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Restraint in modern non-psychiatric-based healthcare is often regarded as a rare occurrence. It is deemed to be used as a last resort to prevent patients from directly harming themselves. However, techniques are used in modern day practice which are considered direct and indirect restraints with the justification of maintaining patient safety, but they are often not classified as “restraints”. Examples of these include the use of bed rails or tables to prevent patients from “wandering” and to reduce the risk of falls and injuries. More indirect techniques would involve passive interactions with patients or leaving mobility aids out of reach. Staff subconsciously restrain patients and reduce their liberties despite agreeing that patient autonomy should be upheld—a necessary evil to maintain a duty of care. Whilst the use of restraints is often justified to ensure patient care and prevent injury, it is not without consequence. There are physical and psychological health risks such as pressure sores from the inability to mobilise, or the brewing of anger and frustration when denied access to everyday actions. The reasons why restraints are used, whilst stemming from maintaining patient safety, are often due to low staffing levels and the inability to constantly watch at-risk patients due to a large workload. Inadequate training is another factor; by improving education in direct and indirect restraint and providing alternative methods, more ethical decisions and positive outcomes can be implemented. Healthcare professionals are reluctant to use restraint but often conduct it without realising it; assessing their understanding of restraint and providing education to raise awareness of the consequences of direct and indirect methods would result in positive steps toward reducing their use at the same time as looking to provide alternatives to uphold patient care whilst maintaining their dignity and liberty.

Large-scale solar heating for the building sector requires an adequate Thermal Energy Storage (TES) strategy. TES plays the role of load shifting between the energy demand and the solar irradiance and thus makes the annual production optimal. In this study, we report a simplified algorithm uniquely based on energy flux, to evaluate the role of active TES on the annual performance of a large-scale solar heating for residential thermal energy supply. The program considers different types of TES, i.e., direct and indirect, as well as their specifications in terms of capacity, storage density, charging/discharging limits, etc. Our result confirms the auto-regulation ability of indirect (latent using Phase Change Material (PCM), or Borehole thermal storage (BTES) in soil) TES which makes the annual performance comparable to that of direct (sensible with hot water) TES. The charging and discharging restrictions of the latent TES, until now considered as a weak point, could retard the achievement of fully-charged situation and prolong the charging process. With its compact volume, the indirect TES turns to be promising for large-scale solar thermal application.

Language produced in a specific event of communication will have its form and function. Some messages are delivered in direct ways meaning the form and the functions are symmetric; some others are delivered in indirect ways, asymmetric. Direct or indirect ways will give different perceptions to those who receive the content of the message. Considering the face of receivers is one of the principles that should be made by policy makers as they communicate with people in public space. This article aims to explain the forms of language used to prohibit littering and the way the maker of prohibition thinks about the writing of littering. The research is conducted by using non-participatory observation method. This, then, is followed by applying note taking technique and recording. The result shows mostly the writings of littering prohibition are made an indirect way and less number in indirect way. Having a direct way means society is placed as subordinate in relation to the authorities. Even though less in number, indirect littering prohibition shows some writings see an equal position between the writer and reader. Both take a similar point of view on littering.

Introduction The financial cost of injuries sustained in road traffic crashes is high for victims, families and national budgets, but there is limited information on the cost of injury from the victims’ perspective, especially in terms of the hard-to-reach multi-trauma patient population such as those admitted to the intensive care units of hospitals. Materials and methods The current study received funding by the European Commission Directorate-General Mobility and Transport. It is a prospective, prevalence-based, cost-of-illness study. Participants admitted in the intensive care units of seven public hospitals in Greece, Germany and Italy because of injuries from road traffic crashes, during one year, were enrolled in the study. Patients were followed-up for one year after the intensive care unit admission to report emerging direct and indirect costs related to their injury. Results A total of 120 people were enrolled. Males, those aged 25–49, motorcyclists and those severely injured (Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) 3+) with highest severity located at the central part of the body, accounted for the highest percentages of both the direct and indirect injury costs. The highest average direct costs were for females, those aged 50–64, pedestrians and those slightly injured (MAIS 1 or 2) with highest severity at the central region of the body. Males, patients aged 25–49, car passengers and truck drivers as well as those slightly injured (MAIS 1 or 2) with highest severity at multiple locations were over-represented in the average indirect costs. Conclusions Those groups that account for a high percentage of injury costs should be targeted in health policy initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct reference intervals are an important part of test results. As establishing own reference intervals is a very expensive task, the NORIP reference intervals are often transferred for use in Nordic laboratories. The NORIP reference interval on P-Albumin was here compared to current results for laboratories using the bromocresol purple (BCP) method for P-Albumin. External quality control reports were used to investigate the change in levels between the BCP and BCG methods on P-Albumin. An algorithm was built for extracting and isolating the laboratory’s healthy subject population. The algorithm was used to extract test results from the laboratory information system. Parametric and non-parametric statistical methods were used to evaluate the P-Albumin test result populations. The indirect method used here clearly shows that the NORIP reference intervals for P-Albumin are not fit for the current bromocresol purple methods. The method was also used to suggest new reference interval limits. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Accurate determination of energy expenditure (EE) is vitally important yet often neglected in clinical practice. Indirect calorimetry (IC) provides one of the most sensitive, accurate, and noninvasive measurements of EE in an individual. Over the last couple of decades, this technique has been applied to clinical circumstances such as acute illness and parenteral nutrition. Beyond assessing the nutritional needs, it has also shed light on various aspects of nutrient assimilation, thermogenesis, the energetics of physical exercise, and the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. However, because of little or no experience with IC provided during medical education, the benefits of IC are poorly appreciated. Newer technology, cost-effectiveness, and a better understanding of how to interpret measurements should lead to more frequent use of IC. This review focuses on the physicochemical background of IC, the various indications for use, techniques and instruments, potential pitfalls in measurement, and the recent advances in technology that has adapted the technique to long-term studies in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to determine the diagnostic yield of the indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) test for the detection of antibodies against HTLV-1. A diagnostic test evaluation study was performed. HTLV-1-infected MT2 cells and HTLV-1-uninfected K-562 cells were cultured; then these cells were impregnated and fixed in sheets for immunofluorescence and faced to Peruvian sera. A total of 155 sera (80 HTLV-1-positive sera and 75 sera positive for other diseases) from the Peruvian Instituto Nacional de Salud were used. In addition, the parameters of repeatability (intra-laboratory) and reproducibility (in laboratories of the Peruvian coast, mountains and jungle) of the test were evaluated. The IFI test detected the presence of antibodies against HTLV-1 reaching a sensitivity of 98.75% (95% CI: 95.69 - 100.00%), a specificity of 98.67% (95% CI: 95.40 - 100.00%) and the Kappa index was 0.975. There were no false positives or false negatives; however, one undetermined result and one non-specific result were obtained. The test showed 100% qualitative agreement when performing the repeatability and reproducibility. The results obtained are comparable to the reference test. Therefore, the IFI test had a good diagnostic performance and would be useful for the confirmation of HTLV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridge structures are subject to continuous degradation, which requires an ongoing screening to give an early warning if the bridge becomes unsafe. In recent years, many authors have investigated a shift of the instrumentation from the bridge to a passing vehicle to collect indirect measurements for the bridge responses. This approach is known by ‘drive-by’ bridge inspection. This paper introduces a new method in the drive-by bridge inspection concept which employs acceleration measurements of a non-specialized vehicle to identify the change in the bridge responses due to structural damage. Two damage indices are included in the study, the vehicle acceleration spectra and the change in the bridge displacement. The paper will use an explicit approach for solving the Vehicle-Bridge Interaction (VBI) problem to give a more accurate representation of the truck/bridge interaction. The VBI problem will be solved using LS-Dyna Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program. The bridge is represented by discretized one-dimensional (1D) FE beam elements, and by discretized two dimensional (2D) plate bending elements. Damage is defined in this study as a change in the damping ratio and/or gradual decrease in structure stiffness. Two vehicle models are used in the study, the two-degree-of-freedom quarter car model and the four-degree-of-freedom half car model. Both smooth and rough profiles are considered in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to validate four commonly used tests (Astrand-Ryhming, Bruce, Balke and PWC150) for indirect maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) prediction and to assess their usage in the case of soccer players. Sixteen male subjects (age = 27.8 ± 3.8 y, height = 182.8 ± 4.7 cm and body mass = 81.5 ± 8.5 kg) participated in this study. Four observed tests were compared with direct VO2max assessment which was performed as breath-by-breath gas analysis during graded treadmill protocol until exhaustion. The Astrand-Ryhming and PWC150 tests were performed on a stationary bike while the Bruce and Balke tests were conducted on a motorized treadmill. The methods of statistical analysis and comparison used were Bland-Altman plot analysis, regression analysis, the coefficient of variation and one way ANOVA. Our results revealed no agreement among measurement techniques and mean differences in all four protocols. The relationship was modest but statistically significant in the case of Bruce protocol (R² = 32 %, p ≤ 0.05). We conclude moderate reliability to be sufficiently satisfactory for the observed population and can be used under given circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous humor flows out of the eye primarily through the conventional outflow pathway that includes the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. However, a fraction of aqueous humor passes through an alternative or ‘unconventional’ route that includes the ciliary muscle, supraciliary and suprachoroidal spaces. From there, unconventional outflow may drain through two pathways: a uveoscleral pathway where aqueous drains across the sclera to be resorbed by orbital vessels, and a uveovortex pathway where aqueous humor enters the choroid to drain through the vortex veins. We review the anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of these pathways. We also discuss methods to determine unconventional outflow rate, including direct techniques that use radioactive or fluorescent tracers recovered from tissues in the unconventional pathway and indirect methods that estimate unconventional outflow based on total outflow over a range of pressures. Indirect methods are subject to a number of assumptions and generally give poor agreement with tracer measurements. We review the variety of animal models that have been used to study conventional and unconventional outflow. The mouse appears to be a promising model because it captures several aspects of conventional and unconventional outflow dynamics common to humans, although questions remain regarding the magnitude of unconventional outflow in mice. Finally, we review future directions. There is a clear need to develop improved methods for measuring unconventional outflow in both animals and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene exhibits both excellent stretch and specific surface area. As a consequence, graphene has attracted immense attention for its applications lately. It worked well when bonded with copper composites. Unfortunately, however, there are little of such composites. To facilitate researchers to work better in the future, this article reviews its synthesis. There are two routes, including direct synthesis and indirect synthesis, which could be used to prepare copper/graphene. Simultaneously, the development and prospects of copper/graphene composite material have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction Psoriasis is a multisystem, immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Some authors have proposed an autoimmune basis for psoriasis; however, till date, it has not been definitely established. This study was conducted to explore the autoimmune nature of psoriasis. Materials and methods This was a prospective study in which 43 psoriasis patients were assessed for detailed clinical, histopathological and immunopathological features to explore the diagnostic utility of subtypes, intensity and number of immunoreactants in lesional and non-lesional skin in these patients. In addition, the sera of these patients were analyzed for the presence of various autoantibodies. Results The patients' age ranged from 14 to 75 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.52:1. Nine patients (20.93%) were positive for antinuclear and 2 (4.65%) for antismooth muscle antibodies. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) was positive in 31 (72%) biopsies from the lesional and 27 (63%) biopsies from non-lesional skin. In all these DIF positive cases, granular deposits of C5b-9 were detected at the dermoepidermal junction. No significant difference was observed on comparing the type and pattern of immunoreactant positivity, among lesional and non-lesional skin biopsies ( P > .05). Conclusion No significant association between psoriasis and immunoreactant deposition as well as autoantibody seroprevalence was observed, thereby refuting a definite autoimmune basis for psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the prevalence of antibodies to Rickettsia and Ehrlichia, related to recent and past contact, in the border towns of the departments Loreto, Madre de Dios Tumbes and Tacna, during the years 2010 and 2011, surveys for serological evaluation were carried out using the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF), in order to detect immunoglobulins G (IgG) and Total immunoglobulins (IgA+IgM+IgG) in 1634 persons. A recent contact prevalence was found for Ehrlichia of 3.7% (CI 95%: 3.0-4.4) and for Rickettsia of 10.6% (CI 95%: 9.1-12.1), and past contact for Ehrlichia of 19.0% (CI 95%: 17.1-21.0) and for Rickettsia of 23.3% (CI 95%: 21.2-25.3). It is concluded that there is a higher prevalence for past contact or infection in the population studied, both for Rickettsia and Ehrlichia, which would indicate an endemic behavior to both infectious agents in the geographic areas mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indirect calorimetry (IC) is the most precise approach for estimating calorie demand in critically ill patients. Despite this, owing to unaffordable devices, it is rarely used in practice. Predictive equations are the alternatives., Objectives: To assess the accuracy of 14 predictive resting energy expenditure(REE) equations in ventilated Thai patients., Methods: We compared the accuracy and agreement of 14 equations. The equations included the American College of Chest Physicians(ACCP) equation, Harris-Benedict equation(HBE), 1.2×HBE, 1.5×HBE, Mifflin-St. Jeor(MSJ), Ireton-Jones 1992 and 2002, Penn State 2003(HBE and MSJ) and 2010, Swinamer 1990, Faisy, Brandi 1999, and 25 kcal/kg equation. An equation was ascertained as accurate if the calculated values fell within ±10% of the measured REEs. Spearman correlation coefficient, Bland-Altman method, and intraclass correlation coefficient were used to analysis., Results: We obtained data from 24 ventilated patients undergoing REE measurement by IC. Fifty percent of them were male with a median age of 64.5 years, a median height of 160 cm, and a median body mass index of 22.95 kg/m 2 . The predictive precision of all equations was poor, with largely different accuracies from 6.7% to 48.1%. The most reliable equation was Penn State 2010. The ACCP, HBE, MSJ, and Penn State 2003(HBE) tended to underestimate calorie need. Contrastingly, the other equations tended to overestimate REEs. Despite a moderate degree of correlations, the Bland-Altman plots demonstrated clinically unacceptable discrepancies between measured REE and REE calculated by each equation., Conclusions: In ventilated Thai patients, there were no precise equations for determining REE., (© 2023 Napplika Kongpolprom, published by Sciendo.)

A new narrow-gap welding process is proposed by applying triple-wire gas indirect arc (TW-GIA). There are double power supplies and triple wires in this system. Power supplies are only connected between electrode wires and base materials are not linked to power supplies. Since there are different wire arrangements with TW-GIA, this article studies these wire arrangements and their effects on sidewall fusion for narrow-gap welding. Results show that different wire arrangements lead to variant arc behaviors and metal transfer, and consequently they lead to different situation of sidewall fusion. The heat to melt sidewalls is mainly from the indirect arc column and metal transfer with narrow-gap TW-GIA. When side wires deviate from the main wire to opposite directions, heat from arc columns and metal transfer can concentrate toward groove sidewalls. When the whole weld torch is lowered, heat from the indirect arc column and metal transfer increases at the weld bead root. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An indirect resistance spot welding process with single-side electrode access was developed for automotive applications. The variable controls of electrode force and welding current during welding were studied in order to achieve the promotion of weld nugget formation and the suppression of expulsion without sacrificing the productivity and design flexibility of automobiles. The welding experiments were performed on lapped test coupons of 0.7-mm- thick cold-rolled sheet with tensile strength of 270 N/mm² and 1.6-mm-thick cold-rolled sheet with tensile strength of 980 N/mm² using a resistance spot welding system consisting a servo-motor-controlled welding gun and an inverter DC power supply. Welding experiments verified that the occurrence of expulsion and formation of molten nugget were significantly influenced by the heat generation and melting process at an initial period during welding and manageable by applying the variable patterns of electrode force and welding current. When welding was performed under the large shunting condition simply with the constant force and current pattern of 400 N in electrode force, the appropriate current range was less than 1 kA. On the other hand, it extended to 2.6 kA when performed with the variable force and current pattern of 800 N in force and 4 kA in current at the first stage and 400 N in force at the second stage, confirming the fact that the variable pattern successfully suppressed the expulsion and promoted the nugget formation. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare the difference in welding phenomena between the constant force and current pattern and the variable force and current pattern and clarified that the effect of variable force and current pattern on the promotion of nugget formation and the suppression of expulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution of goods has evolved in two main directions that seem contradictory : on the one hand, the mass distribution was fully developed in terms of distribution facilities, logistics, comfort, and standardization of goods and services, on the other hand, the increased competition and customer loyalty has prompted the development of marketing techniques based on developing long-term relationships between the company and customers. Often this relationship is created and maintained through personalized offers, a unique combination of services and through direct contact with customers.These contradictory trends are reproduced in the distribution and consumption of wine. It is considered to be more than a physical product. From one point of view, the wine is not regarded as a simply physical product. The value of wine increases due to its tradition, trademark, country and region of origin, processing method, as well as the consumer’s knowledge and sensitivity. On the other side, the wine is one of the world’s most popular alcoholic beverages.

Introduction: The Rh blood group system is one of the most polymorphic and immunogenic blood group systems in humans. The expression of Rh blood group antigen is complex, among that Rh-D antigen is the most important antigen because of its immunogenicity. It is easy to detect D antigen in most of the cases. Sometimes, variable expression of Rh-D antigen leads to presence of weak forms. Weak D reacts variably with anti D sera and poses a problem in blood banking. Molecular genetics of Rh-D revealed that weak D antigen is a Rh-D phenotype that possesses less numbers of complete D antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Aim: Present study was carried out to study weak D positivity in a tertiary neuropsychiatry hospital of East Delhi for compatibility testing in blood transfusion, to assess the implications and need of weak D testing and for population genetics study. This study tried to observe pattern of weak D antigen in four broadly classified religious communities also (Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs and Christians). Materials and Methods: This was a two years prospective hospital based study including patients as well as donors. All patients were tested for Rh-D factor by commercially available monoclonal anti-D sera. The individuals who were found negative with anti-D were further investigated for weak D antigen by using indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) by tube as well as gel card technique. Results: The results were compiled by using SPSS software version 21.0 and Microsoft excel. Among 3619 cases, 3502 (96.7%) were Rh-D factor positive while 117(3.2%) were Rh D factor negative. Among these 117 Rh-D negative cases, 9 (7.6% out of total Rh-D negatives and 0.25% out of total samples) were weak D positive and 108(2.98%) were actually D negative individuals after IAT. Weak D positivity showed a slight predominance in females (55.5%). As per broad religious communities, weak D antigen was found in Hindus only and not observed in Muslims, Sikhs and Christians. In weak D positive individuals, B phenotype (0.43%) was found to be most common followed by A (0.26%) and O (0.2%). Conclusion: Considerably high frequency of weak D antigen was noticed in study samples of this hospital. With this data based information, it is felt worthwhile to perform weak D testing routinely of those individuals who are negative with saline anti-D to prevent possibility of haemolysis and for efficient blood transfusion practices by making compatible blood available.

Gerbode defect is a rare communication from left ventricle to right atrium. It is of two types: congenital versus acquired OR Direct (type I) versus Indirect (type II). Acquired forms are more common and increasingly reported than congenital. We report a second Indian case of such a rare defect and highlight the salient points of all such previously reported cases to make aware the clinicians and paediatricians of need of early diagnosis and timely surgery/ referral for successful outcome.

I define information from a philosophical perspective as a category that indicates the presence of indirect existence, which is a self-display by material entities (with direct existence) of the status and trajectory of that existence. In this paper, based in part on articles published only in Chinese over the last 30 years, information is shown to include three basic forms: In-itself, for-itself and regenerated information, which is constituted by the first two. Information in these three basic forms establishes the essence of information which is further developed in a fourth form—social information. Information is further characterized by the qualities of its three different grades, corresponding to these forms: The quality of first-grade information demonstrates direct objective existence and indirect objective existence; the quality of second-grade information demonstrates multiple levels of direct objective and indirect objective existence; the quality of third-grade information is that of the subjective relationships in human understanding that are encoded as information. The grounding of information in the ontological structure of the world gives it a central role in the approach to knowledge, constituting a new and necessary critique of the classical separation of the academic disciplines and the bases of modern philosophy.

Background: There is still no standard of care to manage thoracolumbar burst fractures. With all the recent advances, posterior approaches are still one of the mainstays of treatment. On the other hand, while spinal canal decompression in neurological impaired patients is an important goal of treatment, its technique remains controversial.This study compared the effects of direct laminectomy decompression against ligamentotaxis/indirect canal decompression on neurological and radiographic improvements., Methods: A prospective double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 60 thoracolumbar burst-fracture patients meeting our inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomized into 2 treatment arms: (1) direct decompression using laminectomy and (2) indirect decompression using ligamentotaxis/distraction. Each patient was observed for 6 months, and their neurological and radiographical data were collected prospectively. Statistical analysis was done by the Student t test, Friedman test, Mann Whitney-U test, Wilcoxon ranked test, and 1-way analysis of variance., Results: Among 60 patients enrolled in our study, each treatment arm had an improvement in Frankel scores but there was no difference between the groups at any given time. After 6 months of surgery, local sagittal kyphosis improved in both groups (from 32.2 to 7.43 and 29.93 to 8.77 for the indirect and direct groups, respectively), as well as anterior vertebral height ratio (from 57.73 to 70.7 and 62.17 to 66.27 for the indirect and direct group, respectively) and posterior vertebral height ratio (from 61.17 to 74.87 and 64 to 67.5 for the indirect and direct group, respectively). For between-group comparisons after 6 months, there was a significant difference only for posterior vertebral height ratio ( P = 0.040)., Conclusion: Posterior approaches with ligamentotaxis have shown to be safe and may present the same outcome as direct decompression techniques using wide laminectomy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2023 Iran University of Medical Sciences.)

Background & Aims: Mechanically ventilated patients are weaned during acute care hospitalization when it is determined that they are ready for withdrawal. If weaning fails, patients are admitted to a rehabilitation medical center for continued supportive care and additional weaning attempts. This study's objective is to increase the success rate of weaning from prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV), and to shorten the overall weaning period by tailoring the patient's caloric intake according to their individually measured energy needs., Methods: We designed a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial to be conducted among PMV patients undergoing routine ventilation-weaning attempts. Patients in the intervention arm will be fed according to energy needs determined by calorimetry. Patients in the control arm will be fed according to the standard of care, namely the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) guidelines. Each patient will undergo up to five weaning attempts. Study outcomes will include successful weaning rate, time to successful weaning, and 3-12 months survival rate., Discussion: This trial aims to examine the safety and efficacy of a nutritional diet based on an individual's measured caloric needs in terms of weaning rates and weaning time. We hypothesize that calorimetry-based nutrition plan will prove to be superior in both success rate and time to successful weaning compared to the standard nutrition plan based on the resting energy expenditure (REE) formula during the weaning process., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04825717., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2023 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The research aims at revealing the comparison between the effect of two ways of the direct and indirect mental training in developing some basic skills in volleyball . The researchers followed the empirical way in their wark. The data of the research is a group of 16 students of the fourth year (specialized in volleyball ) in the College of Sports Education. University of Mosul . the students have been distributed into two equal empirical groups as 8 students per group, There was equivalence between the two groups in the variables of (the age, light, body mass, cleverness, the attention appearance, sport mental illustration and some elements of physical and movement fitnes that effect in learning the basic skills in volleyball as well as some basic skills in volleyball . The personal meeting and the tests and measurements have been used as means to collect information. Two learning programs for volleyball have been suggested, the first includes a learning program of the determined schedule for the students of the fourth year to which the direct mental training was, the second is the same as the first with the addition of the indirect mental training. Each program consists of 24 learning units adopted during 12 weeks as two unites per week; the duration of each unit is 90 minutes. The researchers applied the following statistical means: (The arithmetic mean, standard deviation and T- test of unrelated mean and T- test related means , to deal with the data. ) The research concluded to these two results: 1. The direct and indirect mental training ways which have been adopted within the two learning programs, have a positive effect in developing some basic skills in volleyball. 2. The first empirical group, which carried out the direct mental training, seemed equal to the second empirical group, which carried out the way of the indirect mental training in the post –test used in developing some basic skills in volleyball

Background It remains controversial which bypass methods are optimal for treating adult moyamoya angiopathy patients. This study aimed to analyze the literature about whether different bypass methods affect differently outcome results of adult moyamoya patients with symptoms or hemodynamic instability. Methods A systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central databases was performed for articles published between 1990 and 2015. Comparative studies about the effect of direct or combined bypass (direct bypass group) and indirect bypass (indirect bypass group) in patients with moyamoya angiopathy at 18 years of age or older were selected. For stroke incidence at the end of the follow-up period, the degree of angiographic revascularization, hemodynamic improvement, and perioperative complication rates within 30 days, pooled relative risks were calculated between the 2 groups with a 95% confidence interval. Results A total of 8 articles (including 536 patients and 732 treated hemispheres) were included in the meta-analysis. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups when we compared the overall stroke rate, the hemodynamic improvement rate, or the perioperative complication rate at the end of the follow-up period. The direct bypass group, however, had a lower risk than the indirect bypass group for obtaining a poor angiographic revascularization rate (risk ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.15−0.84; P = 0.02). Conclusions The current meta-analysis suggests that the direct or combined bypass surgical method is better for angiographic revascularization in adult moyamoya patients with symptoms or hemodynamic instability. Future studies may be necessary to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel algorithm for bridge damage detection based on the mode shapes estimated from a passing vehicle. The bridge response at the moving coordinate is measured from an instrumented vehicle with laser vibrometers and accelerometers. A modified version of the Short Time Frequency Domain Decomposition method is applied to the measured responses. The bridge mode shape is estimated with high resolution, which is appropriate for damage detection. A damage index based on mode shape squares is used to detect the presence and location of the damage. A numerical case study of a half-car model passing over a bridge is described in this paper, which validates the performance of the proposed approach. Several damage scenarios are considered including different locations and severities. It is shown that the presence and location of the damage can be detected with acceptable accuracy when the vehicle is moving very slowly. In addition, the performance of the method using higher vehicle speeds is investigated and shows that the approach works well for speeds up to 8 m/s. The sensitivity of the algorithm to measurement noise is also studied by adding several levels of noise to the responses measured on the vehicle. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to get the first-hand knowledge about the seroprevalence of Porcine parvovirus (PPV) in Punjab and a diagnosis of PPV from abortion cases of swine using gross, histopathological, and immunohistopathological techniques to observe the tissue tropism of the virus strain. Materials and Methods: Tissue samples from the reproductive tract of pig (n=32), placental tissue (n=10), and aborted fetuses (n=18) were collected from Postmortem Hall of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, GADVASU, field outbreaks and from butcher houses in and around Ludhiana. These samples were processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies. For seroprevalence study, 90 serum samples of different sex and age were collected from 15 swine farms of Punjab and were subjected to indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using commercial kit. Results: Overall, seroprevalence of PPV was found to be 41.1%. Sex and age related difference in the prevalence was noted. In abortion cases grossly congested and emphysematous lungs, congested internal organs with fluid in abdominal cavity and congestion in brain, changes were noted in fetuses, while diffuse hemorrhages and edema was observed in placental tissue. Histopathologically, the most frequent fetal lesions in aborted fetuses were noted in lungs, liver, and brain. IHC staining revealed PPV antigens in sections of heart, liver, lung, spleen, brain, lymph node of fetuses, placenta, and uterus of sow. Gross, histopathological, and IHC examination of the samples confirmed 5 fetus, 2 placenta and 3 female reproductive samples positive for parvovirus infection. Conclusions: Seroprevalence results may serve as a support either in prevention or control of the disease. IHC is the sensitive technique for diagnosis of PPV associated with the reproductive tract of swine and was found to supplement the gross and histopathological alterations, respectively, associated with the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article describes the origins, advantages, and application of an indirect approach with which to study protein and other macromolecular complexes and identify the nature and site of interaction interfaces by means of conventional matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). First reported in 1999, it involves the detection of ion depletion or the absence of ions associated with a binding partner or domain in the MALDI mass spectrum of a mixture of interacting components compared to that for an untreated control. Later referred to as intensity-fading in some applications, the method offers numerous advantages over the direct detection of protein and other macromolecule complexes by MALDI-MS and even electrospray ionization (ESI) MS. The origins of this indirect method, its development for use with gel-separated components, validation using companion biochemical assays, and application to a range of protein-antibody and protein-drug complexes are reviewed together with software specifically developed to aid with data interpretation. The sensitivity of the approach for revealing how subtle differences in the structure of the binding partners can be detected by MALDI-MS is also demonstrated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35:559-573, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted at Al-Haweja / Governorate of Karkuk during the season 2004 using ten varieties of cotton (Coker310, Lachata, Halab90, Halab33, Deer22, Nazley87, Montana, SP8886, Stonvill474 and Stonvill887. The varieties planted at mid April using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in two farms, the first under surface irrigation and the second under sprinkler irrigation using fixed system. The results showed: Highly significant differences among varieties under the two irrigation methods, combining analysis showed highly significant differences between the two irrigation methods for all characters except boll weight, while the differences among varieties were significant for all studied characters. The interaction between the two factors was significant for number of vegetative branches and number of nodes to first flower branch , the surface irrigation method exceeded the sprinkler one for the most characters, the variety Montana exceeded the others for the most characters, the seed cotton yield showed significant positive correlations with plant height, number of flowering branches, number of bolls, boll weight and significant negative with number of vegetative branches and number of nodes to first flower branch under the two irrigation methods and their average, path coefficient analysis showed that number of bolls per plant had highest direct and indirect effects on seedcotton yield and can be used in breeding programs to improve seedcotton yield.

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Methanol is a sustainable source of liquid fuels and one of the most useful organic chemicals. To date, most of the work in this area has focused on the direct hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. However, this process requires high operating temperatures (200-250 °C), which limits the theoretical yield of methanol. Thus, it is desirable to find a new strategy for the efficient conversion of CO2 to methanol at relatively low reaction temperatures. This Minireview seeks to outline the recent advances on the indirect hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. Much emphasis is placed on discussing specific systems, including hydrogenation of CO2 derivatives (organic carbonates, carbamates, formates, cyclic carbonates, etc.) and cascade reactions, with the aim of critically highlighting both the achievements and remaining challenges associated with this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given its chronicity and impact on quality of life, psoriasis is a costly disease. As new and better treatments are developed, the cost of treating psoriasis has risen. In this drug profile, the authors discuss ustekinumab, its pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and direct and indirect costs to determine its cost-efficacy. The authors searched PubMed with specific search phrases for clinical trials investigating this issue over 5 years. Eleven articles analyzed cost-effectiveness of ustekinumab, and the references of these articles were included. Studies limited to 12 weeks reported that ustekinumab may not be cost-effective as it has high cost per injection and is costly when loading doses are required. Studies that went beyond 12 weeks documented that, with ustekinumab’s infrequent dosing, it is cost-effective during the maintenance period. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Since it has been recognized as a separate disease during the Korean war hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) has often been discovered among the members of different armies in various countries, military personnel being the highest risk group for the disease. In the period from March to May 1999 we treated 6 soldiers coming from the military formation stationed at Kosovo and Metohia. The reaction of indirect hemagglutination test proved the presence of antibodies against Hantavira in each of them. They were infected during the stay in a dugout in the area with great population of field rodents. Only one patient was slightly ill, on the admission to the hospitalall. The others had severe clinical and laboratory findings: several days lasting fever, strong abdominal pain, as well as the pain in the loins dyspeptical discomfort, manifold increased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine values, thrombocytopenia, etc. Oliguria occurred in 4 patients. Hemorrhagic manifestations were slight (epistaxis, petechial rash conjunctival injection), or absent. Because of the aggravation of the acute renal failure, hemodialysis was performed in 3 patients, while other 3 underwent conservative treatment. Two of the patients had severe anemia because of which transfusions of erythrocytes and plasma were performed. Complications occurred in 2 patients (convulsive crises and lung infections). All patients recovered completely.