild type at normal culture condition, suggesting safety of PA in living worms. To further scrutinize the antioxidant ability of PA, the apoptotic cell of germline induced by parapuat was assayed after treatment of 0.5 mg/mL CPA, CPAE, L-ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol. Treatment with CPAE or L-ascorbic acid could almost completely rescue the germline apoptosis to control level, indicating a potential material in food and biomedicine of PA.

The aim of this article is to discuss the properties of pyrolysis liquid products and their primary applications. The pyrolysis of biomass is a promising route for the production of solid (charcoal), liquid (tar and other organics), and gaseous products. These products are of interest as they are possible alternate sources of fuels and chemicals. Pyrolysis liquid is referred to in the literature by terms, such as pyrolysis oil, bio-oil, bio-crude oil, bio-fuel oil, wood liquid, wood oil, liquid smoke, wood distillates, pyroligneous tar, and pyroligneous acid. Bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis mainly consisted of aromatic, aliphatic, and naphthenic hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds, such as phenols, furans, alcohols, acids, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones. Bio-oil has a higher energy density than biomass, can be readily stored and transported, and can be used either as a renewable liquid fuel or chemical production.

Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, KoreaABSTRACT The current study was conducted to estimate the effect of dietary pyroligneous acid (PA) on performance, noxious gas emission in excreta, blood parameter and fatty acid composition of breast meat in Korean native chicken. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks were allocated to three treatments (PA; 0, 0.1, 0.2%) with five replicate of 16 each per treatment for 10 weeks. Although there was no effect on the performance, ammonia gas concentration was significantly decreased in the PA treatments compared to the control (p ?@ AB% !CDE2 FG,-HIE9!*JK

Three kinds of pyroligneous acids were prepared from walnut shell at different temperature ranges (low: 90–150 °C, SP1; middle: 151–310 °C, SP2; and high: 311–550 °C, SP3). The chemical profiles of the acids were established by GC–MS. Antioxidant activities of the acids were investigated from the aspects of DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, hydroxyl free radical scavenging capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, and anti-lipid peroxidation capacity. The results indicated that the chemical constituents of pyroligneous acids were similar, mainly phenols, organic acids, ketones, and furan derivatives. However, the contents of each constituent in three acids varied. All the pyroligneous acids exhibited antioxidant activity, but with different levels. The acid SP3 collected from high temperature range showed the strongest antioxidant activity, followed by those from middle (SP2) and low (SP1) temperature ranges. It was considered that the strongest antioxidant activity of SP3 was due to its highest content of phenols among the three acids. It is hopeful to develop food antioxidant from SP3.

The aim of this study is to obtain bio-oil from pyrolysis of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) wood. Liquid, solid and gaseous products were obtained from black locust wood pyrolysis. The pyrolysis of biomass is a thermal treatment that results in the production of charcoal, liquid, and gaseous products. The liquid and gas products can be used in engine and turbine for power generation. Pyrolysis liquid is referred to in the literature by terms such as pyrolysis oil, bio-oil, bio-crude oil, bio-fuel oil, wood liquid, wood oil, liquid smoke, wood distillates, pyroligneous tar, pyroligneous acid. Bio-oil is not a product of thermodynamic equilibrium during pyrolysis but is produced with short reactor times and rapid cooling or quenching from the pyrolysis temperatures. The yields of bio-oil versus time by pyrolysis of black locust wood samples were very sharply increased from 5 to 20 minutes from approximately 5.6 to 35.3%, respectively. Then it was approached to the plateau value after 20 minutes. The influence of residence time on the yield of products is small, with a slight decrease in oil yield and increase in char yield. The yields of charcoal were 81.4 and 22.3% for 5 and 25 minutes, respectively.

Archeological studies have found that pyrolysis liquids were already used in the time of the Neanderthal. Wood vinegar and other slow pyrolysis liquids are produced as a by-product of charcoal production. However, future business ideas may be the other way round as pyrolysis liquids may replace synthetic chemicals in the form of pesticides and biocides.Directives and regulations related to the sustainable use of pesticides govern and direct plant protection strategies towards a lower use of synthetic chemicals. It is hoped that many mega trends of global policies will boost the use of plant based products given that a reduced reliance on fossil fuel is a general target in the global food and feed production economy. Pyrolysis technology has been actively studied and developed around the world and is linked to the development of the knowledge based bio-economy. The importance and social impact of pyrolysis technologies will also be enhanced because it is a practicable technique in the sustainable use of wastes and biomasses. However, very little scientific evidence is available to support efficacy claims of wood vinegar and toxicology assessments of the products used. Wood tar has been investigated a bit more thoroughly. The aim of this review was to clarify the potential of slow pyrolysis liquids in agricultural use, in particular, in pesticide applications. In addition, some of the main challenges in developing novel bio control technologies are discussed and the barriers in the commercialization of biological control agents are revealed.

To achieve a comprehensive utilization of walnut tree branches, a waste from the cultivation of walnut fruit, pyroligneous acids were prepared and collected by pyrolyzing walnut tree branches at three temperature ranges, 90–230 °C, 230–370 °C and 370–450 °C. Antimicrobial activity of each pyroligneous acid was tested. Chemical constituents of the pyroligneous acid collected from 230 to 370 °C, which showed the strongest antimicrobial activity were analyzed by GC-MS. The results showed that the temperature range to produce pyroligneous acid from walnut tree branches was 90–450 °C. All the pyroligneous acids collected from three temperature ranges showed antimicrobial activities, while the pyroligneous acid collected from 230 to 370 °C showed strongest antimicrobial activity. Fifty compounds were found by GC–MS analysis from the pyroligneous acid collected at this temperature range, namely organic acids, phenols, ketones phenyl ethers, and furan and pyran derivatives, others with lower contents were alcohols, esters, sugar derivatives, and nitrogen compounds. Phenols and organic acids accounted for 63.46% of the total constituents detected. It is suggested that phenols and organic acids are the active components for antimicrobial activity.

Weed control is one of the important and difficult practices in environment-sound agriculture. This study was conducted to establish environment-sound weed control in paddy fields using rice bran pellet. Application of rice bran pellet at a rate of 1~3 Mg ha -1 reduced weed occurrence by 46~69% without using any chemical herbicide. However, rice bran application at a rate of greater than 2 Mg ha -1 increased protein content in milled rice and decreased palatability value. Therefore, fertilization rate before transplanting needs to be reduced from N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O = 55-45-40 kg ha -1 to 28-23-20 kg ha -1 , in order to decrease protein content and increase palatability value without decreasing rice yield. Pyroligneous acid and brown rice vinegar had a relatively weak activity to inhibit weed emergence compared with rice bran. When butachlor herbicide was applied at a rate of 0.75 kg ha -1 , 50% of recommended rate, co-application of rice bran pellet at a rate of 1 Mg ha -1 enhanced weed control value from 63% to 75%.Key Words

This paper presents results of experiments undertaken to determine the performance of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine fuelled by blends of kiln-produced pyroligneous tar (PT) and diesel. The PT was sourced from Bulgaria where it was produced from a pine feedstock via a traditional kiln method that involves separation of the aqueous pyroligneous acid fraction. The tar is characterized by high carbon concentration, viscosity and high heating value. Although high, at fuel injection temperatures over 120 °C the tar's viscosity is likely to be lower than diesel. Analysis by GC revealed a number of compounds typically extracted from wood-based tar products. Blends containing 20% and 40% PT with diesel were tested in a 4-cylinder, 4-stoke DI diesel engine. The blends are stable and readily formed. Little difference in engine performance relative to diesel was found for 20% PT blends. PT blends (40%) exhibit significantly higher in-cylinder gas temperature and pressure. Ignition delay for both blends is longer than diesel, as is the fuel burn rate during the premixed stage of the combustion. During the diffusion stage of combustion, the fuel burn rate is lower relative to diesel. The performance of engines fuelled by blends containing 40% or more PT could be improved through optimization of engine systems.

The polyphenols (CPAE II) was isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the pyroligneous acid, Rhizophora apiculata by simultaneous acid base and solvent extraction method. Its qualitative and quantitative composition was studied by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and out of 57 peaks, 52 compounds were identified, representing 95.47% of the total polyphenols. The CPAE II was then fractionated to four fractions (F1–F4) by means of thin layer chromatography and silica gel column chromatography with dichloromethane, dichloromethane/chloroform/ethyl acetate mixture (8:1:1; 4:3:3, v/v/v), and ethyl acetate, respectively. The antioxidant properties of the CPAE II and the fractions were evaluated. Among the four fractions, fraction 1 (F1) was the most potent in DPPH radical scavenging activity and molybdenum (VI) reducing power. It was subjected to further purification by means of silica gel column chromatography with hexane, hexane/diethyl ether mixture (9:1, 6:1, 3:1, v/v), and diethyl ether, respectively. 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol (syringol) and dihydroxybenzenes (catechol and 3-methoxycatechol) were isolated and identified by GC/MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectral analyses, and confirmed by GC co-injection with authentic standards. Syringol, catechol and 3-methoxycatechol constitute 39.08, 4.21 and 1.10% of F1, respectively. Their antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, phosphomolybdenum and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The trend in antioxidant capacity was similar in all the four assays, with dihydroxybenzenes > 2,6-dimethoxyphenols, although discrepancies in the ranking within the dihydroxybenzenes were present. These three compounds which showed significant antioxidant activities were isolated for the first time from the pyroligneous acid, R. apiculata.

Summary The influence of charcoal and smoke condensates (pyroligneous acid, PA) on microbial activity in a highly weathered Amazonian upland soil was assessed via measurements of basal respiration (BR), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), and exponential population increase after substrate addition. PA extracts are commonly used for fertilizer or as pest control in Brazil, where phosphorus (P) availability and nitrogen (N) leaching are among the most severe limitations for agriculture. Microbes play an important role in nutrient cycling and solubilizing of phosphate. BR, microbial biomass, population growth and the microbe's efficiency (expressed by the metabolic quotient) increased linearly and significantly with increasing charcoal concentrations (50, 100 and 150 g kg −1 soil). Application of PA caused a sharp increase in all parameters. We suppose that the condensates from smoke contain easily degradable substances and only small amounts of inhibitory agents, which could be utilized by the microbes for their metabolism.

The main aim of this paper is to improve the current sawmilling process by utilization of the products from thermal treatment of wood residues. Firstly, batch thermal treatments of rubberwood sawdust were conducted under various conditions to study the effects of the conditions on the yields and the characteristics of the products, pyroligneous acid and activated carbons. Sufficient amounts of crude pyroligneous acid and activated carbon were obtained. In all conditions, the produced pyroligneous acid contained the same amount of components which are essential as preservative, e.g., phenolic compounds. The activated carbon especially that produced under steam atmosphere exhibited a relatively high surface area that is suitable as an adsorbent. Secondly, the model aqueous solution of a single harmful phenolic compound contained in the pyroligneous acid was subjected to batch equilibrium adsorptions with the activated carbon prepared by the above treatment. The activated carbon effectively adsorbed the phenolic compounds in the pyroligneous acid. The overall capacity of the rubberwood activated carbon to fully adsorb any component in pyroligneous acid was considerably higher than the amount of the component produced from the same rubberwood sawdust, showing the feasibility of treating the wastewater containing pyroligneous acid with the activated carbon. Finally, based on these experimental results, we synthesized the outline of an improved sawmilling process: the wood residues are thermally treated to obtain pyroligneous acid, activated carbon, and off-gas; the pyroligneous acid is used as wood preservative instead of the conventional toxic one, the wastewater containing the pyroligneous acid is treated by the activated carbon, and the off-gas with addition of residues is used as a heat and energy source for these additional operations. The proposed method is promising and reliable to give the desired performance to improve the manufacturing process and overcome environmental problems.

We investigated the growth inhibition effect of pyroligneous acid on the pathogenic fungus,Alternaria mali, which is known to be the agent of Alternaria blotch of apple plants. Chemical control ofA. mali could be achieved through the use of agrochemical fungicides, while the substitute for agrochemical control is gradually increasing. It was observed that pyroligneous acid exhibited antifungal activity against some plant pathogenic fungi. More specifically, the growth ofA. mali was completely inhibited in pyroligneous acid at a dilution of 1∶32. When its antifungal activity was compared to that of polyoxin B, which is used for the chemical control of Alternaria blotch of apple, it was observed that the antifungal activity of pyroligneous acid diluted at 1∶32 corresponded to 2.0 mg/mL of polyoxin B. Consequently, it is concluded that the diluted pyroligneous acid can substitute for polyoxin B, thereby reducing the use of the agrochemical for the control of Alternaria blotch of apple.

Over last three decades, farming system has been directed to maximize agricultural production and to increase farmer’s income through adoption of high–yielding crop varieties with high input of agro–chemicals (Yoo, 1999). These farming practices have resulted in many problems like food safety, soil fertility, and deterioration of fresh and underground water–quality (Bouwnan, 1990; Duxbury and Moiser, 1993; Jones and Schwab, 1993). Loess soil being one of the important economic consequences of quaternary environmental change, in that it resulted in large areas of soil that have an agriculturally more favorable particle size distribution and mineralogical composition than other common sediment types and also plays an important role in maintaining yields of arable crops (Catt, 2001). Although the environment is very important, no use of fertilizers and agricultural chemicals causes significant yield loss in rice production (Ku et al., 1999). Thus, environmental–friendly agricultural practice has been drawing a global attention as a promising alternative for sustainable food production. Lately circulated environmental–friendly agricultural materials include microbial products, amino acids, pyroligneous acid, charcoal, mixture of charcoal with pyroligneous acid (MCPA), chitosan and brown rice vinegar etc (Choi, 1998). Loess soils are among the most fertile soils in the world, principally because the abundance of silt particles ensures good water supply, aeration, root penetration, and seedbed production (Catt, 2001). Research reports indicate favorable effects of MCPA and charcoal in improving soil productivity and yield in crops such as sweet potato, sorghum, melon, sugarcane (Tsuzuki et al., 1993; Uddin et al., 1994; Shibayama et al., 1998). However, there have been no attempts for the application of these materials on paddy soil and loess “Hwangto” for rice, which is one of the most important crops in Asia. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of environmentally–friendly materials treated in paddy soils and loess soil “Hwangto” on the growth and yield of rice.

Total phenolics content, free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and antioxidant activity of the pyroligenous acid from a mangrove plant, Rhizophora apiculata were evaluated. Dichloromethane extraction of the raw pyroligneous acid successfully yield 2 extracts, i.e. concentrated pyroligneous acid (CPA) and concentrated pyroligneous acid extract (CPAE). Phenolic contents in CPAE and CPA, expressed as (±)-catechin equivalents/g of the sample were 5465 ± 367 mg and 2502 ± 152 mg, and expressed as gallic acid equivalents/g of the sample were 2919 ± 209 mg and 1348 ± 90 mg, respectively. CPAE exhibited superior free radical scavenging activity with EC 50 value = 0.1235 mg/ml, or 80.96% of free radical scavenging capability. The ferric reducing power of CPAE was approximately 3.7, 5.1, 6.1, and 21.3 times higher than that of ascorbic acid, BHA, BHT and alpha-tocopherol. In phosphomolybdenum assay, CPAE showed the greatest antioxidant efficacy ( A 695 = 1.278) compared to those of CPA and different standards. In addition, the free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing power and total antioxidative activity of CPAE and CPA showed positive correlation with their total phenolic content with R 2 values ranging from 0.9624 to 0.9979.

In this study, the effect of different herbicide x pyroligenous acid mixtures on soil chemical and biological properties was evaluated in order to elucidate its potential impacts on nutrient availability and soil quality. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions consisted of 100-fold diluted wood vinegar (100 WV), 50% BCB (Bentazone cyhalofop-butyl), 100% BCB, 50% BCB+100 WV, 50% BCB+250 WV and 50% BCB+500 WV applied against Echinochloa crusgalli. Ten days after herbicide application, the chemical properties were altered and the changes were influenced by the amount of WV dilutions. The soil pH was near neutral to slightly alkaline coupled with decreased electrical conductivity (EC). The total carbon, available phosphorous, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable sodium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable potassium and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were relatively lower compared to the control. BiologTM assay showed that different treatments resulted to variable microbial activity, Shannon-Weaver index and richness of carbon utilization potential. Principal component analysis showed segregation of samples based on extracted principal components indicating variable carbon utilization potential due to different treatments combination. Correlation analysis between soil and microbial properties revealed that Principal Component 2 has negative correlation with pH and available P. On the other hand, Principal Component 3 was positively correlated with total C, exch. Ca, Mg, Na, and CEC (0.475, 0.490, 0.555, 0.489, and 0.517, respectively). Application of pyroligneous acid combined with herbicides resulted to changes in soil chemical and biological characteristics which may have unique implications on nutrient availability and overall soil quality.

Seven kinds of pyroligneous acids were collected at different temperature ranges (K7-1: 90 to 140 oC; K7-2: 140 to 190 oC; K7-3: 190 to 240 oC; K7-4: 240 to 290 oC; K7-5: 290 to 340 oC; K7-6: 340 to 440 oC; and K7-7: 440 to 480 oC). The chemical compositions of the pyroligneous acids were determined by GC-MS. Moreover, the biological activities of pyroligneous acids were investigated by a foliar spray experiment of rape using the pyroligneous acids collected at 90 to 480 oC. The physiological and chemical responses of pyroligneous acids, including the content of soluble protein and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, were detected. The results of GC-MS analysis showed that the chemical profiles of pyroligneous acids varied with pyrolysis temperature. About 62 kinds of compounds belonging to 8 groups were identified, including ketones, phenols, organic acids, ester, benzene and its derivatives, aldehydes, alcohols, and sugar derivatives. Finally, the pyroligneous acids from walnut shell were applied in foliar spray for rape (Brassica campestris L.). The results demonstrated that pyroligneous acid from walnut shell with a low concentration significantly enhanced the content of soluble protein and the activity of SOD in rape leaves.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:47:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-29452004000300037.pdf: 118414 bytes, checksum: 675a4b519a0c2d329ba803bd7d355cdf (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:47:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-29452004000300037.pdf: 118414 bytes, checksum: 675a4b519a0c2d329ba803bd7d355cdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:37:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452004000300037.pdf: 118414 bytes, checksum: 675a4b519a0c2d329ba803bd7d355cdf (MD5) S0100-29452004000300037.pdf.txt: 33866 bytes, checksum: 225847cff8888d3cb84c45368506121f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:10:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452004000300037.pdf: 118414 bytes, checksum: 675a4b519a0c2d329ba803bd7d355cdf (MD5) S0100-29452004000300037.pdf.txt: 33866 bytes, checksum: 225847cff8888d3cb84c45368506121f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:10:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452004000300037.pdf: 118414 bytes, checksum: 675a4b519a0c2d329ba803bd7d355cdf (MD5) S0100-29452004000300037.pdf.txt: 33866 bytes, checksum: 225847cff8888d3cb84c45368506121f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-01 Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da presença do extrato pirolenhoso (EP) na calda de pulverização sobre o teor foliar de nutrientes de limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck), foi desenvolvido um experimento com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, em blocos ao acaso, em ambiente protegido. Os tratamentos constituíram da pulverização das soluções: T0 = água; T1 = solução de micronutrientes sem EP; T2 = solução de micronutrientes + EP (1cm³ dm-3); T3 = solução de micronutrientes + EP (2 cm³ dm-3); T4 = solução de micronutrientes + EP (5cm³ dm-3); T5 = solução de micronutrientes + EP (10 cm³ dm-3). A solução de micronutrientes foi preparada com sulfatos de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn (250 mg dm-3 do elemento) e ácido bórico (42,5 mg dm-3 de B). As plantas foram cultivadas em tubetes cônicos de 0,280 dm³, com substrato sem a adição de micronutrientes na formulação. As soluções foram pulverizadas uma única vez, aos 140 dias após o plantio (DAP), momento em que as plantas apresentavam aproximadamente 20 cm de altura. Ao final do experimento (160 DAP), quantificaram-se a massa seca e os teores de macro e micronutrientes da parte aérea e sistema radicular. A presença do extrato pirolenhoso na solução de micronutrientes não interferiu na concentração foliar de B, Fe e Zn em mudas de limoeiro 'Cravo'. Entretanto, na concentração de 10 cm³ dm-3, aumentou a concentração foliar de Cu e Mn. Observou-se também que as plantas pulverizadas com soluções contendo EP (1 a 10 cm³ dm-3) + micronutrientes apresentaram menor teor de Fe e maior teor de Ca no sistema radicular. This research studied the effect of pyroligneous acid (PA) presence in the micronutrient solution sprayed on leaves on the foliar nutrient content of 'Rangpur lime' (Citrus limonia Osbeck0) seedlings, under screen house. An experiment in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replicates was set up. Treatments consisted of leaf spraying with the following solutions: T0 = water; T1 = micronutrients solution without PA; T2 = micronutrients solution+ PA (1 cm³ dm-3); T3 = micronutrients solution + PA (2 cm³ dm-3); T4 = micronutrients solution + PA (5 cm³ dm-3); T5 = micronutrients solution + PA (10 cm³ dm-3). The micronutrient solutions were prepared by using sulphates of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn (250 mg dm-3 of the elements), and boric acid (42.5 mg dm-3 of B). The experiment was set up on 0.280 dm³ conical containers, in growing media with no addition of micronutrients. The solutions were sprayed once, at 140 days after planting (DAP), when the plants were about 20 cm high. At the end of the experiment (160 DAP), dry mass of plants and concentrations of nutrients of aerial part and root system were evaluated. The presence of pyroligneous acid in the spraying solution did not affect B, Fe and Zn concentration in the leaves. However, increased Cu and Mn concentration for treatments containing PA at 10 cm³ dm-3 in the micronutrients solution. It was also observed that plants sprayed with solutions of PA (1 to 10 cm³ dm-3) + micronutrients showed lower Fe and higher Ca concentration on the root system. Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento Instituto Agronômico Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento Instituto Agronômico

This paper first aims to evaluate the possibility of synthesizing organic calcium through the use of pyroligneous acid and raw limestone. The factors affecting this reaction were investigated including the particle size of limestone, the type of pyroligneous acid and reaction conditions as well. Secondly, two low-rank coals were mixed with the calcium-enriched pyroligneous acid to evaluate the possibility of desulfurization in the combustion furnace. The soluble calcium within pyroligneous acid is in the form of calcium acetate having a low decomposition temperature around 400 °C, far lower than that of raw limestone being about 700 °C. Due to its solubility, calcium within pyroligneous acid was loaded readily on the coals, forming the ultrafine particles in the impregnated coal matrix. During coal combustion, the loaded calcium underwent quick decomposition prior to char combustion and subsequently, the formed ultrafine calcium oxide captured the evolved sulfur oxide. Around 85% desulfurization efficiency was achieved for coal combustion. S/Ca molar ratio around 1.0 was formed for the particles less than 1.0 μm, whereas it decreased gradually with the increasing particle size.

The usefulness of a mixture of charcoal with pyroligneous acid (MCP) and with barnyard manure (MCB) to improve the medium for bedding plants was evaluated. The basal medium was peat moss, soil, vermiculite, perlite and sand (2:1:1:1:1) (v/v). The MCP or MCB was mixed with the basal medium at 0, 10 or 30% (v/v) and seedlings were transferred to this medium. Both treatments of MCP shortened the number of days to flowering from transplantation of zinnia, melampodium and scarlet sage, increased the survival rate of scarlet sage and zinnia, and raised the quality, such as for melampodium and zinnia. But MCP decreased the quality in a few species because the plant height of French marigold decreased and the plant height and plant spread of scarlet sage decreased with the 30% treatment. MCB increased the survival rate of zinnia with the 10% treatment and tended to improve the quality of all species. We conclude that MCB improves the growth and quality and is effective for the cultivation of bedding plants.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:47:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-29452003000300037.pdf: 434635 bytes, checksum: 278732e8cc59909880aea9b869dc444e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:47:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-29452003000300037.pdf: 434635 bytes, checksum: 278732e8cc59909880aea9b869dc444e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:00:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452003000300037.pdf: 434635 bytes, checksum: 278732e8cc59909880aea9b869dc444e (MD5) S0100-29452003000300037.pdf.txt: 28398 bytes, checksum: 335c79b1e850e0fbbeb146a90d331eb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:17:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452003000300037.pdf: 434635 bytes, checksum: 278732e8cc59909880aea9b869dc444e (MD5) S0100-29452003000300037.pdf.txt: 28398 bytes, checksum: 335c79b1e850e0fbbeb146a90d331eb4 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:17:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452003000300037.pdf: 434635 bytes, checksum: 278732e8cc59909880aea9b869dc444e (MD5) S0100-29452003000300037.pdf.txt: 28398 bytes, checksum: 335c79b1e850e0fbbeb146a90d331eb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-01 O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do uso de fino de carvão no substrato e da aplicação de extrato pirolenhoso no substrato e na planta sobre o desenvolvimento de porta-enxertos de limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck) cultivados em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi desenvolvido no delineamento em blocos casualisados, com análise em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 3, sendo: 3 proporções de fino de carvão (0, 100 e 200 cm³ dm-3) em mistura com substrato comercial, 2 concentrações de extrato pirolenhoso (0 e 20 cm³ dm-3) misturadas no substrato (240 cm³ por dm³ de substrato) e 3 concentrações de extrato pirolenhoso (0, 5 e 10 cm³ dm-3) pulverizadas na parte aérea, em 4 repetições. Aos 150 e 180 dias após o plantio foram realizadas avaliações do desenvolvimento das plantas. As misturas de fino de carvão e substrato comercial contendo fino de carvão na proporção de 100 cm³ dm-3 não influíram no desenvolvimento de porta-enxertos de limoeiro 'Cravo' , porém, na proporção de 200 cm³ dm-3 prejudica o desenvolvimento dos mesmos. O umedecimento pré-plantio do substrato com solução diluída (20 cm³ dm-3) de extrato pirolenhoso ou pulverização da parte aérea das plantas com soluções a 5 e 10 cm³ dm-3 provoca redução do desenvolvimento de porta-enxertos de limoeiro 'Cravo' . The effect of finely grounded charcoal and pyroligneous acid (PA) in mixture with a commercial growing media and PA sprayed on leaves on growth of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) seedlings under screen house was studied. Treatments consisted in a combination of 3 levels of charcoal (0, 100 and 200 cm³ dm-3) mixture on the commercial growing media, 2 rates of PA mixtured (0 and 20 cm³ dm-3) to a growing media (240 cm³ per dm³ of growing media), and 3 rates of PA (0, 5 and 10 cm³ dm-3) sprayed on the leaves, with 4 replications. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, and analyzed as a factorial 3 x 2 x 3. Growth of seedlings was evaluated at 150 and 180 days after planting. The presence of charcoal at 100 cm³ dm-3 in the media did not influence on growth of seedlings. However, the mixture with 200 cm³ dm-3 of charcoal reduced production of total dry mass and high of the plants. The addition of PA (solution 20 cm³ dm-3) to the media reduced plant growth, and sprayed (solutions 5 and 10 cm³ dm-3) on the leaves reduced seedlings diameter. Unesp FCAV Unesp FCAV Departamento de Tecnologia APTA Citros 'Sylvio Moreira' IAC SAA Unesp FCAV Unesp FCAV Departamento de Tecnologia

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do uso de fino de carvão no substrato e da aplicação de extrato pirolenhoso no substrato e na planta sobre o desenvolvimento de porta-enxertos de limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck) cultivados em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi desenvolvido no delineamento em blocos casualisados, com análise em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 x 3, sendo: 3 proporções de fino de carvão (0, 100 e 200 cm³ dm-3) em mistura com substrato comercial, 2 concentrações de extrato pirolenhoso (0 e 20 cm³ dm-3) misturadas no substrato (240 cm³ por dm³ de substrato) e 3 concentrações de extrato pirolenhoso (0, 5 e 10 cm³ dm-3) pulverizadas na parte aérea, em 4 repetições. Aos 150 e 180 dias após o plantio foram realizadas avaliações do desenvolvimento das plantas. As misturas de fino de carvão e substrato comercial contendo fino de carvão na proporção de 100 cm³ dm-3 não influíram no desenvolvimento de porta-enxertos de limoeiro 'Cravo' , porém, na proporção de 200 cm³ dm-3 prejudica o desenvolvimento dos mesmos. O umedecimento pré-plantio do substrato com solução diluída (20 cm³ dm-3) de extrato pirolenhoso ou pulverização da parte aérea das plantas com soluções a 5 e 10 cm³ dm-3 provoca redução do desenvolvimento de porta-enxertos de limoeiro 'Cravo' .The effect of finely grounded charcoal and pyroligneous acid (PA) in mixture with a commercial growing media and PA sprayed on leaves on growth of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) seedlings under screen house was studied. Treatments consisted in a combination of 3 levels of charcoal (0, 100 and 200 cm³ dm-3) mixture on the commercial growing media, 2 rates of PA mixtured (0 and 20 cm³ dm-3) to a growing media (240 cm³ per dm³ of growing media), and 3 rates of PA (0, 5 and 10 cm³ dm-3) sprayed on the leaves, with 4 replications. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, and analyzed as a factorial 3 x 2 x 3. Growth of seedlings was evaluated at 150 and 180 days after planting. The presence of charcoal at 100 cm³ dm-3 in the media did not influence on growth of seedlings. However, the mixture with 200 cm³ dm-3 of charcoal reduced production of total dry mass and high of the plants. The addition of PA (solution 20 cm³ dm-3) to the media reduced plant growth, and sprayed (solutions 5 and 10 cm³ dm-3) on the leaves reduced seedlings diameter.

Flash pyrolysis products from hazelnut shell and tea factory waste obtained in a pyrolysis apparatus were analyzed. Comparison of the pyrolytic products of the structural components indicates the origin of each product. A promising route for processing biomass is pyrolytic conversion, which has been conducted under a variety of experimental conditions, resulting in production of charcoal, tarry material, aqueous fraction and gaseous products. Methanol can be produced by pyrolysis of biomass. Methanol mainly arises from methoxyl groups of uronic acid and from the breakdown of methyl esters and/or ethers from decomposition of pectin-like plant materials. Acetic acid comes from the elimination of acetyl groups originally linked to the xylose unit. The pyroligneous acid consists of about 50% methanol, acetone, phenols and water. The yields of acetic acid from hazelnut shell for non-alkali and alkali runs increased from 12.80% to 16.30% and from 16.70% to 22.18% while the final pyrolysis temperature was increased from 675 to 825 K, respectively. The yields of methanol from hazelnut shell for non-alkali and alkali runs increased from 7.26% to 10.30% and from 9.72% to 12.61% while the final pyrolysis temperature was increased from 675 to 875 K, respectively. The maximum yields of acetic acid from tea waste for non-alkali and alkali runs were 7.13% and 9.20% at 825 K, respectively. The maximum yields of methanol from tea waste for non-alkali and alkali runs were 8.82% (at 875 K) and 10.50% (at 925 K), respectively.

Sustainable development of renewable resources is a major challenge globally. Biomass is an important renewable energy source and an alternative to fossil fuels. Pyrolysis of biomass is a promising method for simultaneous production of biochar, bio-oil, pyroligneous acid (PA), and gaseous fuels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pyrolysis process and products yields of Schisandra chinensis fruits with different pyrolysis powers. The obtained PA was extracted with organic solvents, including ethyl formate, dichloromethane, methanol and tetrahydrofuran. The antioxidant activities, including the free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power, of the PA extracts were investigated. The synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene were used as positive controls. A dichloromethane extract of PA showed excellent antioxidant properties compared to the other extracts. The chemical compositions of the PA extracts were determined by GC-MS, and further proved that the dichloromethane extract had the best antioxidant characteristics among the extracts tested.

Aim: Rhizophora apiculata pyroligneous acid is a crude condensate produced from the distillation of smoke generated in the process of charcoal making has the potential to be used as antibacterial agent to treat bacterial infections. In this study, pyroligneous acid (PA), concentrated pyroligneous acid (CPA), Dichloromethane extract of CPA namely DCM A and B were tested against eight Gram positive and eight Gram negative pathogenic bacteria. Methodology and Results: The antimicrobial activities were studied by using disc diffusion method and broth dilution method. The effect of the extract on the growth profile of the bacteria was examined via time-kill assay. Moreover, microscopic observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done to determine the major alterations of Bacillus subtilis cells after treated with extract. The results exhibited significant inhibition zones within the range of 13.019.0 mm for PA, 19.0-23.0 mm for CPA, 15.0-17.0 mm for DCM A and 14.0-16.0 mm for DCM B. The results also revealed that extract DCM B of CPA was the most potential to be used as antibacterial agent with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 1.56-3.12 mg/mL. Scanning electron micrographs of DCM B treated Bacillus subtilis confirmed the damaged cells caused by the extract. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Data from this investigation revealed that Rhizophora apiculata pyroligneous acid may be a broad antimicrobial agent against pathogenic bacteria.

Pyroligneous acid (PA) is a complex highly oxygenated aqueous liquid fraction obtained by the condensation of pyrolysis vapors, which result from the thermochemical breakdown or pyrolysis of plant biomass components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. PA produced by the slow pyrolysis of plant biomass is a yellowish brown or dark brown liquid with acidic pH and usually comprises a complex mixture of guaiacols, catechols, syringols, phenols, vanillins, furans, pyrans, carboxaldehydes, hydroxyketones, sugars, alkyl aryl ethers, nitrogenated derivatives, alcohols, acetic acid, and other carboxylic acids. The phenolic components, namely guaiacol, alkyl guaiacols, syringol, and alkyl syringols, contribute to the smoky odor of PA. PA finds application in diverse areas, as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, plant growth stimulator, coagulant for natural rubber, and termiticidal and pesticidal agent; is a source for valuable chemicals; and imparts a smoky flavor for food.