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Abstract: In this paper I adopt Q methodology to engage critically, constructively, and empirically with Michael Goldman’s (2004, 185) thesis that the introduction of standardized models of environmental governance inscribes on developing county officials an “eco-governmentality” that is both “hegemonic” and “neoliberal”. In particular, I ask what it is that people trained in one of the more pervasive models of market-oriented environmental rule-making – Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) – believe in when they indicate that they support an “integrated” approach to water management. More specifically, I am interested in what it means to IWRM experts in Paraguay to be involved in a policy and planning environment in which it is virtually impossible to avoid entanglement with discourses and technologies of neoliberal rule. The combination of Q method with semi-structured interviews and participant observation techniques permits an empirical examination of the processes of ecogovernmental transformation at multiple scales – from patterns of convergence and divergence in the conceptual mappings of local officials, to coping strategies that individuals adopt in order to sustain themselves and their projects in the face of changing (ecogovernmentalizing) institutional and political contexts, to transformations in regulatory regimes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The important relationship between health and water necessitates consideration of water vulnerability. Water vulnerability is contingent upon biophysical and social drivers operating at multiple scales, and is difficult to assess. This paper offers a systematic review of 50 water vulnerability assessment tools. We identify and synthesise the contents of these assessment tools (710 indicators) into five dimensions and 22 sub-dimensions and consider the extent to which they reflect environmental and social aspects. The findings are discussed in light of a holistic approach to water resources management, and specifically Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Significant opportunities exist to enhance the efficacy of water vulnerability assessment tools by incorporating indicators and operational measures for social considerations (e.g., adaptation, institutions, governance) that are developed outside the context of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is approaching two decades since South Africa's democratic transformation introduced a visionary approach to water resources management. The earlier challenges of water law reform have given way to the greater undertaking of implementation. This paper reviews progress in relation to 7 of the 10 key challenges of the Africa Water Vision 2025. Progress in many areas has been slow, including establishment of catchment management institutions and implementation of environmental flows. Concerns remain regarding poor water quality and aquatic ecosystem health. A significant threat is the persistent shortage of skilled water professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In an environment with increasing water demand and anticipated negative effects on the water offer due to climate change efficient use water is getting more and more important. Globally the agricultural sector is the biggest water user, but has as well the highest water saving potential. The program has proposed an Integrated Water Fee (IWF) based on the Water Footprint concept, reflecting water consumption embedded in products. Increasing water efficiency and consequently water savings could be achieved by the application of this concept. IWF can be used as a strategic tool for water savings and domestic agricultural strategies, as a tool to regulate international trades and even financial markets. Introduction of the IWF tool shall be presented as well as its potential applications. In this context, some conflicting interests in efforts to reduce domestic water consumption shall be highlighted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Since 1990, there has been growing theoretical consensus on the need for integrated water resource management. At the same time, there is growing empirical evidence that challenges the scientific consensus and the practical implications of implementing IWRM in the developed and the developing countries, although the nature of the implementation challenges may differ in the different contexts. Against this background, this paper investigates into the nature of the empirical challenges to implementing integrated water resource management in Ghana. It describes the actual implementation process and contrasts eleven elements of the substantive content of IWRM with the implementation practice in Ghana. The paper then concludes that Ghana, like other developing countries often adopts such paradigm shifts in the management of their water resources primarily as a result of exogenous pressures (and to a limited extent endogenous factors) but that (a) lack of domestic ownership and leadership of the concept, (b) limited resources, and (c) institutional mis-matches, often results in an implementation of the ideas that is limited to implementation in form rather than practice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Urban water reuse is one of the most rapidly growing water reuse applications worldwide and one of the major elements of the sustainable management of urban water cycle. Because of the high probability of direct contact between consumers and recycled water, many technical and regulatory challenges have to be overcome in order to minimize health risks at affordable cost. This paper illustrates the keys to success of one of the first urban water reuse projects in the island Bora Bora, French Polynesia. Special emphasis is given on the reliability of operation of the membrane tertiary treatment, economic viability in terms of pricing of recycled water and operating costs, as well as on the benefits of water reuse for the sustainable development of tourist areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A methodological proposal aimed at improving the effectiveness of interactions between the scientific community and local actors for decision-making processes in water management was developed and tested to two case studies, in Europe and Asia: the Upper Danube (Danube) and Upper Brahmaputra (Brahmaputra) River Basins. The general objectives of the case studies were about identifying and exploring the potential of adaptation strategies to cope with flood risk in mountain areas. The proposal consists of a sequence of steps including participatory local workshops and the use of a decision support systems (DSS) tool. Workshops allowed for the identification of four categories of possible responses and a set of nine evaluation criteria, three for each of the three pillars of sustainable development: economy, society and the environment. They also led to the ranking of the broad categories of response strategies, according to the expectations and preferences of the workshop participants, with the aim of orienting and targeting further activities by the research consortium. The DSS tool was used to facilitate transparent and robust management of the information, the implementation of multi criteria decision analysis and the communication of the outputs. The outcomes of the implementation of the proposed methods and DSS tool are discussed to assess the potential to support decision-making processes in the field of climate change adaptation (CCA) and integrated water resources management (IWRM). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The notion of hydrosolidarity has permeated international discourses on water management, but it has received little comprehensive review. This paper traces the intellectual origins of hydrosolidarity and it explores how the concept has been applied by water scholars, organizations and in global water venues, like World Water Forums. Evolving conceptions and meanings of hydrosolidarity are presented and its kinship to related, sometimes oppositional terms, untangled. In particular, it explores how hydrosolidarity has evolved to serve as a socio-ethical annex to integrated water resources management. The paper concludes by examining some critiques and addressing the potential of hydrosolidarity in water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake are the source of water for the Grand Canal and the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Transfer (SNWT) project. With the accelerating pace of construction of the SNWT and the initiative to achieve 'World Heritage ' status for the canal, the water quality and management of the lakes have gained attention in China. Based on analysis of water samples, monitoring data, and the content of heavy metal elements in surface sediments, the water quality of Gaoyou Lake and Hongze Lake have been examined. According to the analysis of the water samples taken in 2003, the content of the heavy metals met the water demands for Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake. However, monitoring data of 2004 indicate that the water quality of Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake both were worse than grade III which cannot meet the required standard. The heavy metal elements of sediment samples also were above the acceptable environmental standard values. Some projects were launched to promote the lake environment by controlling wastewater emissions, standardizing the types of boats and introducing regulations to protect the lakes. However, problems of vertical and horizontal fragmentation and insufficient public participation in the current management system still exist in the area. Considering the problems confronting the lakes, Integrated Water Resource Management is discussed as an effective approach to overcome the problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the implementation of four selected IWRM principles in four very different river basins in Europe and Asia. The four principles relate to all the different aspects of sustainable development-environmental, social, economic and institutional-as well as the factor that is particularly crucial in many countries of the South: implementation capacity. The paper is based on the work performed in the EC-funded STRIVER project, 'Strategy and methodology for improved IWRM-An integrated interdisciplinary assessment in four twinning river basins'. The four basins-Tungabhadra and Sesan (in Asia), and Tagus and Glomma (in Europe) exemplify very different problems and challenges with regard to IWRM: different levels of socio-economic development and very varying problems with regard to water quality and availability. The paper shows that the implementation of IWRM is at a fairly early stage in all the four STRIVER basins; and that successful implementation of water resources is dependent not only on the existence of relevant policies, but also the degree to which laws and policies are in fact implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date there has been limited research on integrated water resource management, specifically regarding investments, from a global perspective, largely due to the complexity of the problem and to generally local water management practices. Water demand and supply are very often affected by international factors and with global climate change, population growth and increasing consumption, water management is now more than ever a global issue. This paper gives an overview of current and impending water problems while assessing investment needs for integrated water management as a possible solution to projected water challenges. The analysis compares a business as usual case (BAU) to a scenario in which investments improve water efficiency use across sectors to curb demand, increase innovative supply from desalination and enhance conventional water resources management measures. System dynamics modeling is employed to represent the structural factors influencing water demand and supply in the context of an integrated framework including cross-sectoral linkages. The analysis confirms that sustainable water management is feasible, but it requires investments in the range of $145 billion per year between 2011 and 2050 (0.16% of GDP or $17/person/year) and timely, effective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Marina Baja region there is a tradition of fierce competition for water resources which necessitates the regulation of institutions in order to satisfy the interests of the different water users. The management of the water resources in this region is based on the water exchange between the different users with no legal modification of the water concessions. This situation requires continuous negotiation in order to maintain the balance between urban, tourism and the agricultural demand. In this article we define, describe and analyse the equilibrium model for water resources of the Marina Baja District using a simultaneous equations model (SEM). We analyse variables that influence the water management model through a simultaneous relationship between the above-mentioned demands in the region of the Marina Baja, using a methodology that directly links urban and irrigation demands and makes them relevant to one another from a socioeconomic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livelihoods in the Niger River basin rely mainly on rainfed agriculture, except in the dry extreme north. Low yields and water productivity result from low inputs, short growing seasons, dry spells, and excessive water. The overlap of traditional and modern rules impedes secure access to water and investments in agriculture by generating uncertain land tenure. Improved agriculture and water management require technical, sociological, and regulatory changes to address the wider causes of poverty. Illiteracy and poor water quality, both correlated with high infant mortality, are pressing problems. Rapidly increasing population, climatic changes and dam construction contribute to rural vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Water Services Act (No. 8 of 1997) of South Africa states that water service delivery is the responsibility of local government as Water Services Authorities. The principal legal responsibility is to complete a Water Services Development Plan (WSDP) every 5 years with annual review. The WSDP encapsulates all the responsibilities and tasks required in water service delivery. However, it does not spell out local government's role in water resource protection or its responsibilities as far as integrated water resource management is concerned. It is well known in South Africa that there is a challenging level of inadequate capacity in technical and administrative skills in local government to adequately fulfil water service delivery. This paper highlights the consequences of this incapacity for municipalities and their difficulties in fulfilling their responsibilities as service providers. A framework is provided within which improvements can be brought about, with guidance on how to engage in the practice of integrated water resource management (IWRM) in the context of the legal framework for water services. The additional tasks and changes required to practise IWRM are set in the context of the WSDP. The framework provides a guide for a municipality to first accomplish an adequate WSDP, and then to gradually implement IWRM. A discussion on the skills needed to accomplish, firstly, a comprehensive WSDP, and secondly, IWRM, is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water has become an urgent theme in anthropology as the worldwide need to provide adequate supplies of clean water to all people becomes more challenging. Anthropologists contribute by seeing water not only as a resource, but also as a substance that connects many realms of social life. They trace the different forms of valuing water, examine the often unequal distribution of water, explore the rules and institutions that govern water use and shape water politics, and study the multiple, often conflicting knowledge systems through which actors understand water. They offer ethnographic insights into key water sites-watersheds, water regimes, and waterscapes-found in all settings, though with widely varying characteristics. Anthropologists provide a critical examination of a concept called integrated water resource management (IWRM), which has become hegemonic in the global discourse of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River basin management in China has focused on large rivers, such as the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. However, there are also about 20,000 small river basins that deserve attention. The Biliu River basin in Liaoning Province, northeast China, which is 156 km in length, has many features common to small river basins, including divided jurisdiction among governments leading to vertical and horizontal fragmentation. In the Biliu basin, the key municipalities are Dalian with a population of almost 6 million people and Yingkou with about 2.28 million people. Each has different interests and needs, making coordination and collaboration difficult. The literature and practice suggest that effective integrated water resource management (IWRM) requires at least six features: (1) vision, policy and strategy; (2) a legislative or statutory basis to provide credibility and authority; (3) a river basin organization to coordinate development and management; (4) specification of functions and authority of the river basin organization; (5) public participation and community involvement; and (6) an IRWM strategy and plan. Water management in the Biliu River basin is assessed relative to these features of IWRM, with recommendations offered regarding changes to have water management in the Biliu River basin to reflect what is expected in an IWRM approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarises innovative research into the assessment of longterm groundwater recharge from flood events in dryland environments of the Kuiseb (Namibia) and the Buffels (South Africa) rivers. The integrated water resource management (IWRM) policies and institutions affecting the exploitation of groundwater resources in each of these developing countries are compared. The relatively large alluvial aquifer of the Kuiseb River (~240 Mm3) is recharged from irregular floods originating in the upper catchment. Reported abstraction of 4.6 Mm3 per year is primarily consumed in the town of Walvis Bay, although the groundwater decay (pumping and natural losses along the period 1983-2005) was estimated in 14.8 Mm3 per year. Recharge is variable, occurring in 11 out of 13 years in the middle Kuiseb River, but only in 11 out of 28 years in the middle-lower reaches. In contrast, the Buffels River has relatively minor alluvial aquifers (~11 Mm3) and recharge sources derive from both lateral subsurface flow and floodwater infiltration, the latter limited to a recharge maximum of 1.3 Mm3 during floods occurring once every four years. Current abstractions to supply the adjacent rural population and a few small-scale, irrigated commercial farms are 0.15 Mm3 yr-1, well within the long-term sustainable yield estimated to be 0.7 Mm3 yr-1. Since independence in 1990, Namibia's water resource management approach has focussed on ephemeral river basin management of which the Kuiseb BasinManagement Committee (KBMC) is a model. Here, some water points are managed independently by rural communities through committees while the national bulk water supplier provides for Walvis BayMunicipality from the lower aquifers. This provides a sense of local ownership through local participation between government, NGOs and CBOs (community-based organisations) in the planning and implementation of IWRM. Despite the potential for water resource development in the lower Buffels River, the scope for implementingIWRMis limited not only by the small aquifer size, but also because basin management in South Africa is considered only in the context of perennial rivers. Since 2001, water service delivery in the Buffels River catchment has become the responsibility of two newly created local municipalities. As municipal government gains experience, skills and capacity, its ability to respond to local needs related to water service delivery will be accomplished through local participation in the design and implementation of annual 'integrated development plans'. These two case studies demonstrate that a variety of IWRM strategies in the drylands of developing countries are appropriate depending on scales of governance, evolving policy frameworks, scales of need and limitations inherent in the hydrological processes of groundwater resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses and discusses the concept of water footprint, developed in order to have an indicator of water use in relation to consumption of people. The water footprint of a country is deemed as the volume of water needed for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The use of water resources comprises water use in the agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors. The overall objective of water management, which adopts integrated water resources management (IWRM) approaches is to satisfy the freshwater needs of all countries for their sustainable water management. The concept of water footprint has introduced a new and wider dimension in integrated water resources management. The analysis of water footprint trade is providing new perspectives for global water strategies and policies. Water footprint can provide complementary roles in the context of integrated water resources management (IWRM), due to the fact that the water footprint data raises awareness among the general public, government and stakeholders as to the environmental impact of societal activities. This paper discusses the various water problems such as (a) increasing water shortages, (b) deterioration of water quality and (c) stresses on water supplies and the challenges they represent to integrating the approaches of water management to ensure sustainability of*he resource. The water footprint concept is relatively new in Romania and it has not been introduced in relationship to IWRM. In Romania the IWRM concept is associated with the EU Water Framework Directives, although it is not considered as being fully covered by the present water and environmental sector policies. This study is to be included in a complex research assessing the possibilities of application of the water footprint concept in Romania, especially by providing an assessment for its application in the North Eastern part of the country, i.e. to the Prut river basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China embarked on water reform in 2002 by revising the "Water Law of The People's Republic of China" to promote participatory irrigation management to ensure water users' access to water and enhance their participation in sustainable water management. This article analyses how social and gender equity is addressed at the national, local, and institutional levels in the water reform process, with particular attention to how strategic gender needs are addressed in water policies and institutions. The article shows how social equity is only partly covered in some of the policies and that not all policies and institutions are sensitive to social and gender issues. Many water-related aspects of policy fail to address gender equity in the explicit terms of women's strategic gender needs. To ensure gender equity in future water policy, all policies and institutions in the water sector at central and at local levels should have a clear mandate to include a perspective on social and gender equity to address women's strategic gender needs, particularly among water users who are small-scale producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the strong emphasis on public participation in the National Water Act (NWA), South Africa has yet to implement a comprehensive and functional approach to public engagement at the level of Water Management Areas. Part of the problem is that actual requirements are not explicitly articulated anywhere. This has led to the situation where public participatory processes are poorly conceptualised, misdirected and often perceived as confusing by stakeholders. 'Participation fatigue' is the consequence of this accompanied by a growing frustration with the implementation of the content of the Act. The intention for decentralised democratic water resources management is consequently seriously jeopardised if the public participation processes are not clearly presented in the public domain. In this paper we draw on a number of sources, namely a national pilot integrated catchment management programme called the Save the Sand Project initiated in the north-eastern part of SA, a Water Research Commission project on public participation and a DWAF project that funded the exploration of public participation in the Sand River Catchment. The latter (2005 -2007) supported a better understanding of public participation processes and dynamics in a high-density rural catchment, the findings from which are reported here. Additionally this paper is referenced against the current discourse on public participation in water resources aimed at elucidating public participation in integrated water resource management (IWRM) in South Africa. The focus of the work reported in this paper is specifically on the development and implementation of catchment management strategies as the locus of decentralised, democratised, participatory water resource management. In this paper we start out by discussing how complexities surrounding public engagement might present newly established catchment management agencies (CMAs) with serious challenges and then move on to a proposed framework for focusing public engagement on specific IWRM tasks. The framework outlines tasks where multi-stakeholder platforms collaboratively design strategic water management actions that are assembled as the catchment management strategy (CMS), a statutory obligation for CMAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is increasingly evident amongst practitioners and academics alike that the management approaches of the past have failed to deal adequately with the challenges posed by complex and rapidly changing systems. Indeed the call for integrated approaches such as those embodied in integrated water resource management (IWRM) reflects such concerns. This is because these systems are characterised by complexity in which an understanding of linkages, multiple drivers and unpredictable outcomes is critical. It is also widely recognised that the management of such systems requires an iterative, 'learning-by-doing' approach that is reflexive in nature and builds learning into the next management cycle. We suggest that any attempt to define and implement viable and effective governance of water resources, as well as rehabilitation measures, requires understanding that catchments are complex systems showing the aforementioned characteristics. As a corollary, an adaptive management approach appears best suited to such conditions. In this paper we argue that South Africa's highly-acclaimed National Water Act and associated policy documents such as the National Water Resource Strategy is an example of a policy document that reflects this thinking, as is evident in the guidelines for the development of catchment management strategies which are introduced and described. These offer a framework for the development of a holistic, systems understanding which is strategic and adaptive. In particular, under such a framework, we select the two cornerstones of the Act -- sustainability and equity -- to explore this theme. We show that under such a framework ensuring that both these principles are achieved is not through one simplistic management action but through an integrated, systems approach. The development of strategies is driven by principles which help one to navigate issues that emerge in complex systems in a flexible way. Visioning and scenarios offer important management tools for establishing a hierarchy of actions that can achieve the overarching principles and that can accommodating change. In complex systems, the users must be part of deriving management solutions since this is where and how they learn. Self-organisation, identity and embeddedness are all essential characteristics of building resilience in a catchment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a synthesis of the main issues discussed at a conference (International Conference on Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) entitled: Lessons from Implementation in Developing Countries which took place from 10 to 12 March 2008 in Cape Town, South Africa, at the Cape Town International Convention Centre) which was coordinated to share experiences and lessons learned on the implementation of IWRM in developing countries. This paper discusses six themes that emerged from the conference. These themes provide a perspective on the current status of IWRM and assist in formulating the agenda for further research and implementation approaches based on lessons learned. Firstly, although there is considerable history and international acceptance of IWRM, there is still ongoing debate on how IWRM is defined. However, aside from these debates there is general agreement on the principles underlying IWRM and the potential it holds for managing complex systems that cannot be adequately achieved through the single-sector management approach of the past. To overcome past management paradigms, new capacity building approaches are required. Secondly, implementation of IWRM requires a balance between policy and institutional support and community level projects that have small-scale tangible results for the poor. Thirdly, IWRM involves integration across many spheres, specifically the integration of groundwater management into long-term water resource planning. Fourthly, although there is general endorsement of the importance of public engagement in supporting IWRM approaches, effective public engagement requires considerable strategic planning to ensure that efforts are both applicable and relevant to those involved. Fifthly, the conference highlighted the importance of developing appropriate economic methods and instruments to address the economic trade-offs and decisions that are apparent in water management. Finally, appropriate data, information systems and indicators are required to adequately monitor progress with IWRM implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As development and population increase, efficient use and management of water in mountain watersheds is of growing concern in Asia. The work presented in this article applied hydro-meteorological monitoring and participatory action research on water availability to improve water management in Xizhuang watershed in Yunnan Province, China. With an area of 34.56 km2 and a population of 4501, Xizhuang watershed is typical of the watersheds in the middle mountains that feed the Saiween River. Although this catchment provides plentiful water (rainfall and runoff), the temporal and spatial distribution of this supply is uneven. Together with uneven distribution, major issues include water shortages for irrigation, domestic use, and livestock; poor water quality; and conflicts among different stakeholders. To improve sustainable use and conservation, this paper suggests developing integrated water resource management and water harvest technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rewards and challenges related to a research program that involves interactions between basic and applied research are shared. Specific experience is examined regarding integrated water resource management, capacity enhancement in developing countries and writing textbooks. Key lessons include the manner in which applied research and practice inform and enhance basic research, the role of theoretical and conceptual frameworks in guiding applied research, the need to understand the distinction between multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary models and the importance of facilitating evolution from visions, strategies and plans to action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the various dimensions of integration that need consideration in developing appropriate institutional arrangements for integrated water resource management (IWRM), drawing upon both IWRM and spatial planning sources. As a result, a framework of integration in IWRM is set out. This is then used to consider the strengths and weaknesses of the new spatial planning system in England, and its potential to contribute to IWRM activities that are being developed, partly in response to the European Union Water Framework Directive. From this analysis it is argued that, taken overall, spatial planning is well placed to meet these challenges and it could in fact play a much more central role than is currently envisaged. An alternative model for IWRM in England is set out which sees the new river basin management plans as integral, rather than parallel, to the spatial planning system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need for introducing interdisciplinary tools and approaches in water management for participatory integrated assessment of water protection costs and environmental benefits for different management scenarios. This is required for the Water Framework Directive. Bayesian belief networks (BN) are one example of a possible tool for participatory integrated assessment. BNs allow knowledge and data from economic, social and hydrological domains to be integrated in a transparent, coherent and equitable way. The paper reports on the construction of a BN to assess impacts of pesticide management actions on agricultural economics and groundwater and drinking water quality, with the overall aim of exploring complexity and uncertainties. With the participatory BN learning process data, expert knowledge and modelling results were combined into a cost-efficiency and cost-benefit analysis, BN being based on a focused dialogue between participating domain experts and end-users of the research. The instruments analysed by the constructed BN were taxes on pesticides and herbicides, and pesticide-free buffer zones around field edges and water abstraction wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an integrated water management model at the industrial park level. It suggests four approaches to water management: first, direct water reuse among users; second, water reuse among users by blending with freshwater; third, water reuse between users and a wastewater treatment plant; and fourth, groundwater recharge by reclaimed wastewater or other feasible applications in order to optimize the overall water efficiency. The model results in a comprehensive management methodology for optimizing water resources within an industrial park, seeking potential water reuse among industries, and incorporating the size and cost of reclaimed wastewater delivery systems. A case study is employed to test the model’s feasibility. An economic analysis of the optimized water use network is also carried out, showing the potential water and cost savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an approach for coupling real-time control and socio-economic issues in participatory river basin planning is presented through a case study. It relies on the use of Bayesian Networks (Bns) to describe in a probabilistic way the behaviour of farmers within an irrigation district in response to some planning actions. Bayesian Networks are coupled with classical stochastic hydrological models in a decision-making framework concerning the real-time control of a water reservoir network. The approach is embedded within the framework of the Participatory and Integrated Planning (PIP) procedure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents main findings of a feasibility study for a joint transdisciplinary project to strengthen the implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in the Cuvelai Basin, northern Namibia. The region is characterised by seasonal alterations of droughts and heavy rainfall, mostly saline groundwater and a lack of permanent rivers. Difficult local conditions pose a great challenge for water supply against the background of high population density. Currently, most drinking water of the area is withdrawn from the Kunene River at the Angolan border and transported through a canal and pipeline scheme. However, it is expected that this infrastructure will be put at risk due to increasing water demand on both the Namibian and Angolan side. By integrating social-ecological as well as technical aspects IWRM may be instrumental in mitigating these problems. The aim to identify alternative water sources and create a multi-resource mix will be approached by strengthening the use of endogenous resources alongside with demand-oriented water and land management. Technologies considered have to be adapted to the local situation, not only concerning technological constraints but also concerning social and ecological factors. Furthermore, the implementation of technology must be integrated into the institutional and administrative processes of resource management as well as into the social, economic and ecological conditions of water use. Taking these conditions into account, actions and measures require clear and efficient organisation, implementation and participatory structures. They also call for a combined approach from natural, engineering and social sciences leading to a transdisciplinary research and development process. This paper aims to identify the design and conceptualisation of an IWRM which is adapted to the specific regional conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Botswana is moving towards integrated water resource management, but wastewater is still not treated as an economic good. This is surprising as water scarcity is growing, the costs of conventional supply sources are rising and wastewater becomes more abundant due to improved sewerage and sanitation systems. Mainstreaming wastewater makes economic, social and environmental sense. Botswana first developed water accounts (WA) in 2000 as a resource planning tool. However, wastewater was excluded from the WA. This paper demonstrates how wastewater can be incorporated into the WA and what the results are for the period 1992–2003. The paper further explores the possible benefits of several re-use and recycling options. While re-use for irrigation may be the safest short term destination for re-use, it does not yield the highest economic returns, and therefore additional re-use and recycling options need to be explored. The paper argues that re-use of wastewater is likely to reduce future water tariff increases, increasing international competitiveness. Finally, the paper shows that WA can be used to identify essential data gaps and focus future data collection on key Integrated water resource management issues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is becoming increasingly accepted as the most logical and effective means of managing aquatic ecosystems for their sustainable use. Despite efforts to provide practical examples of the application of IWRM, we still lack knowledge on how to best consider and integrate the potentially large quantity of data and information, both scientific and socioeconomic, which must be considered in pursuit of the goal of sustainable water resources. The unique features of (i) an integrating nature; (ii) long water retention time, and (iii) complex response dynamics make the management of lakes and reservoirs particularly difficult to achieve. Although the World Lake Vision has provided substantial management guidance to address some of the complex issues facing lake and reservoir management, additional work directed to analysing the interactions and linkages between the scientific/technical and the socioeconomic components of the sustainability ‘equation’ is needed. This report examines the use of mathematical models as a synthesizing tool in developing and applying management strategies for lakes and reservoirs. The different types of available models, and the criteria that can be used to select the ‘best’ model for a given situation, also are discussed, as is the important role of environmental indicators in the process. A case study focusing on the restoration of Lake Fure in Denmark provides an illustrative example of the application of the approach discussed in this report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Multiple use systems' are systems that allow efficient and effective supply of water from different sources to communities for their domestic and for their productive purposes and that allow interaction with providers of water related services. Such systems are probably highly desirable from the perspective of using scare water efficiently and also from the perspectives of gender equity and improving livelihoods. It is therefore useful to carry out scientific research to validate this statement about a water-innovation. The mode of research must be 'action research'. The specific form and management of multiple use systems depends on local biophysical and socio-economic factors, as well as on local institutions and legislation. Eleven 'cornerstones' need to be in place to realize a full multiple use system. Since a blue print cannot be made and many parties are involved, 'learning alliances' are to be set up in specific geographic areas and at national level to identify how much of these cornerstones of multiple use systems are still lacking, and to work together to create or implement these. Guidelines for setting up Learning Alliances and for actually implementing systems of multiple water use are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is emerging as a worldwide agreed alternative to the reductionist and top-down approach that was central to the water resource management in the last century. It has been adopted by the Water Framework Directive, the most ambitious and influential water policy tool of these days, as the guiding principle for the development of River Basin Management Plans (RBMP) that will be the common tool for planning and managing water resource in Europe in the next years. Although the purpose and priorities of the RBMPS are clearly and unambiguously defined, the question of how integration and participation are to be promoted in their implementation has not been adequately addressed. This might be partially attributable to the central role generally assigned to the modelling issues with respect to the decision-making process, which is behind the definition of RBMPS and of which models are an essential – but not the only – element. This paper argues the need for a methodological approach to give a first answer to the question posed above and proposes a Participatory and Integrated Planning (PIP) procedure developed for that purpose. The PIP procedure is a 9 phases procedure that, starting from the identification of the goals of the planning activity, ends with a negotiation process among the stakeholders that produces a set of compromise alternatives to be submitted to the decision maker(s) for the final political decision. The procedure is presented both in its theoretical aspects and as an application to the planning of the Lake Maggiore, a transboundary water system between Italy and Switzerland. This application came out with a solution that will probably close a long-standing controversial between the two countries: it is strongly supported by the stakeholders of both the sides and the international agreement it requires is presently under consideration of the Foreign Offices of the two countries. The role for Multi Objective Decision Support Systems (MODSS) as prime tools to support and operationalize the procedure in practice is finally considered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Increasing attention to watershed management is part of an international policy trend toward integrated water resource management. Integration is multidimensional-across sectors, administrative regions, ministerial portfolios and levels of hydrologic structure and socioeconomic organization. Collective action is key Individuals need to work effectively together to share common water points; upstream land users and downstream water consumers need to manage and resolve potential conflicts over water quantity and quality, while all the industries, fanning communities, urban residents and public agencies that have interests in resource use and environmental quality need to agree on development and conservation objectives and approaches at the basin level. Initiatives that seek to foster collective action in watersheds need to account for the very different interests in water and watershed management. While there may be relatively straightforward ways to foster collective action at a local scale, some forms of collective action may, in fact, be detrimental to other stakeholders. In the developing world in particular there are often geographic pockets and social groups that are chronically disadvantaged in collective and public processes. Water-users `associations and basin authorities may exacerbate these disparities and further marginalize already poor people. New statutory institutions may intentionally or inadvertently disempower effective customary local institutions. To enable project and program designers to address these challenges better this paper lays out a framework for assessing the potential for and implications of individual and collective decisions in a watershed context. The framework integrates concepts drawn from the biophysical and social sciences, including new perspectives on watershed components, poverty, and collective action. Collective action is seen as a fractal process: collective action for water management at one level of social-spatial organization can have spillover effects at lower and higher levels of social-spatial resolution. To be pro-poor; watershed-management institutions must be genuinely inclusive, deliberately recognizing the interests, perspectives and knowledge of groups that may be systematically excluded from other political and social processes. Researchers, evaluators, watershed-management practitioners and others who apply the framework should be better placed to lay the foundations for that illusive goal: pro-poor inclusive and resource-conserving development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since environmental impacts of desalination processes are intrinsically related to system efficiency, per water-unit produced loads have constantly decreased over the past decades. However, some significant fouls remain. The example of Spain is punctually used throughout this paper, to illustrate the main environmental impacts of the desalination technology. One major concern is the potential environmental impacts caused by extensive brine discharge; unavoidable desalination sub-product that may heavily affect marine biota. Recommendations are outlined to reduce environmental degradation related to hypersalinity. A further drawback is the production of greenhouse gases associated with the required power generation. Environmental loads of any process can be considerably reduced when integrated with renewable energy production systems. After these two ‘direct’ environmental impacts are addressed, some socially-induced factors leading to unsustainable water management are identified. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Wetlands contribute in diverse ways to the livelihood of many people in Africa. One of the major constraints to the wise use of African wetlands is lack of knowledge by planners and natural resource managers on the benefits that they provide and techniques by which they can be utilised in a sustainable manner. This paper presents findings from a study undertaken in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania, on the dynamics and benefits of natural resource use in the wetlands. The paper specifically focuses on opportunities and challenges related to integrated water resource management. The study was conducted in two villages, Idete and Signali located in Kilombero District, Morogoro Region. Participatory assessment and household interviews were employed to obtain both qualitative and quantitative information, respectively, pertaining to biophysical, agronomic and socio-economic facts that influence community access to, and utilisation of the wetland resources. The findings show that Kilombero Valley has high potential for a diversity of livelihood activities. The wetland also serves as a source of water for farming, livestock, fishing and for domestic uses. Over the last two decades the use of wetlands for agriculture has increased because of increasing population of both pastoral and agro-pastoral communities, and hence the resultant need to produce more food. However, there are environmental concerns associated with increasing use of wetlands for agriculture and other livelihood activities, including deforestation and trampling of soils by increasing livestock numbers, increased demand on the water resources and lack of elaborate institutional framework to facilitate the integration of the various sectoral and cross-sectoral uses of the wetland resources and among stakeholders. The main conclusion is that sustainable livelihood development of wetland communities requires multidisciplinary and integrated efforts in addressing constraints in the various sectors such as agriculture, natural vegetation use, water resources and fishing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Wami Rivers basin is an important area due to its diversified use which benefits a multi-diversity of stakeholders. While large scale irrigated sugar production is the main issue of concern upstream, there are other equally important socio-economic activities which include biodiversity and environmental conservation, domestic water supply, livestock water needs, and fishing. A large water supply project has just been completed downstream of the Wami River to provide water for the Chalinze township and surrounding villages. Other important undertakings include irrigated rice farming in Dakawa area, livestock keeping activities, and the establishment of the Sadani National Park (SANAPA) and the Wami-Mbiki Wildlife Management Area (WMA). The Wami River basin forms significant parts of both the Wami-Mbiki WMA and the SANAPA wildlife conservation areas. Regardless of its importance, the basin is increasingly being degraded through deforestation for agricultural expansion, timber, and more important charcoal making. The basin is also being polluted through disposal of excess molasses from the sugar industry, and use of poisonous substances and herbs in fishing. The worsening environmental condition in the basin has become a health threat to both people in the surrounding villages and wildlife. To a large extent, such changes are intensifying poverty levels among the local population. These changes are raising concerns about the long-term environmental sustainability and health implications of the current water use competition and conflicts in the basin. The purpose of this paper is to examine the main water resource use conflicts and how they affect environmental sustainability in the long-run. It also intends to establish linkages between wildlife management, pastoralism, agricultural activities and how such linkages influence poverty alleviation efforts in the basin. An attempt has been made to examine the environmental and health implications of human activities in the basin in relation to poverty indicators, people’s lifestyle, and integrated water resource use in the Wami River basin. In the process of examining linkages and sources of conflicts, key strategies to harmonize the interests of various stakeholders and ensure integrated and sustainable use of the Wami River waters will be identified. As a conclusion to paper, issues related to population pressure, pollution, wildlife, pastoralism and many others will be discussed with the view of harmonizing the needs of various stakeholders and minimizing their effect on the river ecosystem. The discussion shows how poverty levels are linked to resources over-exploitation, hence limiting sustainability in the basin. Under the current poverty levels in almost all villages surrounding the Wami River basin, there is no alternative ways or technology to replace non-sustainable resource exploitation. Many villages depend on charcoal burning and selling as a survival strategy and source of income. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In South Africa, the national government has taken deliberate steps to ensure that tertiary education programmes help to meet societal and economic needs. This article reports on the process of developing a programme in Integrated Water Resources Management at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) that speaks directly to current government policy. It describes two different approaches to curriculum development an eclectic approach that takes as its starting point courses already on offer, and a framework development approach that takes as its starting point identification of particular needs and deliberately builds a curriculum around these needs. The article illustrates how seemingly unrelated policy processes in education and water management could impact on curriculum development. The article suggests that, while curriculum development is a first key step, challenges remain in fine-tuning the IWRM M.Sc. programme so that graduates are equipped with skills that may contribute to equitable and sustainable development in the evolving context of 21st century South Africa. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Whilst the value of increased stakeholder involvement in river basin management planning (RBPM) has been recognised in recent years, there is a lack of in-depth research into the processes and factors that support fruitful involvement. The concept of social learning provides useful insights into such involvement. A framework for social learning applicable to RBPM has been developed within the HarmoniCOP project, and tested in ten case studies across Europe. An exploration of emergent themes: exploring different frames, managing boundaries, making innovative use of information and communication tools and promoting two-way integration of planning across different levels of scale, is followed by a summary of preliminary findings. Key factors that support social learning include: provision of sufficient time, involving stakeholders early and careful attention to process management. Techniques can be used to help participants recognise and respect different viewpoints. Making implicit assumptions visible to different stakeholders can enable the use of this understanding to craft solutions acceptable to the involved parties. Methods that develop participants’ critical capacity enable adaptation to changing circumstances. Participatory processes were highly influenced by prior experience with participation and cultural and institutional contexts. These factors should be taken into account in the implementation of participatory planning and policy processes. Following finalisation of case studies and further analysis, the practical outcomes of HarmoniCOP (Harmonizing Collaborative Planning) will be developed into a handbook, which will feed into design of guidelines for implementation of the Water Framework Directive. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Integrated management is the key to the sustainable development of Europe''s water resources. This means that decisions need to be taken in the light of not only environmental considerations, but also their economic, social, and political impacts; it also requires the active participation of stakeholders in the decision making process. The problem is to find a practical way to achieve these aims. One approach is to use Bayesian networks (Bns): networks allow a range of different factors to be linked together, based on probabilistic dependencies, and at the same time provide a framework within which the contributions of stakeholders can be taken into account. A further strength is that Bns explicitly include the element of uncertainty related to any strategy or decision. The links are based on whatever data are available. This may be an extensive data set, output from a model or, in the absence of data, can be based on expert opinion. Networks are being developed for four catchments in Europe as part of the MERIT project; these are in the UK, Denmark, Italy and Spain. In each case stakeholder groups are contributing to the design of the networks that are used as a focus for the consultation process. As an example, the application to water management of a UK basin is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Knowledge development has lead to new proposals for water management in response to the "water crisis", which is one of the main concerns in this planet. The adequate water management is also part of the proposals to reach the UN Millennium Development Goals, especially the objective related to reduction of poverty and hunger that are affecting a great proportion of the world population. Human beings and ecosystems become the centre of the water management proposals due to the water effects on health, welfare and development. In order to improve the water management, Engineering practice should change so that technology be an answer to the social, economic and environmental needs with efficiency and sustainability criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article states the case for greatly enhanced reliance on desalination in the provision of freshwater. It argues that the concept of integrated water resource management (IWRM), should be expanded to routinely include desalination, and that sea water and brackish water should be listed among available sources of freshwater. In recent years, the price per m3 of freshwater obtained from desalination has steadily declined, and is now within competitive range of conventional sources, especially as extracting water from surface sources (rivers, lakes) is becoming increasingly expensive as well as ecologically harmful, and groundwater in many locations is saline or depleted. With the expectation that by 2020, five billion people will reside in megacities, today's conventional water resources are likely to become insufficient. As many of these megacities are located near ocean coasts, sea water seems a logical solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the promulgation of the 1998 Water Act the Government of Zimbabwe took a decisive step to reform the country’s water sector, to bring it in line with contemporary socio-political realities obtaining in the country, and in tune with the philosophy of integrated water resources management. Researchers have reported a lack of awareness of the reforms, particularly among the black communities, who were considered not just as one of the target of the reforms, but the beneficiaries. This paper analyses why this has been the case. The paper makes a case for differentiating communication from information dissemination. Information refers to a set of data packaged for delivery to a receiver while communication involves a dialogue. This paper critiques communication strategies used to communicate water reforms in Zimbabwe, applying recent developments in communication theories. The argument in the paper is that there was a failure to communicate although there was some success in dissemination information about the reforms. If the situation is to be reversed then methods that involve audience analysis may have to be used. Such methods tend to be expensive and time consuming––however, there is no substitute to this if integrated water resources management is to be institutionalised among the various stakeholders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Zimbabwe embarked on a water sector reform programme in 1995. Two goals of the water reform were to broaden women’s access to water and to enhance their participation in water management. This paper analyses how gender was addressed at the national and institutional levels and in the water reform process, paying particular attention on how strategic gender needs were addressed in the process and the resultant policies and Acts. The results show that although the government of Zimbabwe has made considerable progress in mainstreaming gender at the ministerial level, departments which are involved in the actual implementation of water programmes do not have clear gender policies. Therefore although gender equity was one of the main goals of the water reform, most poor women and men were not involved in the consultations. Consequently neither the new Water Act nor the Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) Act addresses gender in explicit terms. Strategic gender needs are not addressed at all. It is recommended that all institutions in the water sector, including NGOs, should have clear gender policies, include a gender perspective in their organisation culture and practices and address strategic gender needs through training, education and supporting productive use of water. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Save the Sand Project is a national pilot project for Integrated Catchment Management and Land Care. Catalysed by the 1992 drought, this initiative arose out of a precarious water security situation in the Sand River Catchment in South Africa. In a fundamental departure form the previous water act, the new Water Act (1998) provided the foundation and framework for adopting a new, integrated approach to water resource management. In keeping with the main themes of the act, namely water resource protection, equity amongst users and catchment management, an ecosystems approach has been adopted towards land and water management within the catchment. These include awareness raising, developmental activities, resource protection measures and rehabilitation initiatives. This paper aims to provide an overview of the key elements of the initiative, as well as to provide a critique of integration as the cornerstone of ICM, in order to provide lessons for the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article explains the association between the organizational and human aspects, and the biophysical and technical perspective of different scaling issues, in relation to integrated natural resource management (INRM). According to the author, INRM have been utilized in various countries as a mean to protect natural resources, improve agricultural productivity and alleviate poverty. The article discusses how and why scale and scaling issue arise in INRM. It also presents a conceptual framework designed to address such issues, and notes the need to reconcile top-down and bottom-up approaches to deliver effective INRM.