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The experiment was conducted at the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) during 2016-17 to find out the response of different preservatives on vase life and quality of Gladiolus flower cv. Yellow stone. The investigation was conducted under "Completely Randomized Design having nine treatment combinations i.e. T1 (Tap water), T2 (Sucrose 2%), T3 (Sucrose 4%), T4 (Sodium benzoic acid 100ppm), T5 (Sodium benzoic acid 200ppm), T6 (Sodium thiosulphate 150ppm), T7 (Sodium thiosulphate 300ppm), T8 (Acetic acid 100ppm) and T9 (Acetic acid 200ppm) which was replicated thrice. On the basis of the statistical analysis the Vase life of gladiolus spike was found to be significantly maximum with T7 (Sodium thiosulphate 300ppm) as compared to other treatment combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iris is one of the most popular and best-selling ornamental plants around the globe. Fusarium root rot disease, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli (FOG) is one of the most serious disease of Iridaceae and Iris plants. In this study, three resistant and three susceptible Iris genotypes were inoculated with FOG isolates to evaluate expression of related genes promoting defense to disease at intervals times at two, four and six weeks post inoculation. Total RNA was extracted using an AccuZol™ reagent, and the first-strand Cdna was synthesized accordingly. Expression level of WRKY transcription factors (WRKY), lectin receptor kinase (LecRK), pathogenesis-related protein (PR3), lipoxygenase (LOX1) and ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) genes was investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The transcriptional level of five defense-related genes were up-regulated in FOG -infected samples. The genes expression in resistant Iris genotypes NIOP3, NIOP15 and NIOP16 was much higher than susceptible NIOP1, NIOP12 and NIOP20 genotypes. The highest level of expression was observed in all the genes and genotypes at 6 weeks post inoculation. The phenotypic symptoms of genotypes and changes in the expression of genes confirmed resistance in Iris genotypes NIOP3, NIOP15 and NIOP16 in comparison to susceptible genotypes NIOP1, NIOP12 and NIOP20, and un-inoculated control Iris plants. Identifying disease-resistant genotypes can contribute to the development of new ornamental cultivars that can be deployed to ensure high quality and lasting Iris plants. • Molecular analysis of five involving defense genes; WRKY , LecRK , PR3 , LOX and RIP were performed for the very first time in Iris plants. • Pathogenicity of Iris plants with F. oxysporum f.sp. gladioli increases the expression of defense-related genes. • This contributes developing of new ornamental cultivars that can be deployed to ensure high quality and lasting Iris plants. • It provides strategies to determine the role of genes associated with defense in plant and help identify resistant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sword lily Gladiolus palustris Gaudin is protected on European level and listed in Annexes II and IV of the EC Habitat Directive 92/43/EEC. It grows in nutrient-poor, calcareous meadows in central and eastern Europe. Tree encroachment in montane meadows of the European Alps as a result of recent land use changes and the abandonment of traditional farming practices threaten the survival of this species. Conservation-driven mowing is considered a feasible conservation measure for maintaining high species diversity in abandoned semi-natural grasslands. To assess the effects of ten years of biennial mowing on a grassland community in the Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park, Italy (Site of Community Importance, Natura 2000 network), ten 25 m2 plots were established whereby four plots were placed in the mowed area, four in the non-mowed area and two in a small non-mowed patch of grassland inside the mowed area. In each plot the following variables were recorded, total percentage of plant cover, percentage cover of woody species, percentage cover of herbaceous species, percentage cover and number of flowering ramets of G. palustris and a complete list of species and their percentage abundance. Mowed plots showed a higher species richness than non-mowed plots. The number of G. palustris flowering ramets and percentage cover increased manifold in mowed plots compared to non-mowed plots. The resumption of mowing for conservation purposes undertaken by the managing authority halted the process of tree encroachment and avoided a drastic change in plant composition. Periodic mowing (every second or third year) was demonstrated to be a cost-effective conservation measure in non-productive grasslands to keep grasses at bay in favour of forbs of high conversation value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A rice associated bacterium Burkholderia gladioli strain NGJ1 demonstrates mycophagy, a phenomenon wherein bacteria feed on fungi. Previously, we have reported that NGJ1 utilizes type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver a prophage tail-like protein (Bg_9562) into fungal cells to establish mycophagy. Results: In this study, we report that calcium ion concentration influences the mycophagous ability of NGJ1 on Rhizoctonia solani, an important fungal pathogen. The calcium limiting condition promotes mycophagy while high calcium environment prevents it. The expression of various T3SS apparatus encoding genes of NGJ1 was induced and secretion of several potential T3SS effector proteins (including Bg_9562) into extracellular milieu was triggered under calcium limiting condition. Using LC-MS/MS proteome analysis, we identified several calcium regulated T3SS effector proteins of NGJ1. The expression of genes encoding some of these effector proteins was upregulated during mycophagous interaction of NGJ1 with R. solani. Further, mutation of one of these genes (endo-β-1, 3- glucanase) rendered the mutant NGJ1 bacterium defective in mycophagy while complementation with full length copy of the gene restored its mycophagous activity. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence that low calcium environment triggers secretion of various T3SS effectors proteins into the extracellular milieu and suggests the importance of cocktail of these proteins in promoting mycophagy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was carried out in the Green net house at the College of Agriculture and Forestry for the period from April to September 2019, with the aim of assessing the response of three cultivars of Gladiolus X hortulanus L. for treatment with (SA) at a concentrations of zero and 250 mg.l-l as well as treatment with (CaCl2) concentrations are zero, 500 and 1000 mg.l-l sprayed on the vegetative growth twice. The results indicated the following: The red cultivar recorded the largest height, the number of leaves, shortest the period from planting to the inflorescence bud initiation and longest vase life, While the white cultivar recorded the largest value of spike length. The plants sprayed with SA had a significant effect in recording the largest values of all studied traits except for the duration from planting to the inflorescence bud initiation, which decreased significantly. The treatment with CaCl2 with both concentrations resulted in a significant increase in the number of leaves and the spike length, The treatment with CaCl2 at 1000 mg.l-l gave the largest values for the plant height and the vase life. showed that red and white cultivars produced flower that fall within a special grade when they were sprayed with SA or did not interact with spraying with CaCl2 at 1000 mg.l-l, while the violet cultivar ended their flowering 5 days when they were sprayed with SA interact with CaCl2 at 1000 mg.l-l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gladioli can be affected with 15 species of viruses, which cause significant economic losses to both floriculture and agriculture. The most prevalent and harmful for gladioli are Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), circulating on the territory of Ukraine on vegetable, legume and other crops, and also Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), which is included into the List of regulated pests of Ukraine and is the subject to strict control. The aim of the work was to conduct testing of gladiolus plants for the presence of viral infection symptoms and to test them for the affection with the most widespread and dangerous viruses, namely: BYMV, CMV, TRSV. Visual diagnostics, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in DAS-ELISA modification, transmission electron microscopy method and statistical data analysis were used in this research. The results of the studies showed absence of TRSV in all tested samples. For the first time in Ukraine, it has been established that gladioli are infected by Bean yellow mosaic virus. Its circulation on gladioli has been registered in Poltava, Kyiv and Sumy regions. Gladioli were also found to be affected by CMV or mixed infection of these pathogens. Gladioli infection by BYMV and CMV in Kyiv region is 88.2% and 93.8%, in Poltava – 69.2% and 55.5%, in Sumy – 66.6% and 0%, respectively. Typical symptoms on gladiolus plants caused by CMV and BYMV isolates are leaf chlorotic stripes and flower color break, less often – spotting on the leaves and plant stunting. It has been revealed that affection of gladioli by CMV and BYMV can be asymptomatic. The diversity, nature and course of viral infections in gladioli demonstrate the relevance of further research and their monitoring in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L) is a key crop in floriculture industry used for cut flowers in interior decoration. Fertilizers have prominent role in quality flower production. To investigate the performance of gladiolus at different application rate of nitrogen and potash, a study was conducted at National Agriculture Research Council (NARC) Islamabad, in May to August 2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 10 treatment combinations of nitrogen (0, 100, 200, 400 kg ha-1), Potash (0, 100, 200, 400 kg ha-1) and other combinations (200N + 100K kg ha-1, 100N + 200K kg ha-1 and 400N + 400K kg ha-1) with four replications. There were 10 plants in each replication. The highest number of florets per spike (11.42) were obtained at treatment combination of nitrogen and potash (100N +200K kg/ha) where other parameters of plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and spike length were at par with their respective maximum results. However, the lengthiest spike (88.10cm) was produced at 100kg/ha nitrogen. Similarly, the application of nitrogen at the rate of 200 kg/ha produced tallest (110.95cm) plants with maximum (9.37) number of leaves and lengthiest (55.75cm) leaves. It can be concluded that application of nitrogen and potash at the rate of 100 kg ha-1 and 200 kg ha-1 should be applied for better yield and quality of flowers of gladiolus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several biochemical and metabolic changes are associated with senescence of cut gladioli, particularly in relation to quality characteristics, including dynamism of carbohydrates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pulsing and wet cold storage on the starch and sugar biomarkers on cut Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L. cv. Fado) vase quality. Pulsing treatments of 600-ppm 8- hydroxyquinoline sulphate, plus 5% sucrose solution, versus distilled water, were administered prior to wet cold storage durations of 0 - 5 days, on the cut Gladiolus grown from corms. This was done in the open field at the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field, Egerton University in Kenya, during two successive seasons. There was a significant difference (P <0.01) in total soluble sugars (TSS) and total starch of spikes pulsed with 600 ppm 8 - HQS + 5% sucrose, compared with the control, during the third day in the vase life of the cut flowers. Prolonged vase life of cut spikes was associated with a decrease in total soluble sugars and increase in total starch, as influenced by pulsing and wet storage duration up to 4 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important quality criteria in cut flowers is vase life. Vase life does not only affect consumer satisfaction but also consumers' demand for flowers. The post-harvest strength of cut flowers is affected by pre-harvest, while-harvest, and post-harvest factors. This study investigated the effects of some essential oils on the vase life of gladiolus (white prosperity) flowers obtained from cut flower producers in Tokat / Erbaa. In the study, 10 different solutions of various doses including control (pure water), 20 ppm AgNO3 + 4% sucrose, 25 ppm AgNO3 + 4% sucrose, vinegar (0.6%) + sucrose (4%), vinegar (0.6%) + sucrose (6%) lavender oil 150 ml / l (LY) + sucrose (4%), lavender oil 150 ml / l (LY) + sucrose (6%), thyme oil (50 mg / l), thyme oil (100 mg / l), and sodium hypochlorite (4.6 mg / l) were used. The study determined the effects of different vase solutions on post-harvest daily solution intake of gladiolus flowers (White Prosperity) and the effects of the solutions on vase life. While the longest vase life in gladiolus (White Prosperity) flowers were obtained from lavender oil 150 ml / l (LY) + sucrose (4%), (19.6 days) and sodium hypochlorite (4.6 mg / l) (17.3 days) treatments, the vase life in the control (pure water) was determined to be 14.3 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature plays a crucial role in growth rate and development of a plant. Low temperature damages plant metabolic processes. The poly tunnel is used to mitigate low temperature stress for quality production of gladiolus. The Randomized complete block design with two factors factorial was used to carry this experiment. Protective field conditions enhanced temperature level that resulted in longer spike length, higher number of leaves per plant, more leaf area, maximum spike diameter, more number of florets per spike, larger diameter of flower, more fresh and dry weight, higher photosynthetic rate and less days to taken flowering, were obtained during November and December under poly tunnel conditions. Chlorophyll contents and transpiration rate significantly increased during early warmer months. Stomatal conductance not significantly changes. More antioxidant enzyme (POD and CAT) activity was recorded and less electrolyte leakage due to which vase life remained higher in November and December under protective planting conditions. Moreover, gladiolus cut flowers quality features were significantly improved in protective growing conditions in poly tunnel during January and February. Protective growing conditions mitigated low temperature stress in cold months and significantly enhanced yield as well as quality characteristics of gladiolus cut flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro conservation is recognized as one promising tool in conserving plant genetic resources like gladiolus when grown in the tropics. The study was conducted at the Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI) from February 2016 to August 2018. A complete factorial experiment was set up to establish the combination of gladiolus cultivars and media compositions treatments for in vitro conservation. The results showed that the trends of plantlet survival rate and viability in every 4 months' observation of both cultivars were similar. The highest plantlet death rate was detected during 12 - 16 months. After 24 months of storage, the differences in plantlet survival and viability were observed. Gladiolus 'Nafa' had higher plantlet survivals and viability than 'Kaifa'. In respect to nutrient and sucrose concentration, full nutrient strength preserved 5% higher plantlet survival and viability than½ MS. While media contained sucrose 90 g/l also supported plantlet survival and viability for more than 20% and 17%, respectively than lower sucrose media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gladiolus is one of the most common cut flowers and has the highest economic importance in the floriculture industry. Vase life differs among various species and cultivars. It is one of the most valuable characteristics for determining flower quality, satisfying consumer preferences and prolonging its commercial value. Maintenance of optimal water status is the most important factor for enhancing vase life period. Results indicate that maximum per cent change in fresh weight by spike at senescence stage, maximum diameter of basal floret, maximum per cent change in length by spike at senescence stage, highest water uptake, longest longevity of floret, highest number of opened florets per spike at a time and longest vase life were significantly recorded in treatment sucrose (5%) + salicylic acid 150 ppm as compared to control. Among all the used chemicals concentration 150 ppm SA vase solution found most feasible for keeping quality and long vase life. SA play an important role in regulating a number of physiological processes and provide protection against biotic and abiotic stresses in plant by regulating plant growth and development process such as ethylene biosynthesis, stomatal conductance, respiration and activation of defense systems against different pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of poultry manure (without Poultry manure A0, 2% poultry manureA1 and 4% poultryA2), bio-fertilizers (not inoculation corms by bacteria B0, inoculation corms by bacteria Azospirillum brasilense B1, and inoculation corms by Bacillus subtilis B2) and type of irrigation (tap water C1 and magnetic water treated by 500 gauss C2) on cut flowers and vase life of Gladiolus flowers Cartago cultivar in two seasons (autumn 2016 and spring 2017) The field experiment was laid down in a factorial 2*3*3 in Split plot Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and seven plants for each treatment. Results showed a significant increase in vegetative growth (Plant height, Leaf dry matter, Leaf chlorophyll intensity, N, P and K concentration in the leaves) and flower quality (number of days to flowering, anthocyanin concentration in petals (mg.100 g-1), basal floral diameter and vase life), these due to effect of plants with 2% poultry manure, inoculation by bacteria and irrigation with magnetic water. Decreasing in vegetative and flowering characteristics was also observed, when Poultry manure was used at 4% rate and without inoculation by bacteria and irrigation by tap water. But the magnetic water reduced the negative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of the present study was to establish the most appropriate gladiolus variety for growing under Bulgarian conditions. The experiment carried out in the Experimental fields of Agricultural University - Plovdiv with five gladiolus varieties: Purple flora, Priscilla, Plum tart, Oscar and Green star. The corms were planted in March. The phenological phases of sprouting, the appearance of the inflorescence stalk, beginning and end of flowering were observed. During the vegetation, the most important vegetative behaviours of the plant as high of plant, the diameter of the stem, number of leaves, length of inflorescence stalk and numbers of fully developed flowers and undeveloped flowers per plant were established. The coluor of the flowers was also registered. A Green star and Purple flora varieties have the strongest vegetative development, resulting in the formation of the highest plants, with the largest diameter and number of leaves. The highest decorative value of all tested genotypes, under the conditions of Bulgaria, indicated the Purple flora variety. Positive correlations are established between the height of the plant and the number of leaves and also for the length of inflorescences stalk and the number of developed flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternaria brassicicola is a necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that severely affects both the yield and quality of Gladiolus cut flowers and cormels. The jasmonate signaling pathway plays an important role in plant disease resistance. The protein CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1) is a key regulator of this pathway, and the COI1 gene can modulate jasmonate signaling-induced defenses against necrotrophic fungi. Here, we characterize a COI1 gene from Gladiolus, GhCOI1. GhCOI1 transcript levels were greatest in the leaves, followed by the roots. A low MeJA concentration promoted GhCOI1 expression, which remained high after 6 h. Silencing GhCOI1 via VIGS reduced GhCOI1 transcript levels. The length of fungal hyphae and amount of fungal DNA were significantly greater in silenced plants than in control plants. Moreover, GhCOI1 was necessary for the induction of SOD, POD, PPO, and CAT in the Gladiolus defense response to A. brassicicola infestation. GhCOI1 silencing reduced the accumulation of H2O2, allowing the fungus to enter leaf tissue through stomata and cause necrosis directly. Taken together, these results suggest that GhCOI1 is an essential signaling component that controls the JA-regulated defense response against A. brassicicola in Gladiolus plants. Key message: The results of this study reveal that silencing GhCOI1 reduced the disease resistance of Gladiolus [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gladiolus communis L. is an ornamental herb belonging to family Iridaceae, which is widely used in cut-flower business. But multiplication rate of Gladiolus is very slow in natural conditions and is damaged by Fusarium corm rot. So, this study was aimed to design an efficient callus induction and plant regeneration protocol for Gladiolus. Callus was induced using bulb explants of Gladiolus when incubated on MS medium supplied with various concentrations of 2,4-D. Maximum callus proliferation was obtained in 0.5 mgL-1 2,4-D amended medium, but the proportion of callus proliferation showed a decreasing tendency at higher concentration (1-2 mgL-1 2,4-D). At lower concentrations (0.5 mgL-1 2, 4-D), the maximum callus proliferation was observed (1.10 g), while at 1.0 mgL-1 the callus biomass was 0.9 g in 4 weeks after inoculating the initial mass of 0.3g of callus . So, high concentrations of 2, 4-D decreased the rate of callus formation. Auxins particularly, 2,4-D (1-2 mgL-1) is crucial for initiation of embryogenicalli with maximum embryogenic induction frequency of 70% in 0.5 mgL-1 2,4-D supplemented MS medium. The medium when supplemented with BAP either alone or in combination with NAA results in development of somatic embryos with globular and other stages. The maximum no. of embryos was observed in 0.5 mgL-1BAP and 0.5 mgL-1 NAA amended medium. Plants were regenerated on the BAP and NAA supplemented medium with maximum conversion frequency of 75% in 0.5 mgL-1 BAP and 0.2 mgL-1 NAA added medium. Rooting of regenerated plants was done on 0.5 mgL-1 IBA fortified half strength MS medium. So, this efficient protocol for callus induction, proliferation, somatic embryogenesis can be used for rapid propagation of Gladiolus communis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Entomología is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Burkholderia gladioli (B. gladioli) may cause food poisoning through the production of the toxin bongkrekic acid (BA), and could induce lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Edible mushrooms are a route of B. gladioli transmission; however, little effort has been focused on the prevalence of B. gladioli in edible mushrooms. In this study, 25 of the 325 edible mushroom samples were positive for B. gladioli , which showed moderate or strong biofilm formation capacity with a wide range of motility. Seventeen strains were capable of producing BA, while the isolates without toxin production lacked BA synthesis pathway genes bonK or bonR2. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that all isolates were multidrug resistant. A considerable proportion of isolates were resistant to polymyxin B (100 %), chloramphenicol (84.62 %), aztreonam (84.62 %), ceftriaxone (84.62 %), and ticarcillin (61.54 %). None of the strains grew under environmental conditions such as pH below 4.0 or NaCl concentrations above 3.0 g/100 mL. Furthermore, 10 novel sequence typings (STs) were detected among the 25 isolates by multilocus sequence typing. This study provides valuable information for the control and prevention of B. gladioli contamination in common edible mushrooms for the first time. • Dried black fungus was contaminated with B. gladioli at a rate of 25.61 %. • Strong or moderate biofilm-forming ability was observed in B. gladioli isolates. • B. gladioli not producing BA were found to lack the bonK or bonR2 genes. • Ten STs were detected from edible mushrooms for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degraded and salt affected soils are appearing more often in cultivated areas. These specific problems could reduce nutrient uptake, which can result in quality and yield loss of the cultivated plants. In order to cope with this pedo-climatic condition growers are applying fertilizers; however, due to inadequate application, soil degradation will continue. Five Gladiolus varieties were subjected to foliar fertilization treatments to assess the effect on the plant’s growth parameters, vase durability and daughter corm production. Our results indicate that plants treated with foliar fertilization show significant increase in the measured parameters, flower stem length, vase durability and daughter corm production. In conclusion, our study suggests that application of foliar fertilization can increase Gladiolus plants decoration and propagation, even with a smaller footprint on nature.

Understanding the mechanisms involved in host plant resistance opens the way for improved resistance breeding programs by using the traits involved as markers. Pest management is a major problem in cultivation of ornamentals. Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) is an economically important ornamental in the Netherlands. Gladiolus is especially sensitive to attack by western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)). The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate morphological and chemical markers for resistance breeding to western flower thrips in Gladiolus varieties. We measured thrips damage of 14 Gladiolus varieties in a whole-plant thrips bioassay and related this to morphological traits with a focus on papillae density. Moreover, we studied chemical host plant resistance to using an eco-metabolomic approach comparing the 1H NMR profiles of thrips resistant and susceptible varieties representing a broad range of papillae densities. Thrips damage varied strongly among varieties: the most susceptible variety showed 130 times more damage than the most resistant one. Varieties with low thrips damage had shorter mesophylls and epidermal cells, as well as a higher density of epicuticular papillae. All three traits related to thrips damage were highly correlated with each other. We observed a number of metabolites related to resistance against thrips: two unidentified triterpenoid saponins and the amino acids alanine and threonine. All these compounds were highly correlated amongst each other as well as to the density of papillae. These correlations suggest that papillae are involved in resistance to thrips by producing and/or storing compounds causing thrips resistance. Although it is not possible to distinguish the individual effects of morphological and chemical traits statistically, our results show that papillae density is an easy marker in Gladiolus-breeding programs targeted at increased resistance to thrips.

This experiment was carried out in the shade of the green network of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, for the period from Apr. 11, 2019 to Sept. 30, 2019, with the aim of producing corm and cormlets in the summer of three varieties of Gladiolus X hortulanus L. They are: "Break of dawn" White flowers, "Espresso" with red flowers, and "Blue frost" with purple flowers after being treated with salicylic acid (SA) at 0 and 250 mg.l-1, as well as treatment with calcium chloride in three concentrations: 0 , 500 and 1000 mg.l-1 by spraying them on the foliage twice. The Factorial Experiment conducted by RCBD. The results show that the red cultivar recorded the largest weight of the corm was 28.98 g, its volume was 34.01 cm3, its diameter was 4.94 cm, and the number of cormlets was 12.33. per plant, the size of the cormlets is 13.52 cm3. Spraying with salicylic acid at 250 mg.l-1 had a significant effect in recording the largest values ​​for the corm diameter and their volume. Treatment with calcium chloride at both concentrations 500 and 1000 mg.l-1 resulted in a significant increase in the corm weight, its diameter and the volume of cormlets. The treatment with calcium chloride at 1000 mg.l-1 caused to record the largest values ​​for the number of cormlets are 9.53 cormlet. pl-1, while the treatment with calcium chloride at 500 mg.l-1 increased of the corm volume is 27.68 cm3. The red cultivar plants treated with or without salicylic acid interact with calcium chloride at 500 mg.l-1 was gave the best grade of corms ranked 7.00 (Jumbo).

Gladiolus (Gladiolus x grandiflorus Hort.), also called as Palma-de-Santa-Rita, is culturally known in Brazil as the All Soul's’ Day flower. In recent years, it has also become popular in other special dates due to its robustness, liveliness, and magnificence. However, there are challenges regarding the cut flower production, since the largest producer investment is the corm acquisition. Due to the insufficiency of technical information, there are no fully established corm production protocols for gladiolus. Therefore, this technical article has the objective of bringing information related to the gladiolus corms production technique, in view of the sustainability of the production.

In the present study 30 gladiolus genotypes were evaluated for different traits and reaction to two virulent strains of Fusarium, viz. IARI isolate (F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli – Fog isolate 1) and Pantnagar isolate (F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli - Fog isolate 2). The two healthy uniform sized corms were planted in individual pots (12â€) filled with potting mixture (soil: FYM: sand; 2:1:1) in five replications. Before planting, the corms were treated with suspension of Fusarium (3 × 106/ml) for 24 hr. Among the genotypes, Dhanwantri (14.59%), Pusa Unnati (14.59%), Swarnima (16.54%), and hybrid Smokey Lady × Oscar (22.92%) were found tolerant to both the Fusarium isolates. The maximum plant height, spike length, rachis length and mean number of florets/spike were noted in Pusa Unnati, but the earliest spike emergence took place in Jyotsana (87.37 days), earliest opening of first floret was noted in Melody (103.79 days). The maximum mean corm weight (87.58 g) was noted in Jyotsana, while maximum diameter was found in Dhanwantri (6.56 cm). Leaves and corms were sampled at 60 days of planting for estimation of different biochemical parameters, viz., total chlorophyll, total phenol, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and H2O2 peroxidation. The tolerant genotypes had higher levels of leaf total chlorophylls and total phenols. The H2O2 evolution and malondialdehyde (MDA) content showed marked increment due to in vivo inoculation of the pathogen. Correlation studies with plant mortality index (PMI) showed a positive correlation for DSI (0.899), while negative correlations were estimated for MDA content (0.879**) followed by H2O2 formation (0.862**), total phenol (r = 0.810**) and total chlorophyll (r = -0.754**). Results showed that genotypes, namely, Dhanwantri, Pusa Unnati, Swarnima, and hybrid Smokey Lady × Oscar were Fusarium wilt tolerant along with desirable agronomic traits, thus can be recommended for commercial cultivation.

In 2021, two gram-negative bacterial strains were isolated from garlic ( Allium sativum ) bulbs showing decay and soft rot symptoms in Central Iran. The bacterial strains were aggressively pathogenic on cactus, garlic, gladiolus, onion, potato, and saffron plants and induced soft rot symptoms on carrot, cucumber, potato, and radish discs. Furthermore, they were pathogenic on sporophores of cultivated and wild mushrooms. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the bacterial strains belong to Burkholderia gladioli . Garlic bulb rot caused by B. gladioli has rarely been reported in the literature. Historically, B. gladioli strains had been assigned to four pathovars, namely, B. gladioli pv. alliicola , B. gladioli pv . gladioli , B. gladioli pv. agaricicola , and B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans , infecting onion, Gladiolus sp., and mushrooms and poisoning foods, respectively. Multilocus (i.e., 16S rRNA, atpD , gyrB , and lepA genes) sequence-based phylogenetic investigations including reference strains of B. gladioli pathovars showed that the two garlic strains belong to phylogenomic clade 2 of the species, which includes the pathotype strain of B. gladioli pv. alliicola . Although the garlic strains were phylogenetically closely related to the B. gladioli pv. alliicola reference strains, they possessed pathogenicity characteristics that overlapped with three of the four historical pathovars, including the ability to rot onion (pv. alliicola ), gladiolus (pv. gladioli ), and mushrooms (pv. agaricicola ). Furthermore, the pathotype of each pathovar could infect the hosts of other pathovars, undermining the utility of the pathovar concept in this species. Overall, using phenotypic pathovar-oriented assays to classify B. gladioli strains should be replaced by phylogenetic or phylogenomic analysis., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Many endangered plant species suffer from the effects of ongoing fragmentation of their populations leading to a loss of genetic diversity through genetic drift. In addition, populations of rare plants may also be affected by hybridization with other plant species. We studied the genetic population structure of populations of the endangered Gladiolus palustris in the western limit of its distribution area using AFLP markers. In addition, we clarified the taxonomic status of populations where hybridization with the closely related G. imbricatus was suspected based on morphology by sequencing the ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA as well as two regions of the chloroplast DNA. Our analysis of the genetic population structure of G. palustris revealed a strong differentiation among geographical regions, which was much higher than the differentiation among populations within regions. Most populations retained a considerable amount of genetic variation. To counteract the future loss of genetic diversity through drift, we recommend using the largest populations per region as seed source to increase genetic diversity in genetic depauperate populations of the same region. Our genetic analyses indicated that some French populations of G. palustris are of hybrid origin. These hybridization events are likely to be ancient as these populations are very isolated and some parent taxa went regionally extinct. As these hybrid populations may elucidate post-glacial distribution patterns of related Gladiolus taxa, we advocate that they deserve the same conservation efforts as purebred ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]