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Service runs considered as a major nerve of any building. Thus, beam with longitudinal and transverse opening (BLTO) was creative solution for the purpose of serve those runs with other benefits, especially when utilized high strength self-compacting concrete (HS-SCC). This study examined the behavior of eight reinforced concrete (RC) beams. These beams were involved into two groups. All beams had identical in dimensions, reinforcement, concrete type, and hole dimensions. The evaluation used to elect the optimum hollow core section, and position effect of web openings with fixed hollow core section. Due to recorded load capacity, a reduction was produced by hollow core position at mid and bottom section by about (2%-14%), respectively, with comparing by solid section. Therefore, the optimum hollow core section was when it locate in mid beam section which used to unify BLTO sections. BLTO types indicated different loading data according to web opening position. The decrement of opening provision was about (20.4%) by compared with hollow beam (without transverse opening) and about (22%) by compared with the solid beam. The optimum BLTO was when the web opening located in mid-shear zone, while the critical one recorded in web opening position in mid-span and near supports in same BLTO. The registered failure mode of all beams was contained two main types, suddenly flexural failure in compressive zone by concrete cover crushing and flexural-shear failure.

The wonder of modern mass-scale society has preoccupied sociological theorists for centuries. How does the whole live on and function? At the extreme of strong empirical traditions, conversation analysis focuses on studying the interactional organization of ongoing action and identities. My article puts these two inquiries together to explore the broader relevancies of situated talk and evidence the skillfulness of social actors in managing multi-scaled cultural memberships simultaneously. Approaching society as a processual accomplishment, this article investigates the instantiation of "societal membership" in a mundane institutional setting of broadcast television. The aim of the article is to experiment with how classical theoretical conceptualization can feed into methodological insight and how detailed empirical scrutiny can enrich our theoretical understanding of the mysteries of modern co-existence. This entails casting an analytic eye on the duality of structure and action. The article re-examines the structural scope of on-site interactional achievements. From an opposite angle, it highlights how integrative societal structures are made real and maintained in the art of interactional encounters. This two-way dynamic is exemplified by scrutinizing a fragment of a televised current affairs program. A set of theoretical key concepts is introduced to shed light on the societal orientations of participants in the opening talk of the program. The opening talk addresses an imaginary audience directly via the camera. It provides a view of the interactional methods used by journalists to invoke relevant identifications for the anticipated recipient at a distance. The encounter is imagined, yet instead of imagining a community in the reception, the analytic focus of the article is on actualizing society in the production of the talk. The spatially and temporally organized societal membership materializes in social relations and interdependencies, which are constituted through intersubjective interpretations, normative positionings, and interactional choices by intentional and knowledgeable actors in the routines of everyday life. The article reverse-engineers the relational framework of the deliberative public sphere enacted in mediated interaction as a collaborative scene of the democratic system. This is achieved by explicating the contextually embedded acts of societization taking place in a journalistically regulated field of participation by means of quasi-interactive public speech., Competing Interests: The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Rautajoki.)

Con paso decidido, las manos a la espalda y sonrisa altiva, un joven vestido con la túnica alba camina por una galería de paredes granates iluminada mediante un suave claroscuro. Un travelling de pulso tan estable como firme es su avance acompaña su paso. La mirada de la cámara va dejando atrás lienzos que el caminante no atiende, mientras bajo ellos, a modo de cartela identificativa pero con parpadeantes luces de neón, van apareciendo los títulos de crédito de la serie The Young Pope (Paolo Sorrentino, 2017). El friso de imágenes cronológicamente desordenadas muestra escenas religiosas de diversas épocas y estilos, hilvanadas por una suerte de estrella de oriente que se vuelve progresivamente destructiva al ritmo del crescendo de la banda sonora e incendia las escenas de los lienzos, cuyo cielo va cruzando. La estrella guía, convertida en meteorito, termina impactando sobre una escultura de Juan Pablo II para conformar La nona hora (Maurizio Cattelan, 1999). El guiño que Lenny, o Pio XIII, dirige al espectador transgrediendo la cuarta pared ¾justo antes del choque¾ avanza rasgos clave del carácter del pontífice protagonista, pues entronca con referentes previos cinematográficos y televisivos. En este texto pretendemos llevar a cabo un análisis del opening de The Young Pope que lea el significado que emerge de la colisión entre las referencias pictóricas que la partícula narrativa aúna mediante el andante travelling, así como situarla como conjunto dentro de la tradición que la televisión contemporánea ha venido forjando durante las últimas décadas.

This paper investigates the influence of an opening in the infill steel plate on the behavior of steel trapezoidal corrugated infill panels. Two specimens of steel trapezoidal corrugated shear walls were constructed and tested under cyclic loading. One specimen had a single rectangular opening, while the other one had two rectangular openings. In addition, the percentage of opening in both specimens was 18%. The initial stiffness, ultimate strength, ductility ratio and energy dissipation capacity of the two tested specimens are compared to a specimen without opening. The experimental results indicate that the existence of an opening has the greatest effect on the initial stiffness of the corrugated steel infill panels. In addition, the experimental results reveal that the structural performance of the specimen with two openings is improved in some areas compared to the specimen with one opening. To that end, the energy dissipation capacity of the specimen with two openings is obtained larger than the specimen with one opening. Furthermore, a number of numerical analyses were performed. The numerical results show that with increasing the thickness of the infill plate or using stiffeners around the opening, the ultimate strength of a corrugated steel infill panel with an opening can be equal to or even more than the ultimate strength of that panel without an opening.

Understanding of the physics and mechanisms of externally venting flames from enclosure fires with parallel sidewalls at the opening is fundamental to investigating fire spread of U-shape building façade. This work aims to identify the impact of separation distance of sidewalls on façade flame height, heat flux and sustained internal combustion. A series of numerical simulations is conducted in a full-scale compartment with 3.6 m in length/width and 3.1 m in height. An external façade wall is measured 6 m in height and 3.6 m in width. A pyrolysis surface with an area of 3.2 × 3.2 m2 is placed in the middle of the enclosure with a theoretical heat lease rate varying from 1 to 8 MW. The semi-empirical correlations, derived from a reduced cubic enclosure, are evaluated for a full scale façade fire for identifying the flame height dependence on the separation distance of sidewalls. It is found that an enhanced buoyancy-induced flow between sidewalls leads to an increase of the flame height by a factor of 50% and a rise of the peak of radiation heat flux by a factor of 20% as compared to a flat façade fire. The height of externally venting flame is sensitively reduced by a factor of 40% to 50% with an increase of the normalized sidewalls distance by opening width up to 3. The predicted flame height is more pronounced with an increase of flame height by a factor of 40% for a full scale façade than for a small scale one due to turbulence development. The predicted internal HRR is in quantitative agreement with the one from the correlation for a global equivalence ratio below 3. The predicted temperatures are in good agreement with the experimental data except in the intermittent-like regions where an over-prediction of the temperature by a factor of 50% is found due to a reduction in accuracy of LES combustion model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of XVIIe Siècle is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Seismic performance of full-scale squat RC wall specimens with openings was investigated. • First story backside exterior walls of row houses in Taiwan were designed and tested. • Effects of location and size of the window opening were studied. • Detailed and simplified models for the lateral strength of the wall specimens are proposed. Five full-scale reinforced concrete wall specimens with openings typical of the first story backside exterior walls of row houses in Taiwan were tested using lateral cyclic loading to study their seismic behavior. The effects of location and size of the window opening were studied. Test results showed that the wall with the window opening on the side of the wall web showed a higher average lateral strength than that with the opening placed around the center of the wall web. The increase of the opening length reduced more the lateral strength than the increase of the opening height. A critical wall segment tended to show a lower lateral strength when the edge of the segment is bordered by a door than by a boundary column. To estimate the lateral strength of the wall specimens, a detailed and three simplified models are proposed. Comparison with the test results shows that ignoring variation in the axial force among the wall segments and columns does not change the average prediction but increases the scatter of prediction. Simply summing the lateral strengths of all the wall segments and columns together further increases the scatter and greatly reduces the degree of conservatism. Summing the lateral strengths of all the web segments requires the least computational effort but greatly increases the degree of conservatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cement-stabilised soil layers (CSSLs) are often created to enhance lateral support to the retaining wall below the excavation level, such as those widely used in the construction of common service tunnels in Singapore. The CSSLs may be subjected to tensile stress or even cracks due to the underlying uplift pressure. Fully-coupled effective stress analyses were carried out using ABAQUS to explore the effectiveness of three measures for reducing the upheave-induced hogging of the CSSLs, i.e., increasing the thickness, usage of pressure-relief wells and usage of openings in the CSSLs. The results show that the usage of the opening is a more effective and more widely applicable measure compared to the other two measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Seismic behavior of HSC slab-column connections is similar to that of NSC. • The size of openings have significant effect on the punching shear strength. • The ultimate punching shear strength equations of ACI 318-2014 are safe for HSC. • Opening size of one-seventh the width of column strip is still on the safe side. • The proposed numerical model gives accurate predictions for the punching strength. Nine full-scale reinforced High-Strength Concrete (HSC) and Normal-Strength Concrete (NSC) interior slab-column connections with openings have been tested under seismic loading. The applicability of the punching shear design provisions of ACI 318-2014 building code, the Egyptian code (ECP 203-2017) and the code of the Japan Society of Civil Engineering (JSCE-2007) when applied to HSC interior slab-column connections have been examined. The main studied parameters is the concrete strength (NSC with f c ' = 25 MPa and HSC with f c ' = 75 MPa) and the openings location and size. A numerical model for predicting the seismic behavior of interior slab-column connections has been proposed using three dimensional finite element computer program. The results show that the punching shear strength calculated using the equations of the ACI 318-2014 are conservative for NSC and HSC specimens, while for ECP 203-2017 the calculated values are conservative for NSC specimens and just safe for HSC specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As steel plate shear walls are typically used in the building central cores around the elevators and stairs, introduction of an opening as door seems to be inevitable in steel plate shear wall spans. Due to the weakening of the steel plate shear walls' performance caused by this particular type of opening, the use of stiffeners around the opening is necessary. Nevertheless, introduction of stiffeners around all sides of the opening, which does continue to boundary elements, is very expensive and inefficient. Therefore, the study on the effect of different arrangements of stiffeners on the behavior of steel plate shear walls is significant. In this research, a number of steel plate shear walls with different characteristics in terms of the plate aspect ratio, location of openings, arrangement of stiffeners around the openings, and number of stories are designed, and also a series of nonlinear static analyses are performed. Then, the optimum locations of openings along with the arrangement of stiffeners for each case are identified based on the structural and economic criteria. Finally, a modified model, which is more efficient in terms of cost and performance in comparison with the similar unmodified model, is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower bound finite element limit analysis in conjunction with second-order cone programming is developed and employed to investigate the stability of retained soils behind underground walls with an opening in cohesive-frictional soils. In this study, two-dimensional plane strain condition is setup for modelling the problem while the lower bound solution of the problem is obtained by employing the finite element approach of lower bound limit analysis. The lower bound optimization problem is cast as the second-order cone programming, and is solved by a conic programming algorithm. For practical use, the results of lower bound solution are summarized in the form of dimensionless stability charts of the load factor that is a function of the cover depth ratio of opening, overburden stress factor and soil friction angles. Plastic yielding zones predicted from the lower bound analysis are discussed and examined for these dimensionless parameters while the computed lower bound solutions are validated with an existing solution. Finally, a closed-form approximate expression is developed for predicting the lower bound solution of the load factor for the problem with practical ranges of cover depth ratios of opening, overburden stress factors, and soil friction angles. New opening stability factors with respect to soil cohesion and unit weight as a function of cover depth ratios of opening and soil friction angles are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• EBR and EBROG methods have been utilized to install the FRP sheets on deep beams with openings. • EBROG is the most effective method in preventing the debonding of sheets. • The inclined orientation of sheets is the most effective configuration among the installation methods. Deep concrete beams are the structural members that have different behaviors compared with normal beams. The high depth of these beams has made them favorable for placing the openings, which results in decreased load bearing capacity. This study utilizes the CFRP sheets to compensate the weakness arisen from the created openings. To this end, 10 deep beams with 10 × 50 × 120 cm dimensions, each having one or two circular openings with 20 cm diameter placed in both symmetrical and asymmetrical order, are constructed and undergone a three-point monotonic bending. The Externally Bounded Reinforcement (EBR) and Externally Bounded Reinforcement On Grooves (EBROG) methods have been utilized to install the FRP sheets in three configurations being wrapped around, vertical, and inclined. The results have shown the superiority of EBROG method as well as the efficiency of the inclined orientation of strengthening sheets in increasing the load bearing capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Daily flowering rhythms of hybrids were more diverse than those of their parents. • Differently from previous reports, flowering of F1 from daylily and nightlily crosses was nocturnal. • Flowering rhythm was controlled by multiple genes and possibly photoreceptor-binding motifs. • Flowering rhythm could be affected by non-genetic factors. • Single flower duration in progenies can be prolonged through hybridization. Abstract An environmentally synchronized circadian clock is important for plant growth and developments. In the genus Hemerocallis, plants can be divided into diurnal (open between 3:00-15:00) and nocturnal (open between 15:00-3:00) flowering. The duration of each single flower is no more than 24 h. Hybrids obtained through crossing between diurnal and nocturnal flowers are fertile and show different daily flowering rhythms from their parents. Therefore, to enhance our understanding of daily circadian flowering rhythms in Hemerocallis , we studied inheritance by observing flowering processes among species, cultivars and F1 hybrids. Daily flowering rhythm was a relatively stable character that could be influenced through a breeding program. In F1 generations of crosses between daylilies and nightlilies, there was an obvious tendency toward nocturnal opening. Opening times showed a negatively skewed and leptokurtic distribution with a single peak. Closure times showed a normal distribution (peak times were 12:41–13:53, almost the mid-parent value). Variation increased when cultivars were used as parents, especially in closure times. Observations over 4 years showed subtle differences with a similar trend. Our results suggest that in Hemerocallis , opening is characterized by mixed major loci and polygenic inheritance, with dominant nocturnal opening. Closure was controlled by multiple genetic loci. Inheritance of opening and closure is controlled by different nuclear circadian clock genes and perhaps photoreceptor-binding motifs. By manipulating cultivar diversity, single flower duration could be prolonged effectively through hybridization. In addition, it was assumed that daily flowering rhythm was not a completely conserved character, and could be partly affected by environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We assess the child weight impacts of supermarket openings and closings. • There is little overall impact with either supermarket openings or closings. • Supermarket openings reduce the weight of low-income children. • Supermarket closings does not have a clear impact on children. Retail food environment is increasingly considered in relation to obesity. This study investigates the impacts of access to supermarkets, the primary source of healthy foods in the United States, on the bodyweight of children. Empirical analysis uses individual-level panel data covering health screenings of public schoolchildren from Arkansas with annual georeferenced business lists, and utilizes the variations of supermarket openings and closings. There is little overall impact in either case. However, supermarket openings are found to reduce the BMI z-scores of low-income children by 0.090 to 0.096 standard deviations. Such impact remains in a variety of robustness exercises. Therefore, improvement in healthy food access could at least help reduce childhood obesity rates among certain population groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research based on experimental work included testing of thirteen specimens categorized into two groups. The first group included five beams: one is solid while the others are hollow beams with two openings of different sizes and locations. The second group included eight specimens strengthened with CFRP sheets in three systems to determine the best configuration of strengthening. The experimental results showed that the presence of openings (150*150) mm and (150*250) mm, which located flushed to the flange, led to a decrease in the load capacity by (43% and 64%) for the square and rectangular openings respectively. On the other hand, when the openings located in bottom location the reduction in capacity was found to be (48% and 70%) for the square and rectangular opening respectively. Also, the results of the test showed that the strengthening of the carbon strips led to improving in the structural capacity, where in the case of openings located flushed to the flange, there was an increased by (19% and 64%) for square and rectangular openings respectively. In contrary, in the case of opening located in the bottom location, the improvement in capacity was found to be (37% and 87%) for square and rectangular opening, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale is the property of Parresia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Recently, a wavenumber approach was proposed to analyse the active control of plane waves with arrays of secondary sources (J. Sound Vib. 419, 405–419, 2018) for improving the sound transmission loss of open windows by distributing an array of loudspeakers evenly on the opening. This paper investigates the feasibility of the boundary control for sound transmission through an opening, which only installs the secondary sources on its frame and thus has advantages of better ventilation and easier access. An analytical model is developed first to obtain the sound field transmitted into a cavity with a baffled opening by using the modal expansion method, and then the performances of the boundary control systems are investigated for different primary source and secondary source configurations numerically based on the model. The wavelength corresponding to the upper limit effective frequency of the proposed boundary control system with more than 10 dB noise reduction is found to be equal to the length of the short sides of the opening. Finally, experimental results are presented to verify the discoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It would not be unreasonable to say that all of Char's poetry is the scene of a great conflict between opening and closing. Indeed, there is always a great desire at Char to leave and perpetual change and a great tendency to return to the inaugural place, not to remain there, but to take advantage of it as a point of support that better prepares a reserve of energy for the subject who seeks to open up on the different possibilities of being. The Charian subject never gives in to the seductive seductions of the tenderness of the protective enclosure, on the other hand he makes himself constantly available for a perpetual renewal. In other words he prefers the risk of going to lethargy to stay. The main objective of this article is to answer this question. In Char's poetry, what poetic images metaphorise these two contradictory tendencies, namely, the desire to leave, and the attraction of the protective origins that diminishes in us the desire to be born again. time to time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was designed to analyze the relationship between changes in posterior tibial slope and the absence or presence of lateral hinge fracture, diagnosed in the sagittal and axial planes, as well as the coronal plane, by computed tomography (CT) following opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO).Methods: This study involved 55 patients (55 knees) undergoing opening wedge HTO for primary medial osteoarthritis. Lateral hinge fractures were evaluated on CT scans according to the Takeuchi classification and were also classified as subtypes A, B, and C, depending on anterior, posterior, and both anterior and posterior cortical disruptions, respectively, as determined by the sagittal and axial planes of CT scans which corresponded to the fracture line visible on coronal CT scans.Results: Of the 55 knees, 23 were found on postoperative CT scans to have lateral hinge fractures. All 23 were classified as Type I, with 11, 12, and 0 being subtypes A, B, and C, respectively. Mean change in posterior tibial slope from 3 weeks postoperatively to last follow up in subtype B was significantly greater than in subtype A (2.5° vs 0.2°, P = 0.008) and in knees without hinge fracture (2.5° vs 0.1°, P = 0.002).Conclusion: Type I lateral hinge fractures encroached either the anterior or posterior cortex of the proximal tibia, but not both. In addition, posterior tibial slope increased over time following surgery in knees with Type I lateral hinge fracture and posterior cortex breakage, suggesting that caution should be exercised when deciding the starting time for weight bearing in such patients.Level Of Evidence: Case series, Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although creating an opening in an existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) slab is permitted under specific circumstances, it may lead to a weakened slab. To investigate the strengthening of two-way RC slabs with an opening, six full-scale two-way RC slabs with a central opening, in addition to one reference slab without opening, were tested up to failure under monotonic and cyclic loading. These six slabs consisted of one control un-strengthened slab and five strengthened slabs. The strengthening methods used in this study were either Externally Bonded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (EB-GFRP) or embedded extra steel bars at the tension side of the slabs, as proposed by ACI 318-14 (2014). Failure modes, cracking patterns, ultimate loads, and load -deflection relationships of all slabs are reported. The test results show that using GFRP strengthening method could increase the ultimate strength and flexural stiffness of the slabs significantly. Moreover, embedding extra steel bars around the opening as proposed by ACI 318-14 (2014) may not enhance the load-carrying capacity of the slab to the value of the continuous slab. The test results also show that the deflections of the strengthened slabs with opening under service loads are more than that of the slab without opening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The formulation for the 3D triangular displacement discontinuity boundary element method with frictional constraints is described in detail. Its accuracy in comparison to analytical solutions is then quantified. We show how this can be used to approximate stress intensity factors at the crack tips. Using this method, we go on to quantify how slip is reduced on fault surfaces with topography, where the asperities are approximated as a sinusoidal waveform, i.e. corrugations. We use stress boundary conditions (compressive) orientated such that frictional contacts shear. We show that slip reductions relative to planar faults for 2D line and 3D penny-shaped crack models are comparable within 10% when slip is perpendicular to the corrugations. Using the 3D model, we then show how slip is reduced more when corrugation wavelengths are doubled compared to the reduction due to corrugation misalignment with the slip direction. When slip is parallel with the corrugation alignment we show that reducing the out-of-plane stress, from the normal traction acting on the fault when planar to that resolved on a perpendicular plane, has the same effect as halving the length of the corrugation waveform in terms of slip reduction for a given amplitude. Highlights • 3D displacement discontinuity method friction and stress intensity formulations. • Quantifies how slip reduction changes due to boundary conditions and fault shape. • Shear fractures can open even when pore pressure doesn't exceed confining stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the influence of opening on the performance of bamboo reinforced concrete wall panels under two way in-plane action. Six prototype bamboo reinforced concrete wall panel specimens were tested for failure under uniformly distributed load that was applied at an eccentricity of one-sixth the thickness of the wall panel. Of the six specimens considered in this study, three were solid wall panels, and the rest three possess opening at its centre. The specimens considered were having a constant slenderness ratio of 25 with varying values of aspect ratios of 1.67, 1.82 and 2 and thinness ratios of 12.50, 13.75 and 15. Area of the opening provided was exactly 25% of the area of the specimen. The study indicates that the ultimate load of wall panels decreases with an increase in aspect ratio regardless of the presence of the opening. Also, ultimate load increases with the increase in thinness ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency exits must be available at certain intervals in tunnels for safety reasons. For this purpose, cross passages are excavated to a second tunnel tube, to shafts with staircases or separate exit tunnels. For the excavation of these emergency exits in TBM drives with segmental lining, openings have to be provided in the segmental lining. This article outlines different systems to make openings in segmental linings. The choice of a suitable system depends on various constraints, e.g. the geometric dimensions of the tunnel tube and the cross passages or the prevailing soil conditions. In addition, the loadbearing capacity and serviceability is also very important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Cooling radiant ceiling panel (CRCP) systems have been increasingly applied to modern buildings, owing to high thermal comfort, energy-saving potential, and integration with building design. Currently, the cooling capacity of CRCP is generally evaluated for the closed-type CRCP, wherein the overall ceiling surface is covered with ceiling panels. However, there have been few previous studies on the evaluation of the cooling capacity for open-type CRCP, which are installed with openings (void areas) between adjacent ceiling panels. This study was conducted to verify the hypothesis that the open-type CRCP can enhance cooling capacity by utilizing the cooled plenum air moving through the opening. If the plenum air is cooled by the upper surface of ceiling panels and descends to the conditioned space, it can contribute to increasing the convective heat transfer and cooling capacity. A simulation model for open-type CRCP was developed and validated against the mock-up experiment. Using the simulation model, the cooling capacity of the open-type CRCP was evaluated with respect to the opening area and panel layout. The results showed that the open-type CRCP could provide 54–80% (average 64%) higher nominal cooling capacity than conventional closed-type CRCP. The enhanced cooling capacity may lead to reduction in construction costs and energy consumption, because panel installation area could be reduced and the water temperature can be increased to provide the required cooling capacity. The results of this study would be able to offer fundamental data about cooling capacity of open-type CRCP. Highlights • The cooling capacity of open-type CRCPs was evaluated with a numerical method. • The developed simulation model of open-type CRCPs was validated through mock-up experiments. • The relation between the cooling capacity and design parameters of open-type CRCPs was analyzed. • Open-type CRCPs provided 54–80% higher nominal cooling capacity than closed-type CRCPs. • More cooling capacity can be obtained with a larger opening area and a distributed panel layout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulation of mixed convection heat transfer in a lid-driven triangular cavity filled with power law nanofluid and with an opening was performed under the effect of an inclined magnetic field. The left vertical wall of the cavity moves in + y-direction, and the bottom wall of the cavity is partially heated. Galerkin weighted residual finite element method was used to solve the governing equations. Influence of Richardson number, Hartmann number, inclination angle, opening ratio and nanoparticle volume fraction on the fluid flow and heat transfer is examined for various power law indices. It was observed that average heat transfer deteriorates as the value of Richardson number and Hartmann number enhances. At the lowest value of Richardson number, the discrepancy between the average heat transfer corresponding to different power law indices is higher. The inclination angle of the magnetic field where the minimum of the average Nusselt number is seen depends on the fluid type. Average heat transfer number is the highest for the highest value of the opening ratio. The average Nusselt number enhances with solid particle volume fraction, and there are slight variations in the reduction in the average Nusselt number when base fluid and nanofluid are considered for various power law indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Walls with opening present less displacement capacity. • Limit compressive strain can provide safe design of walls with openings. • Flexural model can predict response of walls with openings. • Slabs improve displacement capacity of walls with openings. Abstract According to Chilean design practice, walls usually have complex geometries and discontinuities in height, mainly in the first story. However, the Chilean design code, similar to many design codes, does not provide special provisions for discontinuities. This paper shows the results of an experimental and numerical study of walls with a central opening at the base. Four slender walls are constructed with the same general dimensions, but with different shapes of the opening (15% and 30% of the length, and 11% and 22% of the wall height). The specimens were tested under constant axial load, while cyclic lateral loading is applied at the top. One of the specimens presents slab elements at the base. Results indicate that lateral strength is similar in all cases; however, displacement capacity varies with opening size. All specimens with openings have less ductility, where the specimen with wider and taller opening had a reduced displacement capacity (∼30% reduction). The width of the opening was more influential than the height in the displacement capacity. Numerical analysis was done through a finite element modeling, where one of the models considered all features of the formulation and a second model considered rigid beams placed in all levels forcing the Bernoulli hypothesis (flexural model). Both models can capture strength, stiffness and displacement capacity, and therefore a flexural model can be used for boundary detailing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering & Sustainable Development is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Nonlinear finite element analyses were performed on interior slab-column connections to investigate the effects on the punching strength of flat slabs. A total of twenty-seven three-dimensional finite element models were constructed to represent large-scale flat plate slabs (2000 × 2000 × 155 mm) subjected to concentric and eccentric punching loads. The main parameters in this study were the eccentricity of the load, the opening size, the location of the opening relative to the direction of the transfer moment, and the configuration of the reinforcement adjacent to the opening that is used to compensate the cutting bars. The dimensions and reinforcement of the slab and column were kept constant. Predictions of the numerical models were in good agreement with experimental results published in the literature for slab column connections subjected to concentric loading. The numerical investigation showed that the presence of an opening adjacent to a column in a specimen subject to concentric loads could cause a significant reduction in the ultimate shear capacity which increases with the increase in the size of the opening. Specimens with 250 × 250-mm size openings indicated a reduction of 35% in their ultimate shear strength capacity while specimens with 250 × 450-mm size openings indicated a reduction of 45%. Specimens without openings subjected to load eccentricities of 112.5 and 225 mm resulted in a reduction in the load capacity of 18 and 28%, respectively. It was found that providing continuous bars adjacent to the opening to compensate the cutting areas of reinforcement could result in a considerable improvement in the serviceability of the slab represented by an increase the stiffness of the slab-column connection and no significant effect on the punching capacity for the case of concentric loads. Finite element analyses performed are in good agreement with provisions in the building code (e.g., ACI-318) for the case when the opening is located parallel to the direction of the principal moment and provide conservative values when the opening is in the upward side of the bending moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Six squat reinforced concrete shear walls with different openings are experimentally investigated through quasi-static testing. • Failure modes and mechanical characteristics of six squat shear walls with different openings are studied. • The effects of shear span ratio, area ratio, and the number of openings on squat reinforced concrete shear walls are disclosed. • The flexural deformation of squat shear walls with openings is investigated. Due to the high level of stiffness and strength, Squat Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls (SRCSWs) with or without openings are frequently utilized in various types of buildings. However, the adverse effect of openings on the seismic performance of the SRCSWs has never been investigated in detail. Therefore, for truly disclosing the seismic behaviors of the SRCSWs with openings, six 1/2.7 scale SRCSW specimens are experimentally investigated through Quasi-Static Testing (QST) in this paper. The affecting factors in terms of the Shear Span Ratio (SSR), the area ratio, and the number of openings are considered. Based on the experimental results, the seismic performance in terms of failure modes, hysteretic loops, skeleton curves, ductility factors, stiffness degradations, energy dissipations, and deformation components was analyzed and discussed. It is shown that shear failure was observed on the SRCSWs without openings, while the SRCSWs with openings are prone to flexural failure, e. g., the flexural deformation ratios ranging from 49.66% to 58.99%. It is shown from the experimental results that the area ratio and the SSR significantly affect the seismic response of SRCSWs, generally speaking, with the increase of the area ratio and/or SSR the bearing capacity and the secant stiffness are reduced. It is also shown that for the case of multi-openings, the cracks are focused on the connecting areas between two openings. The results indicate that the seismic design of SRCSWs should consider the effect of openings in order to enhance the seismic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opening has an important impact on economic development. However, due to the fact that various regions have different economic structure and development level, there are differences in the size of its actual effect. Using extended Solow model and 2002 --2013 panel data among 13 major cities of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, this paper analyzed the effects of Tianjin’s openness on economic development in Jing-Jin-Ji area. The result shows that improving the degree of Tianjin’s openness has a very significant impact on the joint development of Jing-Jin-Ji area and regional economy. Therefore, we must further promote structural reforms and improve Tianjin’s openness to give full play to its role in driving economic development in Jing-Jin-Ji area in the future.

On the basis of the subject of proof (Art. 73 Code of Criminal Proceedings), clarification of higher courts in Russia, certain regulatory sources, author formulated range of circumstances to be established in cases of road traffic offenses, necessary in particular for the decision to initiate criminal proceedings in cases of road traffic offenses.

Infilled walls are the major non-structural elements which have significant effects on the seismic behavior of structures. The shape and strength of the brick elements are the main parameters affect the strength of the walls. In addition existence of openings may have a reduction effect. To increase the strength of the wall and to improve its behavior, the borders of the openings may be strengthened. In this paper, a one-story one-bay infilled steel frame which have been experimentally tested is modeled numerically and analyzed by commercial software ATENA. The wall was made of hollow clay tiles and cement mortar. The infilled frame was modeled under monotonically increasing loads until the failure. The numerical model is verified by comparing the cracking shape and the load-drift curves of the experimental and numerical models. Based on this numerical model, investigations on the effect of openings with different size and locations on the in-plane behavior of the walls are conducted. The effect of the strengthening of opening borders is probed additionally. Observations showed that the effect of openings is negligible for the opening with less than 10% area of the wall. In other cases, the lateral strength of the infilled frame reduced by 20-80% based on the size and location of the openings. The strengthening of all borders of openings with L-shaped steel angels can improve the behavior. The arrangement of these border elements may be changed to show better performance.

The need to open the lower parts of the ore body was caused by a number of reasons. One of the reasons is the high price of precious and non-ferrous metals on the stock market, which is far higher than the one used in calculation the technical-economic assessment in the project study on mineral reserves from 2004. Another reason for opening the lower parts of the ore body would be the remaining part of the balance reserves verified by the project study on ore reserves, not included in the main mining design on mining the ore body 'Čoka Marin - 1'.

We herein present an extremely rare case of an isolated membranous atresia causing near-complete obstruction of the esophagus. The neonate presented with drooling of saliva and frothing from the mouth. A red rubber catheter met with an obstruction at 12 cm from the gum margins. Radiograph showed paucity of gas in the abdomen. Thoracotomy revealed external continuity of esophagus; dilated and elongated proximal segment constituting upper half of esophagus, and a membrane with tiny opening in the center, at its junction with narrow distal segment. Excision was performed. A high index of suspicion for membrane should be kept in dealing with esophageal obstruction beyond 10 cm from the gum margins, particularly those with paucity of abdominal gas pattern or gasless abdomen.

Based on the non-Fourier heat conduction wave model, the thermal wave scattering near the opening in the platinum–rhodium glass fiber leaky plate structure is studied by using complex function method and conformal mapping method, and the general solution of the thermal wave scattering problem is given. The boundary condition of the open surface is adiabatic. The influence of the geometrical and physical parameters of the leaky plate on the temperature distribution in the plate is analyzed, and the numerical results of the temperature concentration are given. This study can provide theoretical basis and reference data for the design and optimization of the opening structure of platinum–rhodium glass fiber leaky plate.

As a lateral load-bearing system, the steel plate shear wall (SPSW) is utilized in different structural systems that are susceptible to seismic risk and because of functional reasons SPSWs may need openings. In this research, the effects of rectangular openings on the lateral load-bearing behavior of the steel shear walls by the finite element method (FEM) is investigated. The results of the FEM are used for the prediction of SPSW behavior using the artificial neural network (ANN). The radial basis function (RBF) network is used to model the effects of the rectangular opening in the SPSW with different plate thicknesses. The results showed that the opening leads to reduced load-bearing capacity, stiffness and absorbed energy, which can be precisely predicted by employing RBF network model. Besides, the suitable relative area of the opening is determined.

This study involves in taking seven reinforced concrete dapped end beams strengthened with transverse Subsequent installed bars under concentered loads. These specimens of dimension (length=1220 x height=240 x width=130mm) with two types of sections (i.e. without and with transverse opening) and studied to evaluate the response of test beams to compare the strength capacity of beams strengthened with transvers subsequent installed bars relative to beams with or without opening region in sections. All specimens are simply supports. The five of RC dapped ends beams are strengthened with transverses Subsequent installed bars with or without opening and designed to test up to failure. Three parameters were investigated: compressive strength, amount of transvers Subsequent installed bars, and effect of section (with and without opening). It is found that’s increased in compressive strength by about 20% give increase in load carrying capacity by about 9%. Also, the reinforced concrete dapped ends beams contain transverse opening section compared to beams without opening results show decrease in strength capacity and gives more deflection by about in range (10-20%) and (18-26%) respectively. The transverse Subsequent installed bars are provided by steel bolts diameter of 10.5mm gives more enhancement in strength capacity and decrease deflection more than the others without transvers bars by about (8-27%) & (20-30%). Strengthened of beams by transvers bars can show to again in ultimate strength capacity by about (30%).