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Approximation and suppositionThis article compares exponents of approximation (expressions like Russian около, примерно, приблизительно, более, свыше) and the words expressing supposition (for example Russian скорее всего, наверное, возможно). These words are often confused in research, in particular researchers often mention exponents of supposition in case of exponents of approximation. Such approach arouses some objections.The author intends to demonstrate in this article a notional difference between approximation and supposition, therefore the difference between exponents of these two notions. This difference could be described by specifying different attitude of approximation and supposition to the notion of knowledge. Supposition implies speaker’s ignorance of the exact number, while approximation does not mean such ignorance. The article offers examples proving this point of view.

System semantics of explanatory dictionariesSome semantic properties of the language to be followed from the structure of lexicographical systems of big explanatory dictionaries are considered. The hyperchains and hypercycles are determined as the definite kind of automorphisms of the lexicographical system of explanatory dictionary. Some semantic consequencies following from the principles of lexicographic closure and lexicographic completeness are investigated using the hyperchains and hypercycles formalism. The connection between the hypercyle properties of the lexicographical system semantics and Goedel’s incompleteness theorem is discussed.

Implementation of the Bulgarian-Polish online dictionaryThe paper describes the implementation of an online Bulgarian-Polish dictionary as a technological tool for applications in digital humanities. This bilingual digital dictionary is developed in the frame of the joint research project “Semantics and Contrastive Linguistics with a focus on a bilingual electronic dictionary” between IMI-BAS and ISS-PAS, supervised by L. Dimitrova (IMI-BAS) and V. Koseska-Toszewa (ISS-PAS). In addition, the main software tools for web-presentation of the dictionary are described briefly.

Bulgarian-Polish parallel digital corpus and quantification of timeThe paper presents the current state of the first Bulgarian-Polish parallel and aligned corpus, prepared in the frame of the joint research project “Semantics and Contrastive linguistics with a focus on a bilingual electronic dictionary” between the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, coordinated by L. Dimitrova and V. Koseska-Toszewa. In particular, problems related to tense quantification are also discussed

Cognitive approach to the construction of three-language terminological thesaurusThe paper is devoted to developing a lexicographic database of a three-language terminological dictionary. The detailed analysis of a relations scheme between tables and structures of tables with the help of three-layer decomposition predicate method is carried out, which has allowed to define ways of solving direct and reversible three-language electronic dictionaries creation problem.

Semantic contrastive linguistics theory and dialectological studiesTheoretical contrastive studies (hereinafter referred to as TCS) emerged with a view to compare and contrast natural languages on the basis of a logical interlanguage. The idea of making the TCS guidelines available to science resulted in discontinuing the division into the original language and the target language when comparing and contrasting two (or more languages), and at the same time, terminating the dependence of the resulting material (i.e. form indexes in the target language) on the formal structures in the original language. The TCS essence is included in the interlanguage, which is used as tertium comparationis in the studies. To get more on this topic see Koseska, Korytkowska, R. Roszko (2007). Till now, TCS have not been applied in dialectal studies. There are a lot of reasons for this conjuncture. First of all, dialectal studies usually concentrate on one code (i.e. only a single local dialect is being specified), whilst in TCS, a comparison and contrast between (at least two) languages is provided. Moreover, research on the dialectal differentiation of a specific language (i.e. at least two dialects (/ local dialects) are being specified together) is based on demonstrating the features shared and differentiated on the level of (a) lexis, (b) morphology (most often narrowed to demonstrate differential morphological features) and (c) syntactic (relatively most rarely). Thus, dialectal studies are essentially a description of the formal conjuncture, whereas semantic aspects are out of the area of researchers interest. With this article, I am going to break the current patterns and prove that dialectal studies can be conducted in accordance with the TCS guidelines. The advantage of such dialectal studies is not only a different/new look at a specific local dialect, but also a possibility of an instant comparison and contrast between the local dialect and the standardized language or other local dialects (of one language or another) on the semantic level providing the highest standard of the relevances demonstrated (i.e. similarities and differences).

Semantic relations among adjectives in Polish WordNet 2.0: a new relation set, discussion and evaluationAdjectives in wordnets are often neglected: there are many fewer of them than nouns, and relations among them are sometimes not as varied as those among nouns or verbs. Polish WordNet 1.0 was no exception. Version 2.0 aims to correct that. We present an overview of a much larger set of lexical-semantic relations which connect adjectives to the other parts of the network. Our choice of relations has been motivated by linguistic considerations, especially the concerns of the Polish lexical semantics, and by pragmatic reasons. The discussion includes detailed substitution tests, meant to ensure consistency among wordnet editors.

A model for the analysis of situational discourse structuresIn this paper the author presents a model for the analysis of situational discourse structures applied to fait divers. Situational structures of discourse are defined as a sequence of experiential frames. Each frame permits to conceptualize one event forming a part of information introduced in discourse. The proposed model permits to analyze (1) the internal structure of experiencial frames activated in discours and (2) possible relations between frames identified in discourse. The author aims to present the role of situational structures in discourse comprehension – the process which implicates creation of discourse representation.

Vocabulary related to a family, kinship and the names of relatives as a base to the reflection on some questions the editors of Słowosieć are encounteringThis paper is a glance on a working methods in building the semantic network. It highlights a problem of monitoring results of WordNet extension. It is based on the example of the semantic field associated with the names of family members and related issues and it concerns certain problems that can be solved only when considering whole semantic field. There are also some reflections on how the network organisation differs from traditional ways of presenting the interconnections between concepts.

Application of multilingual corpus in contrastive studies (on the example of the Bulgarian-Polish-Lithuanian parallel corpus)In this paper we present applications of a trilingual corpus in language research. Comparative and contrastive studies of Polish and Bulgarian as well as Polish and Lithuanian have been already conducted, but up to the best of our knowledge no such studies exist for Bulgarian and Lithuanian. On the one hand, it is interesting to note that two Slavic languages are compared to a Baltic language (Lithuanian). On the other hand, the three languages are marginally present in the EU because of the later ascension of the three countries to the EU. The paper shortly describes the first electronic Bulgarian–Polish–Lithuanian experimental corpus, currently under development only for research. We also focus our attention on the morphosyntactic annotation of the parallel trilingual corpus according to the Corpus Encoding Standard: we present a review of the Part-of-Speech (POS) classification of the participle in the three languages – Bulgarian, Polish, and Lithuanian in comparison to another POS, the adjective. We briefly discuss tagsets for corpus annotation from the point of view of possible unification in the future with some examples.

On the issue of systemic conceptography of the Holy BibleThe systemic cognitive and linguistic principles of the conceptographic text interpretation are stated. The concept of nonrandom text is introduced. The operational principles of the non-random text conceptography are analyzed and systematized. The theoretical approaches are illustrated on the New Testament text English.

Main results of MONDILEX projectThe paper presents the results and recommendations of MONDILEX, a 7FP project that covered six Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The paper summarizes the research undertaken on standardisation and integration of Slavic language resources and on the establishment of a virtual organisation supporting research infrastructure for Slavic lexicography. The results should be useful for an implementation of a research infrastructure in the coming years.

Aspectual complements and verbs expressing ways of movement in French: between boundary marking and telicity Considered synonymous by some, carefully distinguished by others, the notions of telicity and boundary marking are of crucial importance for studies on aspect. This article offers a reflection on the relation between aspectual properties and certain complement verbs. Through a detailed analysis of the verb syntagmas formed by courir and nager ( courir cent metres , nager le deux-cents-metres ), it is demonstrated that despite the apparent formal similarity, complements like cent metres and le deux-cents-metres perform different functions in relation to the predicate: in the first case, they mark boundaries, while in the second they are markers of a property [+ telicity]. A study of a particular problem thus allow for taking part in a more general discussion, providing arguments in favour of distinguishing between telicity and boundary marking. Complements aspectuels et verbes de maniere de deplacement en francais: entre bornage et telicite Considerees comme equivalentes par certains, soigneusement distinguees par d’autres, les notions de telicite et de bornage ont une importance cruciale pour les etudes consacrees a l’aspect. Cet article propose une reflexion sur le rapport entre ces proprietes aspectuelles et certains complements verbaux. A travers des analyses detaillees des syntagmes verbaux que forment courir et nager ( courir cent metres , nager le deux-cents-metres ), il est montre que malgre une similarite formelle apparente, les complements tels que cent metres et le deux-cents-metres assument des fonctions differentes aupres du predicat : dans le premier cas, ils operent un bornage, alors que dans le seconds, ils sont porteurs du trait [+ telicite]. L’etude d’un probleme specifique permet ainsi de prendre part dans une discussion plus generale, en degageant des arguments en faveur de la distinction entre telicite et bornage. Dopelnienia aspektowe a czasowniki wyrazające sposob przemieszczania w jezyku francuskim: miedzy określaniem granic a telicznością Przez jednych uwazane za rownoznaczne, przez innych wyraźnie odrozniane, pojecia teliczności i określania granic mają zasadnicze znaczenie dla studiow dotyczących aspektu. Niniejszy artykul proponuje refleksje nad stosunkiem pomiedzy owymi wlaściwościami określającymi aspekt a niektorymi dopelnieniami [czasownikowymi]. Poprzez szczegolową analize syntagm czasownikowych tworzonych przez courir i nager ( courir cent metres , nager le deux-cents-metres ), wykazano, ze pomimo pozornego podobienstwa formalnego, dopelnienia takie jak cent metres i le deux-cents-metres pelnią rozne funkcje wobec orzeczenia: w pierwszym przypadku dokonują określenia granic, podczas gdy w drugim nadają pewną wlaściwośc [+telicznośc]. W ten sposob studia nad specyficznym problemem pozwalają zabrac glos w ogolniejszej dyskusji, przedstawiając nam argumenty przemawiające za rozroznieniem pomiedzy telicznością a określaniem granic.

Verb aspect, alternations and quantificationIn this paper we are briefly discuss the nature of Bulgarian verb aspect and argue that the verb aspect pairs are different lexical units with different (although related) meaning, different argument structure (reflecting categories, explicitness and referential status of arguments) and different sets of semantic and syntactic alternations. The verb prefixes resulting in perfective verbs derivation in some cases can be interpreted as lexical quantifiers as well. Thus the Bulgarian verb aspect is related (in different way) both with the potential for the generation of alternations and with the prefixal lexical quantification. It is shown that the scope of the lexical quantification by means of verbal prefixes is the quantified verb phrase and the scope remains constant in all derived alternations. The paper concerns the basic issues of these complex problems, while the detailed description of the conditions satisfying particular alternation or particular lexical quantification are subject of a more detailed study.

Rhematic sets as components of global information structures in discourseThe aim of this paper is to analyze the global organisation of rhematic part of information structures in discourse. The information structures are defined as hierarchically organized thematic-rhematic structures and, in their rhematic part, the author distinguishes two levels represented by: rhematic sets and rhemes of sentences. The author describes the configurations of rhematic sets in discourse and their internal structures.

Experimental Polish-Lithuanian Corpus with the Semantic Annotation ElementsIn the article the authors present the experimental Polish-Lithuanian corpus (ECorpPL-LT) formed for the idea of Polish-Lithuanian theoretical contrastive studies, a Polish-Lithuanian electronic dictionary, and as help for a sworn translator. The semantic annotation being brought into ECorpPL-LT is extremely useful in Polish-Lithuanian contrastive studies, and also proves helpful in translation work.

Bulgarian-Polish Language Resources (Current State and Future Development)The paper briefly reviews the first Bulgarian-Polish digital bilingual resources: corpora and dictionaries, which are currently developed under bilateral collaboration between IMI-BAS and ISS-PAS: joint research project “Semantics and contrastive linguistics with a focus on a bilingual electronic dictionary”, coordinated by L. Dimitrova (IMI-BAS) and V. Koseska (ISS-PAS).

About Certain Semantic Annotation in Parallel CorporaThe semantic notation analyzed in this works is contained in the second stream of semantic theories presented here – in the direct approach semantics. We used this stream in our work on the Bulgarian-Polish Contrastive Grammar. Our semantic notation distinguishes quantificational meanings of names and predicates, and indicates aspectual and temporal meanings of verbs. It relies on logical scope-based quantification and on the contemporary theory of processes, known as “Petri nets”. Thanks to it, we can distinguish precisely between a language form and its contents, e.g. a perfective verb form has two meanings: an event or a sequence of events and states, finally ended with an event. An imperfective verb form also has two meanings: a state or a sequence of states and events, finally ended with a state. In turn, names are quantified universally or existentially when they are “undefined”, and uniquely (using the iota operator) when they are “defined”. A fact worth emphasizing is the possibility of quantifying not only names, but also the predicate, and then quantification concerns time and aspect. This is a novum in elaborating sentence-level semantics in parallel corpora. For this reason, our semantic notation is manual. We are hoping that it will raise the interest of computer scientists working on automatic methods for processing the given natural languages. Semantic annotation defined like in this work will facilitate contrastive studies of natural languages, and this in turn will verify the results of those studies, and will certainly facilitate human and machine translations.

Experimental Corpus of the Lithuanian Local Dialect of Punsk in Poland. Examples of the Lexical and Semantic AnnotationIn the article the author describes the experimental corpus of the Lithuanian local dialect of Puńsk in Poland (ECorp-of-Punsk). It is the first corpus of this type for the Lithuanian local dialect. The corpus consists of three subcorpora. The first one (referred to as fundamental) contains utterances given by Lithuanians in the local dialect, the second one – utterances given by Lithuanians in Polish, the third one – aligned Polish-dialectal texts. The texts recorded in the years 1986–2012 have been included in the Ecorp-of-Punsk resources.

Interpretation of Ukrainian and Polish Adverbial Word Equivalents Form and Meaning Interaction in National Explanatory LexicographyThe article proves the necessity and possibility of compiling dictionaries with intermediate existence status glossary units, to which the word equivalents belong. In order to form the Ukrainian-Polish dictionary glossary of this type the form and meaning analysis of Ukrainian and Polish word equivalents is done, the common and distinctive features of these language system elements are described, the compiling principles of such dictionary are clarified.

Affirmation Modality in Bulgarian, Macedonian and SerbianIn the case of affirmation modality the speakers transform their utterances by stressing or attributing a positive value as an additional component added to the semantic structure of a proposition. This type of affirmative polarization is triggered in opposition to negation or hypothetically negative contexts. The goal of the present paper is twofold: on the one hand to compare and contrast affirmative periphrastic constructions in Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbian and, on the other hand, to ascertain what these constructions reveal regarding the organization of grammatical categories in general and the status of affirmation modality as a coherent and homogenous category with a linguistic validity.

Building Parallel Treebanks for Underresourced Languages: a Georgian-Ukrainian Treebank ProposalWe present outcomes of an undertaking on building a parallel Treebank for the Georgian and the Ukrainian languages, which is a “side product” of the GRUG multilingual Treebank project. The GRUG acronym stands for the German- Russian-Ukrainian-Georgian Treebank intended for contrastive studies and translation memory systems. The monolingual Ukrainian and Georgian parallel sentences were syntactically annotated manually using the Synpathy tool. Tagsets for both languages follow an adapted version of the German TIGER guidelines with necessary changes relevant for the Georgian and the Ukrainian grammar formal description. An output of the monolingual syntactic annotation is in the TIGER-XML format. Alignment of monolingual resources into a bilingual Georgian-Ukrainian Treebank was done by the Stockholm TreeAligner software.

Contemporary Contrastive Studies of Polish, Bulgarian and Russian Neologisms versus Language CorporaIn the field of Slavonic linguistics contrastive studies of neologisms occupy little place, the newest words are insufficiently described and classified. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the need for contrastive description of the newest lexis and checking exclusively one of many possibilities of obtaining Polish, Bulgarian and Russian neologisms. Language corpora, as this possibility is in question, are not the only source from which the author obtains her research material, yet a growing interest in corpora has inspired her to also use this method. The author wants to show the reader to what degree language corpora can help in building the thesaurus of Polish, Bulgarian and Russian neologisms. Making an attempt to confront a collection of neologisms of contemporary Polish, Bulgarian and Russian language, the author points out the need to standardize the description (identical for each of the analysed languages), which she intends to propose in another publications on neologisms in Polish, Bulgarian and Russian language. The application of contrastive method to three different but related languages from the Slavonic group will help, in her opinion, to discover more mechanisms of new words coming into existence and examine the newest derivative processes and their productivity.

Formalizing the Process of Constructing Chains of Lexical UnitsThe paper investigates mathematical aspects of describing the construction of chains of lexical units on the basis of finite-predicate algebra. Analyzing the construction peculiarities is carried out and application of the method of finding the power of linear logical transformation for removing characteristic words of a dictionary entry is given. Analysis and perspectives of the results of the study are provided.

From the Problems of Dictionaries and Multi-lingual CorporaThe article describes the work on a number of dictionaries being developed by the Corpus Linguistics and Semantics Group of the Institute of Slavic PAS. They include “Contemporary Bulgarian-Polish Dictionary”, “Bulgarian-Polish Online Dictionary” and “Russian-Bulgarian-Polish Dictionary”. The dictionaries differ in the numbers of entries, as well as in the different degrees of their connection with parallel corpora being elaborated under the “Clarin” project. All the discussed dictionaries are similar with respect to their use of traditional, syntactic classifiers and of semantic classifiers, introduced for the first time in the existing lexicographical practice. Thanks to the “Polish-Bulgarian-Russian Corpus”, the Group has managed to verify the results of contrasting Polish and Bulgarian in the light of scope-based logical quantification. Thanks to the Russian material added to the trilingual corpus, the researchers have managed to confirm the fact that from the viewpoint of “incomplete quantification” Russian and Polish (synthetic languages) behave similarly, and are opposed to the analytic Bulgarian.

Self-organising Logic of Structures as a Basis for a Dependency-based Dynamic Semantics ModelWe present Self-organising Logic of Structures (SLS), a semantic representation language of high expressive power, which was designed for a fully compositional representation of discourse anaphora following the Dynamic Semantics paradigm. The application of SLS to the description of possible meanings of Polish multiple quantifier sentences is discussed. Special attention is paid to the phenomena of: cardinality dependency/independency of Noun Phrase quantifiers and variety of quantification. Semantic representation based on several formal operators is proposed. They can be combined in many different ways, if one takes a purely theoretical perspective. However, in the paper we show that this huge number is practically reduced in the language use and is governed by several constraints motivated by the analysis of Polish language data. The Hypothesis of Local Range of Cardinality Dependency is formulated as an alternative to representations based on quantifier rising technique. SLS provides a multi-layered language description of inter-linked representation of sever antification, reference, presupposition and anaphora.

Web-Application for the Presentation of Bilingual Corpora (Focusing on Bulgarian as One of the Two Paired Languages)This paper briefly presents a web-application for the presentation of bilingual aligned corpora focusing on Bulgarian as one the two paired languages. The focus is given to the description of the software tools and user interface. The software is developed in IMI-BAS and will be hosted on a server there. Some examples of the usage of the web-application for the presentation of a Bulgarian-Polish aligned corpus are included.

An Analysis of the WAR AGAINST THE DISEASE-metaphor in Selected 2011 Presidential Speeches of Felipe Calderon with the Application of the Neural Theory of MetaphorThe following paper describes the background of the neural theory of language by Jerome Feldman and provides a set of related research tools by George Lakoff. It also offers an example of its application to metaphor analysis based on 2011–2012 speeches by the Mexican President, Felipe Calderon. A complex WAR AGAINST THE DISEASE-metaphor is decomposed and explained with respect to cognitive patterns involved. In its envoy, the article goes back to a famous linguistic question, whether one can judge from linguistic research onto the mental and neural processes involved in language creation and processing. It is also an attempt to indicate possible future directions in the interdisciplinary field of metaphor research.

Dialog between a Lexicographer and a TranslatorThe discussion between the authors of the paper concerns the most pressing issues encountered in natural language semantics, as well as in corpus linguistics and computational linguistics. A broad range of knowledge, allowing linguists and information scientists to work together, is required in these areas. The paper describes some primary problems of human and machine translation caused by gaps between different fields of knowledge. The authors suggest that interdisciplinary approach is required when it comes to contrastive studies in linguistics.

The Dictionary Writing System Lexit and Its Application in Bilingual LexicographyThe paper presents LexIt – a web-based Dictionary Writing System designed for the creation and enlargement of dictionaries. A wide range of dictionaries – monolingual, specialised, multilingual, thesauri, can be configured with the system, as it enables users to model, copy, and save templates describing the structure of any dictionary. The paper describes a model for a bilingual dictionary containing phonetic, grammatical, stylistic, semantic, and collocational information and its configuration within LexIt. A bilingual dictionary is chosen for a demonstration, as its entries have a complex structure that includes various elements reflecting the correspondences between source and target languages.

Forms of Address and their Meaning in Contrast in Polish and Russian LanguagesMany studies in contemporary linguistics focus on investigating politeness and rudeness in language. This paper, however, has not been intended as a contrastive study of the phenomena in question. Language politeness and rudeness are conveyed by means of expressions of politeness and rudeness which are perceived as entrenched and recurring in specific situations. These expressions convey the expected meaning of politeness and rudeness accepted in the model of social behaviour. If one uses the explicative method such expressions could be reduced to the following formula ‘I inform you that I follow a verbal conduct defined as polite’. Owing to the emergence of parallel corpora of particular languages, it is nowadays easier to collect data for research on forms of address as well as on expressions of politeness in the first half of the 21st century. Investigating the meaning of forms of address, which are part of linguistic repertoire used to express politeness and rudeness should be regarded as an interesting area of research. It is the consequence of the increasing importance of intercultural communication, expansion of international cooperation, and formation of new standards of interpersonal communication aimed at achieving mutual understanding without resorting to violence. It is worth mentioning that currently there are no bilingual dictionaries which would include practical rules for using forms of address. Moreover, dictionaries (especially bilingual ones) also do not list classifiers of politeness, which becomes a shortcoming as regards the purposes of translation and teaching foreign languages. The aforementioned problems apply to print as well as computer dictionaries. A reliable list of forms of address and their meaning may become helpful in intercultural communication. It would be also important to create a Contemporary Dictionary of Expressions of Politeness and Rudeness in a paper as well as a computer version.

Automatic Prompt System in the Process of Mapping plWordNet on Princeton WordNetThe paper offers a critical evaluation of the power and usefulness of an automatic prompt system based on the extended Relaxation Labelling algorithm in the process of (manual) mapping plWordNet on Princeton WordNet. To this end the results of manual mapping – that is inter-lingual relations between plWN and PWN synsets – are juxtaposed with the automatic prompts that were generated for the source language synsets to be mapped. We check the number and type of inter-lingual relations introduced on the basis of automatic prompts and the distance of the respective prompt synsets from the actual target language synsets.

Cette étude s’inscrit au sein d’une réflexion plus générale que nous menons depuis quelques années sur la mise en discours des perceptions. Elle cherche à remplir un double objectif : (i) déterminer comment les sujets parviennent à faire usage de la langue française dans l’expression de leurs perceptions d’une part, et (ii) comprendre comment les phénomènes sensibles ainsi décrits s’organisent en morphologies qui les configurent en structures signifiantes, d’autre part. Pour mener à bien cette entreprise, nous nous sommes tournée vers la pratique de la dégustation œnologique dont le principe consiste à interpréter, décrire et évaluer les perceptions des propriétés organoleptiques d’un vin. Nous avons ainsi collecté des commentaires de dégustation publiés dans cinq revues « œnologiques » françaises vendues en kiosque dans le but d’identifier les dispositifs communicationnels engagés par le dégustateur professionnel dans l’expression de la complexité des vins dégustés. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement concentrée sur le lexique de la dégustation dont nous avons mesuré la pertinence grâce à une étude des parcours interprétatifs qu’ils suscitent. L’usage conjoint de la sémantique interprétative de François Rastier et de la théorie de l’iconicité de Jean-François Bordron nous a ainsi permis de soulever l’existence d’une communauté d’organisation entre la perception (qualités organoleptiques du vin) et le langage (propriétés sémantiques de la terminologie œnologique). En effet, nous constatons que ce lexique, parfois considéré comme fortement imagé, traduit sémantiquement des correspondances entre expériences perceptives relevant d’ordres sensoriels distincts. This paper is part of a wider study on the discourse on perception I have conducted in the past few years. I had two goals: (i) on the one hand, I tried to determine how people use the French language in order to talk about their perceptions; (ii) on the other hand, I wanted to understand how the perceived phenomena thus described are organized into morphological forms and become significant. To carry out this study, I decided to work on wine tasting to identify, describe and evaluate how the organoleptic qualities of a wine are perceived. I built a corpus comprising tasting notes published in five French “oenological” magazines sold in newsstands. I aimed to identify communication devices used by professional tasters to describe the complexity of the wines tasted. I particularly focused on the lexicon of taste and thus evaluated the relevance of this terminology by studying the interpretive pathways it induces. Both the interpretive semantics developed by François Rastier and Jean-François Bordron’s theory of iconicity allowed me to find the common organization between perception (the organoleptic qualities of a wine) and language (the semantic properties of the wine terminology). Indeed, I noticed that this wine terminology, sometimes considered “metaphorical”, is similar to the terminology relating to perceptions deriving from different senses.

International audience; "Rappelons l'importance des marqueurs et indices vocaux et mimo-gestuels, ce qui conforte les linguistes dans l'idée du caractère « périphérique » (par rapport à leur objet propre) des phénomènes émotionnels ; et pour ce qui est du matériel linguistique à proprement parler, concluons à la fantastique diversité des moyens que peut investir le langage émotionnel, puisque tout mot, toute construction peuvent venir en contexte se charger d'une connotation affective […]. Ainsi at on le sentiment que les émotions sont à la fois dans le langage partout, et nulle part. » (C. Kerbrat-Orecchioni [2000 : 57)] 2) I use the term intensifier for any device that scales a quality, whether up or down or somewhere between the two. (D. Bolinger [1972 : 17]) 3) Intensive elements are frequently used as vehicles for emotion, emotion which the speaker feels at the moment and emotion which the speaker elicits from his listeners. […] Intensification is nurtured by a natural human tendency to exaggerate. Under the influence of strong feelings or emotions, one searches for words strong enough to communicate his feelings and often settles on words which may be stronger than a literal description of the situation would demand. His listeners recognize the fact that he is simply attempting to be emphatic, and they realize that the forceful words are to be taken in an intensive rather than literal sense. (E. Benzinger [1971 : 8-9]) 4) […] [the] use of taboo language is cathartic-the blurting out of damn, hell, shit, fuck or bugger, in moments of sudden pain or frustration, or regret. If you ask people why they do it, they'll say that it "releases tension" or helps the "let off steam". (S. Pinker [2008 : 364]) 5) 'emotions as elements of personal interior life' vs. 'emotional manifestations in interaction, independent of whether the participants feel the manifested emotions' (R. Fiehler [2002 : 81]) 6) Conan O'Brien: 'Does it look ridiculous? Does it really look ridiculous?' And I said, yeah, it looks ridic-and he went 'good! Do you really look stupid riding it?' and I said 'yeah, I'm gonna look really stupid', and he's like 'well then, that's good then'. 7) The face is one of the primary sites of emotional expressions; the voice is the other. I believe posture, the positioning of the head and body, is also recruited into the signal of some emotions. (P. Ekman [2004 : 46]) 8) Most often, the topic of verbal communication will be something other than emotion, but besides and at the same time people communicate emotions by the manner in which they communicate about the topic. (R. Fiehler [2002 : 86]) 9) Invité 1 : He was an amazingly kind and generous person. 10) Invité 2 : As, as, as funny as he was, he's truly one of the all time greats. Err, he was even better as a person. He, he was more fantastic as, he was just the loveliest, sweetest one of the kindest guys, errr… that I've ever worked with. Such a, just such a soft, warm, emotionally sweet guy, and, and it's a major, major loss for, for everybody. 11) Conan O'Brien : and it felt appropriate just to take a moment here and talk about this ABSsolutely incredible man. 12) Conan O'Brien : …such a fantastically funny guy and everybody knows that side of him. 13) Conan O'Brien : What I think a lot of people don't know and you're starting to hear all of these stories come out now, is how crazily generous (…) he was so generous, such a nice person.

Ces dernières années ont vu l’émergence du terme « post-vérité » pour décrire la scène politique. Ce concept renvoie à une situation dans laquelle les faits ont moins d’importance et un plus faible impact que les émotions et les croyances personnelles pour influencer l’opinion publique. Dans notre ère caractérisée de post-vérité, dans quelle mesure peut-on constater la prédominance des émotions dans les discours politiques récents ? Plus précisément, comment le lexique participe-t-il à des stratégies visant à éveiller la peur ou susciter la pitié de l’auditeur ? À travers l’étude d’un corpus portant sur la réforme des substances psychoactives aux États-Unis, l’auteur examine le rôle du lexique dans les appels aux émotions. The last few years have seen the emergence of the term “post-truth” to characterize the political scene. This concept refers to a situation where the objective facts have far less importance and impact than appeals to emotion and personal belief in order to influence public opinion. In this so-called post-truth era, to what extent can this prevalence of emotions be observed in recent political speeches? More precisely, is lexicon prone to arouse emotions? Through the study of a corpus on the topic of drug reform in the United States, the author examines the participation of loaded words to fearmongering strategies and appeals to pity.

Le figement représente un aspect fondamental du fonctionnement des langues et reste le meilleur témoin de leur vitalité. Il constitue un phénomène essentiel dans le fonctionnement du langage au point qu’on peut se demander s’il existe des assemblages réellement libres. Le nombre d’unités polylexicales dépasse largement celui des unités monolexicales appartenant à la même partie du discours. Le phénomène du figement ne se restreint pas au lexique puisqu'il a pratiquement le monopole de la grammaticalisation : il touche à la fois les domaines de la syntaxe, de la sémantique, du lexique et de la pragmatique. Dans cet article, nous allons nous intéresser au figement dans le cadre des verbes de perception en français et en japonais. Ces verbes sont très courants et importants dans le langage, en raison des phénomènes perceptifs qu’ils expriment. L’objet linguistique est ici restreint à l’étude des verbes de perception visuelle (voir, regarder, etc. ; miru, mieru, etc.). D’un point de vue extralinguistique, la vue est notre première source d’information – considérée comme objective – sur la réalité perçue. La majorité des informations que nous recevons passent par nos yeux. On comprend donc l’intérêt que présente la perception visuelle du point de vue linguistique. Le champ lexical relatif à la vue est significativement plus abondant que celui des autres sens. Frozenness is a fundamental aspect of how languages function and remains the best indicator of their vitality. It is such an essential phenomenon in language functioning that one can wonder if free strings do exist. Polylexical units largely outnumber monolexical units belonging to the same parts of speech. The phenomenon of fixedness cannot be restricted to the lexicon since it has practically the monopoly of grammaticalization: it also concerns the domains of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. In this article, we are interested in fixedness within the context of perception verbs both in French and in Japanese. Such verbs are very frequent and important in language because of the perceptual phenomena they express. The linguistic object is here restricted to the study of visual perception verbs (voir, regarder, etc.; miru, mieru, etc.). From an extralinguistic point of view, sight is man’s primary source of information - considered as objective - on perceived reality. The eyes are the main sensory organs providing information on the real, which explains why visual perception is highly interesting from a linguistic viewpoint. The lexical field relating to sight is significantly richer than that of the other senses.

Lexical platform – the first step towards user-centred integration of lexical resourcesLexical platform – the first step towards user-centred integration of lexical resources The paper describes the Lexical Platform - a means for lightweight integration of independent lexical resources. Lexical resources (LRs) are represented as web components that implement a minimal set of predefined programming interfaces. These provide functionality for querying and generate a simple, common presentation format. Therefore, a common data format is not needed and the identity of component LRs is preserved. Users can search, browse and navigate via resources on the basis of a limited set of anchor elements such as base form, word form and synset id. Platforma leksykalna – pierwszy krok w kierunku integracji zasobów leksykalnych zorientowanej na użytkownikówArtykuł opisuje Platformę Leksykalną – sposób na lekką integrację niezależnych zasobów leksykalnych. Zasoby leksykalne są na niej reprezentowane jako komponenty webowe, które implementują minimalny zestaw predefiniowanych interfejsów programistycznych. Interfejsy te dostarczają funkcjonalność do przeszukiwania oraz generują prosty, jednolity format prezentacji zasobów. W związku z tym wspólny format danych nie jest konieczny i tożsamość składowych zasobów leksykalnych jest zachowana. Użytkownicy mogą przeszukiwać zasoby na podstawie ograniczonego zbioru odwołań takich jak forma podstawowa, forma wyrazowa i identyfikator synsetu.

LOVE in English and Polish The paper presents a sample contrastive analysis of the linguistic picture of love in English and Polish. The material used in the survey is drawn from lexicographic data, including the British National Corpus and Narodowy Korpus Jezyka Polskiego [National Corpus of Polish]. The paper focuses on the similarities and differences in conceptualizing the abstract concept of love in the English and Polish languages. An analytical method, developed by Bartminski and associates, serves as the theoretical basis for the reconstruction of the linguistic picture of the world. MIŁOŚC w jezyku angielskim i polskim Niniejszy artykul to proba kontrastywnego porownania jezykowego obrazu świata MIŁOŚCI w jezyku angielskim i polskim. Material badawczy pochodzi glownie ze źrodel leksykograficznych: slownikow oraz korpusow (Narodowego Korpusu Jezyka Polskiego oraz z korpusu jezyka angielskiego British National Corpus). Celem badania bylo poszukiwanie podobienstw i roznic w konceptualizacji MIŁOŚCI w tych dwoch jezykach. Metoda badawcza zostala zaczerpnieta z prac J. Bartminskiego i dotyczy rekonstrukcji jezykowego obrazu świata roznych pojec.

Film review as a rhetorical activityThe paper discusses the discursive construction of persuasiveness in media language. Analysing the corpus consisting of eighty reviews of two French comedies “Intouchables” (2011) and “Qu'est-ce qu'on a fait au Bon Dieu?” (2014), several invariant characteristics of the genre `film review' are established in the light of its deliberative dimension which consists in using various discursive strategies of persuasion submitted to the phatic function based on the principle of movere and delectare. Since the mentioned strategies assume that the discourse aims at influencing the addressees' will and decisions, they reflect some of the persuasive techniques used in advertising discourse, especially with regard to rhetorical means of interpretation, suggestion and evaluation such as colloquial expressions, questions, directive speech acts, collocative pronouns and generic quantifiers. Thus, the issues addressed in the study concern a set of parameters governing the attractiveness of the message in order to reinforce or weaken the recipient's attitude towards the presented object. These parameters stem from shared values and convictions exploring automatic mental triggers connected with the peripheral route of persuasive influence. Recenzja filmowa jako działanie retoryczneCelem analizy jest przedstawienie dyskursywnego konstruowania perswazyjności w języku mediów. Na bazie korpusu składającego się z osiemdziesięciu recenzji dwóch francuskich komedii „Nietykalnych” (2011) i „Za jakie grzechy, dobry Boże?” (2014) omówiono kilka inwariantnych cech gatunku „recenzji filmowej”, przedstawionych w świetle jej deliberatywności, polegającej na użyciu różnorakich dyskursywnych strategii perswazyjnych, zależnych od fatycznej funkcji języka, działającej w oparciu o reguły movere i delectare. Ponieważ we wspomnianych strategiach zakłada się, że celem dyskursu jest wpływanie na wolę i decyzje odbiorcy, odzwierciedlają one niektóre z perswazyjnych technik dyskursu reklamowego, w szczególności te, które związane są z retorycznymi środkami interpretacji, sugestii i wartościowania jak wyrażenia potoczne, pytania, akty dyrektywne, zaimki kolektywne oraz kwantyfikatory ogólne. Z tego powodu, kwestie omawiane w niniejszej pracy dotyczą środków zawiadujących atrakcyjnością komunikatu, służącej wzmocnieniu lub osłabieniu opinii odbiorcy względem prezentowanego obiektu. Środki te wywodzą się z wartości i przekonań uznanych za wspólne, wykorzystując przy tym automatyczne psychologiczne mechanizmy, związane z argumentacją peryferyjnego toru perswazji.

An open stylometric system based on multilevel text analysisStylometric techniques are usually applied to a limited number of typical tasks, such as authorship attribution, genre analysis, or gender studies. However, they could be applied to several tasks beyond this canonical set, if only stylometric tools were more accessible to users from different areas of the humanities and social sciences. This paper presents a general idea, followed by a fully functional prototype of an open stylometric system that facilitates its wide use through to two aspects: technical and research flexibility. The system relies on a server installation combined with a web-based user interface. This frees the user from the necessity of installing any additional software. At the same time, the system offers a variety of ways in which the input texts can be analysed: they include not only the usual lexical level, but also deep-level linguistic features. This enables a range of possible applications, from typical stylometric tasks to the semantic analysis of text documents. The internal architecture of the system relies on several well-known software packages: a collection of language tools (for text pre-processing), Stylo (for stylometric analysis) and Cluto (for text clustering). The paper presents: (1) The idea behind the system from the user’s perspective. (2) The architecture of the system, with a focus on data processing. (3) Features for text description. (4) The use of analytical systems such as Stylo and Cluto. The presentation is illustrated with example applications. Otwarty system stylometryczny wykorzystujący wielopoziomową analizę języka Zastosowania metod stylometrycznych na ogół ograniczają się do kilku typowych problemów badawczych, takich jak atrybucja autorska, styl gatunków literackich czy studia nad zróżnicowaniem stylistycznym kobiet i mężczyzn. Z pewnością dałoby się je z powodzeniem zastosować również do wielu innych problemów klasyfikacji tekstów, gdyby tylko owe metody oraz odpowiednie narzędzia były bardziej dostępne dla uczonych reprezentujących różne dyscypliny nauk humanistycznych i społecznych. Artykuł niniejszy omawia założenia teoretyczne oraz w pełni funkcjonalny prototyp otwartego systemu stylometrycznego, którego szerokie zastosowanie umożliwią dwie jego cechy: elastyczność techniczna oraz dostosowywalność do różnych pytań badawczych. System opiera się na instalacji serwerowej sprzęgniętej z sieciowym interfejsem użytkownika. Uwalnia to użytkownika od konieczności instalowania jakichkolwiek dodatkowych programów. Jednocześnie system oferuje wiele sposobów analizowania tekstów nie tylko na poziomie leksykalnym, lecz także poprzez cechy językowe niskiego poziomu. Daje to możliwość stosowania systemu na wiele różnych sposobów, od typowych testów stylometrycznych do analizy semantycznej dokumentów. Wewnętrzna architektura systemu składa się z wielu elementów znanych ze swej funkcjonalności, w tym z pakietu Stylo przeznaczonego do analiz stylometrycznych oraz pakietu Cluto służącego do zaawansowanej analizy skupień. Artykuł omawia: (1) Koncepcję całego systemu, postrzeganą z punktu widzenia użytkownika, (2) Architekturę systemu oraz jego elementy odpowiedzialne za przetwarzanie tekstu, (3) Cechy językowe służące do opisu dokumentów, (4) Zastosowanie modułów analizy danych, takich jak Stylo czy Cluto. W artykule zostały też przedstawione przykładowe zastosowania systemu.

On The dictionary of active Polish and Ukrainian phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii polskiej i ukrainskiej]. Contrastive linguistics and culture The Dictionary of Active Polish and Ukrainian Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii polskiej i ukrainskiej] is the first publication of its kind in the history of Polish and Ukrainian lexicography. It consists of equivalent phrasal units in Polish and Ukrainian. The innovative aspect of the lexicon is that it uses a semantic metalanguage to establish equivalent units. The authors developed a new method of searching for equivalent units which uses the meaning — not the form — as the starting point. This method enables the identification of equivalent units in both languages. Moreover, it enables the identification of units that do not have equivalents. The units which lack equivalents are usually deeply rooted in Poland’s or Ukraine’s historical and cultural context, and are thus defined as culturemes . Even though they lack equivalents, it was decided not to exclude them from the Leksykon ’s structure, as they are actively used by the speakers of Polish and Ukrainian. This paper provides an overview of the Leksykon ’s methodology and presents the authors’ definition of phraseologism. The most important points in the paper are illustrated with a number of example entries from the dictionary. The primary focus of the paper rests on phrasal units which lack equivalents. O Leksykonie aktywnej frazeologii polskiej i ukrainskiej . Konfrontacja jezykowa a kultura Opracowywany przez nas Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii polskiej i ukrainskiej jest pierwszym dzielem tego typu w historii leksykografii polskiej i ukrainskiej. W leksykonie prezentujemy odpowiedniości jednostek frazeologicznych w jezyku polskim i ukrainskim za pomocą semantycznego jezyka pośrednika. Wyznaczenie kierunku od znaczenia ku formie pozwolilo dobrac ekwiwalenty jednostek frazeologicznych w obu jezykach. Zestawienie polskiego i ukrainskiego materialu pozwolilo rowniez wyodrebnic poszczegolne jednostki nieposiadające odpowiednikow. Jednostki te są ściśle związane z kulturą i historią narodu polskiego i ukrainskiego. W związku z tym zaliczamy je do kulturemow, ale nie pomijamy w strukturze leksykonu ze wzgledu na ich aktywnośc w mowionym jezyku wspolczesnym. W niniejszym artykule prezentujemy metodologie zastosowaną w leksykonie, definicje roboczą frazeologizmu w leksykonie, przykladowe hasla oraz skupiamy sie na pokazaniu jednostek frazeologicznych nieposiadających pelnej odpowiedniości.

When soul is lost in translation: Metaphorical conceptions of soul in Dostoyevsky’s original Братья Карамазовы ( The Brothers Karamazov ) and its translations into Polish, Croatian and English Given that our understanding of such an abstract concept as soul is almost purely metaphorical, this paper provides a comparative cross-linguistic analysis of the system of metaphorical conceptions of soul in Dostoyevsky’s original Братья Карамазовы ( The Brothers Karamazov ) and its Polish, Croatian and English translations. Special attention is paid to those metaphors that are translated differently between the various translations, either in conceptual or linguistic terms. This paper adheres to the cognitive-linguistic approach to Mind (Reddy, 1979; Sweetser, 1990; G. Lakoff & Johnson, 1999). Consistent with conceptual metaphor theory in general (G. Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; G. Lakoff, 1987; Grady, 1997; Kovecses, 2000; G. Lakoff, 2009; etc.), this paper’s theoretical and methodological approach is based on Sweetser’s (1990) analysis of the system of metaphors for knowledge, on G. Lakoff and Johnson’s (1999) systematic analysis of the metaphorical conceptions of Mind and Soul, and on Strkalj Despot, Skrynnikova and Ostanina Olszewska’s (2014) comparative analysis of the metaphorical conceptions of ДУША/DUSZA/DUSA (‘soul’) in Russian, Polish, and Croatian. The metaphors for soul were examined in a parallel corpus that consists of Dostoyevsky’s original Братья Карамазовы ( The Brothers Karamazov ) and its Polish, Croatian and English translations. Linguistic metaphors were detected using the MIPVU procedure (Steen et al., 2010). The main questions that this paper ains to answer are: Which metaphors for conceptualizing soul are shared by all the languages in question? Which metaphors are translated differently and why? If metaphors are translated differently, is the difference conceptual, cultural or linguistic? Does the type of metaphor (primary, complex) have any influence on the decision to translate the source language (SL) metaphor into a different one in the target language (TL)? What cultural differences are revealed through the analysis of the way metaphors have been translated to other Slavic and one non-Slavic language? Pojecie duszy zagubione w tlumaczeniu: Metaforyczne ujecie duszy w oryginale powieści Братья Карамазовы ( Bracia Karamazow ) Fiodora Dostojewskiego oraz w jej tlumaczeniach na jezyk polski, chorwacki oraz angielski Rozumienie tak abstrakcyjnych pojec, jak dusza jest w pelni metaforyczne. Niniejszy artykul zawiera porownawczą, przekrojową analize lingwistyczną systemu konceptualizacji pojecia dusza w powieści Fiodora Dostojewskiego pt. Братья Карамазовы ( Bracia Karamazow ) oraz w jej polskim, chorwackim i angielskim tlumaczeniu. Zwrocono szczegolną uwage na te metafory, ktore zostaly przetlumaczone inaczej w kazdym wariancie tlumaczenia, pod wzgledem pojeciowym albo jezykowym. W artykule zastosowano kognitywno-lingwistyczne podejście do umyslu (Reddy, 1979; Sweetser, 1990; Lakoff & Johnson, 1999), podejście teoretyczne i metodologiczne – zasadniczo spojne z teorią metafory pojeciowej (Lakoff i Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1987; Grady, 1997; Lakoff, 1999; Kovecses, 2000; Lakoff, 2009 i in.) – opiera sie na analizie E. Sweetser (1990) dotyczącej systemu metafor wiedzy, systematycznej analizie G. Lakoffa i M. Johnsona (1999) dotyczącej metaforycznego pojmowania umyslu i duszy oraz na analizie porownawczej K. Strkalj Despot, I. Skrynnikovej i J. Ostatniny-Olszewskiej (2014) pojec metaforycznych ДУША/DUSZA/DUSA ( dusza ) w jezykach rosyjskim, polskim i chorwackim. Przeanalizowano metaforyczne określenia duszy w korpusie paralelnym, w ktorym znalazla sie powieśc Fiodora Dostojewskiego pt. Братья Карамазовы ( Bracia Karamazow ) w oryginale oraz jej przeklady na jezyk polski, angielski i chorwacki. Metafory jezykowe wskazano, korzystając z procedury MIPVU (Steen i in., 2010). Niniejsza analiza jest probą odpowiedzi na nastepujące pytania: ktore metafory pojecia dusza są tozsame we wszystkich analizowanych jezykach? Ktore metafory zostaly przelozone w odmienny sposob i dlaczego tak sie stalo? Jezeli metafory zostaly przetlumaczone inaczej, czy jest to roznica pojeciowa, kulturowa czy jezykowa? Czy rodzaj metafory (podstawowa, zlozona) wplywa na probe przetlumaczenia metafory w jezyku źrodlowym inną metaforą w jezyku docelowym? W jaki sposob metafory i rozumowanie metaforyczne w roznych jezykach wskazują na roznice i podobienstwa kulturowe w pojmowaniu świata?

Contrastive terminographyContrastive methods have long been employed in lexicography, in particular in bi- and multilingual dictionary projects. The main rationale for this is the necessity to comprehensively study, i.e. compare and contrast, two or more linguistic systems that are to be presented in one way or another in respective dictionaries. Similarly, the contrastive approach is of paramount importance in terminographic undertakings, on account of the need to draw a distinction between terminological (conceptual) systems existing in various languages and across cultures. It must be emphasised, however, that the contrastive element is not only a part of terminographic practice, but also of the theory of terminography. This article aims to present the role of contrastive research across various spheres of specialised (=LSP) lexicography. Terminografia kontrastywnaMetody kontrastywne stosowane są w słownikarstwie od dawna, w szczególności w odniesieniu do dwu- i wielojęzycznych projektów leksykograficznych, z uwagi na konieczność przeprowadzenia analiz porównawczych dwóch lub więcej systemów językowych, których elementy mają być w konkretny sposób przedstawione/zestawione w słowniku. Badania kontrastywne odgrywają równie ważną rolę w pracy terminograficznej, przede wszystkim ze względu na potrzebę dokonania porównania systemów terminologicznych (pojęciowych) funkcjonujących w różnych językach i kulturach. Należy podkreślić, że elementy analiz kontrastywnych nie są jedynie domeną praktyki – korzysta z nich również teoria terminografii. W artykule przedstawiono rolę badań kontrastywnych na różnych płaszczyznach działalności terminograficznej.

The PLUS-MINUS axiological parameter in selected sex-related orientational metaphors in Spanish and its role in interlingual contrastive studiesThe purpose of this article is to verify the functioning of the PLUS-MINUS axiological parameter in the orientational sexual metaphors which exist in Peninsular Spanish. The initial premise of the investigation is based on the concept proposed by Tomasz P. Krzeszowski (1993), according to which, upon studying image schemas, an additional parameter called PLUS-MINUS should be taken into account. This parameter is considered by Krzeszowski as “directly responsible for the dynamism of the metaphorization processes inherent in the formation of concepts based on the relevant schemata. Among [them are] the concepts of varying degrees of abstraction and of varying degrees of axiological load”. The present paper aims to demonstrate that the inclusion of the PLUS-MINUS parameter is necessary for the correct reconstruction of the picture of particular elements of reality grounded in language. An attempt will be made to try to answer the question of whether the type of orientation is in fact associated with a particular axiological load universally, or whether the axiology connected with the spatial orientation may vary within a single system or two different language systems. In this respect, the final part of the paper will encompass some examples of linguistic manifestations of sex-related orientational metaphors in Spanish with their Polish counterparts. Parametr aksjologiczny PLUS-MINUS w wybranych hiszpańskich metaforach orientacyjnych związanych ze sferą seksualną oraz jego rola w interlingwalnych badaniach kontrastywnychCelem artykułu jest weryfikacja sposobu funkcjonowania parametru aksjologicznego PLUS-MINUS w metaforach orientacyjnych odnoszących się do aktu seksualnego, funkcjonujących w półwyspowej odmianie języka hiszpańskiego. Punktem wyjścia do rozważań jest koncepcja Tomasza P. Krzeszowskiego (1993 [1994 wersja polska artykułu]), zgodnie z którą w badaniu przedpojęciowych schematów wyobrażeniowych powinien zostać uwzględniony dodatkowy parametr, tzw. PLUS-MINUS. Parametr ten Krzeszowski uznaje za „bezpośrednio odpowiadający za dynamikę procesów metaforyzacyjnych kształtujących odpowiednie pojęcia wyrastające z tych schematów o różnym ładunku aksjologicznym” (1994: 32 [1993: 310 wersja angielska artykułu]). W ramach niniejszej pracy autorka stara się dowieść, że uwzględnienie parametru PLUS-MINUS jest niezbędne do poprawnej rekonstrukcji obrazu poszczególnych elementów rzeczywistości utrwalonego w języku. Usiłuje ona również odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy rodzaj orientacji wiąże się z konkretnym ładunkiem aksjologicznym w sposób uniwersalny i na ile sposób wartościowania związany z ukierunkowaniem przestrzennym danych doświadczeń może być zmienny w ramach jednego systemu lub dwóch różnych systemów językowych. W tym celu, w końcowej części pracy zestawiono wybrane przykłady realizacji językowych hiszpańskich metafor orientacyjnych odnoszących się do sfery seksualnej z ich polskimi odpowiednikami.

Testing word embeddings for PolishDistributional Semantics postulates the representation of word meaning in the form of numeric vectors which represent words which occur in context in large text data. This paper addresses the problem of constructing such models for the Polish language. The paper compares the effectiveness of models based on lemmas and forms created with Continuous Bag of Words (CBOW) and skip-gram approaches based on different Polish corpora. For the purposes of this comparison, the results of two typical tasks solved with the help of distributional semantics, i.e. synonymy and analogy recognition, are compared. The results show that it is not possible to identify one universal approach to vector creation applicable to various tasks. The most important feature is the quality and size of the data, but different strategy choices can also lead to significantly different results. Testowanie wektorowych reprezentacji dystrybucyjnych słów języka polskiegoSemantyka dystrybucyjna opiera się na założeniu, że znaczenie słów wyrażone jest za pomocą wektorów reprezentujących, w sposób bezpośredni bądź pośredni, konteksty, w jakich słowo to jest używane w dużym zbiorze tekstów. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy ewaluacji wielu takich modeli skonstruowanych dla języka polskiego. W pracy porównano skuteczność modeli opartych na lematach i formach słów, utworzonych przy wykorzystaniu sieci neuronowych na danych z dwóch różnych korpusów języka polskiego. Ewaluacji dokonano na podstawie wyników dwóch typowych zadań rozwiązywanych za pomocą metod semantyki dystrybucyjnej, tzn. rozpoznania występowania synonimii i analogii między konkretnymi parami słów. Uzyskane wyniki dowodzą, że nie można wskazać jednego uniwersalnego podejścia do tworzenia modeli dystrybucyjnych, gdyż ich skuteczność jest różna w zależności od zastosowania. Najważniejszą cechą wpływającą na jakość modelu jest jakość oraz rozmiar danych, ale wybory różnych strategii uczenia sieci mogą również prowadzić do istotnie odmiennych wyników.

On the argument-adjunct distinction in the Polish Semantic Syntax tradition The aim of this paper is to examine the understanding of the Argument-Adjunct Distinction within the Polish Semantic Syntax (SS) tradition, associated with the name of Stanislaw Karolak and presented in the nominally syntactic volume of the Grammar of contemporary Polish (Pol. Gramatyka wspolczesnego jezyka polskiego ; Topolinska, 1984), especially in Karolak (1984) and Grochowski (1984), as well as in later work. Section 1 reviews the three approaches to determining the number and kind of arguments of a given predicate, as discussed in Karolak (1984), concentrating on the one that is endorsed there. Then, Sections 2–3 show that the key notions used in this approach have not been – and probably cannot be – made operational. Moreover, Section 4 briefly reviews some more recent Semantic Syntax work and shows that this lack of operational AAD in Karolak (1984) extends to the SS programme at large. Finally, Section 5 concludes that this deficiency, while common in linguistic theories, is particularly troublesome in the case of SS, which is founded on the notion of predicate-argument structure . O rozroznieniu argumentow od modyfikatorow w polskiej tradycji „skladni semantycznej” Artykul poświecony jest kwestii fundamentalnej dla szkoly „skladni semantycznej” (kojarzonej przede wszystkim z nazwiskiem Stanislawa Karolaka), a mianowicie kwestii odrozniania argumentow od modyfikatorow. Celem artykulu jest wykazanie, ze w tradycji „skladni semantycznej” nie zostala zaproponowana operacyjna procedura odroznienia argumentow od modyfikatorow, choc istnienie takiej procedury wydaje sie warunkiem koniecznym dla wyodrebnienia struktury predykatowo-argumentowej, glownego celu wielu prac zakorzenionych w tej tradycji.

A preliminary study in zero anaphora coreference resolution for PolishZero anaphora is an element of the coreference resolution task that has not yet been directly addressed in Polish and, in most studies, it has been left as the most challenging aspect for further investigation. This article presents an initial study of this problem. The preparation of a machine learning approach, alongside engineering features based on linguistic study of the KPWr corpus, is discussed. This study utilizes existing tools for Polish coreference resolution as sources of partial coreferential clusters containing pronoun, noun and named entity mentions. They are also used as baseline zero coreference resolution systems for comparison with our system. The evaluation process is focused not only on clustering correctness, without taking into account types of mentions, using standard CoNLL-2012 measures, but also on the informativeness of the resulting relations. According to the annotation approach used for coreference to the KPWr corpus, only named entities are treated as mentions that are informative enough to constitute a link to real world objects. Consequently, we provide an evaluation of informativeness based on found links between zero anaphoras and named entities. For the same reason, we restrict coreference resolution in this study to mention clusters built around named entities. Wstępne studium rozwiązywania problemu koreferencji anafory zerowej w języku polskimKoreferencja zerowa, w języku polskim, jest jednym z zagadnień rozpoznawania koreferencji. Dotychczas nie była ona bezpośrednim przedmiotem badań, gdyż ze względu na jej złożoność była pomijana i odsuwana na dalsze etapy badań. Artykuł prezentuje wstępne studium problemu, jakim jest rozpoznawanie koreferencji zerowej. Przedstawiamy podejście wykorzystujące techniki uczenia maszynowego oraz proces tworzenia cech w oparciu o analizę lingwistyczną korpusu KPWr. W przedstawionej pracy wykorzystujemy istniejące narzędzia do rozpoznawania koreferencji dla pozostałych rodzajów wzmianek (tj. nazwy własne, frazy rzeczownikowe oraz zaimki) jako źródło częściowych zbiorów wzmianek odnoszących się do tego samego obiektu, a także jako punkt odniesienia dla uzyskanych przez nas wyników. Ocena skupia się nie tylko na poprawności uzyskanych zbiorów wzmianek, bez względu na ich typ, co odzwierciedlają wyniki podane dla standardowych metryk CoNLL-2012, ale także na wartości informacji, która zostaje uzyskana w wyniku rozpoznania koreferencji. W nawiązaniu do założeń anotacji korpusu KPWr, jedynie nazwy własne traktowane są jako wzmianki, które zawierają w sobie wystarczająco szczegółową informację, aby można było powiązać je z obiektami rzeczywistymi. W konsekwencji dostarczamy także ocenę opartą na wartości informacji dla podmiotów domyślnych połączonych relacją koreferencji z nazwami własnymi. Z tą samą motywacją rozpatrujemy jedynie zbiory wzmianek koreferencyjnych zbudowane wokół nazw własnych.

A potential theory approach to an algorithm of conceptual space partitioningThis paper proposes a new classification algorithm for the partitioning of a conceptual space. All the algorithms which have been used until now have mostly been based on the theory of Voronoi diagrams. This paper proposes an approach based on potential theory, with the criteria for measuring similarities between objects in the conceptual space being based on the Newtonian potential function. The notion of a fuzzy prototype, which generalizes the previous definition of a prototype, is introduced. Furthermore, the necessary conditions that a natural concept must meet are discussed. Instead of convexity, as proposed by Gärdenfors, the notion of geodesically convex sets is used. Thus, if a concept corresponds to a set which is geodesically convex, it is a natural concept. This definition applies, for example, if the conceptual space is an Euclidean space. As a by-product of the construction of the algorithm, an extension of the conceptual space to d-dimensional Riemannian manifolds is obtained. Algorytm podziału przestrzeni konceptualnych przy użyciu teorii potencjałuW niniejszej pracy zaproponowany został nowy algorytm podziału przestrzeni konceptualnej. Dotąd podział taki zazwyczaj wykorzystywał teorię diagramów Voronoi. Nasze podejście do problemu oparte jest na teorii potencjału Miara podobieństwa pomiędzy elementami przestrzeni konceptualnej bazuje na Newtonowskiej funkcji potencjału. Definiujemy pojęcie rozmytego prototypu, który uogólnia dotychczas stosowane definicje prototypu. Ponadto zajmujemy się warunkiem koniecznym, który musi spełniać naturalny koncept. Zamiast wypukłości zaproponowanej przez Gärdenforsa, rozważamy linie geodezyjne w obszarze odpowiadającym danemu konceptowi naturalnemu, otrzymując warunek mówiący, że koncept jest konceptem naturalnym, jeżeli zbiór odpowiadający temu konceptowi jest geodezyjnie wypukły. Ta definicja pokrywa się w przypadku, gdy przestrzenią konceptualną jest przestrzeń euklidesowa. Jako produkt uboczny konstrukcji naszego algorytmu rozważamy dość ogólne przestrzenie konceptualne będące d-wymiarowymi rozmaitościami Reimanna.

An approach to the translation of deontic modality in legal texts. The case of the Polish and English versions of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union The co-existence of twenty-four legal languages in the European Union is guaranteed by the basic principles of EU language policy, stated in its founding treaty. Indeed, every EU citizen has the right to communicate with the EU in the official language of their choice, and to receive a reply in the same language. Such a situation is reflected in legal multilingualism, which presents challenges for both linguists and translators. One of these challenges is the translation of deontic modality. This article focuses on how deontic modality is expressed in the Polish and English versions of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union . The form and usage of modal forms which express deontic possibility (i.e. permission ) and deontic necessity (i.e. obligation ) are highlighted, as well as the similarities and differences between the two parallel texts. The differences between the modal forms in the two versions of the text have consequences regarding the degree of both the subject’s and addressee’s commitment to norms and regulations. This article aspires to contribute to the study of deontic modal language, which is considered to be one of the central linguistic phenomena most in need of explanation. Tlumaczenie modalności deontycznej w tekstach prawnych na przykladzie polsko- i anglojezycznej wersji Karty praw podstawowych Unii Europejskiej Wspolistnienie dwudziestu czterech jezykow oficjalnych Unii Europejskiej gwarantowane jest przez podstawowe zasady przyjetej przez nią polityki jezykowej, ktorych podstawy zawarte są w traktatach zalozycielskich. W ich wyniku kazdy obywatel UE ma prawo nie tylko do komunikowania sie z organami UE w wybranym przez siebie jezyku urzedowym oraz do otrzymania odpowiedzi w tymze jezyku, ale rowniez do tego, aby cale prawo Unii Europejskiej tworzone bylo we wszystkich 24 jezykach urzedowych. Wspomniane zalozenia stanowią jednak ogromne wyzwanie zarowno dla tlumaczy, jak i lingwistow. Teksty prawne skladające sie na system prawa Unii Europejskiej, sporządzone w 24 jezykach urzedowych UE, zawierają w sobie wypowiedzi, ktorych immanentną cechą jest modalnośc. Jednakowe wyrazenie wspomnianego elementu modalnego wydaje sie jednak szczegolnie trudne w procesie redagowania wielojezycznych tekstow prawnych. Niniejszy artykul poświecony jest zagadnieniu sposobu wyrazania modalności deontycznej w polskiej i angielskiej wersji Karty Praw Podstawowych Unii Europejskiej . Przeprowadzone badanie pozwolilo na wyodrebnienie poszczegolnych form jezykowych bedących nośnikiem odpowiednio mozliwości (dozwolenie) oraz konieczności (nakaz i zakaz) deontycznej. Wykazane zostaly ponadto zaobserwowane roznice i podobienstwa pomiedzy dwoma rownoleglymi wersjami jezykowymi wspomnianego dokumentu. Na uwage zaslugują zwlaszcza te ostatnie ze wzgledu na ich potencjalne konsekwencje wynikające z roznego stopnia zobowiązania sie zarowno podmiotu, jak i adresata dokumentu do przestrzegania wynikających z niego norm. Celem artykulu jest przyczynienie sie do rozszerzenia badan nad środkami wyrazania modalności deontycznej, stanowiącymi jedno z glownych zagadnien lingwistycznych wymagających glebszej analizy i opisu.