Search

The objective of the proposed research is to develop computer-aided diagnosis methods for use in mammography in order to increase the diagnostic accuracy of radiologists. Specifically we have developed advanced computerized schemes for the detection spiculated lesions and architectural distortions based on the calculation of the Hough spectrum and for the detection of small, low-contrast early cancers based on gradient and circularity filters. Also, computerized classification schemes for masses using artificial neural networks, rule-based methods, and hybrid systems have been developed. We have investigated the effect of database on feature selection and classifier training. We also investigated a computerized method for including temporal change between mammographic examinations. We have also developed an intelleigent search workstation for aiding radiologist in making diagnostic decisions by providing them with both CAD output and images of known cases that are 'similar' to the case in question. The efficacy and efficiency of the CAD methods for mammography are being evaluated on a clinical workstation. The potential significance of this research project lies in the fact that if the detectability of cancers can be increased by employing a computer to aid the radiologist's diagnosis, then the treatment of patients with cancer can be initiated earlier and their chance of survival improved.

The experiments done in this grant can be broadly classified into two stages. The goal of both these stages was to demonstrate all-optical high-speed turbulence aberration correction through nonlinear optical phase conjugation. The first stage involved the development of a phase conjugate mirror (PCM) based on non-degenerate four-wave-mixiag (NDFWM). Coherent population trapping (CPT) in sodium vapor permitted the use of low intensity cw lasers. The second stage involve the development of a phase conjugate resonator (PCR) that could correct intracavity aberrations. In comparison to the PCM using CPT, the PCR was also based on CPT but was degenerate in optical frequency, with a simpler experimental set-up. A high conjugate power gain exceeding 35 was achieved in both the non-degenerate and degenerate FWM configurations. Hi gain is of importance in applications involving wide apertures. Experiments were demonstrated using a helium jet in air operated at a frequency of 18kHz with flow speeds up to 25Om/s. Substantial reduction in the modulation depth of temporal aberration is shown for both the PCM and PCR cases, along with high-fidelity spatial aberration correction.

Our prior research efforts were directed primarily towards enhancement of and automated detection in side-scan sonar images. The problems associated with these images are very similar to those with mammograms: small, low-contrast targets imbedded in high clutter but a critical requirement to avoid false positives. Our goal is to apply techniques developed for naval images to mammographic images thus making a contribution to the development of a computer-aided diagnosis capability for mammographic data. Second we want to expand the range of image processing techniques applied to naval image data by exploring and modifying methods used by medical researchers. In the process we hope to gain visibility and make contacts in the medical image processing community thus making us privy to cutting-edge methods being developed by medical researchers. Finally, in order to make our work easily accessible to other researchers we will develop and maintain an image analysis toolset with an easy to use interface that can accommodate both naval and medical images., See also ADM002252.

This annual report summarizes work performed during the first year of a three- year study to evaluate full-field digital mammography (FFDM) as a screening tool for breast cancer. The first year's work on this project was devoted to acquisition and technical evaluation of two prototype full field digital mammography systems (GE Medical Systems, Inc.). In addition to complete acceptance testing of each FFDM unit, contrast-detail phantoms were used to evaluate and compare different FFDM image acquisition and display modes for the detection of low-contrast lesions. Contrast detail phantoms also were used to compare the performance of FFDM with that of screen-film mammography (SFM) for low-contrast lesion detection. Preliminary results of our clinical study comparing SFM to FFDM as screening tools for breast cancer, including women accrued between August and December 31,1997, are also presented.

This paper explores the impact of the LIC experiences in Afghanistan and Chechnya on the transformation of the Russian State. It begins with a historical review that analyzes invasion motives and the subsequent impact on the people, the government and the Russian military. The analysis of the recent post-Soviet era reveals that the Russian transformation consists of three smaller transitions: from dictatorship to democracy, from empire to nation state, and from a controlled to a free-market economy. The Russian people, the government, and the military institution have vastly different roles in each of these transitions. This paper focuses on the dynamics in Russian civil-military relations, the changing perspectives of Russian military doctrine and implications for future LIC on the transformation of the Russian State. While the Afghan and Chechen conflicts have many similarities, they also have many differences. In many ways, the Afghan experience represents the transition from the Soviet past and the Chechen War represents a view of Russia's future. While the withdrawal from Afghanistan served to enhance future hopes, Chechnya quickly reminded the people of the fragile nature of the democratic transition.

This report summarizes progress achieved during year three of a three and one half year postdoctoral research project to determine the optimum technique factors for conventional mammography. This year's work centered on separately analyzing the effects of mammography film, processing conditions, and technique factor selection on image contrast and low-contrast lesion detection. Methods of evaluating film, processing, and technique factor selection for screen-film mammography were applied to approximately one dozen clinical sites involved in the Colorado Mammography Advocacy Project (CMAP), improved technique factors were recommended, and the resulting improvement in image quality at CMAP sites was evaluated. Work being performed now during the one half year extension of this project centers on completion of analysis and publication of all study results.

Trace concentrations of NO and NO2 are detected with a dye laser operating near 454 nm. NO is detected by a (2 + 2) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization process by means of NO A (2)sigma(+)-X (2)Pi(0, 0) transitions with miniature electrodes, and NO2 is detected by a one-photon absorption photo acoustic process by means of NO2 A(tilde)' (2)B1(0, 8, 0) - X(tilde) (2)A1(0, 0, 0) transitions with a miniature microphone. Rotationally resolved excitation spectra show that the spectral resolution is sufficiently high to identify these species at 1 atm. The technique's analytical merits are evaluated as functions of concentration, pressure, and laser intensities. Low laser intensities favor NO2 photoacoustic detection whereas high laser intensities favor NO ionization. Limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio 3) of 160 parts in 10(exp 9) for NO and 400 parts in 10(exp 9) for NO2 are determined at 1 atm for a 10-s integration time. Signal response and noise analyses show that three decades of NO/NO2 mixtures can be measured with a computational relative error in concentration that is three times the relative error in measuring the NO and NO2 signals.

Treatment of oil-contaminated soils is necessary to protect water supplies, human health, and environmental quality; but because of limited funds, cleanup costs are often prohibitive. High costs are exacerbated in cold regions such as Alaska, where spills are often in areas inaccessible to heavy equipment and where there is limited infrastructure. Owing to the lack of infrastructure, widespread fuel distribution systems, and the need for heating in the cold climate, there are numerous small-scale oil spills. Low-cost treatments applicable to small-scale spills are needed. The object of this CPAR project was to examine using cost-effective, on-site bioremediation techniques for heavy-oil-contaminated soil in cold regions. Both heavy-oil and diesel-contaminated soils were used to compare landfarming, a low-intensity treatment, to pile bioventing, a costlier treatment. For each soil-contaminant combination, we compared nutrient additions to a control with no nutrient additions. Under the conditions of this study, landfarming with nutrient additions was as effective for treating diesel-contaminated soil as was bioventing with nutrient additions. For heavy oils, landfarming with nutrients resulted in lower soil concentrations after one year, but differences among treatments were not statistically significant. Because landfarming does not require pumps, electricity, or plumbing, all costs are less than for bioventing. The minimal requirements for infrastructure also make landfarming attractive in remote sites typical of cold regions.

The objective of the proposed research is to develop computer-aided diagnosis methods for use in mammography in order to increase the diagnostic accuracy of radiologists. Specifically we have developed advanced computerized schemes for the detection spiculated lesions and architectural distortions based on the calculation of the Hough spectrum and for the detection of small, low-contrast early cancers based on gradient and circularity filters. Also, computerized classification schemes for masses using artificial neural networks, rule-based methods, and hybrid systems have been developed. We also investigated a computerized method for including temporal change between mammographic examinations. The efficacy and efficiency of the CAD methods for mammography are being evaluated on a clinical workstation. The potential significance of this research project lies in the fact that if the detectability of cancers can be increased by employing a computer to aid the radiologist%s diagnosis, then the treatment of patients with cancer can be initiated earlier and their chance of survival improved.

Westerners, with their superior technology and organization, have been killed for a long time by primitives or savages whose style of war the Westerners misunderstood and whose skills exceeded those of the West in irregular wars. Irregular warfare is the oldest form of warfare, and it is a phenomenon that goes by many names, including tribal warfare, primitive warfare, little wars, and low-intensity conflict. The term irregular warfare seems best to capture the wide variety of these little wars. Such wars plague much of the non-Western world, and they will increasingly claim the Intelligence Community's attention. Since World War II, by one count, there have been more than 80 irregular conflicts. They include civil wars in Rwanda and Somalia, guerrilla wars in Sudan, and rebellions in Chechyna; they involve irregular elements fighting against other irregular elements, regular forces of a central government, or an external intervention force. The acquisition and use of modern military technology is often seen as a solution to the problems of warfare in the late 20th century, with information warfare the latest example. Irregular warfare, however, remains confoundingly unaffected by changes in technology. In an irregular conflict, sociology, psychology, and history will have more to say about the nature of the conflict, including its persistence and intensity., Published in Studies in Intelligence, v39 v5 p51-59, 1996.

In our view, the information-age conflict spectrum looks like this: What we term cyberwar will be an ever-more-important entry at the military end, where the language is normally about high-intensity conflict (HIC) and middle-range conflict (MRC). Netwar will figure increasingly at the societal end, where the language is normally about low-intensity conflict (LIC) and operations other than war (OOTW a broader concept than LIC that includes peacekeeping and humanitarian relief operations). Whereas cyberwar will usually see formal military forces pitted against each other, netwar is more likely to involve nonstate, paramilitary, and other irregular forces. Both concepts are consistent with the views of analysts like Van Creveld (1991) who believe that a transformation of war is under way, leading to increased irregularization. The terms above reflect two assumptions (or propositions) about the information revolution. One is that conflicts will increasingly depend on, and revolve around, information and communications cyber -matters, broadly defined. Indeed, both cyberwar and netwar are modes of conflict that are largely about knowledge about who knows what, when, where, and why, and about how secure a society, Published in In Athena's Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the Information Age, chapter 12, p275-293, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1997.

This research tackled the sleep/work patterns of 10 members of a battalion staff during a low-intensity conflict scenario. Sleep patterns were captured by wrist-worn activity monitors that permitted minute-by-minute assessment of the activity levels of each staff member. Staff members were monitored over a 16-day rotation. Data on sleep habits and perceptions of work load levels were collected using paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Daily estimates of cognitive work capacity were obtained using a computerized synthetic work task In addition a brief computerized sleepiness-mood scale was presented each day. Staff members slept on the average 5.2 hours (range 3.5-6.4 hours) per day. The staff averaged almost 3 hours less sleep per day on rotation than what they indicated they needed for total recovery (8.1 hours sleep per day). certain staff positions (XO, S2, and S3- Plans) received very little sleep across the rotation (3.74.6 hours sleep per day). Over 60 percent of the sleep obtained was fragmented in nature (sleep periods of 10 minutes or less). Substantial increases in response variability were noted for one staff member. This preliminary research, together with observations from the combat timing centers, suggests that to effectively sustain staff performance during continuous operations, better utilization of staff resources is critical. In addition, commanders must take an active role in the development of unit sleep/work management plans. This includes educating unit members on the importance of sleep in combat operations and how to optimize the recuperative value of available sleep periods through specifically tailored unit sleep plans.

The purpose of report is to describe the methodology and execution of the field verification test of the measurement system based on battle tasks for close air support in a Low Intensity Conflict, and to provide the results of that test. The increased emphasis on interservice operations make it both practical and worthwhile to develop an air-ground training and feedback system. Air-ground training and feedback system results, organized into a common database, would provide information that would facilitate training evaluation and development by both Army and Air force. The data collected using such a system could also provide a quantifiable basis for further training resource requirements. This study was designed to extend a previous analysis of the utilization of close air support in mid-intensity combat to the use of close air support in a low intensity conflict. Extending the previous analysis will maximize the commonality of low intensity and mid-intensity measurement systems, which should reduce development costs and result in a more usable product.

Fundamental to the conduct of any war at the operational level is the strategic guidance promulgated by a nation's leadership. This guidance then provides the operational commander with the parameters he uses to issue operational guidance for the theater. Strategic guidance and operational guidance are inextricably linked. One defines the other; both tend to modify the other throughout the war. This linkage, therefore, is dynamic and complex. Adding to the complexity, this linkage must be flexible enough to survive the varying chaotic environments of different types of war. Strategic guidance and operational feedback are certainly different in a low-intensity conflict or even a limited war than they are in a general or total war. In fact, a definite inverse relationship can be identified: as a war approaches totality, the amount of guidance and subsequent feedback decreases; it necessarily increases as the war is constrained or limited. In the operations of the United Nations Forces north of the 38th Parallel during the Korean Conflict, the linkage was essentially static, if not one-sided, since General MacArthur determined what the policy would be at the operational level and, by default, the strategic as well. This allowed General MacArthur to pursue a flawed operational design for the theater with little supervision or modification by the United States' JCS. The responsibility for the subsequent debacle north of the parallel must then be shared between the operational commander. General MacArthur, and the strategic commanders, the JCS.

In November 1994 the United States witnessed an upheaval in its political system as the Republican Party regained control of both houses of Congress for the first time in four decades. This eruption within our own political system was largely unanticipated. It is an American parallel to the shaking of political systems across the world in countries as different as Japan and Italy. It is, of course, but a faint echo of the far greater tumult that accompanied what may be the greatest political event of our time-the collapse of the Warsaw Pact-and then of the Soviet Union itself. Accompanying this political revolution has been the no less profound transformation of the global economy brought about by the information technologies. The silicon chips in a modern car take up a greater part of its cost than the steel, and the ubiquitous computer terminal has transformed corporations, finance, and the very structure of business life. New centers of world economic power are emerging, particularly China which may, in our life time, surpass the United States in the size of its economy. These political and economic transformations are interlinked and may be only the beginning of larger convulsions. Some observers have pointed to a world in which changes in biotechnology could pose profound challenges to the core assumptions of our political system, namely that men (and women) are indeed born equal. The rise of China and the emergence of the successful economies of Asia have already begun to change the constellation of world politics.

A highly developed Bragg resonance phenomenon was observed in measurements of vertically polarized L-band radar backscatter recorded from the surface of a small inland fresh-water reservoir in central Massachusetts. These measurements were obtained with Lincoln Laboratory's LCE (L-band Clutter Experiment) radar sited on Wachusett Mt. from which the reservoir surface was visible at 4-km range and at 40 depression angle, on a day of light winds with the radar looking obliquely downwind. The highly developed Bragg resonance in the backscatter from the reservoir surface caused strong Bragg spikes to exist in the clutter Doppler spectrum from the reservoir at low (viz., +3.4 and -3.8 Hz) but nonzero-Doppler frequencies. The sharp narrow first-order Bragg spikes rose 20 to 25 dB above adjacent spectral levels in the clutter spectra from the reservoir surface. The maximum amplitude of the dominant Bragg spike at -3.8 Hz was 40 to 45 dB stronger than tree clutter at -3.8 Hz in nearby spatial cells and only 10 dB weaker than the peak zero-Doppler tree clutter in the same nearby cells. This strong Bragg resonance at vertical polarization was persistent in time (15 min) and space (all seven range gates for which the reservoir surface was visible to the radar) throughout the course of measurements on the light-winds measurement day. Spectral results are presented for both cross-polarized and both copolarized combinations of linear polarization. Bragg spikes were observed to exist across this polarization matrix of measurements, although at horizontal polarization the overall backscatter from the reservoir surface, including the Bragg resonant component, was much weaker than at vertical polarization. (KAR) P. 4

This paper examines the question whether the U.S. Army should subdivide MOUT doctrine into two parts, precision MOUT and Combat In Built-Up Areas (CIBUA)? Current MOUT doctrine attempts to avoid fighting in cities. This doctrine evolved from the WWII experience and focuses on heavy forces conducting MOUT in high intensity war. There is very little in MOUT doctrine that addresses Operations Other Than War (OOTW) on the low intensity side of the spectrum of conflict. The missing piece for OOTW in urban terrain is 'Precision' MOUT. This approach incorporates the fact that civilians will always be present during military operations conducted in their cities. The two major reason why the U.S. will inevitably commit forces to conduct Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) are the explosive expansion in the size and number of urban areas throughout the world and the continuing U.S. engagement around the world as the remaining superpower. Urban population data suggest a trend of constant growth to continue in the future. Cities not only encroach on open maneuver space, but invariably seem to occupy positions that require their seizure for religious, political, or economic reasons. The strategic importance of cities is growing. Cities contain the centers of political power, hubs of transportation, hubs of telecommunications and centers for logistic Support. History illustrates that urban battles are the most demanding, costly and complicated of military operations. There are three reasons why it is so difficult: the cost in time, manpower, and resources; the density of the terrain; and the presence of noncombatants in the battle space.

Muskhelishvili's method of complex potentials has been applied to the problems of one crack, and two diametrically opposed (symmetrical) cracks emanating from a circular hole of radius R, subjected to a biaxial load. The cracks of length a, are orthogonal to the principal applied stress omega, with transverse stress omega = lambda/omega.This work extends previous work through the inclusion of linear springs with spring constant k bridging the crack opening. Analysis focussed on the (normalized) design parameters of crack tip stress intensity factor F(n) and crack mouth opening V(n). Their dependencies on biaxiality lambda, normalized spring stiffness ka, and the geometry specified by a/n = a/(a + R), were investigated. Interpolation formulae with parameters depending on were fitted to the high and low ka limits of F(n) and V(n). These provided a simple means for calculating F(n) and V(n), in most cases to within a few percent of the numerically calculated values. An interesting comparison of the symmetrically cracked hole to the partially bridged centre crack, showed that the latter had a lower stress intensity factor in all but the very short crack cases. (AN)

This dissertation examined the contribution of age-related changes in sympathetic-adrenal medullary (SAM) functioning to age-related deficits in cognitive processes. Two experiments involved parametric studies within a stimulus class to characterize more fully age-related differences in plasma catecholamine (CA) responses to acute stress. Results from the footshock experiment revealed that aged male F-344 rats have potentiated plasma CA responses to handling and transfer during placement in an inhibitory (passive) avoidance testing apparatus. Aged rats may exhibit decrements in retention because the saliency of low intensity footshock is masked by the effects of handling and transfer immediately before and after the training experience. Aged rats had potentiated plasma CA responses and delayed returns to basal levels compared to young adults to higher footshock intensities. Aged rats displayed altered SAM responsiveness to swim stress in a temperature-dependent manner. Aged rats exhibited comparable SAM responsiveness to swim stress at 35 deg C. Similar peak responsiveness for rats of both ages was also found at 20 deg C; however, aged animals exhibited a prolonged recovery to basal values. At intermediate temperatures, aged animals had both potentiated peak plasma EPI responses and a prolonged recovery to basal values.

A predictable outcome of the ongoing aspiration for a New World Order is a far smaller military force structure. A smaller force structure driven by changing threats, new required capabilities, and far fewer resources. Concurrently, there is an ongoing review of each service's roles, functions, and missions in pursuit of national military strategy. Joint and service doctrine continues to be revised and updated. New technology still stretches the imagination and impacts on all aspects of the military environment. The ripple effect should be that each service's major force structure pieces, such as the Army's light infantry divisions, will be reviewed. A review process that looks at the linkage between strategic realities, national security policy, national defense strategy, national military strategy, and finally at each service's roles, functions, and missions. This research paper first reviews the Cold War decision to add light infantry divisions to the Amy of Excellence in 1983; and concludes that the decision was derived from a top-down analysis. An analysis that establishes linkage from national defense strategy to an Army requirement for a set of capabilities fulfilled by the light infantry divisions (LIDs). At the end of the Cold War the National Command Authority had at its disposal seven LIDs in the Army force structure. The second part of the paper, which assumes an understanding of the Bush administrations vision for a New World order, attempts to answer the thesis question-is there a requirement for light infantry divisions in the New World Order military force structure? This part of the paper looks at the top-down linkage between the new defense strategy foundations, the new military strategy concepts, and the new strategic realities.

Counterinsurgency attracted renewed interest in the early 1980s as part of a broader effort to reverse the deterioration of our strategic position. Although the strategic situation was new, the counterinsurgency policy and strategy we followed was not. In fact, they were identical to those that formed the backdrop to our initial involvement in Vietnam. Terms such as "nation building" connoted in the early 1980s what they had 20 years before: underdevelopment causes conflict and this cause must be treated or the counteriusurgency effort will not succeed. Now termed "nation assistance," this idea persists as an integral part of our doctrine for counterinsurgency and has even become, through mistaking a part for the whole, integral to our general doctrine for low-intensity conflict (or "operations other than war," the term now used in joint and Army doctrine).! This is a misfortune. However designated, this idea is a bad one, and should be expunged from policy, doctrine, and practice. To understand why, we must go back to the moment before it became an article of faith, when its assumptions were still visible., Pub. in Parameters, v23, p34-40, Autumn 1993.

The end of the former Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War make the chance of a superpower confrontation remote. However, as the world takes on a multi-polar dimension, the prognosis is that Low Intensity Conflict (LIC) will continue unabated with concomitant implications for U.S. national security. In order to be successful in LIC, the U.S. must be organized at the national level to properly utilize the diverse elements of national power. In 1986, Public Law 99-661 directed that the President establish a Board for Low Intensity Conflict within the National Security Council to coordinate the policies of the United States for LIC. To date, the LIC board has not functioned as intended by Congress. Until this deficiency is corrected, the U. S. will not have the forward looking, fully coordinated and integrated inter-agency effort envisioned by the lawmakers and required to support our national security policy.

Since Independence, African countries have been waging intra--or interstate war, to build the nation or to keep it one. These wars had been fueled by factors pertaining to colonialism, ethnicism, and economy, and they found a fertile ground in the West-East confrontation of the Cold War era. African civil wars are an impediment to the development of the continent and they threaten the world's peace with their consequent instabilities. Their recurrence and social consequences are so strong that one can ask himself whether African states are not doomed to failure. This study is an analysis of the Low-Intensity Conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa, from a historic and social stand point, and it attempts to sort out the ways and means through which policymakers, both civilian and military, can deal with these conflicts which, far from being 'low' in this part of the world, constitute a survival dilemma to most African nations.

In the absence of light, the thermoluminescence (TL) signal of irradiated aluminum oxide TL dosemeters (TLD) faded by 21% in 3 months. When exposed to low intensity incandescent light. the TL signal decreased by 25% in 6 h. High intensity fluorescent light caused the TL signal to fade by more than 90% in 6 h.

The United States has assumed the role of the world's last remaining superpower and as such has been called upon to act in the leadership role in addressing the. world's wrongs. With the elimination of the U.S.'s 'traditional' adversary, the orientation has been away from global war and toward smaller, regional conflicts as the new norm. The reemerging crisis in the Balkans and other regions of the world has resulted in a domestic and international call for U.S. action. The highest levels of U.S. government have seen the 'promise' of air-power as a means of influencing events in these areas of low intensity conflict without entering the potential quagmire reminiscent of Vietnam. In this regard, the history of American airpower's effectiveness since World War II is most instructive in demonstrating how limited the applicability of offensive air power really is to low intensity conflict. The ultimate effectiveness of offensive air power depends most heavily on its capability to credibly affect the vulnerabilities of the belligerent's center of gravity and its support structure....Air-power, Low intensity conflict, Center of gravity, Vulnerabilities

A high contract, low intensity GaAlInAs/AlInAs multiple quantum well asymmetric Fabry-Perot reflection modulator for operation at 1.3 um has been demonstrated. The reflection modulator takes advantage of the large absorptive and refractive nonlinearities associated with saturating the heavy-hole exciton resonance. We achieve an on/off contrast ratio in excess of 1000:1 (30 dB) and an insertion loss of 2.2 dB at a pump intensity of 30 kW/cm2, corresponding to a carrier density of 4.5 x 1017 cm-3. The modulator was demonstrated to have a large operating bandwidth achieving an on/off contrast ratio of greater than 100:1 over a 5 nm optical band. The operating speed of the modulator was measured and found to approach 1 GHz.... GaAlInAs/AlInAs multiple quantum well asymmetric Fabry-Perot reflection modulator.

Future conflicts will be primarily low intensity in nature. As the Amphibious Forces undergo modernization, they bring new capabilities that have not been completely tested or incorporated into naval doctrine. Today's amphibious forces possess a tremendous capability that is not being used to their fullest potential. The United States cannot send a CVBG to help quell each situation or show presence, due to competing global priorities. The current downsizing of the carrier force lends credence to this supposition. Today's modern Amphibious Ready Group may well be the United States' answer to this dilemma. This paper will review major capabilities of the modern amphibious force, propose a ship and force mix that can accomplish selected missions, at reduced expense, while avoiding the necessity to use the CVBG.

The paper examines the Battle of the Atlantic from an operational rather than the usual strategic perspective. The impressive achievements of the small force of German submarines against such overwhelming odds was a direct result of Admiral Karl Doenitz's skillful practice of the Operational Art. An examination of his attributes and methods may provide useful guidance for the commander of the small, austere force of the future. Superior numbers or technology does not guarantee for military success. Sound doctrine, vision, operational excellence, initiative and audacity, on the other hand, can produce substantial advantages. The paper also cautions that the dramatic allied reconstitution which did so much to turn the tide in the Battle of the Atlantic, is unlikely to reoccur and that the large, costly multi-purpose weapons platforms of today may be as ineffective in fighting the low intensity naval battle on the littoral as the large capital ships were in the Battle of the Atlantic.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of wearing MCU- 2/P and M-17 groundcrew chemical defense masks during steady-state work. Five MCU-2/P mask configurations (MC) were tested: mask without filter (MCU-OF), mask + 1 filter (MCU-1F), mask + 2 filters (MCU-2F), mask + 1 filter + air blower A (MCU-ABA), and mask + 1 filter + air blower B (MCU-ABB). Ten subjects walked on a treadmill (3 mph - 5.0% grade) for 1 hr wearing each MC. Variables measured included inspiratory and expiratory mask cavity pressures (IMCP and EMCP), mask cavity pressure-swing (MCPS), peak inspiratory airflow rate (PIAFR), respiratory rate (RR), peak tidal volume (PTV), minute volume (MV), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived inspiratory and expiratory effort (PIE and PEE), and overall breathing discomfort (OBD). Each MC was characterized by a significantly different IMCP. The MCU-ABA produced the lowest IMCP, while MCU-1F produced the highest. MCU-2F reduced inspiratory resistance by about 47%. There were no significant differences in PIAFR, RR, PTV, MV, RPE, PIE, PEE, and OBD among the various MC. The new MCU-2/P mask does not improve total breathing resistance over the standard M-17 mask. Neither mask should induce significant cardiorespiratory strain providing the physical work is of low intensity. A very effective (but logistically difficult) approach to reduce the level of inspiratory resistance imposed by the MCU-2/P mask is to provide powered ventilation as compared to the relatively simple installation of a second filter.... Breathing resistance, Protective mask, Exercise, Ventilation, Perceived effort.

The focus of study is the usefulness of employing the concepts, principles and methodologies of the operational level of war as a framework for thinking about employment of military forces as a tool of policy in peacekeeping. Peacekeeping operations are defined from official military publications, emphasizing the limitations on the use of the military instrument to enable political-diplomatic efforts to succeed. The relationship of Peacekeeping to other types of Low Intensity Conflict, and the difficulty of actually conducting an operation which fits neatly into the official definition without involving other mission areas, are also brought out.

The Personnel Service Support in Low Intensity Conflict (PSS in LIC) Study defined and determined PSS roles, missions and levels of support required in LIC operations: counterinsurgency (COIN), combatting Terrorism (CT), peacekeeping operations (PKO) and peacetime contingency operations (PCO). The study began with a literature review which detailed selected LIC operations. It reviewed current doctrine, training, leader development, force structure, materiel, and shortfalls in each area. The study team prepared case studies of five LIC operations and identified PSS activities and needs in those conflicts. Using a questionnaire, study team members interviewed soldiers and leaders providing and using personnel service support in LIC environments. The team identified these LIC soldiers by contacting units known to have been in LIC operations and requesting volunteers to interview. TRADOC Analysis Command, Fort Benjamin Harrison, assisted the team in analyzing the data for conclusions and recommendations.... Personnel Service Support, LIC(Low Intensity Conflict) CH JAG AG FI PAO, CION(Counterinsurgency), CT(Combatting Terrorism), PKO(Peacekeeping Operations, PCO(Peacetime Contingency Operations).

This study analyzes the Peruvian Maoist Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) movement to discover an explanation for its survival and growth in power. The nature of the insurgency, to include the movement's goals, forms of warfare, ideology, strategy, organization and unity, popular support, and external support are analyzed within the context of the Peruvian environment and the government response. The author concludes that the Shining Path's survival and growth in power results from the movement's superior strategy, its organizational capability, and the government's response. The Shining Path has adapted Maoism to Peru's current realities. Its strategy, although controversial for its use of terrorism and sabotage of Peru's economic infrastructure, has proven successful to date. Most importantly, it has a cohesive organization that is remarkably adaptable. The Shining Path's external support network aids in politically isolating the Peruvian government internationally and provides significant funding from coca cultivation. The government's failure to recognize the nature of the insurgency, its seeking of a primarily military solution to the insurgency, and the brutal repression it has imposed has contributed to the Shining Path's success. Shining Path, Sendero Luminoso, Peru, insurgency, civil defense forces, Abimael Guzman, Luis Arce Borge, Ayacucho, coca, Maoism drug trafficking, Upper Huallaga Valley, Fujimori, rondas.

During low intensity conflicts and contingency operations, the commander transitions from combat to stability. In doing so, the warrior becomes a constable in civil military operations. This study project offers a primer for describing the many and varied issues a commander may confront when transitioning on the continuum from a combat or crisis phase to a stability and nation building phase. The paper will review United States experience in four low intensity conflicts: Power Pack (Dominican Republic), Urgent Fury (Grenada), Just Cause and Promote Liberty (Panama), and Desert Storm and Provide Comfort (Kuwait and Kurdish Refugees in Northern Iraq). In addition to identifying issues an Army commander may face, the paper discusses the commander's responsibilities and roles under International Law to provide for stabilization of civil affairs. It shows why the commander may not have traditional civil affairs assets available to assist in achieving the mission. It concludes that Army commanders will be required to conduct humanitarian, law and order, and constabulary duties when transitioning from combat to stability immediately following combat, perhaps for weeks before guidance and instruction is provided by appropriate governmental or international authority.

This study investigates the actions of U.S. military personnel conducting the counter-drug mission in Bolivia in accordance with the Bolivian/ U.S. Counter-Drug Strategy. The analysis determines if U.S. personnel, in executing their mission, are complying with the low intensity conflict (LIC) imperatives. The study uses Operations Blast Furnace- and -Snowcap conducted in 1986 and 1989 respectively as illustrative examples to analyze the execution of the counter-drug mission. The LIC imperatives are the doctrinally approved truths acknowledged as essential to the successful planning and execution of LIC operations. The counter-drug mission is a subset of peacetime contingency operations: therefore, the analysis provides a validation of the imperatives as an analytical tool. The study concluded that U.S. personnel did not comply with the LIC imperatives. The failure to comply has a direct correlation to the failure to stop the flow of cocaine from Bolivia. Counter-Drug Strategy, Bolivia, Low Intensity Conflict (LIC) Imperatives, Operation Blast Furnace., Master's thesis,1 Aug 1991-5 Jun 1992

Numerical simulation of the interaction of a shock with either a single vortex or a vortex pair are used to investigate the resulting shock structure, production of acoustic waves, vortex distortion, and vorticity amplification. The study includes the interaction of strong (M=1.5) and weak (M=1.5) shocks with both strong and weak vortices which have peak velocities equal to the velocity of the fluid behind the strong and weak shocks, respectively. The simulations show that at early times, the distortion of a shock by a strong vortex can be predicted using a simple linear model. In addition, a quadrupolar wave propagates upstream as predicted by linearized theories. At later times, the interaction of the diffracted and refracted portions of the shock produces connected reflected shock structures. For the strong shock, the reflected shock structure merges with the quadrupolar wave to produce the asymmetric acoustic wave observed in experiment.

This paper addresses a spectrum of environmental factors most likely to influence future operations of Joint Task Forces. Careful examination of these operational level factors provides the commander with insight into potential problems. The analysis of these problem areas is a composite of lessons learned and logical predictions derived from original thought and professional teachings. The euphoria of modern war is high technology. Imprudent commanders ignore environmental effects and risk surrendering initiative by investing total trust in a high tech hole. Conflicts of the future will most likely involve low intensity clashes instead of major conventional warfare. Commanders must be prepared to execute the necessary shift in operational focus. Post war duties are a mission Joint Task Force commanders must accomplish in order to maintain leverage for diplomatic negotiators. Planning sanctions success. Familiarity with the specific operational environment allows immediate initiative in theater and capitalizes on momentum. Caution preempts over-reliance on specific sensors. Future victory can only be assured by exploitation of the environment.

Low Intensity Conflict (LIC) is the most likely scenario facing the countries of the world in the immediate future. Countries can best learn to deal with it by understanding its nature, the environment where it occurs, and the character of the forces that engage in it. This study discusses LIC from the perspective of a Third World country where it is generally localized. It uses the examples of insurgent forces in the Philippines to illustrate the importance of organization of an insurgent force as it relates to the nature of the conflict and the environment where it is fought. The study also discusses the organization of counterinsurgency forces and flaws that affect the counterinsurgency operations. A model organization of government forces, both at the national level and down at the military operational level, is also presented based on the thesis that the effective way to deal with insurgencies is an effective organization. The study presents a model of how an intervening power may come in to support a counterinsurgency effort and synchronize its support without creating unfavorable reactions from the host country.

The Gulf War served notice that the world remains a dangerous place in spite of the end of the Cold War and the decline of the Soviet Union. The enduring legacy of the Cold War seems to be worldwide arms proliferation as both superpowers armed Third World client states to the teeth. As a result, more nations are armed with more lethal weapons than ever before to include weapons of mass destruction and the ballistic missile technology to project them beyond their borders. Exacerbating this destructive potential is the convergence of emerging regional tensions previously suppressed by the Cold War superpowers with regional power vacuums created by the implosion of the Soviet Empire and the resulting United States military drawdown. The bottom line is that the Third World looms as a potential battleground.

In stochastic control, a major focus of this research was numerical methods for finding approximately optimal control laws. Dynamic programming and Monte Carlo optimization algorithms were followed. Both probabilistic methods, based on weak convergence ideas, and analytical methods were used to prove convergence of algorithms. The latter were based on viscosity solution methods for nonlinear partial differential equations. In nonlinear estimation, low dimensional approximate nonlinear filters were found for cases when a piecewise one-to-one function of a system state plus low intensity observation noise was observed.

The goal of this monograph is to investigate how the operational level of war applies to military operations short of war. The paper begins with a review of the theoretical linkages between military operations and political aims. Next, the author examines how law and joint doctrine define the role of America's designated operational commanders, the Commanders in Chief of the unified combatant commands, in combat and operations short of war. The bulk of the paper is a survey of several operations short of war from the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 through Operation Golden Pheasant in 1988. These operations will be examined from the perspective of how military operations were developed and executed to support strategic aims. The author concludes that the sensitivity of operations short of war and the availability of modern communications have created conditions under which the operational level of command in operations short of war is exercised by the National Command Authority and the Joint Chiefs of Staff rather than by the combatant Commanders in Chief. While this close control over field operations has its potential pitfalls, it does serve to insure a strong linkage between strategic aims and military operations.

This paper presents a procedure that is used to reproduce custom colors on color hardcopy. The set of custom colors is comprised of red, green, and blue (RGB) intensities, where intensity levels range from 0 (no intensity) to 255 (maximum intensity). The hardcopy device that produced the results in this paper normally transforms RGB colors into cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). However, adding black ink during the printing process tends to cause the loss of some low-intensity colors and an overall graying of the output image. This phenomenon has been termed "color drop-out." The procedure described in this paper eliminates color drop-out in custom color reproduction by omitting black ink. This approach more accurately reproduced custom colors for the data set used in this study. Two other less successful methods also are presented., Presented at the Society for Imaging Science and Technology's (IS&T) International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies (8th) held in Williamsburg, VA on 25-30 Oct 1992. Pub. in the Proceedings of the Society for Imaging Science and Technology's (IS&T) Eighth International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies, p463-465, Oct 1992.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Army placed infrared heaters in many installation buildings as an energy-conserving measure. Radiant systems require less maintenance, have lower first costs, and are advertised as more energy conserving than conventional heating systems. Though radiant systems have generally met expectations, the relative benefits of radiant systems have never been formally studied. This study reviewed and tested industry claims for radiant heaters, and experimentally compared gas-fired low-intensity infrared radiant tube-type heaters to conventional heaters at Fort Riley, KS. Technical issues in infrared heating design and available design guidance were reviewed. This report includes a list of radiant heater manufacturers and presents the lessons learned from the experimental investigation. Experience and results from a field demonstration, informal survey, literature search, several site visits, and industry contacts indicate that low-intensity infrared radiant heating systems exhibit a potential for energy savings. However, proper implementation, control, and operation are essential to achieving these savings. There is also a need for a specific, nonproprietary guidance for designing radiant heating systems.... Infrared energy, Heating equipment and supplies.

Improved uniformity of the laser for-al spot profile is a necessary criterion for the success of high intensity laser fusion and to improve the quality of data from moderate intensity laser driven shock experiments in solids. Recently developed laser smoothing techniques rely on both temporal smoothing and thermal smoothing to produce uniform ablation pressures on the target surface. Thermal smoothing is not effective during the low intensity portion of a laser pulse and the resultant shock structure mirrors the residual laser nonuniformities. The impact of the first (nonuniform) shock can be diminished by using foam layers, a precursor flash, shallow angles of incidence, and by adiabatically compressing the target with a temporally long, slowly rising laser pulse.

The present study examined the effects of low-intensity laser glue, far below a level that would cause ocular damage or flashblindness, on the visually guided performance of aviators. With a forward-masking paradigm, this study showed that the time at which laser glare is experienced, relative to initial acquisition of visual information, differentially affects the speed and accuracy of target-location performance. Brief exposure (300 ms) to laser glare, terminating with a visual scene's onset, produced significant decrements in target-location performance relative to a no-glare control whereas a 150 and 300-ms delay of display onset (DDO) had very little effect. The intensity of the light entering the eye and producing these effects was far below the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) limit for safe viewing of coherent light produced by an argon laser. In addition, these effects were modulated by the distance of the target from the center of the visual display. This study demonstrated that the presence of laser glare is not sufficient, in and of itself, to diminish target- location performance. The time at which laser glare is experienced is an important factor in determining the probability and extent of visually mediated performance decrements.

Naval aircrews may be exposed to laser radiation that is used for a variety of purposes. Consequently, there is high probability of both deliberate and accidental exposure personnel to laser radiation. One deliberate use of laser radiation may be as a mission deterrent to disrupt aircrew visual performance. The purpose of this study was to determine how low-intensity laser glare interacts with an aircraft windscreen and if flat or wraparound aircraft windscreens differentially enhance glare and disrupt visual search performance. In addition, we evaluated the effectiveness of laser glare in high ambient light. Visual search time to locate target disks viewed through either a flat or curved windscreen under laser glare conditions was significantly longer compared to a no glare control. The glare pattern and disruption of visual search under low ambient light, simulating dawn or dusk, was more extensive when viewed through a wraparound F/A-18 windscreen than a flat A/4 windscreen. Detection of targets also depended on their location relative to the center of the laser glare pattern. Visual search performance returned to baseline levels under daytime ambient lighting conditions. The results of this experiment illustrate that aircraft windscreens can significantly increase laser-produced glare as measured by a visual search performed under low levels of ambient lighting. Eye protection is needed to prevent mission disruption, even at laser intensities that are not harmful to the eye....Lasers, Visual search, Glare, Windscreen

The photorefractive effect in semiconductor materials is attractive for processing low intensity near-infrared optical signals which are important for optical communication and optical computing. Photoinduced large nonlinearity in GaAs materials has been extensively studied in bulk material. A few is with optical waveguide of GaAs materials though the signal amplification in GaAs waveguide via two wavemixing has been proposed., This article is from 'OSA Proceedings of the Topical Meeting on Nonlinear Guided-Wave Phenomena Held in 2-4 September 1991. Cambridge, England United Kingdom. Volume 15', AD-A253 471, p262-265.

A large data base of intensity fluctuations of laser radiation through the turbulent atmosphere has been analyzed. The base had been previously obtained in a joint measurement campaign of the Department of Physics, University of Florence, Italy, and the Wave Propagation Laboratory of NOAA/ERL, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. It included good quality data collected through continuously evolving atmospheric turbulence, comprising low, moderate and high turbulence levels, as well as structure parameter (the so called structure constant) and inner scale, values, simultaneously measured. Results have been obtained on the four topics of the present contract. (1) The effect of the inner scale of the turbulence on the normalized variance of the intensity (scintillation index) was experimentally demonstrated, for the first time. Plots of intensity variance versus structure parameter, for fixed ranges of the inner scale, allowed an experimental determination of the role played by inner scale and structure parameter. They constitute a reference for comparison with results from theory or numerical simulations. (2) The evolution of the probability distributions with changing propagation conditions was examined. Some comparisons with existing theoretical distributions were made. Necessity for further investigation resulted. (3) A numerical deconvolution procedure was developed, to remove a broad noise from intensity fluctuation histograms, and applied to low intensity data measured with very small apertures. The results were positive (4) Spectral analyses of experimental data as well as time correlations of intensity fluctuations were made. The contribution to scintillation of the high frequency components, related to the wave cohere length, was shown.

The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the operational intelligence apparatus that exists to support the U.S. Marine Corps' tactical warfighting commander. The questions that drive such an analysis are: what are the fundamental uniformities of operations? What are the intelligence requirements for the most likely conflict? What is the intelligence architecture? What are the problems of intelligence support? What are the near- term and long-term remedies for intelligence support in these most likely conflicts? Based on the recurring intelligence requirements of historical antecedents, the thesis focuses on the lack of an integrated and complete intelligence architecture that supports the warfighting commander. This encompasses a lack of operational connectivity of intelligence within the larger command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, and interoperability (C4I2) system/architecture. One utility of this thesis is in isolating the prevalent, realistic, operational and intelligence requirements for the employment of Marines. Another is in expanding the concept of a Marine Corps intelligence architecture. Optimizing the Marine Corps for its most likely military responses requires focusing intelligence on 'war as it really is.' Marine Corps operations, Marine Corps intelligence requirements, MEU(SOC), Low- intensity conflict, C4I2, *Military intelligence, Intelligence architecture, Marines in Lebanon, Marines in Grenada, Marines in Liberia, Marines in the Dominican Republic.

From November 1966 until December 1969, American and South Korean forces battled North Korean special operations teams across the length and breadth of the peninsula. The Second Korean Conflict featured small-scale skirmishes along the uneasy Demilitarized Zone, spectacular terrorist strikes, the seizure of the USS Pueblo, and several determined North Korean efforts to foment a viable insurgency. The United States and the Republic of Korea prevailed in this low-intensity conflict. This Leavenworth Paper offers a case study in how an operational-level commander, General Charles H. Bonesteel III, met the challenge of low-intensity conflict in his theater. Bonesteel and his United States and Korean subordinates crafted a series of shrewd, pragmatic measures that eventually defanged North Korea's aggressive unconventional warfare campaign. This accomplishment is even more remarkable in light of the many circumstances that severely cramped Bonesteel's options. Mediocre, conventionally oriented allied forces, a volatile Korean political scene, half-baked American doctrine, and the overarching specter of a second Asian land war all affected the formulation and execution of the American-Korean response to North Korea's bold provocations., ISSN 0195-3451.

This research provided the conceptualization of a model that can be used to aid the operations planner in choosing employment strategies for peacetime contingency operations. The model uses object-oriented design and is constructed in two levels. The top layer of the model is a decision analytic model which provides a framework within which to structure the employment decision. It enables the user to quantify the probabilities of random events and the preferences of the commander and determine how these factors influence the decision. A Game Theory model is used to determine the probabilities with which the Red commander will adopt a particular strategy. The lower level of the model is an object-oriented adaptation of SOTACA which incorporates PANTHER's methodology for evaluating popular support. This portion of the model allows the user to evaluate the results of the strategy chosen in the top layer in a more detailed combat model. This paper also identifies further research that must be performed in the modeling of non-combat activities that are an integral part of low-intensity conflicts.