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This article examines ministers as policy actors through analysis of tasks in mandate letters. These tasks were coded as involving either policy initiation, supplementation, maintenance, coordination, engagement, or information. The 2021 mandate letters show that policy maintenance tasks are most common, initiation the least, suggesting that most ministers are constrained to passive policy management. Four distinctive ministerial types are also identified. Activists are distinguished by their dominance over policy initiation, advocates are characterized most by policy supplementation and maintenance, managers are mostly tasked with maintaining the policy status quo, and networkers are distinctive in their share of coordination and information tasks. Cet article examine les ministres en tant qu'acteurs politiques a travers l'analyse des taches contenues dans les lettres de mandat. Ces taches ont ete codees selon l'une des implications de politiques suivantes : l'initiation, l'adjonction, le maintien, la coordination, l'engagement ou l'information. Les lettres de mandat de l'annee 2021 montrent que les taches de maintien des politiques sont les plus courantes, et celles d'initiation les moindres, ce qui laisse entendre que la plupart des ministres sont contraints a exercer une gestion passive des politiques. Nous identifions aussi quatre types distinctifs de ministres. Les militants se distinguent par leur mainmise sur l'initiation des politiques, les defenseurs se caracterisent surtout par l'adjonction et le maintien des politiques, les gestionnaires sont principalement charges de maintenir le statu quo politique, et les reseauteurs se distinguent par le partage des taches de coordination et d'information., INTRODUCTION Ministers play multiple roles in the executives of parliamentary systems, including policy development and management, involvement in departmental and collective decision-making, parliamentary accountability, political strategy, and public communication (James, [...]

Globalization has introduced insecurities to individuals and businesses. Countries are pressed to respond to these insecurities with more inclusive visions of globalization. One policy response is social procurement--public purchasing geared to create social value. Canada is embracing this response but faces barriers of its own making. Through the institutional bricolage of procurement trade rules, Canada has constrained its capacity to use social procurement. This is acutely felt by Crown corporations, which are increasingly under the scope of trade treaties. This article details this phenomenon through textual analysis of Canadian procurement trade rules and state enterprise attempts at social procurement. La mondialisation a cree des inquietudes chez les individus et les entreprises. Les pays sont pousses a repondre a ces incertitudes avec des visions plus inclusives de la mondialisation. L'une des reponses politiques est l'approvisionnement social--c'est-a-dire des achats publics visant a creer de la valeur sociale. Le Canada adhere a cette solution, mais se heurte a des obstacles qu'il a lui-meme crees. En faisant du bricolage institutionnel avec les regles commerciales en matiere d'approvisionnement, le Canada a limite sa capacite a recourir a l'approvisionnement social. Cet etat de fait est vivement ressenti par les societes d'Etat, qui tombent de plus en plus sous le champ d'application des traites commerciaux. Cet article detaille ce phenomene en effectuant une analyse textuelle des regles commerciales d'approvisionnement canadiennes et en analysant les tentatives des entreprises publiques en matiere d'approvisionnement social., INTRODUCTION Since the 1980s, countries around the world have increasingly committed to an agenda of economic liberalization. This agenda has both created great wealth and introduced new insecurities to individuals [...]

Delivering infrastructure in a timely and efficient manner to provide public value remains challenging despite the theoretical developments that have been made. What do we know that could help to deliver quality and energy-efficient infrastructure, what are current challenges and how could we overcome them? This State-of-the-Art Review article attempts to uncover underlying themes, including the governance of large infrastructure projects, the importance of innovation and contractual arrangements, and social and environmental acceptability. A current review of major Canadian contributions is offered, and promising research avenues are proposed. La realisation d'infrastructures de maniere opportune et efficace en vue de fournir de la valeur publique reste un defi malgre les developpements theoriques deja realises. Qu'est-ce qui pourrait contribuer a fournir des infrastructures de qualite et a basse consommation d'energie? Quels sont les defis contemporains et comment pourrions-nous les surmonter? Cet article tente de mettre au jour les themes sous-jacents, notamment la gouvernance de grands projets d'infrastructure, l'importance de l'innovation et des ententes contractuelles, ainsi que l'acceptabilite sociale et environnementale. Nous presentons une revue actuelle des principales contributions canadiennes et proposons des pistes de recherche prometteuses., INTRODUCTION Public infrastructure is mostly delivered through large-scaled ventures, commonly labelled as large infrastructure projects or megaprojects. Despite increasing interest on this topic internationally, megaprojects are still a neglected field [...]

The impact of the COVID-19 on the nature of work cannot be overstated. In Canada, following the largest and quickest transition to remote work ever, a significant number of public servants found themselves working from home for most of 2020 and 2021. As governments come out of the pandemic, they begin transitioning to hybrid work arrangements. This article analyzes attitudes and perspectives of public servants in the Public Service of Canada on return to office and transitioning to hybrid work. It also discusses how these can inform research and practice in Canadian public administration. Il est impossible de surestimer les repercussions causees par la COVID-19 sur la nature du travail. Au Canada, a la suite de la transition la plus importante et la plus rapide jamais realisee vers le teletravail, un grand nombre de fonctionnaires se sont retrouves a travailler a domicile pendant la majeure partie de 2020 et 2021. Au fur et a mesure que les gouvernements sortent de la pandemie, ils commencent a passer a des modalites de travail hybride. Cet article analyse les attitudes et les points de vue des fonctionnaires de la fonction publique du Canada concernant le retour au bureau et la transition vers le travail hybride. II debat aussi sur la maniere dont ces derniers peuvent eclairer la recherche et la pratique dans l'administration publique canadienne., In Canada, the COVID-19 pandemic profoundly impacted the way we work. To comply with the public health measures, workers in positions deemed 'non-essential' found themselves working remotely for most of [...]

Public servants play a vital role as intermediaries between policymakers and the public, offering expert advice on public policy and implementing ministerial decisions for the common good. Given that most Canadians interact with non-partisan, professional bureaucrats, public sentiment towards public servants becomes a crucial indicator of the health of the country's democracy. Trust levels serve as a barometer: high trust aligns with a well-functioning system, while low trust may challenge government legitimacy and its ability to fulfill democratic mandates. This study explores confidence levels in the public service in Alberta amid the COVID-19 pandemic, using data from the April 2022 Viewpoint Alberta survey. Our findings illuminate diverse attitudes towards public servants amidst significant social, economic, and political upheaval. En offrant des conseils specialises sur les politiques publiques et en appliquant les decisions ministerielles pour le bien commun, les fonctionnaires jouent un role indispensable d'intermediaires entre les decideurs politiques et le public. Etant donne que la plupart des Canadiens interagissent avec des bureaucrates professionnels impartiaux, l'opinion du public a l'egard des fonctionnaires devient un indicateur essentiel de la sante democratique du pays. Les niveaux de confiance servent de barometre : une confiance elevee correspond a un systeme qui fonctionne bien, tandis qu'une confiance faible peut remettre en cause la legitimite du gouvernement et sa capacite a remplir ses mandats democratiques. A partir des donnees de l'enquete Viewpoint Alberta d'avril 2022, cette etude examine les niveaux de confiance dans la fonction publique de l'Alberta en pleine pandemie de COVID-19. Nos resultats mettent en lumiere les attitudes variees a l'egard des fonctionnaires dans un contexte lourd de bouleversements sociaux, economiques et politiques., INTRODUCTION Public servants are an essential link between policymakers and the public, informing and implementing the policy decisions of the former in the form of programs and services for the [...]

As most state constitutions classify pandemics as state emergencies, the government or executive branch is responsible for responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in most countries around the globe. Nonetheless, no nation, including Indonesia, can win the pandemic war without the assistance of other governmental authorities, such as the Parliament. This article argues that because the Indonesian Parliament contributed little to the government's efforts to combat the pandemic, governments frequently fight pandemics alone, prolonging the crisis and wreaking havoc on the health and economic well-being of society. The legislature's oversight of the government's efforts to combat COVID-19 was limited due to two factors. The Indonesian political tradition's awkward attitude toward confronting the executive is influenced by the country's long period of authoritarian rule and the fact that most Parliamentarians belong to government alliances. This article concludes that oversight of the government's efforts to combat the pandemic falls squarely on the shoulders of the legislature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Question Time (QT) in parliamentary democracies allows parliamentarians (MPs) to publicly scrutinise the government and influence the policy agenda. This paper explores how the other side, the cabinet members, make use of the event. Prime Minister (PM) and other ministers have incentives to inform and persuade the public and might adjust their responses to oral questions accordingly. The paper tests this expectation on the responses of Croatian cabinet members in QT between 2003 and 2020. The analysis demonstrates that when ministers respond to the questions from co-partisan MPs, which are likely coordinated within the party, their responses include more numerical evidence. Moreover, both PMs and ministers respond to their co-partisan MPs with a more positive sentiment, which is driven by the positive sentiment of the respective questions. These findings have important implications for executive-legislative relations, the quality of parliamentary scrutiny and the public perception of parliament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the dynamic interplay between individual attitudes towards legal rules, religious beliefs, and confidence in government institutions, and their collective impact on environmentally friendly choices (EFC). Amidst growing environmental concerns, this research explores how these societal elements influence individuals' willingness to financially support environmental causes, accept tax increases for pollution prevention, and prioritize environmental conservation over economic growth. By incorporating a comprehensive set of socio-demographic controls, including country, religious denomination, and town size, the study provides a nuanced understanding of the factors driving EFC. The study reveals that increased confidence in government institutions, such as police and armed forces, relates positively to engagement in EFC. It highlights the essence of building trust among citizens to foster responsible environmental behavior. The research also brings to light the significant influence of religious involvement and participation on individuals' environmental choices, suggesting that active engagement in religious communities builds religion-dependent social capital that steers individuals towards more sustainable living practices. Results highlight the importance of trust in institutions and government policies in facilitating the transition towards a digitally empowered, environmentally conscious society. Conversely, a lack of trust can breed skepticism and hinder the adoption of sustainable practices. The study's insights are instrumental for policymakers, religious leaders, and environmental organizations in devising targeted strategies that encourage responsible consumption and strengthen collective efforts towards a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates public attitudes towards government surveillance for law enforcement and national security in different European countries, considering the broader context of citizens' security concerns. These concerns encompass crime within individual countries, potential terrorist attacks, activities of foreign agents, and even inter-state conflicts, such as the Russian Federation's military aggression against Ukraine. Using data from the International Social Survey Programme, we examine opinions about various types of government surveillance. Regression analysis is employed to determine which variables influence these opinions. Notably, there is a tangible hesitation among citizens regarding such surveillance, stemming from fears of privacy invasion and potential misuse of collected data. Our findings indicate greater support for government surveillance in Western and Nordic countries compared to post-Communist countries. Respondents with a comprehensive understanding of political issues and those advocating for government spending on security generally held a more positive view of government surveillance rights. On the other hand, perceptions of higher corruption were linked to negative views on surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By any measure, US federal regulation is big business. Year after year, hundreds of thousands of employees at 70-plus regulatory agencies churn out thousands of new rules. Since 1970, the [...]

Matt Zwolinski and Miranda Perry Fleischer's Universal Basic Income lives up to its subtitle, What Everyone Needs to Know--or nearly. In 66 short chapters, the book provides a trove of [...]

Agriculture in the developed world has historically benefited from government support in the form of subsidies, price controls, trade protection, and other policies. These result from a political process that [...]

During shocks, residents and businesses rely upon the government to ensure health, safety, and the continuity of services. The government’s ability to respond depends upon how well it utilizes its data resources and builds digital resilience. Yet governments often fail to integrate data from different agencies to respond effectively to shocks. We conceptualize digital resilience as a dynamic capability (DC). Although the DC framework provides a theoretical basis, it is unclear what actions managers can take to build DC. Through process tracing, we examine how the Commonwealth of Virginia (COVA) built DCs and rebounded from two shocks—the opioid crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. COVA managers leveraged statewide data assets, built routines to disseminate data, and reconfigured operational capabilities to build three DCs— relationship building, intelligence creation, and value extraction. Data functioned as the “protein” to build the digital resilience “muscle.” We found that the relationship building DC leveraged the operational capabilities of data management, integration, and governance structure to foster data sharing, the intelligence creation DC leveraged analytics, and the value extraction DC converted analytics into cost savings, revenue generation, and new services. Whereas COVA built robust digital resilience by facilitating data sharing, the agencies exploited data assets to develop scalable solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of Compulsory Licensing in the procurement of anti-retroviral drugs to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which poses a significant threat to Indonesia and global public health, exemplifies the essential necessity and utility of this concept. Compulsory Licensing is pivotal not only for community health but also for advancing Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) law. This research aims to explore the future prospects of Compulsory Licensing and propose regulatory reforms in Indonesia. Utilizing a normative juridical approach, the study concludes that Compulsory Licensing holds strong potential as a countermeasure and in balancing rights and obligations. It underscores the critical need for a robust regulatory framework to support its effective application and growth. Future enhancements, such as allowing appeals against government compensation determinations through judicial review, could bolster acceptance and ensure the sustainability of this concept.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between government revenue and capital expenditures in Jordan from 2003 to 2022, with public debt as the moderating variable. Utilizing data from the Jordanian Ministry of Finance’s final accounts and the Central Bank of Jordan’s reports, the study employed regression analysis techniques in the statistical software E-Views to test the study’s hypotheses. The findings reveal a positive relationship between revenue and capital expenditures, indicating the significance of revenue in determining the level of capital expenditures. Additionally, a positive relationship is observed between public debt and the magnitude of capital expenditures, suggesting that a portion of capital expenditures is covered by government revenues while the remaining portion is financed by public debt. Upon introducing the moderating variable (public debt) into the analysis, the impact of public debt on the relationship between revenue and capital expenditures becomes evident, indicating that public debt strengthens the relationship between revenue and capital expenditures. In light of the study’s findings, the government should focus on enhancing and increasing revenue and financing sources while rationalizing expenditures. Moreover, it should strive to improve its services and infrastructure to attract more investments and reduce public debt.

The government’s duty is to guarantee unimpeded access to food. Thus, relevant public policies, individual methods and tools, approaches, and strategic decisions are always the focus of attention of scientists, politicians, and government officials. Recognizing the critical importance of this imperative, this study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis that sheds light on the scientific landscape of strategic public administration of food security. The paper conducts a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications (using VosViewer – from 1990 to February 2024 using Scopus and WoS scientometric databases); monographs/textbooks (using Google Books and Ngram Viewer – for 1990–2019); and trend analysis (using Google Trends – from 2004 to February 2024). The analysis showed an exponential increase in the number of publications since 2000, with peaks in 2008 (financial crisis), 2019–2020 (COVID-19), and 2023 (threat to food security due to military conflicts). The clustering of scientific papers by content showed that the most significant (red) cluster unites research that links food security to agricultural development, sustainable development, climate change, and water supply. The spatial clustering of scientific publications revealed that scientific leadership belongs to scientists from the United States and China. The largest research funders are Chinese scientific institutions. It also reflected regional differences in research focus. In particular, Italy, Switzerland, and France emphasize agricultural innovation and quality standards, while China and Australia focus on increasing yields and food storage technologies.

This study aims to determine and analyze the determinants of the complexity of tax regulations and the principles of justice regarding taxpayer compliance in Indonesia. The study surveyed 148 individual taxpayers who are entrepreneurs of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) using a Google Form. The results show that the complexity of tax regulations has a significant negative effect (–0.253) on taxpayer compliance, and the principles of justice (0.501) have a significant positive effect on taxpayer compliance. An R square shows that independent variables have a 45.5% influence on increasing taxpayer compliance. The degree of the correlation relationship between all independent variables is around 0.674. The results confirm the relationship between the complexity of tax regulations and the principle of justice and their effect on taxpayer compliance. Therefore, to increase taxpayer compliance, the government should put efforts into simplifying and explaining tax regulations. This can help reduce inadvertent errors, increase taxpayer confidence, and reduce the overall cost of complying with regulations. It is important to consider aspects of justice when designing and implementing the tax system. Efforts to increase transparency, reduce injustice, and make taxes applied proportionally can help strengthen taxpayer compliance and support the sustainability of state revenues.

Addressing sustainability policy challenges requires tools that can navigate complexity for better policy processes and outcomes. Attention on Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools and expectations for their use by governments have dramatically increased over the past decade. We conducted a narrative review of academic and grey literature to investigate how AI tools are being used and adapted for policy and public sector decision-making. We found that academics, governments, and consultants expressed positive expectations about AI, arguing that AI could or should be used to address a wide range of policy challenges. However, there is much less evidence of how public decision makers are actually using AI tools or detailed insight into the outcomes of use. From our findings we draw four lessons for translating the promise of AI into practice: 1) Document and evaluate AI’s application to sustainability policy problems in the real-world; 2) Focus on existing and mature AI technologies, not speculative promises or external pressures; 3) Start with the problem to be solved, not the technology to be applied; and 4) Anticipate and adapt to the complexity of sustainability policy problems.

The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the characteristics of the post-career of high-ranking PA officials who left their positions under President Yeltsin and in the post-Yeltsin period - and the factors that determine them. The empirical basis of the study is a database that includes biographical questionnaires on AP figures who at least once left a key position in this body. The study showed that the role of federal executive authorities (including the government of the Russian Federation and law enforcement agencies) as a channel of post-career has increased. Transitions to the federal parliament are rare in both eras, but the proportion of officials who ended up in the State Duma after their resignation (especially a year later) slightly decreased, while the proportion of those who moved to the Federation Council, on the contrary, slightly increased in the post-Yeltsin period as a whole. While transitions to regional administrations were rare in both periods, PA officials were noticeably more likely to become governors in the post-Yeltsin era, which was facilitated by a centralization of power. Finally, the share of transitions from government to business is similar in both periods, as are their other characteristics: the dominance of big business as a place of work and the distribution of firms that have adopted officials by form of ownership. The pantouflage was aided by high salaries in big business and the firms' interest in recruiting officials in the context of crony capitalism.

Sustainability is defined as socio-economic accomplishment without compromising the natural environment. The objective of the research is to assess the role of the government in driving sustainability as explained in the UN Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs). The research used content analysis and survey methods to understand the critical role of the government in achieving sustainable development and the perceptions of Saudi Arabian residents in this regard. The findings of the content analysis showed that the role of government at all levels is important to achieving sustainable development. The survey results also support the findings of the content analysis and show that the government's role in attaining sustainability is significant. All the variables of sustainability about government role proved to be very important. The research provided appropriate policy and practical implementation to facilitate the achievement of sustainability. The policy implications are that the government at all levels needs to ensure appropriate laws, regulations, codes, and the adoption of those rules to drive sustainable development. They also ensure that they have allocated resources to achieve sustainable development. In practical terms, the government should devise strategies for all levels of government to drive sustainable development. It should also set up participatory frameworks to ensure increased public involvement in urban planning and introduce education and public campaigns. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-03-023 Full Text: PDF

In the dynamic landscape of global security, NATO's strategic framework places a great emphasis on resilience as an important element of deterrence and defence. This paper delves into the multifaceted nature of resilience within the NATO context, exploring its integration as both a principle and a practical commitment across the Alliance. Resilience, defined for the purposes of this article as the ability of societies to resist and rapidly recover from major shocks, extends beyond mere disaster response, encompassing a sophisticated blend of civil preparedness and military capacity. This approach is not only critical for NATO's collective security but also reflects the shared responsibility and commitment of member states to bolster individual and collective capabilities against a broad spectrum of threats. In addressing the role of resilience in NATO's deterrence and defence posture, the paper examines key aspects, including the reliance on civilian resources for military logistics, the impact of NATO operations on national critical infrastructure, and the need for efficient coordination to prevent systemic failures. This is illustrated through various analytical tools such as the Ishikawa Diagram and SWOT analysis, which provide insights into the interconnected elements of resilience and the strategic challenges faced by NATO.

Technology has become an essential part of modern daily life and society, influencing different aspects of human existence. This article examines the complex connection between technology and society, focusing on the differences between generations such as Gen Z and Millennials compared to Gen X and Boomers. It aims to clarify how societies might effectively utilise technological progress for their benefit. An essential aspect of this investigation is the recognition that the incorporation and assimilation of technological advancements into society structures are crucial milestones in achieving their advantages, particularly from a governmental standpoint. Furthermore, the study explores the profound influence of technology on society, with a specific focus on its ability to enhance digital supremacy, technological expertise, and generational progress. Moreover, the research examines the mutually beneficial connection between technology advancement and economic growth. It highlights the crucial importance of technological progress in stimulating economic growth, explaining how the ongoing development of technology stimulates innovation, promotes economic activity, and influences global economic conditions, including the tensions arising from different generational advancements.

Agricultural price fluctuations impact the economy and society, highlighting the importance of price stability for sustainable development, poverty alleviation, food security, and economic stability. This issue is particularly pronounced in the cocoa industry, where volatile prices and inefficient supply chains often harm the livelihoods of cocoa farmers. This study aimed to develop a mitigation plan to address cocoa price volatility at the farm level. The study was conducted in Tubbi Taramanu Sub-district, Polewali Mandar District, Indonesia. Through the innovative use of Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM), the key elements are delineated in their hierarchical relationships and categorized into four quadrants: autonomous, independent, dependent, and linkage, to formulate a strategy for stabilizing cocoa prices at the farm level. This research’s findings underscored the importance of reducing farmers’ dependency on middlemen as the primary strategy for mitigating fluctuations in cocoa bean prices at the farm level. This approach is particularly vital due to the excessive reliance on middlemen, a key driver of price instability at the farm level. Furthermore, it is evident that promoting and nurturing cooperation between farmers and cocoa industry stakeholders can prove highly effective and significant when fortified by the local government’s support through the implementation of appropriate public policies.

This study examines the influence of fiscal councils on public opinion regarding fiscal issues. Using a survey-framing experiment on a representative sample of 900 inhabitants of the Czech Republic, the study evaluates how the framing of a message regarding the negative effects of rising government debt would impact the attitudes of respondents. The results show that framing the message as coming from the Czech Fiscal Council does not increase its credibility. Fiscal councils should not focus on persuading the public of their viewpoint on public finance issues, but rather utilize the knowledge of agenda-setting theory to gain media attention for fiscal issues.

La implementación efectiva de estrategias de transformación digital en el sector público es un desafío complejo debido a la necesidad de abordar múltiples dimensiones tecnológicas, organizativas y culturales, así como a la diversidad de contextos gubernamentales. La transformación digital en el sector público es crucial para mejorar la eficiencia, la transparencia y la participación ciudadana en la prestación de servicios gubernamentales. Sin embargo, la falta de comprensión de las mejores prácticas en la implementación de estas estrategias puede obstaculizar su éxito y limitar su impacto. Este estudio tiene como objetivo explorar la percepción sobre las mejores prácticas en la implementación de estrategias de transformación digital en el sector público, con el fin de identificar lecciones aprendidas y recomendaciones para mejorar las iniciativas futuras. Se identificaron prácticas clave: una visión clara y una dirección estratégica sólida, un enfoque integral que aborda múltiples dimensiones de la transformación digital, y la promoción de la participación ciudadana y la transparencia en el proceso. Estos hallazgos proporcionan información valiosa para orientar futuras iniciativas de transformación digital y mejorar la eficacia y la sostenibilidad de los esfuerzos de modernización gubernamental.

The 2017–2018 constitutional reform amended the Constitution of Georgia and changed the political system of the country. The president has the responsibility to represent the country in international relations, but only with the approval of the government. Constitutional norms are not specific, leaving room for different interpretations. Article 78 of the Constitution obliges constitutional bodies to use all measures for European integration. Under this constitutional obligation, the president met with European colleagues, though without governmental approval. This provoked the ruling party to initiate the process of impeachment. The Constitutional Court of Georgia concluded that the president breached the Constitution, but the parliament could not impeach the president. The paper analyses the role of presidential representation in international relations and its constitutional responsibility in the light of Georgia’s European aspirations.

The study aims to analyze the impact of challenges and opportunities related to corruption, regulatory barriers to doing business, innovativeness of the business environment, and development of institutions and policies that ensure economic prosperity on the development of MSMEs in Central-Western Asia countries. The paper chooses seven Central-West Asian countries using Asian Development Bank statistics for 2010–2021. Based on eleven indicators of the Asian Development Bank (the absolute values and dynamics of the number of MSMEs, their employees, their contribution to GDP, financing by banks and non-banking financial institutions) and factor analysis, the composite indicator of MSMEs’ development was calculated. The highest levels of the composite indicator in 2021 were observed for Kazakhstan (1.248), Uzbekistan (1.120), and Azerbaijan (1.043), and the lowest values for the Kyrgyz Republic (0.676). Employing a panel regression analysis with time-fixed effects (for all countries), connections between composite indicators of MSMEs’ development and the Corruption Perceptions Index, Ease of Doing Business Index, Global Competitiveness Index, and Global Innovation Index were explored. The greatest impact was in 2019 – with an increase in the Corruption Perceptions Index by one unit (the higher it is, the less corruption is considered by experts), the MSME development indicator increased by 0.26 units. With an increase in the Ease of Doing Business, Global Competitiveness, and Global Innovation Indices by one unit (growth indicates deterioration of the country’s rating position), the composite indicator of MSMEs’ development decreases by 0.68, 0.69, and 0.67 units, respectively.

Introduction: The availability of quality health services for the community must receive attention from the government as one of the efforts to develop the health sector. Disappointing evidence regarding improvement in nurses' safe and quality care elevates the need to broaden our knowledge regarding the factors that enhance constant learning in nursing teams. Objective: Analyzes the effect of communication, leadership, and teamwork on nurse discipline. Methods: This quantitative research uses an analytical observational approach and a cross-sectional research design. With the analysis of the data, a linear regression test. The sample was selected using the cluster random sampling method with 36 respondents. Result: This shows the results of a linear regression test with a communication value of p = 0.024, a leadership p = 0.057, and a work team value of p = 0.004, so it can be supposed that there is an influence between the effectiveness of the work team and nurse discipline. So, it can be concluded that the point of communication and the effectiveness of the work team affect the discipline of nurses. Conclusion: the effect of the level of communication effectiveness and the effectiveness of the work team on the discipline of nurses. The story of the effectiveness of nurses can be increased by regulating the flow of information by sending authorized delegates. They are utilizing feedback to maintain organizational communication effectiveness by providing nurses with orientation, direction, and supervision.