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Sufficient dimension reduction is intended to project high-dimensional predictors onto a low-dimensional space without loss of information on the responses. Classical methods, such as sliced inverse regression, sliced average variance estimation and directional regression, are backbones of many modern sufficient dimension methods and have gained considerable research interests. However, the efficiency of such methods will be shrunk when dealing with sparse models. Under given models or some strict sparsity assumptions, there are existing sparse sufficient dimension methods in the literature. In order to relax the model assumptions and sparsity, in this paper, we define a general least squares objective function, which is applicable to all kernel matrices of classical sufficient dimension reduction methods, and propose a Mallows model averaging based sufficient dimension reduction method. Furthermore, an iterative least squares algorithm is used to obtain the sample estimates. Our method demonstrates excellent performance in simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new species of genus Helicteres (Malvaceae, Helicteroideae), Helicteres Taynguyenenis and Helicteres dakmilensis from the Central Highlands of Vietnam are described and illustrated. H. taynguyenensis is morphologically similar to Helicteres angustifolia widely distributed in mainland SE Asia to China, Japan and Australia, but differs from the latter by having shorter petioles, larger calyx and petals, and longer androgynophores. Helicteres dakmilensis is closely related to Helicteres poilanei endemic to Vietnam, but distinguished by shorter petioles, fewer secondary veins, persistent stipules and bracts, larger calyx and fruits. The IUCN conservation status, vernacular name, illustrations, photographs, and comparison with the closest allies are provided for each of the new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible coatings that have a recognized ecological effect are an alternative to retard the processes of moisture evaporation and mold growth in bakery products. The aim of the present research was to study the influence of Malva sylvestris L. (mallow) flowers' extract on the antimicrobial activity of edible coatings of three types of polysaccharides, pectin/P/, xanthan/X/ and carboxymethylcellulose/C/, as well as to analyze their effect on the freshness and microbiological status of coated small loaves during storage. It was found that the presence of a mallow extract had a positive effect on the fungicidal and yeasticidal activities of the X and C coatings. The loaves were evaluated for their physical (moisture, color), textural (firmness and crumb firming kinetics) and microbiological characteristics. The coatings (P, X and C) with mallow extract had the strongest moisture-retaining effect on the loaves' crumb. The coatings with X and with P (with/without mallow extract) significantly slowed down the crumb firming process, and the value of the rate constant for the crumb firming (k) is the lowest for the X coating—0.1815 day−1. The smallest changes in the crust color were reported when mallow-based coatings were used. They have also been proven to have the lowest microbial load when they are stored for up to three days. This study shows that polysaccharide edible coatings with an active mallow component have significant potential to extend the shelf life of bakery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaves and aerial parts of Malva neglecta Wallr. have been traditionally used in Anatolia for the treatment of pain, inflammation, hemorrhoids, renal stones, constipation, and infertility. This study investigated the effects of M. neglecta leaves in a rat endometriosis model. The dried plant material was extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, successively. Experimental endometriosis was surgically induced in six-week-old female, non-pregnant, Wistar albino rats by autotransplant of endometrial tissue to the abdominal wall. After twenty-eight days, rats were evaluated for a second laparotomy. Endometrial foci areas were assessed, and intraabdominal adhesions were scored. Rats were divided into five groups as control, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extracts, as well as reference. At the end of the treatment, all rats were sacrificed and endometriotic foci areas and intraabdominal adhesions were re-evaluated and compared with the previous findings. Moreover, peritoneal fluid was collected to detect tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and cDNA synthesis, and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was done. The phytochemical content of the most active extract was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Both endometrial volume and adhesion score decreased significantly in the group treated with methanol extract. In addition, significant decreases were observed in TNF-α, VEGF, and IL-6 levels in animals administered methanol extract. HPLC results showed that the activity caused by the methanol extract of M. neglecta was due to the polyphenols. Taken together, these novel findings indicate that M. neglecta may be a promising alternative for the treatment of endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sida is a pantropical weed that can be annual or perennial. Several species have been identified in Indonesia. Sida cordifolia, S. rhombifolia, S. alnifolia, S. rhomboidea, S. acuta, S. glutinosa, and S. mysorensis were chosen for this study because they are representative of the species that are extensively spread in Indonesia. This study aims to update taxonomic information on the Sida genus in Indonesia. A phenogram was created using the data that was derived from the scoring of 70 morphological features. At PAST, the phenogram was created using cluster analysis, and Principal Cluster Analysis was used to determine the reason for clustering. The first cluster shows the separation of Sida acuta from all OTUs at a distance of 0.30. The second cluster shows the separation of OTU Sida cordifolia from OTU Sida glutinosa and OTU Sida mysorensis cluster at a distance between 0.20 until 0.25. The third cluster shows the separation of OTU Sida rhomboidea from OTU Sida rhombifolia and OTU Sida alnifolia cluster at a distance that was close to 0.20. The biggest value of PCA results is -0.45 and belongs to awn tip which is a character of mericarps. It demonstrates how crucial the mericarp trait is to identifying and appreciating the diversity of the genus Sida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fossil record evidences an old origin and diversification of Malvaceae in the Northern Hemisphere. The central Tibetan Plateau was at a low elevation with a monsoon influence during the Eocene, allowing the development of a subtropical flora containing Malvaceae. The taxonomic study of fossils from the Eocene of what is now the Tibetan Plateau is still ongoing. Malvaceae fossils from the Eocene Jianglang flora, are attributed to sub‐families Tilioideae and Sterculioideae, and are compared with modern species. A new specimen of Firmiana is described based on a fruit valve with a pinnate venation, the secondary veins starting at the ventral suture and reaching the midvein, and the seeds attached at the proximal part of the ventral suture. This specimen represents the earliest known occurrence of the genus. A new occurrence of Craigia is also reported based on detached membranous valves of a fruit capsule with a prominent fusiform locular area and radiating venation. Based on the fossil record of Firmiana and its modern distribution, we infer that the genus may have originated in East Asia and subsequently diversified in South China and Southeast Asia. The new occurrence of Craigia indicates that the genus was distributed in humid areas in South, Southwest and North China during the Eocene. Both fossil records evidence the important role that the Tibetan region played in the diversification of plants in East and Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world today faces several pressing challenges: energy from non-renewable sources is becoming increasingly expensive, while at the same time the use of agricultural land for food production is decreasing at the expense of biofuel production. Energy crops offer a potential solution to maximizing the use of land. In order to provide new value to the by-product, it is necessary to investigate its possible nutritional and functional potential. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the energetic, nutritional, and functional potential of the species Sida hermaphrodita L. and Silphium perfoliatum L. in different phenophases. The analyzed energy potential of the mentioned species is not negligible due to the high determined calorific value (17.36 MJ/kg for Virginia mallow and 15.46 MJ/kg for the cup plant), high coke content (15.49% for the cup plant and 10.45% for Virginia mallow), and desirably high carbon content, almost 45%, in both species. The phenophase of the plant had a significant influence on the content of the analyzed specialized metabolites (SM) in the leaves, with a high content of ascorbic acid at the full-flowering stage in Virginia mallow (229.79 mg/100 g fw) and in cup plants at the end of flowering (122.57 mg/100 g fw). In addition, both species have high content of polyphenols: as much as 1079.59 mg GAE/100 g were determined in the leaves of Virginia mallow at the pre-flowering stage and 1115.21 mg GAE/100 g fw in the cup plants at the full-flowering stage. An HPLC analysis showed high levels of ellagic acid and naringin in both species. In addition, both species have high total chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. Due to their high content of SM, both species are characterized by a high antioxidant capacity. It can be concluded that, in addition to their energetic importance, these two plants are also an important source of bioactive compounds; thus, their nutritional and functional potential for further use as value-added by-products should not be neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malvaceae family, comprising 9 subfamilies and 4,225 species, includes economically significant taxa, such as Ceiba pentandra, Gossypium ekmanianum, Gossypium stephensii, Kokia drynarioides, Talipariti hamabo, and Durio zibethinus. Chloroplast (cp) genome research is crucial for elucidating the evolutionary divergence and species identification within this family. In this study, we assembled and annotated cp genomes of six Malvaceae species, conducting comprehensive comparative genomic and phylogenomic analyses. The assembled genomes range from 160,495 to 163,970 bp in size, with 125-129 genes annotated. Notable differences were observed in the IR (inverted repeat) regions, and SSR analysis revealed that Durio zibethinus has the highest number of specific variation sites. Among the six species, Talipariti hamabo uniquely exhibits more palindromic repeats than forward repeats. Seven highly mutated regions were identified, offering potential markers for species identification. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the maximum likelihood method revealed two primary clades within Malvaceae: Byttneriina and Malvadendrina. Within Malvadendrina, the subfamily Helicteroideae represents the earliest divergence, followed by Sterculioideae. This study provides a robust phylogenetic framework and valuable insights into the classification and evolutionary history of Malvaceae species., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: The study was conducted the plant material that complies with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

α-Glucosidase plays a critical role in glucose metabolism by breaking down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars for intestinal absorption. Due to the side effects of current α-glucosidase inhibitors, there is increasing interest in exploring alternative therapeutic options. Inspired by the traditional uses of Grewia optiva J.R.Drumm. ex Burret (Malvaceae family) as an anti-diabetic herb, we isolated gnaphaffine A (1), a cyclic glycosylated homolignan, together with kaempferol derivatives (trans-tiliroside 2, cis-tiliroside 3, and astragalin 4) from the ethyl acetate fraction. In vitro antioxidant assays revealed that 1 exhibited anti-DPPH • and anti-ABTS +• activity (IC 50 of 39.42 and 52.84 μg/mL, respectively), comparable to ascorbic acid (IC 50 of 43.34 and 47.56 μg/mL, respectively). Moreover, 1 demonstrated a seven-fold stronger inhibition of α-glucosidase activity than acarbose (IC 50 of 8.2 and 57.8 μg/mL, respectively). Importantly, 1 was non-toxic to AC16 normal cardiomyocyte cell lines. Computational analyses identified two key factors contributing to the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 1: (a) hydrogen bonding interactions with catalytic residues (E277 and D352) and (b) a calculated ∆G bind of -51.20 kcal/mol. Furthermore, 3 showed the most favorable in silico binding profile, with the highest ∆G bind (-55.89 kcal/mol) and higher hydrogen bond occupancy compared to 1 and 2. These findings suggest that 1 and 3 may serve as promising lead compounds for the development of new α-glucosidase drugs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

This study investigated the effects of flavonoid-rich extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) leaves on liver damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by evaluating various biochemical parameters, including the molecular gene expressions of Nrf-2 and HO-1 as well as histological parameters. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage, as evidenced by lower levels of fragmented DNA and protein carbonyl concentrations. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA) level, were also significantly ( p  < 0.05) decreased, while antioxidant biomarkers, like reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were enhanced. Additionally, the extract improved the activities of key liver enzymes, including phosphatases and transaminases, and increased albumin levels. Importantly, the study demonstrated that H. sabdariffa extract effectively regulated the expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1, suggesting a significant role in mitigating liver damage. These findings highlight its potential as a therapeutic agent for liver protection in diabetic conditions., (© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.)

Sida mottle virus (SiMoV) and Sida micrantha mosaic virus (SiMMV) are major Brazilian begomoviruses ( Geminiviridae ). However, the range of DNA-A identity of isolates of these viruses (81-100%) is not in agreement with the current criteria for Begomovirus species demarcation (<91%). To clarify this putative classification problem, we performed a comprehensive set of molecular analyses with all 53 publicly available isolates (with complete DNA-A genomes) designated as either SiMoV or SiMMV (including novel isolates obtained herein from nationwide metagenomics-based studies). Two well-defined phylogenetic clusters were identified. The SiMMV complex ( n = 47) comprises a wide range of strains (with a continuum variation of 88.8-100% identity) infecting members of five botanical families (Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Oxalidaceae, and Passifloraceae). The SiMoV group now comprises eight isolates (90-100% identity) restricted to Malvaceae hosts, including one former reference SiMMV isolate (gb|NC&#95;077711) and SP77 (gb|FN557522; erroneously named as "true SiMMV"). Iteron analyses of metagenomics-derived information allowed for the discovery of the missing DNA-B cognate of SiMoV (93.5% intergenic region identity), confirming its bipartite nature. Henceforth, the correct identification of SiMoV and SiMMV isolates will be a crucial element for effective classical and biotech resistance breeding of the viral host species.

Determining whether the high-latitude Bering land bridge (BLB) was ecologically suitable for the migration of mesothermal plants is significant for Holarctic phytogeographic inferences. Paleobotanical studies provide a critical source of data on the latitudinal positions of different plant lineages at different times, permitting assessment of the efficacy of the BLB for migration. Here we report exceptionally preserved fossils of Firmiana and Tilia endochrysea from the middle Miocene of South Korea. This represents a new reliable record of Firmiana and the first discovery of the T. endochrysea lineage in the fossil record of Asia. The occurrence of these fossils in South Korea indicates that the two lineages had a distribution that extended much farther north during the middle Miocene, but they were still geographically remote from the BLB. In light of the broader fossil record of Asia, our study shows that, in the middle Miocene, some mesothermal plants apparently inhabited the territory adjacent to the BLB and thus they were possibly capable of utilizing the BLB as a migratory corridor. Some other mesothermal plants, such as Firmiana and the T. endochrysea lineages, however, are restricted to more southern regions relative to the BLB based on current fossil evidence. These lineages may have been ecologically unable to traverse the BLB, which raises questions about the efficacy of the BLB as a universal exchange route for mesothermal plants between Asia and North America during the middle Miocene.

Chromosome numbers (2n) of 15 invasive and potentially invasive plant species from the families Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Papaveraceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae, and Rosaceae are reported on the samples collected in the Republic of Altai. To determine the chromosome number (ploidy level), the method of direct counting was used. Among studied species, chromosome complements for Persicaria orientalis (2n = 22), Potentilla norvegica (2n = 42), Veronica persica (2n = 28) were first examined from Russia; for Papaver rhoeas (2n = 14) and Rumex obtusifolius (2n = 20) – from Asian part of Russia; for Bromus squarrosus (2n = 14), Cosmos bipinnatus (2n = 24), and Eriochloa villosa (2n = 54) – from Siberia. Abutilon theophrasti (2n = 42) and Lepidium densiflorum (2n = 32) were first studied from Western Siberia; Epilobium ciliatum subsp. adenocaulon (2n = 36), Portulaca oleracea (2n = 36), Spergularia rubra (2n = 36), and Xanthium strumarium (2n = 36) – from the Republic of Altai. Common distribution and the history of floristic findings of these species in the Republic of Altai are given. Previously published data on chromosome numbers from Russia are cited.

Prickly sida is a troublesome annual weed native to the USA. It was introduced in Greece over two decades ago and has since been infesting cotton crops, where it proved difficult to control. A two-year field study (2021–2022) was conducted in a cotton field (Karditsa, central Greece) heavily infested with prickly sida to evaluate the efficacy of nine treatments against this weed, using pre-emergence (PRE) and early post-emergence (EPOST) herbicides applied at the field rate. At 8 weeks after treatment, prickly sida control was over 90% with pyrithiobac PRE (68.9 g ai ha−1) alone or in mixture with s-metolachlor (960 g ai ha−1) or with isoxaben (150 g ai ha−1) and with the application of pyrithiobac + s-metolachlor PRE (34.5 + 960 g ai ha−1) followed by pyrithiobac EPOST (34.5 g ai ha−1). Flurochloridone + fluometuron PRE (375 + 2000 g ai ha−1), flumioxazin + s-metolachlor PRE (50 + 960 g ai ha−1), or pendimethalin + terbuthylazine PRE (1500 + 750 g ai ha−1) controlled prickly sida by 89–93% in 2021 and 82–90% in 2022. Pyrithiobac EPOST alone or in mixture with trifloxysulfuron did not adequately control prickly sida. Yield was significantly lower in the weedy check and EPOST compared with the PRE treatments. None of the herbicides caused any visual injury to the crop or any reduction in cotton density. Our results can help in the successful management of prickly sida in non-transgenic cotton to maximize cotton yield and quality.

An extensive phytochemical investigation of the EtOH/H2O (7:3) extracts of Sida rhombifolia L. and Sida acuta Burm. f., yielded a previously undescribed ceramide named rhombifoliamide (1) and a xylitol dimer (2), naturally isolated here for the first time, as well as the thirteen known compounds viz, oleanolic acid (3), β-amyrin glucoside (4), ursolic acid (5), β-sitosterol glucoside (6), tiliroside (7), 1,6-dihydroxyxanthone (8), a mixture of stigmasterol (9) and β-sitosterol (10), cryptolepine (11), 20-Hydroxyecdysone (12), (E)-suberenol (13), thamnosmonin (14) and xanthyletin (15). Their structures were elucidated by the analyses of their spectroscopic and spectrometric data (1 D and 2 D NMR, and HRESI-MS) and by comparison with the previously reported data. The crude extracts, fractions, and some isolated compounds were tested against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) Plasmodium falciparum strains. All the tested samples demonstrated moderate and/or significant activities against 3D7 (IC50 values: 0.18―20.11 µg/mL) and Dd2 (IC50 values: 0.74―63.09 µg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let H and K be subgroups of a finite group G. Pick g ∈ G uniformly at random. We study the distribution induced on double cosets. Three examples are treated in detail: 1) H = K = the Borel subgroup in G L n (F q). This leads to new theorems for Mallows measure on permutations and new insights into the LU matrix factorization. 2) The double cosets of the hyperoctahedral group inside S 2 n , which leads to new applications of the Ewens's sampling formula of mathematical genetics. 3) Finally, if H and K are parabolic subgroups of S n , the double cosets are 'contingency tables', studied by statisticians for the past 100 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sida fallax Walp. (' ilima) (Malveae, Malvoideae, Malvaceae) is native to the Pacific area and is broadly distributed throughout this region. Sida fallax is the most widespread and variable taxon of Malvaceae in the Hawaiian Islands and it occurs with diverse morphological forms and in different habitats from Hawai'i Island to Midway Atoll. The low elevation and mountain ecotypes are two extreme ecological forms of S. fallax with many intermediate morphological types existing between these extreme ecotypes in the Hawaiian Islands. The range of morphological and ecological diversity in Sida fallax suggests that this species requires further biosystematics investigation. The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, explore the genetic diversity among S. fallax populations throughout its native range in the Pacific region to assess if it is a single species or potentially multiple cryptic species; second, investigate the biogeographic origin of S. fallax. To do this, Sida fallax was sampled throughout the Hawaiian Islands and in different parts of the Pacific region. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear (ITS and ETS) and chloroplast regions (psbA – trnH) were carried out. Results indicate that there is very little sequence-level variation in this species throughout its distribution and phylogenetic analysis clearly demonstrated that Sida fallax is a single species throughout the Pacific region and the different forms of Hawaiian S. fallax are not genetically distinct at the sequence level. Although the pattern of dispersal of S. fallax is not clear, an American origin is most likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agroforestry is a promising approach for sustainable agriculture due efficient resource cycling and improved soil fertility. Bombax ceiba (Malvaceae), a tall tree with red flowers blooming in spring, is traditionally planted in rice fields in tropical Asia. However, the role of B. ceiba in the agroforestry systems remains unexplored. Methods: We collected 81 soil samples at different distances to B. ceiba (0 m (D0), 1 m (D1), and 5 m (D5)) at a typical B. ceiba-rice agroforestry system in Hainan Island (south China) during three reproductive stages of rice- booting, heading and maturity. We assessed spatiotemporal variations of soil nutrient properties (by a soil nutrient analyzer (YT-TRX03)), and soil bacterial and fungal communities (by sequencing 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, respectively). Results: B. ceiba improved the soil nutrient conditions in a rice field, particularly the availability of potassium and soil organic matter. Soil microbial communities were significantly affected by the distances to B. ceiba and the reproductive stages of rice. Available potassium was the principal driver of soil bacterial diversity and structure. In contrast, fungal diversity was negatively correlated with total nitrogen, while soil organic matter was the main factor shaping fungal community structure. Conclusions. Our results show that B. ceiba has positive impacts on abiotic traits of rice-growing soils. B. ceiba can change soil microbial community structure, however, the principal soil driver varied according to microbial taxa. These findings support the ecological basis of traditional agroforestry systems prevalent in tropical Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) has been reported for the first time in Italy. This species with a Paleotropical geographical origin is a new invasive alien species in the flora of Italy. It was already reported in several European countries as invasive species, but this plant is also known for its medicinal properties in many areas of the world. The species was found in anthropic environments of Sicily. In particular, the study area is localized in the Peloritani Mounts (NE Sicily) where the species was discovered in five stands. Our new discovery confirmed the role that anthropic activities have had in the spread of invasive alien species in Italy. Diagnostic features, ecological and geographic data are provided. From a phytosociological viewpoint, this plant characterizes a plant community that includes various nitrophilous species such as Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. In addition, the invasiveness of and impacts associated with this species were assessed with the use of the EPPO prioritization protocol. The specimens were deposited in the herbaria of Catania and Messina University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The main contribution of this paper lies in the extension towards group lasso of a Mallows' Cp-like information criterion used in finetuning the lasso selection in a high-dimensional, sparse regression model. The optimisation of an information criterion paired with an ℓ 1 -norm regularisation method of the lasso leads to an overestimation of the model size. This is because the shrinkage following from the ℓ 1 regularisation is too permissive towards false positives, since shrinkage reduces the effects of false positives. The problem does not arise with ℓ 0 -norm regularisation but this is a combinatorial problem, which is computationally unfeasible in the high-dimensional setting. The strategy adopted in this paper is to select the non-zero variables with ℓ 1 method and estimate their values with the ℓ 0 , meaning that lasso is used for selection, followed by an orthogonal projection, i.e., debiasing after selection. This approach necessitates the information criterion to be adapted, in particular, by including what is called a "mirror correction", leading to smaller models. A second contribution of the paper is situated at the methodological level, more precisely in the development of the corrected information criterion using random hard thresholds as a model for the selection process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to predict differential enrichment of pathways and compounds in the rhizosphere microbiomes of the two wild plants (Abutilon fruticosum and Nitrosalsola vermiculata) and to predict functional shifts in microbiomes due to water. Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA region V3-V4 was done and gene-based microbial compositions were enrolled in PICRUSt to predict enriched pathways and compounds. The results indicated that "ABC transporters" and "Quorum sensing" pathways are among the highest enriched pathways in rhizosphere microbiomes of the two wild plants compared with those of the bulk soil microbiomes. The highest enriched compounds in soil microbiomes of the two wild plants included five proteins and three enzymes participating in one or more KEGG pathways. Six of these eight compounds showed higher predicted enrichment in rhizosphere soil microbiomes, while only one, namely phosphate transport system substrate-binding protein, showed higher enrichment in the surrounding bulk soil microbiomes. In terms of differentially enriched compounds due to watering, only the dual-specific aspartyl-tRNA (Asn)/glutamyl-tRNA (Gln) amidotransferase subunit A showed higher enrichment in rhizosphere soil of the two wild plants after 24 h of watering. Two of the highly enriched compounds namely branched-chain amino acid transport system ATP-binding protein and branched-chain amino acid transport system substrate-binding protein, are encoded by genes stimulated by the plant's GABA that participates in conferring biotic and abiotic stresses in plants and improves the plant's growth performance. The 3-Oxoacyl-[ACP] reductase, a member of the short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily, participates in fatty acids elongation cycles and contributes to plant-microbe symbiotic relationships, while enoyl-CoA hydratase has a reverse action as it participates in "Fatty acid degradation" pathway. The methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein is an environmental signal that sense "Bacterial chemotaxis" pathway to help establishing symbiosis with plant roots by recruiting/colonizing of microbial partners (symbionts) to plant rhizosphere. This information justifies the high enrichment of compounds in plant rhizosphere. The dual-specific aspartyl-tRNA (Asn)/glutamyl-tRNA (Gln) amidotransferase subunit A contributes to the plant ability to respond to watering as it participates in attaching the correct amino acid during translation to its cognate tRNA species, while hydrolyzing incorrectly attached amino acid. These two actions reduce the influence of oxidative stress in generating misfolded proteins and in reducing fidelity of translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well-known secretary problem in sequential analysis and optimal stopping theory asks one to maximize the probability of finding the optimal candidate in a sequentially examined list under the constraint that accept/reject decisions are made in real-time. The problem has received significant interest in the mathematics community and is related to practical questions arising in online search, data streaming, daily purchase modeling and multi-arm bandit mechanisms. A version of the problem is the so-called postdoc problem, for which the question of interest is to devise a strategy that identifies the second-best candidate with highest possible probability of success. We study the postdoc problem in its combinatorial form. In this setting, a permutation π of length N is sampled according to some distribution over the symmetric group S N and the elements of π are revealed one-by-one from left to right so that at each step, one can only determine the relative orders of the elements revealed so far. At each step, one must decide to either accept or reject the currently presented element and cannot recall the decision in the future. The question of interest is to find the optimal strategy for selecting the position of the second-largest value. We solve the postdoc problem for the untraditional setting where the candidates are not presented uniformly at random but rather according to permutations drawn from the Mallows distribution. The Mallows distribution assigns to each permutation π ∈ S N a weight θ c (π) , where the function c represents the Kendall τ distance between π and the identity permutation (i.e., the number of inversions in π). To identify the optimal stopping criteria for the significantly more challenging postdoc problem, we adopt a combinatorial methodology that includes new proof techniques and novel methodological extensions compared to the analysis first introduced in the setting of the secretary problem. The optimal strategies depend on the parameter θ of the Mallows distribution and can be determined exactly by solving well-defined recurrence relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Grewia flava root extracts and fractions had good antimicrobial activity. • Two triterpenoids, taraxerol and lupeol, were isolated and characterised. • Lupeol had MIC as low as 10 µg/ml against a range of bacterial species. • The compounds had good anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting 15-LOX and nitric oxide. Grewia flava root acetone extracts were assessed for antimicrobial activity against a range of pathogenic microorganisms using the broth microdilution and bioautography assays. Cytotoxicity against human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and bovine dermis (BD) cell lines was also investigated. Solvent-solvent fractionation was carried out on the acetone extract to yield fractions of different polarities. Bioautograms from fractions showed four antimicrobial compounds in the carbon tetrachloride fraction, with activity against Escherichia coli. Two compounds from carbon tetrachloride, hexane and butanol fractions were active against Candida albicans, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The aqueous fraction had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 40 µg/ml against Cryptococcus neoformans, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two triterpenoid compounds, namely taraxerol and lupeol, were isolated and had potent antimicrobial activity. Lupeol had better antimicrobial activity than vancomycin (control drug) with MIC of 10 µg/ml against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycoplasma hominis and Escherichia coli. Both taraxerol and lupeol exhibited better anti-inflammatory activity than quercetin (positive control) in the soybean lipoxygenase (15-LOX) inhibition assay and by inhibiting nitric oxide release from RAW264.7 macrophages. Although fractions and isolated compounds exhibited potent antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, there is a need to explore the modes of action thereof. The study supports the use of the plant species in the treatment and management of various microbial infections posing danger to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malvastrum coromandelianum subsp. capitato‐spicatum is reported as a new record for the United Arab Emirates. Current information on the occurrence of the genus Malvastrum in the Arabian Peninsula is discussed. A key to the subspecies of Malvastrum coromandelianum and a description and illustration of the subspecies capitato‐spicatum are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alternative therapies using medicinal plants and herbal medicines have been growing worldwide, as natural treatments have low cost and less toxic effect compared to conventional drugs available. Aim: To evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and ex-vivo genotoxicity of Brazilian species of the Malvaceae family: Waltheria viscosissima A. St. Hil. In vitro methods were used to verify the cytotoxic potential through hemolytic and antihemolytic assays and the ex-vivo genotoxic analysis. Results: The Crude Etanolic Extract (CEE) and Cloroformic Fraction (CF) was obtained in vegetal sample used on this study; the CEE-Wv and CF-Wv products exhibited the lowest cytotoxic potential with hemolysis less than 40% in all concentrations evaluated. A moderate anti-hemolytic effect was described in all samples treated with 500 and 1000 µg/mL, with hemolysis <60 %. In addition, the compounds showed low ex-vivo genotoxic effect with a general index of normal cells greater than 84 % at all concentrations. Conclusion: The results suggest a low toxic profile of the compounds obtained from species of the Malvaceae family, indicating safe limits for the use of these natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Durio oxleyanus (Griff) of Malvaceae is considered a natural heritage by the countries that produce it, including Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo. Even though the species is regarded as a commercially valuable fruit, cultivation of this species is uncommon. The dwindling population of this species in the wild has put its survival in jeopardy. Conservation efforts are required for this species, which are limited. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of D. oxleyanus was assembled and characterized as a genomic resource for conservation programs. The complete cp genome size was 164,831 bp in length, with a pair of inverted repeats of 23,782 bp each, separating the 96,446-bp large and the 20,823-bp small single copies. A total of 135 genes were predicted, which consisted of 90 protein-coding, 37 tRNA, and eight rRNA genes. The overall GC content was 35.8%. The phylogenetic analysis based on the maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference methods revealed that D. oxleyanus is closely related to D. zibethinus. The genomic data obtained will be useful for future studies of Malvaceae's phylogenetics and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caldasia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background – Waltheria marielleae is a new species of Malvaceae endemic to north-eastern Brazil that occurs only in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, in areas of Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. It is characterized by cinereous leaves, axillary and sessile to subsessile inflorescences, pallid yellow corollas with apically eciliate petals and fan-plumose stigmas. Material and methods – DNA was extracted from leaf tissue and the markers matK, ndhF, and ITS were amplified using universal primers, with PCR products purified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was performed, including DNA sequences obtained from GenBank. Morphological studies were based on the analysis of specimens deposited in seven herbaria and specimens collected in Pernambuco state, Brazil. Results – Waltheria marielleae is morphologically and phylogenetically related to pantropical W. indica and W. ackermanniana, with these three species forming a well-supported clade. Overall, phylogenetic molecular analysis suggests the monophyly of Waltheria, with the two currently proposed sections also being monophyletic, and Melochia as its sister group. The new species is assessed here as Endangered, according to IUCN criteria. In addition, we formally present new occurrences of W. ackermanniana and W. rotundifolia. Conclusion – In this study, a complete morphological description, illustration, distribution map, and phylogenetic tree are provided for Waltheria marielleae. This species is compared with morphologically and phylogenetically related species (W. ackermanniana, W. indica, and W. rotundifolia) and an identification key to the species occurring in Alagoas and Pernambuco is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the problem of estimating the parameters of a Boolean product distribution in d dimensions, when the samples are truncated by a set S ⊆ { 0 , 1 } d accessible through a membership oracle. This is the first time that the computational and statistical complexity of learning from truncated samples is considered in a discrete setting. We introduce a natural notion of fatness of the truncation set S, under which truncated samples reveal enough information about the true distribution. We show that if the truncation set is sufficiently fat, samples from the true distribution can be generated from truncated samples. A stunning consequence is that virtually any statistical task (e.g., learning in total variation distance, parameter estimation, uniformity or identity testing) that can be performed efficiently for Boolean product distributions, can also be performed from truncated samples, with a small increase in sample complexity. We generalize our approach to ranking distributions over d alternatives, where we show how fatness implies efficient parameter estimation of Mallows models from truncated samples. Exploring the limits of learning discrete models from truncated samples, we identify three natural conditions that are necessary for efficient identifiability: (i) the truncation set S should be rich enough; (ii) S should be accessible through membership queries; and (iii) the truncation by S should leave enough randomness in all directions. By carefully adapting the Stochastic Gradient Descent approach of (Daskalakis et al., FOCS 2018), we show that these conditions are also sufficient for efficient learning of truncated Boolean product distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen studies can assist in distinguishing different plant taxa on the basis of pollen diameter, exine thickness, spines length, spine shape, number of rows of spines between colpi, shape of pollen, P/E ratio, pollen class and aperture type. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare and differentiate two Malva species on the basis of different pollen characteristics. Pollen in Malva neglecta and Malva parviflora had punctate and subpsilate, and, granulate and verrucate sculpturing between spines respectively. Both species pollen had bulbous spine base, but were more swollen in M. parviflora. M. neglecta had more pollen size, spine length and distance between spine base and spine apex, except spine base and pore diameter. The scatterplot matrix showed a wide variation among sculpturing types and other pollen attributes of both species. In PCA biplot, pore diameter and spine length were linked to M. parviflora while other pollen attributes were clearly linked to M. neglecta, indicating the taxonomic significance of the observed characters. It was concluded that the palynological studies can act as an identification tool and are of great significance in delimiting Malva and different plant taxa. Research Highlights: Taxonomic identifications is a big problem in morphologically identical Malva neglecta and Malva parviflora.The usefulness of pollen morphology (pollen diameter and exine thickness) and wall ornamentation in identification through light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was confirmed.Pollen of M. neglecta can be differentiated from M. parviflora by its sculpturing patterns.Spine base and pore diameter of M. parviflora is a taxonomically important feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By examining plant responses to heavy metal stress during the early stages of the life cycle, we can predict their tolerance and survival in polluted areas as well as their potential for bioremediation. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to mercury (Hg) on the germination and in vitro development of three plant species: Bidens pilosa, Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae), and Heliocarpus americanus (Malvaceae). These are wild ecotypes adapted to local edaphoclimatic conditions in southern Ecuador, an area which has been historically affected by artisanal and small-scale gold mining (SSGM). For comparison, we additionally used a known Hg-tolerant plant, Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae). We tested biorelevant concentrations of Hg, equivalent to those occurring in soils affected by SSGM, i.e., up to 4.0 mg/L of Hg. The relative inhibitory effects of the treatments (0.6, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/L of Hg) on the germination percentage were most evident in T. officinale, followed by B. pilosa, while L. sativa and H. americanus were not affected. In terms of the time needed to reach 50% germination (T50), B. pilosa exposed to higher concentrations of Hg showed an increase in T50, while H. americanus showed a significant reduction compared to the control treatment. The reduction in radicle length at 4.0 mg/L Hg compared to the control was more evident in L. sativa (86%) than in B. pilosa (55.3%) and H. americanus (31.5%). We concluded that, in a scenario of Hg contamination in the evaluated concentration range, the grass B. pilosa and the tree H. americanus could have a higher probability of establishment and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El bosque seco tropical (bs-T) es uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados del planeta, como consecuencia de la presión antrópica. En el enclave subxerofítico del cañón del Chicamocha habita Cavanillesia chicamochae, especie endémica y amenazada que presenta poca supervivencia de sus plántulas, afectando la regeneración de sus poblaciones. El presente estudio evaluó la germinación de C. chicamochae con frutos, semillas y estacas, utilizando tres sustratos diferentes. Se emplearon tres tratamientos, los cuales consistieron en diferentes sustratos: T1: arena de río; T2: tierra negra; T3: mezcla 3/4 tierra -1/4 cascarilla de arroz y se utilizaron frutos, semillas desnudas y estacas. Se implementó un diseño completamente aleatorio con tres sustratos incluyendo frutos y semillas y se realizaron cuatro réplicas. Las variables analizadas se sometieron a un ANOVA; cuando las diferencias fueron significativas (p < 0,05), además se desarrolló un análisis de medias utilizando la prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan. El porcentaje de germinación por semilla y fruto presentó diferencias significativas; el tratamiento de mayor eficiencia fue T1 (71%-semillas y 54%-frutos). Las semillas almacenadas en condiciones ambientales perdieron su viabilidad a partir de los cuatro meses. El mucílago presentó un adecuado valor bromatológico para la alimentación de rumiantes e importantes contenidos en metabolitos secundarios, con usos potenciales en el área farmacéutica, siendo un valor agregado para la especie. El estrés hídrico selecciona características de conservación del agua para garantizar la sobrevivencia de especies en el tiempo, una mejor comprensión de estas estrategias ayudará a predecir respuestas ante futuras sequías.

(2959-2960) Proposals to conserve the name Abelmoschus against Laguna, and Pavonia, nom. cons., against the additional names Malvaviscus and Malachra (Malvaceae) Typus: I M. scabra i B. Vogel I Pavonia i is a well-known genus with its centre of diversity in the Americas, but, as traditionally defined, it is a pantropical genus of 291 species (Fryxell in Fl. Neotrop. The least disruptive nomenclatural solution for the re-circumscription of I Pavonia i is to include the smaller genera I Malachra i , I Malvaviscus i and I Peltaea i in a novel concept of I Pavonia i . Another option is to conserve I Pavonia i with a new type; however, this would still require a similar break-up of the genus, which may be no less disruptive, and the largest clade which could bear the name I Pavonia i would contain less than 50 species. [Extracted from the article]

Urena lobata L. is a commercial species used for fiber extraction in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará that presents relevant socioeconomic importance for the Amazon region. Despite its importance and wide distribution throughout Brazil, there are no data on the species response to global climate change. This study aimed to present the potential geographical distribution of U. lobata in the current period (2009-2019) and predict areas of climatic suitability for its occurrence in two future scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5), at two time intervals (2020-2050 and 2051-2070), in the face of global climate change. A total of 19 bioclimatic variables were obtained from the WorldClim database and four algorithms (Climate Space Model, Envelope Score, Niche Mosaic and Environmental Distance), from which the Envelope Score was the most representative model for the species to verify its occurrence along the Brazilian phytogeographic domains (Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest and Pampa). Vulnerability was observed for the species, since there were losses of favorable areas in the Amazon, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Caatinga, becoming practically extinct in the worst scenario (RCP 8.5), in the year 2070. However, for this same scenario and year, there was a significant area increase in the Pampa.

Abstract Background The great diversity in plant genome size and chromosome number is partly due to polyploidization (i.e. genome doubling events). The differences in genome size and chromosome number among diploid plant species can be a window into the intriguing phenomenon of past genome doubling that may be obscured through time by the process of diploidization. The genus Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae) has a wide diversity of chromosome numbers and a complex genomic history. Hibiscus is ideal for exploring past genomic events because although two ancient genome duplication events have been identified, more are likely to be found due to its diversity of chromosome numbers. To reappraise the history of whole-genome duplication events in Hibiscus, we tested three alternative scenarios describing different polyploidization events. Results Using target sequence capture, we designed a new probe set for Hibiscus and generated 87 orthologous genes from four diploid species. We detected paralogues in > 54% putative single-copy genes. 34 of these genes were selected for testing three different genome duplication scenarios using gene counting. All species of Hibiscus sampled shared one genome duplication with H. syriacus, and one whole genome duplication occurred along the branch leading to H. syriacus. Conclusions Here, we corroborated the independent genome doubling previously found in the lineage leading to H. syriacus and a shared genome doubling of this lineage and the remainder of Hibiscus. Additionally, we found a previously undiscovered genome duplication shared by the /Pavonia and /Malvaviscus clades (both nested within Hibiscus) with the occurrences of two copies in what were otherwise single-copy genes. Our results highlight the complexity of genomic diversity in some plant groups, which makes orthology assessment and accurate phylogenomic inference difficult.

Background: Aerial parts of Malva nicaeensis All. are preferred in the prevention and treatment of intestinal infections and hemorrhoids in Turkish traditional medicine. This study is planned to evaluate the pharmacological activity of M. nicaeensis extracts on rats with acetic acid-induced colitis. Methods: The plant material was subsequently extracted with n-hexane, ethanol, and water, respectively. All of these extracts were tested for efficacy in the acetic acid-induced rat colitis model. The aqueous and polysaccharide extracts regulated cytokine levels and antioxidant parameters. Furthermore, the aqueous extract in particular regulated myeloperoxidase and caspase-3 levels in this rat model. In addition, the polysaccharide-rich fraction was separated from the aqueous extract. Results: The polysaccharide-rich fraction and aqueous extract regulated cytokine levels and antioxidant parameters. The aqueous extract also positively affected myeloperoxidase and caspase-3 levels. The phytochemical studies revealed that the aqueous extract had the highest phenolic content. In addition, the polysaccharide fraction was found to contain total sugars, sulfated groups, uronic acids, and total proteins in 78.4%, 0.9%, 1.5%, and 14.7%, respectively, and was rich in monosaccharide-type compounds, especially galactose (36.4%). Conclusions: M. nicaeensis was discovered to be a drug lead in the future treatment of irritable bowel diseases or as a complementary therapeutic agent that aided conventional treatments.

Grewia lasiocarpa E. Mey. Ex Harv., Malvaceae (forest raisin) is a tropical small tree or shrub valued for its ecological importance as well as its nutritional, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-cancer properties as well as its ecological and ornamental importance. Glandular and non-glandular trichomes are present on the fruits, stem bark and leaves of G. lasiocarpa and these trichomes are the first line of defense. They are important structures that plants use to combat biotic and abiotic stress. The development of G. lasiocarpa trichomes and the biomechanics of the exudates present in the glandular (capitate) trichome were investigated for the first time using advanced microscopy techniques [Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM)]. The pressurized cuticular striations may play a role in the exudates’ biomechanics, i.e., releasing secondary metabolites present in the capitate trichome, which was observed to be multidirectional. The presence of many glandular trichomes on a plant implies an increase in the amount of phytometabolites. A common precursor for the development of trichomes (non-glandular and glandular) was observed to be DNA synthesis associated with a periclinal cell division, thus the final fate of the cell is determined by cell cycle regulation, polarity, and expansion. The glandular trichomes of G. lasiocarpa are multicellular and polyglandular, while the non-glandular (glandless) trichomes are either single-celled or multicellular. Since, trichomes ‘house’ phytocompounds of medicinal, nutritional, and agronomical benefits; the molecular and genetic study of the glandular trichomes of Grewia lasiocarpa will be beneficial to humanity.

Transitive inference (TI) is a cognitive task that assesses an organism’s ability to infer novel relations between items based on previously acquired knowledge. TI is known for exhibiting various behavioral and neural signatures, such as the serial position effect (SPE), symbolic distance effect (SDE), and the brain’s capacity to maintain and merge separate ranking models. We propose a novel framework that casts TI as a probabilistic preference learning task, using one-parameter Mallows models. We present a series of simulations that highlight the effectiveness of our novel approach. We show that the Mallows ranking model natively reproduces SDE and SPE. Furthermore, extending the model using Bayesian selection showcases its capacity to generate and merge ranking hypotheses as pairs with connecting symbols. Finally, we employ neural networks to replicate Mallows models, demonstrating how this framework aligns with observed prefrontal neural activity during TI. Our innovative approach sheds new light on the nature of TI, emphasizing the potential of probabilistic preference learning for unraveling its underlying neural mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fossil record of Central America plays a pivotal role in our comprehensive understanding of the Neotropical Flora. It represents a mosaic of elements from South America that migrated to North America and vice versa, contributing to the rich diversity of flora we observe today. Despite the importance of Central America's vegetation history, our knowledge remains fragmented, with limited information available for regions like Costa Rica and Nicaragua. This study presents findings based on the first five wood samples collected from Miocene sites in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, situated across slopes ranging from 10 to 1000 m above sea level, reminiscent of tropical environments. These specimens exhibit common characteristics such as a median vessel element diameter of 100–200 μm, small to medium - sized alternate inter - vessel pits, relatively thin and slightly heterogeneous rays spanning 1 to 3 cells in thickness, and a prevalence of procumbent cells. Additionally, we observed vasicentric and thin - banded axial parenchyma, thin - walled fibers, and the presence of few gums and tyloses. The variability in these features suggests the presence of taxa belonging to families such as Sapotaceae (cf. Vitellaria), Leguminosae (cf. Aphanocalyx and cf. Dalbergia), Malvaceae/Sterculiodeiae (cf. Cola), and Myrtaceae (cf. Eucalyptu s), most of which have been reported in both North and South America. Therefore, understanding the timing of their arrival and their biogeographic histories is crucial for elucidating the origins and composition of today's Neotropical Flora. Our findings challenge the simplistic narrative of recent migration from southern and northern floras shaping the Neotropical Flora. Instead, they underscore the complexity of its evolutionary history, highlighting the intricate interplay of various taxa over time to generate this unique tropical assemblage. • Five new plants are described for the Miocene of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. • They represent tropical linages linked with the Neotropical flora. • However, members of their lineages are known from North and South America. • Therefore, their possible biogeographic source is open to further scrutiny. • Finally, it is highlighted that the origin of the Neotropical Flora remains a puzzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate matter (PM) poses significant health risks, especially fine particles (PM 2.5) that can cause severe lung injuries. Lupeol, a phytosterol from medicinal plants, has potential anti-cancer properties. This study investigated lupeol's protective effects against PM 2.5 -induced lung damage. Mice received lupeol following intratracheal PM 2.5 exposure. Results showed lupeol reduced lung damage, lowered wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio, and suppressed increased permeability caused by PM 2.5. Additionally, lupeol decreased plasma inflammatory cytokines, total protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and PM 2.5 -induced lymphocyte proliferation. Lupeol also reduced expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), and autophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1 B-light chain 3 (LC3) II and Beclin 1, while increasing phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation. These findings suggest lupeol's potential as a therapeutic agent for PM 2.5 -induced lung damage via modulation of the TLR4-MyD88 and mTOR-autophagy pathways. [Display omitted] • Particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) was shown to damage the pulmonary systems. • Lupeol is found in Bombax ceiba (Bombax malabarica , Bombacaceae). • Lupeol inhibit vascular hyperpermeability caused by PM 2.5 exposure. • Lupeol reduced PM 2.5 -induced pulmonary injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common assumption in matching markets is that both sides fully know their preferences. However, when there are many participants this may be neither realistic nor feasible. Instead, agents may have some partial (perhaps stochastic) information about alternatives and will invest time and resources to better understand the inherent benefits and tradeoffs of different choices. Using the framework of matching medical residents with hospital programs, we study strategic behaviour by residents in a setting where hospitals maintain a publicly known master list of residents (i.e., all hospitals have an identical ranking of all the residents, for example, based on grades) and residents have to decide with which hospitals to interview, before submitting their preferences to the matching mechanism. We first show the existence of pure strategy equilibrium under very general conditions. We then study the setting when residents’ preferences are drawn from a known Mallows distribution. We prove that assortative equilibrium (k top residents interview with k top hospitals, etc.) arises only when residents interview with a small number of programs. Surprisingly, such equilibria (or even weaker notions of assortative interviewing) do not exist when residents can interview with many hospital programs, even when residents’ preferences are very similar. Simulations on possible outcome equilibrium indicate that some residents will pursue a reach/safety strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tilia is a complex genus in the family Malvaceae that has high ecological and economical values. Owing to the lack of sufficient distinguishable morphological and molecular characteristics, interspecific relationships in this genus are not clear. Chloroplast (cp) genomes are small, meanwhile most angiosperms usually undergo matrilineal inheritance. Consequently, they can be used in molecular systematics and phylogenetic analyses. Here, we sequenced and assembled cp genomes from T. endochrysea, T. tomentosa, T. miqueliana, T. americana and T. cordata, and compared them with those of seven previously reported Tilia species. Similar gene contents, gene orders and GC contents existed among the 12 cp genomes, which ranged from 162,564 to 162,855 bp and encoded 113 unique genes. Abundant simple sequence repeats (119–127) and dispersed repeats (97–135) were detected in Tilia cp genomes. In total, 11 hypervariable regions were identified that could be suitable for species identification and phylogenetic studies. A phylogenetic analysis of Malvaceae based on 5 hypervariable genes (matK + ndhF + rpoB + rpoC2+ycf1) revealed that all eight subfamilies were monophyletic groups. Additionally, the genus Tilia was divided into three groups on the basis of all 521 molecular variation loci. The current study provides valuable insights into the genomic evolution of the genus Tilia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in vitro culture of Theobroma cacao has been limited due to the poor shoot growth and rooting which is why the species is considered recalcitrant in tissue culture. Bud micrografting could be an alternative in obtaining plants by biotechnological methods. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro grafting of different cacao genotypes and acclimatization of plants obtained by micrografting method. Cuban traditional cacao genotypes were used as scions and commercial genotypes were the rootstocks. The grafting method was side graft with apical bud from young plants. Success rates ranging 61-86.6 % and growth of buds were observed in micrografts of three traditional genotypes onto the same rootstock until the week nine. A similar response (91-100 %) was obtained in different combinations scion-rootstock and there were not significant differences in the responses of the genotypes to the micrografting. Acclimatization of micrografted plants to ex vitro conditions was successful with survival percentages ranging 64-85 %. The micrografting of these genotypes allowed obtaining viable rooted plants as a complement to the traditional vegetative propagation with application in germplasm conservation of cacao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]