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Adzuki bean seed coat is an underutilized by-product of the adzuki bean paste process, rich in insoluble dietary fibers and bound polyphenols, which have diverse bioactivities. This work aimed to investigate the content of bound polyphenols in adzuki bean seed coat insoluble dietary fiber (AIDF) and their effects on the structure, physicochemical properties, and functional properties of insoluble dietary fiber. Alkaline treatment was used to remove the bound polyphenols from AIDF, resulting in dephenolized dietary fiber (AIDF-DF). The FT-IR, XRD and SEM results showed that there was no considerable structural difference between AIDF and AIDF-DF. The CLSM demonstrated that bound polyphenols could be removed from AIDF by alkaline treatment. Compared with AIDF, the water retention capacity, oil retention capacity, and swelling capacity of AIDF-DF were decreased by 6.87%, 34.42%, and 15.71%, respectively. AIDF also showed strong hypolipidemic capacities in vitro. What's more, DPPH decreased by 88.98%–92.22%, ABTS + decreased by 74.60%–75.61%, and FRAP value decreased by 76.29%–89.44% in AIDF-DF when compared with AIDF. Therefore, the results will provide a better understanding of the interaction between cereal-based DF and its bound polyphenols. [Display omitted] • Azuki bean seed coat was rich in insoluble dietary fibers and bound polyphenols. • FT-IR, XRD, and SEM showed no significant structure between AIDF and AIDF-DF. • CLSM confirmed that polyphenols can be removed from AIDF by alkaline hydrolysis. • The WRC, ORC, and SC of AIDF were significantly better than those of AIDF-DF. • Bound polyphenols contributed to hypolipidemic and antioxidant capacities of AIDF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bagasse is one of major by-product of sugar mills, but its utilization is limited by the high concentration of lignin. In this study, the optimal alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment conditions were determined by the response surface optimization method. The results showed that the lignin removal rate was 62.23% and the solid recovery rate was 53.76% when bagasse was prepared under optimal conditions (1.2% H 2 O 2 , 0.9% NaOH, and 46°C for 12.3 h), while higher purity of bagasse insoluble dietary fiber (BIDF) was obtained. To further investigate the modification effect, AHP assisted with high-temperature-pressure cooking (A-H) and enzymatic hydrolysis (A-E) were used to modify bagasse, respectively. The results showed that the water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), bile salt adsorption capacity (BSAC), and nitrite ion adsorption capacity (NIAC) were significantly improved after A-H treatment. With the A-E treatment, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and BSAC were significantly increased, while WHC, OHC, and glucose adsorption capacity (GAC) were decreased. Especially, the highest WHC, OHC, BSAC and NIAC were gained by A-H treatment compared to the A-E treatment. These changes in the physicochemical and functional properties of bagasse fiber were in agreement with the microscopic surface wrinkles and pore structure, crystallinity and functional groups. In summary, the A-H modification can effectively improve the functional properties of bagasse fiber, which potentially can be applied further in the food industry., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Luo, Wang, Wang, Xie, Hang, Li and Shi.)

Bambara groundnut (BGN) is a widely cultivated legume with a rich nutritional profile, yet despite its many benefits it still remains underutilized. To highlight its potential value, 4 BGN varieties-brown, red, black eye, and brown eye were subjected to sequential enzymatic treatments followed by centrifugation to obtain the insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) fraction. The IDFs were vacuum-dried and evaluated for color, hydration properties, fat absorption, polyphenolic compounds, neutral sugars, and uronic acids. An optimized white bread formulation was also determined using brown BGN-IDF in an optimal (IV) mixture design. Three mixture components constrained at lower and upper limits (water: 57% to 60%, yeast: 2.3% to 5.3%, and BGN-IDF: 7% to 10%) were evaluated for their effects on responses of specific loaf volume, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience of the loaves. All BGN-IDFs differed significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) across all color parameters. Polyphenols were significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) highest in red and brown BGN-IDFs. Arabinose/galactose (31.04% to 37.12%), xylose (16.53% to 27.30%), and mannose (14.48% to 22.24%) were the major sugars identified. Swelling capacity was significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) highest for brown eye BGN-IDF (7.72 ± 0.49 mL/g). Water retention capacity ranged from 1.63 to 2.01 g water/g dry weight. Fat absorption for red BGN-IDF differed significantly ( P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the best optimal white bread formulation enriched with brown BGN-IDF was established with numerical optimization at 59.5% water, 4.3% yeast, and 8.5% BGN-IDF. Overall positive physicochemical and functional properties were observed for BGN-IDFs, and it was shown that an optimal white bread enriched with BGN-IDF could be produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of type of fiber, site of fermentation, method for quantifying insoluble and soluble dietary fiber, and their correction for intestinal mucin on fiber digestibility were examined in rabbits. Three diets differing in soluble fiber were formulated (8.5% soluble fiber, on DM basis, in the low soluble fiber [LSF] diet; 10.2% in the medium soluble fiber [MSF] diet; and 14.5% in the high soluble fiber [HSF] diet). They were obtained by replacing half of the dehydrated alfalfa in the MSF diet with a mixture of beet and apple pulp (HSF diet) or with a mix of oat hulls and soybean protein (LSF diet). Thirty rabbits with ileal T-cannulas were used to determine ileal and fecal digestibility. Cecal digestibility was determined by difference between fecal and ileal digestibility. Insoluble fiber was measured as NDF, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and in vitro insoluble fiber, whereas soluble fiber was calculated as the difference between total dietary fiber (TDF) and NDF (TDF-NDF), IDF (TDF-IDF), and in vitro insoluble fiber (TDF-in vitro insoluble fiber). The intestinal mucin content was used to correct the TDF and soluble fiber digestibility. Ileal and fecal concentration of mucin increased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (P < 0.01). Once corrected for intestinal mucin, ileal and fecal digestibility of TDF and soluble fiber increased whereas cecal digestibility decreased (P < 0.01). Ileal digestibility of TDF increased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (12.0 vs. 28.1%; P < 0.01), with no difference in the cecum (26.4%), resulting in a higher fecal digestibility from the LSF to the HSF diet group (P < 0.01). Ileal digestibility of insoluble fiber increased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (11.3 vs. 21.0%; P < 0.01), with no difference in the cecum (13.9%) and no effect of fiber method, resulting in a higher fecal digestibility for rabbits fed the HSF diet compared with the MSF and LSF diet groups (P < 0.01). Fecal digestibility of NDF was higher compared with IDF or in vitro insoluble fiber (P < 0.01). Ileal soluble fiber digestibility was higher for the HSF than for the LSF diet group (43.6 vs. 14.5%; P < 0.01) and fiber method did not affect it. Cecal soluble fiber digestibility decreased from the LSF to the HSF diet group (72.1 vs. 49.2%; P < 0.05). The lowest cecal and fecal soluble fiber digestibility was measured using TDF-NDF (P < 0.01). In conclusion, a correction for intestinal mucin is necessary for ileal TDF and soluble fiber digestibility whereas the selection of the fiber method has a minor relevance. The inclusion of sugar beet and apple pulp increased the amount of TDF fermented in the small intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the function of Shatian pomelo sponge layer insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), it was modified by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP, 400 MPa, 15 min), cellulose hydrolysis (CH, 0.4% cellulase, 70 min) and alkaline hydrolysis (AH, 1.4% sodium hydroxide solution, 20 min), respectively. Compared with the unmodified IDF, the molecular weight and particle size of the three modified IDFs were both decreased, while their void structure was increased. Specifically, the IDF treated with AH resulted in the smallest particle size (60.63 μm) and a honeycomb-like void structure, which explained why AH-treated IDF showed the strongest glucose and cholesterol adsorption capacities in vitro. The contents of rhamnose, xylose, galactose and galacturonic acid in IDF were significantly increased after HHP treatment (H-IDF). Moreover, H-IDF and CH-treated IDF (C-IDF) exhibited similar capacities for oil-holding and cation-exchange. H-IDF presented the strongest swelling capacity and excellent capacity for cholesterol adsorption. Thus, HHP modified Shatian pomelo peel sponge layer IDF can not only improve the utilization of by-products, but also has potential application value as a novel ingredient in hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic foods products. • Three modification methods had effect on color of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). • The alkaline hydrolysis (1.4% sodium hydroxide solution, 20 min) treatment significantly reduces the crystalline value of IDF. • The water holding capacity of IDF could increase by 101.5% after High hydrostatic pressure (HHP, 400 MPa, 15 min) treatment. • Surface morphology and main structure of IDFs were obviously changed by three kinds of modifications. • IDF has higher cholesterol adsorption capacity after HHP treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal and leads to various altered physiological functions, which are harmful to health. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of insoluble dietary fiber from rice bran (RBIDF, non-starch polysaccharides) against Cd-induced toxicity in mice. The results showed that Cd exposure caused a significant decrease in body weight and that RBIDF recovered the body weight gain of mice (P < 0.05). Moreover, RBIDF reversed the decrease of liver and kidney weight, and the increase of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CREA) and urea (UREA) levels. The histopathological results showed that RBIDF alleviated severe liver damage induced by Cd exposure, and improved liver cell injury and glomerulus destruction. RBIDF also decreased the Cd accumulation in the intestine and Cd absorption and increased Cd content in mouse feces (P < 0.05). In addition, at phylum level, RBIDF increased Bacteroidetes abundance, while decreased Firmicutes and Proteobacteria abundances. At genus level, it increased Lactobacillus abundance as well. It could be seen that RBIDF ameliorated the Cd-induced decrease in gut microbiota disorders. The results indicated that RBIDF was an effective component in the daily diet against Cd toxicity. [Display omitted] • RBIDF ameliorated liver and kidney damage caused by cadmium. • RBIDF maintained body weight and promoted the excretion of feces of cadmium. • RBIDF restored bacterial community structure and composition of gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IDF was extracted by alkaline hydrogen peroxide (named BIDF) and complex enzymatic hydrolysis method (named OIDF) from bamboo. The in vitro fecal fermentation characteristics of BIDF, OIDF and commercial bamboo fiber BF90 and their impacts on human gut microbiota were studied for the first time. Results showed that BIDF, OIDF and BF90 could promote the production of total SCFAs after 24h fermentation. Additionally, BIDF could alter the composition and microbial diversity of gut microbiota, especially increase the relative abundance of Bacteroides and decrease the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) value. These results revealed that the IDF from bamboo could be partially utilized by specific bacteria in human intestines and provide a reference for the study of the effects of IDF fermentation on SCFAs production and microbial composition. [Display omitted] • Two high-quality insoluble dietary fiber was obtained from Bamboo culm uesd by alkaline hydrogen peroxide (named BIDF) and complex enzymatic hydrolysis method (named OIDF), respectively. • During in vitro fecal fermentation, both BIDF and OIDF could promote the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). • BIDF could regulate the composition and microbial diversity of gut microbiota. • The insoluble dietary fiber from bamboo can be utilized by specific bacteria in human intestines. Bamboo contains abundant hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, which are a high-quality insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) raw material. To investigate IDF- induced changes in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the composition of human gut microbiota, IDF was extracted by alkaline hydrogen peroxide (named BIDF), complex enzymatic hydrolysis method (named OIDF) from bamboo, and commercial bamboo fiber BF90. The in vitro fecal fermentation characteristics of BIDF, OIDF, BF90 and its impacts on human gut microbiota were studied for the first time. Results showed that BIDF, OIDF, and BF90 could promote the production of total SCFAs after 24 h fermentation. Additionally, BIDF could alter the composition and microbial diversity of gut microbiota, especially increase the relative abundance of Bacteroides and decrease the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) value. These results revealed that the IDF from bamboo could be partially utilized by specific bacteria in human intestines and provide a reference for the study of the effects of IDF fermentation on SCFAs production and microbial composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fiber-bound polyphenols from various whole grains effectively scavenge carbonyls. • High carbonyl trapping capacity can be retained after gastrointestinal digestion. • The carbonyls adduct of fiber-bound polyphenols were detected. The carbonyl trapping activity of bound-polyphenol rich insoluble dietary fiber (BP-IDF) from different whole grains and underlying mechanism of these BP-IDF actions were studied under simulated physiological conditions. We found that the black highland barley BP-IDF exhibited the most pronounced effect in scavenging carbonyls by trapping 88.7%, 72.2%, 95.7%, and 31.4% for methylglyoxal, glyoxal, acrolein, and malondialdehyde within 24 h, respectively. After vitro gastrointestinal digestion, the black highland barley BP-IDF still retained considerable trapping activity for carbonyls. The carbonyl scavenging capacity was reduced by up to 93% after removing bound polyphenols from the black highland barley BP-IDF, which was consistent with the reduction in its total phenolic content. Moreover, the formation of adducts between reactive carbonyl species (RCS) and polyphenols bound to insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) was also detected. Overall, these findings confirmed that IDF-bound polyphenols were still active to trap RCS, indicating the potential benefits of BP-IDF from whole grains as functional ingredients to limit carbonyl stress across the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The influence of the ratio of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) on the in vitro starch digestion, predicted glycemic index (pGI), and the physicochemical properties of fiber-enriched cakes were evaluated. The hydration and pasting properties were affected by the ratio of SDF and IDF. According to the increase of IDF ratio (SDF ratio reduction) in 3g fiber-enriched cakes, slowly digestible starch (SDS) contents increased, while the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) contents decreased. The pGI values were significantly different with control in 3g fiber-enriched cake containing more than 50% IDF contents (p <0.05). But the pGI values of 6g fiber-enriched cake samples were not significantly different by SDF and IDF ratio. With the exception of the SDF 100% cake, volume index, hardness, and color values of the fiber-enriched cakes increased according to reductions in the SDF ratio. The cakes containing 3g of total dietary fiber (the same ratio of SDF and IDF) per serving were shown to have low pGI and acceptable quality attributes. Specially, total dietary fiber amount and IDF ratio are more effective than SDF ratio to lower the pGI value. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effects of microfluidization on the characteristics and physicochemical properties of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from peach and oat were investigated. The results showed that microfluidization could effectively reduce IDF particle sizes to submicron scales, trigger a redistribution of some fiber composition from insoluble to soluble fractions and improve the physicochemical properties (water-holding capacity, swelling capacity, oil-holding capacity) of IDF to some different extents. After microfluidization the IDF ability in lowering postprandial serum glucose (including the effects of IDF on the diffusion of glucose, glucose adsorption capacity and inhibitory effects of IDF towards α-amylase) and the activity of pancreatic lipase generally increased. It was concluded that microfluidization treatments could effectively improve the functionalities of IDF, which might be a potential fiber-rich ingredients in functional foods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Dietary fiber (DF) is a carrier of abundant bound polyphenols (BP). The present work was to investigate the release characteristic and mechanism of BP from the insoluble dietary fiber of navel orange peel (NOP-IDF) by mixed solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger. The optimized fermentation conditions were set as follows: inoculation ratio of T. reesei to A. niger 3:1, delayed inoculation time 28 h and initial pH 6.5. The compositions of BP were identified and quantified by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC-ESI-QQQ-MS/MS, then the biotransformation pathways were partially speculated. Moreover, cellulase, xylanase and β -glucosidase activities were strongly correlated with the BP content. The SEM showed the cell wall and the crystalline structure of the NOP-IDF was effectively decomposed. Furthermore, mixed SSF significantly enhanced in vitro antioxidant activities of BP. In summary, our study demonstrated that mixed SSF was a feasible method for the BP release. • Mixed SSF with T. reesei and A. niger effectively facilitated the BP release. • Forty-four BP were identified and quantified from the NOP-IDF. • The biotransformation pathways of BP were partially speculated during mixed SSF. • Cellulase, xylanase and β -glucosidase activities were correlated with the BP. • SEM further suggested that mixed SSF might facilitate the BP release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging evidence suggests that insoluble dietary fiber prevents obesity by regulating gut dysbiosis. However, whether insoluble yeast β-glucan (IYG) has an anti-obesity effect is still unclear. Here, the impact and potential mechanism of long-term IYG supplementation on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity were investigated. After 24 weeks of long-term supplementation, IYG ameliorated weight gain, dyslipidemia, systemic inflammation, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in HFD-fed rats. In addition, HFD-induced gut dysbiosis and changed levels of short-chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide were restored by IYG. Meanwhile, HFD-induced downregulations of tight junction proteins and Mucin 2 as well as elevated gut permeability were recovered by IYG. IYG also mitigated HFD-induced colonic inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, antibiotic treatment abrogated the protective effect of IYG on obesity, indicating the important role of gut microbiota in IYG's effect. This study demonstrated that IYG, as a potential prebiotic, exhibited a protective effect on HFD-induced obesity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An improved rapid analysis for determining the content of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) in common cereals and some sorts of beans is described in this paper. The procedure includes starch gelatinization in water bath for 20 min at 100 °C and 2.5% (w/w) α-amylase hydrolyzed reaction followed by neutral detergent wash and acetone extraction. Compared with 1.5 h for filtration (estimated) and 18 h for the enzymatic hydrolysis required by the typical American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) method, the filtration and enzymatic treatment procedures in the improved method was completed within 15 min and 1.5 h, respectively. The length of time for the filtration and the enzymatic hydrolysis for the improved method was significantly shortened from 19.5 h (AACC method) to 1.75 h. In addition, orthogonal array design (OAD) has been applied to optimize parameters of the improved method. The recovery yield of microcrystalline cellulose was 97.75% (w/w), in agreement with the result obtained using the typical AACC method, demonstrating the reliability of the improved method. Furthermore, several common cereals and beans were employed to validate the accuracy and universality of this improved method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study was designed for determining the effect of particle size on the functional properties of corn bran insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). Results showed that some physicochemical properties were improved with the decrease in particle size. The structure of the IDF was observed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The surface was found wrinkled and sparse, the particle size was smaller, the crystallinity of IDF had increased slightly, and more -OH and C-O groups were exposed. Moreover, the corn bran IDF with a smaller particle size had a better hypoglycemic effect in vitro , and the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase were also increased significantly with the decrease in particle size ( p < 0.05). When the IDF was 300 mesh, the inhibitory rate of α-glucosidase was 61.34 ± 1.12%, and the inhibitory rate of α-amylase was 17.58 ± 0.33%. It had increased by 25.54 and 106.83%, respectively compared to the control treatment (CK) group. In addition, correlation analysis found that the particle size was highly negatively correlated with some functional properties of IDF ( p < 0.05), and the content of cellulose was positively correlated with the functional properties of IDF except WHC ( p < 0.05). To sum up, reducing particle size was suitable for the development of high value-added IDF products. This study also revealed the potential value of corn bran IDF and provided a new idea for the diversified application of IDF., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Jiang, Wang, Liu, Wang, Zheng and Zuo.)

The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that differences in the digestibility of total dietary fiber among breeds of pigs is influenced by the type of fiber fed and also by the age of the pig. Five Meishan pigs (BW: 77.2 ± 15.2 kg; 5 mo old), 5 light Yorkshire pigs (BW: 80.1 ± 11.2 kg; 4 mo old), and 5 heavy Yorkshire pigs (BW: 102.1 ± 3.5 kg, 5 mo old) were surgically prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. A corn-soybean meal diet (control) was formulated with 5 g∙kg-1 of titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Three additional diets were formulated by replacing 30% of the control diet with 30% of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), soybean hulls, or sugar beet pulp, and 1 diet was formulated by replacing 15% of the control diet with 15% pectin. Each group of pigs was allotted to a 5 × 5 Latin square design, and pigs were fed the 5 experimental diets during five 14-d periods. Fecal samples were collected on d 12, and ileal digesta were collected on d 13 and 14 of each period. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE and nutrients in each ingredient were calculated using the substitution method. Hindgut disappearance was calculated as the difference between ATTD and AID. When fed the control diet, Meishan pigs tended (P < 0.10) to have a greater AID of GE and CP (78.6 and 80.3%, respectively) than light (77.0 and 78.9%, respectively) and heavy (75.7 and 76.9%, respectively) Yorkshire pigs, and they had a greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM, GE, and carbohydrates (89.2, 89.5, and 95.5%, respectively) than light (86.6, 86.4, and 92.4%, respectively) and heavy (87.0, 86.6, and 93.0%, respectively) Yorkshire pigs. The ATTD of DM, GE, CP, carbohydrates, and total dietary fiber in DDGS (75.4, 76.3, 81.3, 78.0, and 75.3%, respectively) was greater (P < 0.01) in Meishan pigs than in light (55.7, 58.5, 66.7, 49.2, and 39.0%, respectively) and heavy (59.8, 62.9, 70.0, 51.1, and 55.7%, respectively) Yorkshire pigs. There were no differences among the 3 groups of pigs in the ATTD of GE or nutrients in soybean hulls, sugar beet pulp, or pectin. The hindgut disappearance of DM and carbohydrates in DDGS by Meishan pigs (26.8 and 52.9%, respectively) was greater (P < 0.05) than in the light (10.0 and 22.8%, respectively) and Heavy Yorkshire pigs (12.2 and 20.0%, respectively), but for the other ingredients, no differences in hindgut disappearance among Meishan, light Yorkshire, and heavy Yorkshire pigs were observed. In conclusion, Meishan pigs have a greater ATTD of DM, GE, and some nutrients in corn-soybean meal diets and in DDGS than Yorkshire pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) contents of 37 composite dishes commonly consumed in the State of Kuwait were determined by the AOAC enzymatic--gravimetric method of Prosky et al. Levels (g/100  g) of SDF ranged over 0.3--0.5 in fish-based dishes, 0.3--2.6 in meat-based dishes, 0.1--1.4 in rice dishes, 3.2--4.6 in vegetable dishes, 0.3--0.7 in soup dishes, 0 in dairy dishes, 0.7--0.8 in sandwiches, and 0.1--5.0 in sweet dishes. IDF levels ranged over 1.1--1.8 in fish-based, 0.9--3.2 in meat-based, 0.6--2.7 in rice, 2.1--4.0 in vegetables, 0.6--3.4 in soup, 0 in dairy, 0.2--0.3 in sandwiches, and 0.2-11.6 in sweets. TDF values ranged over 1.4--2.3 in fish-based, 1.2--3.7 in meat-based, 0.3--4.1 in rice, 3.2-4.6 in vegetables, 0.9--3.8 in soup, 0 in dairy, 0.7--0.8 in sandwiches and 0.3--15.4 in sweets. This work attempts to provide new data on TDF, IDF and SDF of selected commonly consumed Kuwaiti composite dishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Resistant starch' (RS) is defined as starch and starch degradation products that resist the action of amylolytic enzymes. The effect of multiple heating/cooling treatments on the RS content of legumes, cereals and tubers was studied. The mean RS contents of the freshly cooked legumes, cereals and tubers (4.18%, 1.86% and 1.51% dry matter basis, respectively) increased to 8.16%, 3.25% and 2.51%, respectively, after three heating/cooling cycles (P≤0.05) with a maximum increase of 114.8% in pea and a minimum of 62.1% in sweet potato (P≤0.05). Significant positive correlations were observed between the RS content and amylose (y=0.443x-5.993, r=0.829, P≤0.05, n=9) as well as between the percentage increase in RS and insoluble dietary fiber content (y=2.149x-24.787, r=0.962, P≤0.05, n=9). A differential scanning calorimeter study showed an increase in the T 0, T p, T c and ΔH values of the repeatedly autoclaved/cooled starches. The intact granular structure was also observed disappear, as studied using scanning electron microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) were prepared from wheat bran insoluble dietary fiber (WBIDF) by treatment with commercial xylanase preparation Sunzymes. XOS, with a purity of 95% (w/w) and degree of polymerization of 2-7 and the ratio of arabinose to xylose of 0.27, was obtained with a yield of approximately 31.2% of WBIDF. Their stability was evaluated by comparing with that of commercial fructooligosaccharides (FOS) during pasteurization (60–100°C, 30min) and autoclave sterilization (121°C, 1kg/cm2, 10–50min) at pH 2.0–4.0. XOS was characterized by a high thermal stability during pasteurization at pH 2.5–4.0 and sterilization at pH 3.0–4.0. Even at pH 2.0, the remaining XOS reached 97.2% (w/w) and 84.2% (w/w) during pasteurization (100°C, 30min) and sterilization (50min), respectively. Compared with FOS, XOS was strongly resistant to lower acidic conditions. The results revealed that XOS was considered to be more suitable for use as functional food ingredients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Soy hull insoluble dietary fiber (SHIDF) extracted from soybean water-soluble polysaccharides enzymatically is a good carbon source for the growth of gut microbiota. Genomics, co-precipitation and proteomics analyses were used to investigate adhesion behavior of the gut microbiota toward SHIDF in vitro. After gut microbiota fermentation, the content of total and reducing sugars decreased with increasing fermentation time, but the content of NH 3 –N first increased and then decreased, and gas was produced mainly during 8–16 h. The structure and abundance of the gut microbiota were regulated after fermentation. Proliferation of beneficial bacteria increased, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The adhesion of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium longum to SHIDF increased gradually with increasing adhesion time. The adhesion of two probiotics to IDF first increased and then decreased with increasing bacterial age (6, 12, 24, and 36 h). SDS, EDTA, bile salts, trypsin and proteinase K in the adhesion environment affected probiotic adhesion to SHIDF to a certain extent. Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium longum showed significant differences in adhesion membrane proteins after SHIDF treatment. The 30S ribosomal protein S21 and GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), a surface protein involved in intestinal adhesion, were found to be significantly upregulated through label free proteomic analysis. • The maximum consumption of SHIDF was 50.92% after gut microbiota fermentation. • SHIDF promoted the proliferation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in vitro. • Gut microbiota adhesion to SHIDF was useful for the proliferation of bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the production of insoluble dietary fiber using exploded and chemically treated oak wood (Quercus mongolica) and the physiological functions of prepared insoluble dietary fiber in laboratory animals. To produce high quality insoluble dietary fiber, the steam explosion treatment was performed at 25 kgf/cm2 pressure for 6 minutes. In the chemical analysis of insoluble dietary fiber, exploded oak wood was pretreated by 1% sodium hydroxide solution. The insoluble dietary fiber contained 7.6% residual lignin and 61.7% of α-cellulose. In order to compare the physiological functions of prepared insoluble dietary fiber with those of commercial insoluble dietary fiber, Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 ± 10 g were randomly assigned to one normal diet and five high cholesterol diets, containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol diet groups were classified as the fiber-free diet (FF group), 5% commercial α-cellulose diet group (5C group), 10% commercial α-cellulose group (10C group), 5% insoluble dietary fiber group (5M group) and 10% insoluble dietary fiber group (10M group). Food intake, weight gain and food efficiency ratio in high cholesterol groups were significantly higher than those of the normal group, but there were no significant differences among the high cholesterol diet groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in the weights of liver, kidney and small intestine in insoluble dietary fiber-supplemented groups. Cecum weights in all insoluble dietary fiber groups were significantly higher than those of the FF group. There were no significant differences in the activities of the glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) among the insoluble dietary fiber-supplemented groups. In conclusion, the prepared insoluble dietary fiber and the commercially available insoluble fiber showed the same physiological effects. Moreover, the preparation method for the insoluble dietary fiber from the exploded oak wood was successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypoglycemic effects of several insoluble fiber-rich fractions (FRFs) including insoluble dietary fiber, alcohol-insoluble solid, and water-insoluble solid isolated from the pomace of Averrhoa carambola were investigated by some in vitro methods. This study evidenced that these three insoluble FRFs could effectively adsorb glucose, retard glucose diffusion, postpone the release of glucose from starch, and inhibit the activity of α-amylase to different extents. All of these mechanisms might create a concerted function in lowering the rate of glucose absorption and as a result decrease the postprandial serum glucose concentration. Our results revealed that the hypoglycemic effects of these insoluble FRFs were significantly (P<0.05) stronger than that of cellulose. Therefore, it was suggested that they could be incorporated as low-calorie bulk ingredients in high-fiber foods to reduce calorie level and help control blood glucose concentration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This work provides new data on total (TDF), insoluble (IDF) and soluble (SDF) dietary fiber contents of Indian fruits, which play an important role in human nutrition. Twenty-five common fruits and nine mango varieties were analyzed for their TDF, IDF and SDF contents by enzymatic and gravimetric method of AOAC. Among the fruits, the TDF and IDF contents ranged between 0.6 and 0.3 g% in watermelon and 10.9 and 9.1 g% in sapota, respectively. The SDF content ranged from 0.3 g% in watermelon to 2.4 g% in fig. The SDF as percentage of TDF was low in pear (7.0%) and high in sweet lime (51.8%), but in general, the majority of the fruits had 30%. In mango varieties the TDF and IDF contents were low in panchadarakalasa (1.3 and 0.5 g%) and high in banganapalli (3.0 and 1.5 g%), respectively. The SDF content was low in dashehari (0.7 g%) and high in eruman (1.6 g%). The SDF as % TDF ranged between 46.9% in dashehari and 61.5% in panchadarakalasa, but most of the mango varieties had around 50% of their TDF as SDF. Results indicate that fruits such as fig, mango, orange, papaya and sweet lime are rich sources of SDF, the component of TDF associated with a number of health benefits. The TDF contents of fruits analyzed in the present study were higher than their crude fiber content. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT: Soluble and insoluble dietary fibers are recognized to have different physiological responses. Therefore, we worked out a new method for binding of bile salts to soluble and insoluble dietary fibers in seaweeds. Dried and pulverized Porphyra yezoensis, Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, and Hizikia fusiformis were suspended in cholate, chenodeoxycholate, or deoxycholate solution, and incubated. After centrifugation and then precipitation with ethanol according to the analytical method of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers, the concentration of cholates not binding to both dietary fibers was measured by enzymatic colorimetry. The percentage of bile salts bound to insoluble dietary fiber was higher than that to soluble dietary fiber, because the amount of insoluble dietary fiber was higher in seaweeds. The binding ability of soluble dietary fiber seemed to be greater than that of insoluble dietary fiber. Adsorption of cholate to seaweeds was lower in comparison with chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate. Thus, seaweed dietary fibers have a different capacity to adsorb cholates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes, leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, gourds and other vegetables were analyzed for total (TDF), soluble (SDF) and insoluble (IDF) dietary fiber contents, both before and after cooking either by a conventional open-pan method or by pressure cooker. Data revealed a significant increase in SDF fraction with a concomitant decrease in the IDF fraction upon cooking by both the methods employed. Although the decrease in IDF matched the increase in SDF values in some cases, it was found to be more in vegetables categorized as 'other'. The dietary fiber values have also been reported on a fresh weight basis which may serve as a guideline for calculating dietary intake of each component by the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]