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The aim of this study was to evaluate production performance, carcass characteristics and nutritive value of meat of rabbits reared under the 2 prevailing feeding strategies in Uruguay. One week after weaning, 96 purebred V line rabbits were randomly distributed between 2 treatments: (T1) commercial pelleted food ad libitum and (T2) commercial pelleted food ad libitum plus fresh alfalfa ad libitum. Each treatment included 12 cages containing 4 individuals each (2 males and 2 females). Growth performance characteristics (live weight evolution, commercial food consumption and food/gain ratio) were evaluated. The consumption of alfalfa was not measured. Rabbits were slaughtered at a live weight of 2500 g and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Samples of meat and dissectible fat were analysed to determine intramuscular fat content at muscle L. dorsi, dissectible fat and intramuscular fat composition, minerals (Zn, Fe, Mg and Na), vitamin E and purines. Sensory evaluations were conducted to assess the effect of treatments on the consumer’s perception of differences and the existence of attributes determining preferences. Differences between treatments were significant for total commercial food intake (23356 vs. 20930 g/cage; P

Die Auswirkung unterschiedlicher Haltungs- und Futterungsbedingungen (Weidemast und intensive Stallmast) beim Schaf auf die Fettsaurezusammensetzung des Fleisches unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Qualitat des Endproduktes wurde in drei Versuchen gepruft. Das durch Weidehaltung erzeugte Schaffleisch wies einen signifikant hoheren n-3 Fettsauregehalt im Vergleich zu intensiv gemasteten Lammern auf. Fat composition of lamb. The effect of different feeding systems (extensive on pasture and intensive penned) on fatty acid composition of lamb muscle in relation to final product quality was investigated in three feeding trials. Lambs feeding on grass the muscle fat contained more n-3 fatty acids in comparison to penned sheep. The relative quantities of C18:3; C20:5 and C22:6 were markedly higher in grass finished lambs.

Our goal was to develop nutritious; accessible and stable infants flour which would improve cognitive and behavior abilities for African children. Five formulations (F1 to F5) based on local cereals from Senegal were manufactured according to FAO/WHO nutritional requirements and composed to reach equal energetic value (400 Kcal/Kg). Flours formulation stability was studied by storage at 20°C and5 relative humidities (0%to 95%) for 10 months. Flour dextrose equivalent; color and fat composition were followed and all formulated flours showed very good stability for a storage relative humidity below 75%. During in vivo nutritional tests; a comparative weight study between mice fed with standard nutritive flour (control); and those fed with F1 to F5 formulations showed a similar slope of weight gain even if adaptation time to new feed initially retard mice growth. F2 and F3 showed the highest weight deficiency compared to the control. Y and Morris Tests; used to characterize the behavior showed that F3; F4 and F5 formulations significantly increased psychomotor activity compared to the control. Long term memory was not significantly different between all formulations; except for F5 which showed a clear improvement. F2 formulation composed of corn was the least efficient for working memory due to its low proteins quality. The low number of triplets can slightly affect the F2 alternation percent; even if this effect was not observed for the control. The other formulations gave results close to the control food. F4 and F5 formulations showed good nutritional qualities; F4; enriched with vitamins and minerals; as well as F5 enriched with fish oil gave very good results on all growth and comportment parameters. They might be effective for better cognitive and somatic development of children.

Dietary public health advice has been to consume fish. The fatty acids in fish, specifically the ratio of n‐3 to n‐6, are reported to be instrumental in determining the benefits. Looks at the available literature on differences in fatty acid composition between wild and farmed fish. Supports the hypothesis that farmed fish have a higher fat content and a different fat composition to wild fish. Suggests that more detailed studies, are required to compare the fat compositions of the various types of wild and farmed fish.

The minimum fat richness of avocados necessary for marketing of the fruit is 8%, although after vegetative maturation values of about 20% or more are reached, the values depending on the variety. In the period between harvesting, when commercial maturity is reached, and full maturation, not only is the fat content increased but changes also occur in the fat composition, the unsaturated fatty acids increasing while the amount of saturated fatty acids decreases.

Body fat distribution changes are associated with multiple alterations in metabolism. Therefore, the assessment of body fat compartments by MRI in animal models is a promising approach to obesity research. Standard T1-weighted (T1w) whole body MRI was used here to quantify different effects in the subcutaneous and visceral fat compartments in rats under treatment with an anorexiant.Twenty rats on a high caloric diet were investigated by the identical MRI protocol at baseline and after seven weeks. Ten rats received a treatment with sibutramine, 10 rats served as vehicle control group. To longitudinally assess body fat components, MRI analysis was used with two approaches: 2D slicewise graphic analysis (SGA) was compared with an automated 3D analysis algorithm (3DA).At the group level, fat volume differences showed a longitudinal increase of subcutaneous and visceral fat volumes for the control group, whereas the sibutramine group showed stable subcutaneous fat volumes and decrease in visceral fat volumes. SGA and 3DA volume determination showed significant correlations for subcutaneous fat volume (C=0.85, p0.001), visceral fat volume (C=0.87, p0.001), and total fat volume (C=0.90, p0.001).It could be demonstrated that computer-based analysis of T1w MRI could be used to longitudinally assess changes in body fat compartments in rats at the group level. In detail, it was possible to investigate the effect of sibutramine separate on the fat compartments in rats.

The role of diet and fat consumption in the pathogenesis of breast cancer is an important subject. We report a method for noninvasive determination of lipid composition in human breast by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 7 T. Two respiratory-triggered TE-averaged stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) acquisitions were performed on the adipose tissue of 10 healthy volunteers where the second acquisition had all gradients inverted. This acquisition protocol allows the suppression of modulation sidebands that complicate spectral analysis at the short TEavg = 24.5 ms. The entire acquisition takes ∼10 min. Ten lipid peaks were typically resolved. T1 and T2 were also measured and used to correct the peak intensities. The calculated average lipid composition for saturated was 28.7 ± 8.4%, monounsaturated, 48.5 ± 7.9%, and polyunsaturated, 22.7 ± 3.1%, in close agreement with reported values from subcutaneous adipose measurements. Intrasubject variability was 2.0, 1.6, and 3.6% for the saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fractions, respectively. In conclusion, we have shown that a chemical analysis of lipids in breast tissue can be determined quite simply, quickly, and noninvasively by proton MRS at 7 T. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Quail are highly important poultry in regional agricultural poultry meat and egg production (Tikk et al., 2009, 2011). Linseed oil and linseed cake provide components to increase n3- polyunsaturated fatty acid (n3 PUFA) content in poultry products. As described in olive oil and conjugated linoleic acid example, the modification of feed fat composition may result in adverse effects in bird physiological status (Aydin et al. 2001; Karus et al., 2007). Insulinlike growth factors have been well studied and the effect of IGF-1 has been shown to play a significant role in chicken muscle development in all phases (Kocamis and Killefer 2003; Saprokina et al., 2009). The aim of the study was to examine IGF-1 gene-expression and IGF-1 protein content in different feeding conditions in quail blood.

This work deals with the characterisation of five fat types released during the conditioning process of table olives, pitting green olives (PGF), pitting ripe olives (PRF), pitting/stuffing green olives with vegetable origin products (PSGVF) and pitting/stuffing green olives with animal origin materials (PSGAF) along with the fat collected at the end of the factory sewer (WF). The parameters analysed included: acidity, peroxide value, spectrophotometric measurements (K232, K270 and ΔK), fatty acid composition of the raw material and the neutral fat, triacylglycerol composition of the neutral fat as well as the proportion and composition of the polar fraction. A chemometric analysis of specific groups of compounds was able to establish differences among the types of fats; the overall analysis showed two major groups: PGF, PRF and PSGVF were only moderately degraded, and PSGAF and WF were highly degraded. The information provided can help industries and authorities to handle these residues properly. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., he authors express their gratitude to CICYT (Spanish Government) for the financial support of this research (AGL2006-3540/ALI and AGL2009-07436) and Junta de Andalucía throughout the financial support to AGL 125 group (Biotecnología de Alimentos).

To examine whether higher physical fitness is associated with lower levels of blood pressure independent of adiposity in an established cohort of children. We explored how the method used to adjust fitness for body size would influence the findings.Blood pressure, adiposity (DXA scan) and fitness (predicted work capacity at a heart rate of 170 bpm [PWC170]) were assessed in children aged 9 years (n = 3594). Separate regression analyses for boys and girls yielded strong linear relationships between blood pressure (dependent variable) and ratio of fat to lean + bone (independent variable; all P0.001). An independent effect of fitness was assessed by adding PWC170 to the above models. Blood pressure was strongly inversely related to PWC170 when the latter was first adjusted for size in the conventional way (division by weight; all P0.001), probably because of mathematical ?coupling? (via weight). PWC170 expressed as a residual from our own regression of PWC170 on weight showed no association with systolic blood pressure and a small negative association with diastolic blood pressure (girls P = 0.042; boys P0.001). Across the observed ranges of fitness, mean blood pressure differed by 1 [95% CI 0?3] mm Hg for boys and 3 [95% CI 2?4] mm Hg for girls.Fitness is not associated with systolic blood pressure independent of levels of adiposity but there is a small but independent association with diastolic blood pressure.

The deer farming industry in New Zealand and the traditional Sami reindeer husbandry culture in Fennoscandia (Sweden, Norway and Finland) lead the world in commercial venison (deer meat) production from semi-domestic or farmed deer species, i.e. red deer (Cervus elaphus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), respectively. Production systems are based on natural pastures but include pre-slaughter handling routines and a slaughter process similar to that of domestic species like beef and lamb. Venison has several attributes attractive to consumers – it is tender, has low fat content, a favourable fat composition and high levels of minerals. All these attributes of venison are criteria demanded by today’s discerning meat consumer. The introduction of new venison production routines such as intensive farm-based management, industrialised slaughter and meat processing, use of commercial feed mixtures and possibly new ingredients used to supplement or replace pasture can alter venison quality. One topic of central importance for venison is the image as a natural, free-range origin, clean and healthy product. Care should be taken to ensure the positive image of venison as a ‘natural’ and healthy product is not lost when production systems are intensified to meet the market demand.

Commentary on: SS Han, KW Kim, KI Kim, et al.. Lean mass index: a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in elderly Asians.J Am Geriatr Soc2010;58:312–17.

The application of the BMI of > or =35 as the major prerequisite for access to bariatric surgery is no longer appropriate because the index, now incorporated in the requirements of Medicare, Medicaid and most private carriers, does not reflect the degree or distribution of adiposity, it discriminates unfairly on the basis of gender, race, age, fitness, and body fat composition. Further, with increasing evidence that bariatric surgery can also induce full and durable remission of such comorbidities as type 2 diabetes even in patients with BMIs

Obesity is a major health problem in the United States. Skinfold measurements are routinely used in assessing outcomes in the management of obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine if sex differences in skinfold measurements would be apparent in intraobserver and interobserver reliability as well as validity when compared with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurements.To determine intraobserver and interobserver variability, 71 male and 45 female subjects (chiropractic students) were assessed by 4 separate observers who each took 4 separate skinfold measurements. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was later conducted using a foot-to-foot technique. The average sums of the skinfold measurement and their standard deviations were calculated, and correlation coefficients between skinfold measurements and BIA techniques for male and female subjects were plotted separately to assess validity.Men tended to have greater amounts of intraobserver and interobserver variability when compared with women, but these differences were not significant. In regard to validity, there was no significant difference between skinfold measurements and BIA when estimating percentage body fat for men; but the difference was significant for women, where BIA underestimated by 3.4%.The differences observed in variability could be explained by the fact that there is a difference in skinfold compressibility between men and women. Physicians who are using skinfold calipers for body composition assessment should take into account these small potential differences when evaluating total body fatness.

Several commercially important characteristics of blue and channel catfish were compared for three successive growth periods. One-year-old blue (Ictalurus furcatus) and channel catfish (I. punctatus) averaging 111 g and 117 g, respectively, were stocked into triplicate 0.05-ha ponds at 9694 fish/ha in June 1987. The same fish were restocked at 8078 and 5132 fish/ha the following winter and summer, respectively. Growth, survival, and feed conversion of the two species during summer 1987 and 1988 were not significantly different (P > 0.05), but growth and feed conversion were superior for channel catfish in the winter period; thus, channel catfish were significantly larger at the end of the winter and summer 1988 periods. Gonadosomatic indices were significantly lower in blue catfish than in channel catfish in summer 1987 and winter periods, but not different in 1988. Visceral fat percentage and whole body fat composition in blue catfish in summer 1988 were greater than in channel catfish. Protein level of whole body and fillets of the two species was not significantly different for any period. Winter whole body dress-out percentage was higher in blue catfish, but not different in summer 1988.

[ES]: Se estudia la influencia de las 3 variedades más importantes de la grasa de la dieta (cantidad, calidad y composición) sobre la composición y distribución de ácidos grasos del tejido adiposo, utilizando ratas como animales de experimentación. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de 11 grupos de ratas permiten deducir las siguientes conclusiones: 1. - La composición de ácidos grasos de la grasa del tejido adiposo puede ser muy variable. Contenidos de grasa en la dieta superior al 12% originan un perfil de ácidos grasos en tejido adiposo muy similar al de la grasa ingerida. 2.- La alteración de la grasa de la dieta modifica la composición de ácidos grasos del tejido adiposo, debido a la menor cantidad de grasa absorbida. 3.- La distribución de los ácidos grasos en los triglicéridos del tejido adiposo es independiente de la de la grasa ingerida., [EN]: In this paper the effect of the 3 most important variables (quantity, quality and composition) of dietary fat on the distribution and composition of fatty acids in rat adipose tissue, is studied. From the results obtained after feeding 11 groups of rats, the following conclusions stand out: 1 . - Fatty acid composition of rat adipose tissue is very variable. Nevertheless, when the percentage of fat in the diet is higher than 12%, the fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue is similar to that of the ingested fat. 2.- The level of alteration of the fat in the diet clearly modifies the fat composition In adipose tissue. This fact might be due to the lower digestibility. 3.- Fatty acid distribution in adipose tissue is independent of the distribution in the ingested fat., A la Junta de Andalucía y a la Comisión interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología por la financiación aportada.

Video images of ham cross-sections were recorded from 71 pork carcasses (ranging in weight from 72 to 119kg). Three sets of prediction equations were developed to estimate pork carcass lean and fat composition from video image analysis (VIA) of ham cross-sectional area measurements, 10th rib back fat depth (TENFAT) and hot carcass weight (HCKg). Carcass data of dissected lean and fat in the four primal cuts (ham, loin, Boston button and picnic shoulder) were used as dependent variables in establishing regression equations. The first set of equations combined VIA ham measurements and total ham weight (HTKg). Regression models containing the single variable HTKg times ham percentage lean area (Vol. 1) or HTKg times ham percentage fat area (Vol. 2) accounted for 88% and 68% of the variation in total carcass lean weight (CLKg) and total carcass fat weight (CFKg) from the right side of each carcass, respectively. The second set of equations combined VIA ham measurements and TENFAT (cm). Multiple regression models involving TENFAT, Vol. 1, and Vol. 2 accounted for 91% and 90% of the variation in CLKg and CFKg. The third set of equations used VIA ham measurements, TENFAT and HCKg. Carcass lean weight was best predicted by HCKg, TENFAT, and ham lean area (HLA) (R(2)=.92). Carcass fat weight was best predicted by HCKg, TENFAT, and Vol. 2 (R(2)=.91). Overall correlations showed a high association between Vol. 1 and CLKg (r=.94, P

Objective: To compare changes in maternal weight and body fat composition from early to late pregnancy and 6–8 months postnatally between primiparous and multiparous patients Methods: Maternal weight and body fat percentage were assessed in a cohort of low-risk uncomplicated women in a general antenatal clinic at 14–20 weeks gestation, after 36 weeks, and around six to eight months after delivery using a Tanita TBF 105 Fat Analyser. Maternal epidemiological and anthropometric data, as well as pregnancy characteristics and perinatal outcome, were derived from standard antenatal records after delivery. The cohort was stratified into primiparous and multiparous women for comparison. Results: In a cohort of 104 women, 55 (52.8%) were primiparous and 49 (47.1%) were multiparous. A relatively good overall correlation between body fat percentage gain and weight gain was observed (correlation coefficient 0.33) from early to late pregnancy. Primiparous women had higher weight gain (12 kg) and higher body fat gain (7.7%) during the pregnancy compared to multiparous women (10.8 kg and 6%, respectively), and they also retained more of the fat accumulated during pregnancy (1.92% vs – 0.44%, P

Two experiments were carried out with growing-fattening bulls, offered a fattening diet based on concentrate and supplemented with soya oil or steam-flaked linseed. Soya oil (200 g/kg) was mixed with middlings (800 g/kg). Linseed (500 g/kg) and whole barley (500 g/kg) were steam flaked. The fat incorporation resulted in an increase of the ether extract content from 26·5 g/kg dry matter to about 45 g/kg. The incorporation of soya oil increased the average daily gain (P> 0·05). The saturated: unsaturated fatty acid ratio was reduced in perirenal fat due to an increase of oleic acid and a reduction of stearic acid. The inclusion of steam-treated linseed resulted in a lower slaughter weight (P< 0·05) and a shorter fattening period (P> 0·05). The fatty acid composition of perirenal fat was affected significantly: the concentrations of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid were increased and the concentrations of myristic, palmitic and stearic acids were reduced. This resulted in a reduced saturated: unsaturated fatty acid ratio.In a third experiment, samples of the two fat concentrates were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen. The ether extract disappearance was high with both concentrates. Furthermore, the fatty acid composition was altered to a large extent for soya oil while large proportions of unsaturated fatty acids were still present with steam-flaked linseed.

Mountain hares in north-east Scotland are pregnant from Mid-February to mid-July, although breeding is at a peak from April to June when all adult females are either pregnant or lactating or both. The onset of reproduction coincides with the highest body fat composition and the end of the breeding season coincides with the greatest depletion of body fat.

The effect of a low fat diet (9 MJ) v a high fat diet (19.26 MJ), each consumed separately for four and 14 days, on gastric emptying and mouth to caecum transit time of a high fat test meal and body weight and satiety were examined in groups of 10 and six normal male volunteers. The half time for gastric emptying (t1/2) and the mouth to caecum transit time of a high fat test meal was significantly faster after the high fat diet than the low fat diet when consumed for 14 days (t1/2=98 (80-116) v 147 (88-206) minutes (median (range)), p less than 0.05; mouth to caecum transit time 240 (130-350) v 360 (200-520) minutes, p less than 0.05), but not when consumed for only four days. The mean (SEM) body weight of all subjects significantly increased during the 14 day high fat diet (74.7 (1.3) v 72.7 (1.6) kg, p less than 0.05) but was not influenced during the consumption of the low fat diet. When subjects were given an appetising meal to consume on the day that they had consumed the transit test meal, they ate similar amounts irrespective of their recent dietary history, though the eating rate was significantly slower after the high fat diet (mean (SEM)) 46.7 (1.9) v 71.3 (14.8)/min, p less than 0.05). Maintaining normal subjects on a high or low fat diet for two weeks resulted in a desensitisation or sensitisation respectively of the mechanisms by which nutrients regulate gastrointestinal transit. These findings emphasise the importance of the recent dietary history in the interpretation of gastric emptying and small bowel transit time data.

Summary The paper deals with biotechnology in existing cheese manufacturing, but also with the role that modern biotechnology may play in the development of nutritionally balanced or improved cheese varieties. For all practical purpose the production of hard (Cheddar) and semi‐hard (Gouda) cheese is selected. The various stages of cheese production such as milk selection and preparation, the role of starter bacteria, curd coagulation and cheese ripening will be discussed. The overall complexity of cheese production is such that even after centuries of cheese making not all processes which lead to top quality cheeses are fully understood. Nutritional recommendations in developed countries are all emphasizing the need to reduce total fat intake and particularly saturated fat intake. The dairy fat composition with its relatively high level of blood cholesterol raising fatty acids and its high fat content does not fit with these recommendations. The main problems with changing the fat level or triglyceride co...

ObjectiveTo examine the effect of the new Canadian labelling regulations on the fat composition and prices of margarines.Study designA survey of all margarines sold in major supermarkets in the Greater Toronto area was conducted in 2006, and results were compared with those of a similar survey conducted in 2002. Average fat composition, proportion of ‘trans fat-free’ margarines and average prices of margarines were compared. A general linear model procedure was used to compare the relationship between price and fat composition in 2002 and 2006.ResultsAverage amounts of trans fatty acids (TFA) and MUFA decreased, while average amounts of PUFA increased significantly from 2002 to 2006. The proportion of margarines with less than 0·2 g TFA/10 g serving rose significantly from 31 % in 2002 to 69 % in 2006. Margarines lower in TFA on average cost significantly more than margarines with greater amounts of these fats, and this relationship appeared stronger in 2006 relative to 2002.ConclusionsThere is evidence of reductions in TFA in margarines since new labelling regulations came into effect in Canada; however, TFA reductions appeared to be restricted to higher-priced margarines. Results suggest that voluntary approaches (i.e. manufacturer incentives via labelling) to reduce population intakes of TFA will yield little changes in TFA content of low-cost products and thus may have limited benefit for lower-income groups, who are at higher risk of heart disease.

Eighty-seven grain-finished steers were harvested, evaluated, and fabricated into wholesale cuts to determine what measured composition indicators most accurately describe the percentage of closely trimmed salable meat yield. Indicators of lean and fat composition present at the cross-section between the 12th and 13th ribs were objectively evaluated using Assess image analysis software. Salable meat yield ranged from 50.18% to 72.92%, trimmable fat yield ranged from 12.87% to 36.69%, and bone yield ranged from 10.07% to 19.21%. Regression models were developed to estimate percentage of total salable meat yield. Composition indicators chosen to predict salable meat yield included hot carcass weight (HCW), perinephric fat weight, longissimus muscle area (LMA), subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), ratio of LMA to subcutaneous fat area, and ratio of subcutaneous fat depth to HCW. These results indicate that prediction of beef carcass salable meat yield can be improved via modification to current measures used in the USDA yield grade equation and addition of new measures.

The objective was to determine belly and bacon quality traits in pigs fed ractopamine (RAC) for various durations during finishing. A 2×3×2 factorial arrangement was used with barrows and gilts, fed RAC levels of 0.0, 5.0, or 7.4ppm, for 21 or 28d prior to harvest. Bellies were fabricated and measured for length, thickness, firmness, and processing yields. Once processed, 1.27cm slices were removed at 25%, 50%, and 75% the distance from the blade end, packaged and digitally imaged using a Chem1 Genius(2) Bio Imaging System. Total slice area (TA), total slice length (TL), secondary lean length (SL), secondary lean area (SA), and percent lean area (TA - all lean components=LA) were determined by tracing images in Adobe Photoshop Elements. A composite sample from the three slices was used for proximate analysis to determine moisture and fat composition for each belly. Feeding RAC increased belly yield, TA, TL, SA, and LA (P0.05), but did not alter moisture or fat composition (P0.05). Gilts had decreased firmness and higher pump uptakes compared to barrows (P0.05). Additionally gilts had increased TL, SL, and LA with lower fat and higher moisture content (P0.05). RAC feeding duration had no significant effect on belly or bacon quality traits (P0.05), furthermore, no interactions were found to be significant (P0.05). RAC administration during finishing resulted in improved belly and bacon yields with no negative effects on the quality traits evaluated.

Palatinose is a disaccharide present in honey, which has the characteristics of delayed digestion and absorption. We developed a palatinose-based balanced formula (PBF) and reported its beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome-related parameters in rats. To examine the effects of PBF in humans, we here conducted a crossover study using twenty-three subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The subjects were divided into two groups: intervention to control (I/C) and control to intervention (C/I) groups. The I/C group consumed PBF (250 kcal) together with foods that were 250 kcal less than their usual breakfast (intervention meal) for the first 12 weeks, followed by their usual breakfast (control meal) for the last 12 weeks. The protocol for the C/I group was opposite in order: the control meal for the first 12 weeks, followed by the intervention meal for the last 12 weeks. In the first 12-week period, the intervention meal decreased 2-hr plasma glucose levels after 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (-15.7 +/- 20.1% change), while the control meal did not (0.8 +/- 31.6% change). The difference between these changes was significant (p = 0.038). The similar results were obtained from the comparison of the changes between the first and the last 12-week periods in the two groups combined (intervention vs control: -11.8 +/- 22.5 vs 11.2 +/- 30.2% change, p = 0.024). PBF also had the beneficial effects on serum free fatty acids levels and visceral fat area. In conclusion, PBF consumption has beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome-related parameters in humans.

The specific composition of milk fat of the small ruminant makes it especially valuable nutritionally and for consumer health. The aspects of the nature and composition of the animal's diet that have an influence on the fat content of its milk and its composition has been reviewed. The various studies have been, fundamentally, aimed at optimising the production of milk. Particular account is taken of the industrial use made today of sheep and goat milk, as it comprises the raw material for the manufacture of different dairy products, especially of cheese. The physical form in which the forage proportion of the diet is presented and/or the forage/concentrate ratio in the diet are aspects for special consideration in determining the fat content of the milk. In the case of the goat, this seems to depend particularly on the energy intake achieved in each case. Dietary supplementation with different types of fat, unprotected or protected against the ruminal metabolism, is considered a crucial strategy. Not only does this alleviate certain limitations in the diet provided from the production system that is practiced. The semi-extensive production system of the small ruminant is most common in arid and semi-arid zones. It enables the producer to control the content and composition of milk fat. The scope of effect depends on the nature and amount of the dietary fat and on the existence of interactions between the basal diet (forage type, starchy concentrate, etc.) and dietary lipids. Besides the production system, the involvement of other factors, such as stage of lactation and the productive capability of the animal, should, also be taken into account. From the available information, it can be concluded that the nature of fat content of sheep and goat milk, in comparison with cow milk, presents advantages for consumer health. This composition makes them directly or in the form of dairy products, foods of choice for segments of the human population with specific requirements. Different nutritional strategies are designed with the aim of optimising the composition of these milks with respect to their fat content and composition. Experimental results in goat nutrition, show that lipid supplementation does not change net energy intake and milk yield, but increases in most cases, milk fat content and allows much less saturated fatty acids, much more oleic and/or vaccenic and rumenic acids, more linolenic acid, and other trans fatty acids. The responses of goats are different from cow's responses in many aspects of milk production and mammary lipid metabolism, and the same is probably true for sheep. The variation in milk fat composition is very large, with important interactions between forage, concentrates and oils, in almost all major and minor fatty acids. Supplementation of corn silage or high-concentrate diets with vegetable oils increases sharply trans fatty acids other than rumenic and vaccenic acids. The aim of future research is to improve the effects of different feeding strategies, in order to increase more selectively fatty acids that are of interest for human nutrition and health without increasing the less desired fatty acids, and without decreasing the sensory quality of dairy products.

Moreno, L. A.;Wärnberg, Julia;Marcos, Ascensión;Blay, M. G.; et al., Objective: To determine reference values for body mass index (BMI), sum of six skinfolds (∑6 skinfolds) and body fat percentage (BF%) in Spanish adolescents aged 13-18 years, included in the AVENA Study (Alimentación y Valoración del Estado Nutricional en Adolescentes: Food and Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Adolescents). Design: Multicentre cross-sectional study. Setting: Representative sample of Spanish adolescents. Subjects: The population was selected by means of a multiplestep, simple random sampling. The final number of subjects included in the AVENA Study was 2859 adolescents; 2160 adolescents had a complete set of anthropometric measurements and were then included in this study (1109 males and 1051 females). Interventions: Weight, height and six skinfold thicknesses were measured. As indices of total adiposity, we calculated BMI, ∑6 skinfolds and BF%; with the formulas described by Slaughter et al. Results: ∑6 skinfolds and BF% in each age group were significantly higher in females than in males. In males, age showed a significant effect for BMI, ∑6 skinfolds and BF%; however, in females, the effect was only significant for BF%. The percentile distribution was more disperse towards higher ∑6 skinfolds and BF% values in males when compared with females. Conclusions: The presented percentile values will help us to classify adolescents in comparison with a well-established reference population, and to estimate the proportion of adolescents with high or low adiposity amounts. © 2006 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved., The AVENA-Study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS 00/0015), and grants from Panrico SA, Madaus SA and Procter and Gamble SA This study was also supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain), RCESP (C03/09) and Spanish Ministry of Education (AP2003-2128).

A study was carried out to increase the CLA contents in ewes' milk fat under field conditions by dietary means and to investigate the extent of the changes and consequences for milk processing and cheese quality. During a 3-mon period, ewes' bulk milk samples were collected every week from two different herds. For the first 4 wk the ewes were fed a conventional diet. Then the following 6 wk a supplement enriched in α-linolenate (whole linseed) was incorporated into the ovine diet. Finally, in the last 3 wk the feeding was the same as in the first 4 wk. The FA profile in milk fat was monitored by GC, and the distribution of CLA isomers was thoroughly tested by combining CC-MS of 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives (DMOX) with silver ion-HPLC (Ag +-HPLC) of FAME. Reconstructed mass spectral profiles of CLA characteristic ions from DMOX were used to identify positional isomers, and Ag+-HPLC was used to quantify them. An increase in total CLA in milk fat was observed, and total CLA remained elevated during the weeks of enriched α-linolenate feeding. In our experimental conditions there was a linear relationship between trans-vaccenic acid (trans-11-octadecenoic acid; trans-11 18:1 ) and 9-cis,11-trans CLA in ewes' milk fat. Concerning the CLA isomer profile, increases in the 11,13- and 12,14-18:2 positional isomers were considerable when linseed was included in the diet. Organoleptic characteristics of cheeses made with CLA-enriched milk did not substantially differ from those made with nonsupplemented ewes' milk. CLA total content and isomer profile did not change during ripening. Copyright © 2005 by AOCS Press., The authors are grateful to the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (project AGL2002-00887 and AGL2003-01712) and the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (project 07G/0039/2003) for financing this project

A marine algal oil (MAO) with a high docosahexaenoic acid content (46.7%) was evaluated for the production of n-3 fatty acid (FA) enriched eggs. To determine its effects, laying hens were fed one of two diets containing different amounts of MAO, or a control diet containing marine fish oil (MFO). The efficiency of retention of total n-3 FA in the yolk fat depended both on the type and level of dietary n-3 substrate. Per unit weight of dietary oil added, MAO was better than MFO in terms of total n-3 FA retention by the yolk fat. However, the efficiency of retention of total n-3 FA, expressed as g FA retained per g of FA intake, was higher for MFO than for MAO. Un aceite procedente de algas marinas (AM) y con una alta concentración de ácido docosahexaenoico (46,7%) fue evaluado para producir huevos enriquecidos en ácidos grasos (AG) n-3. Se formularon tres dietas experimentales para comparar esta nueva fuente a dos niveles de inclusión con una dieta control suplementada con aceite de pescado (AP) en gallinas ponedoras. Los resultados indican que la eficacia de retención de AG n-3 en la grasa de la yema depende tanto del tipo como del nivel de suplementación de la fuente de AG n-3 utilizada. La suplementación con AM fue más eficiente que la de AP sobre la base del total de AG n-3 retenidos en la grasa de la yema por unidad de peso de aceite añadido. Sin embargo, la eficacia de deposición del total de AG n-3, expresada como gramos de AG retenidos por gramo de AG consumidos, fue mayor para AP que para AM.

The aim of this work was to evaluate sex effect on behavior of two commercial broilers lines. Productive parameters, carcass composition and yield, amount and quality of fat deposited in the meat and skin and total body fat were studied. A completely randomized design with four treatments (MR-Male Ross, HR-Female Ross, MAF-Male Avian Farm and HAF-Female Avian Farm) and eight repetitions of 40 chickens was used. Animals received water and food ad libitum. After 50 days, two birds (a male and a female) per repetition were chosen at random and slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Samples of breast, leg, skin and abdominal fats were analyzed to determine the percentage of intramuscular fat, total cholesterol and fatty acid composition. The Ross line showed higher final weight and weight gain, better intake and feed conversion rate. Also, it was observed that females of both lines had similar results in relation to these parameters. Better yield of breast with bone was found in Ross males and females. In relation to legs and thigh, Ross males showed better results and no differences were observed among females of both lines. Males deposited less fat than females. Finally, differences in percentage of intramuscular fat, content of cholesterol in breast with skin, leg with skin and skin, percentage of saturated, mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed between sex and lines.

The study examined the relations of self-reported physical activity levels and physical fitness scores for two samples of college students assessed in 1987 (n=261) and in 1997 (n=243). Significantly greater exercise was reported by the 1997 women than the 1987 women; amount of exercise reported by men did not differ. For both samples, greater exercise was associated with increased Fitness for women and men as assessed by the Hall 1986 Physical Fitness Test Profile, comprised of measures on body fat composition; grip strength; muscle endurance, flexibility, resting heart rate; systolic and diastolic blood pressures; and aerobic power. For the 1987 sample men were more fit than women. For the 1997 sample, women were more Fit than men. The 1997 women were more fit than the 1987 women; there was no difference on overall fitness measures of the two samples of men.

Objective To determine the correlation between dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and skin fold thickness (SKF) equations for estimation of body fat (BF) composition in secondary school children and validation of prediction equations by Slaughter, Goran and Dezenberg. Design Cross sectional analytical study. Setting Joint Commission for International Accredited (JCIA) tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan from January 2010 to May 2010. Participants The study was approved by the Hospital's ethical review committee. Written and verbal consents were obtained from principals of two schools and parents of 99 children (mean age of 14±1.89 years; min–max 9–19 years; 54 men and 45 women) accrued in study. DEXA scan was acquired and SKF was measured at angle of the scapula, iliac crest and mid-arm for bicep and tricep skin folds using Holtain Callipers. Correlations were established between estimated fat mass (FM) and per cent BF (%BF) calculated by DEXA and those predicted by prediction equations. On obtaining significant correlation of >0.5, overall accuracy, precision and bias was calculated. Results There was an overall increased adiposity in females with FM of 3.57 kg and %BF 6.2% higher than male counterparts (p

Analysis of food samples collected in 1997 and 1998 in Bavaria, Germany showed that PCDD/F levels in food of animal origin, with the exception of fish, have decreased to low levels way below 1 pg I-TEQ/g fat. Lowest PCDD/F contents were found in pork (mean: 0.27 pg I-TEQ/g fat) followed by poultry and cow's milk (mean: approx. 0.5 pg I-TEQ/g fat). Average contamination levels determined in beef and eggs lay in the range from 0.7 to 0.8 pg I-TEQ/g fat. PCDD/F levels in fish were clearly higher than levels in meat, milk and egg samples (mean: 5.6 pg I-TEQ/g fat). Comparison of topical levels with former results from Bavaria show that the recently detected decline of contamination of food has continued during the past few years. In addition to investigations of unprepared food, we analysed prepared canteen meals over a period of 1 year. The average PCDD/F level found in canteen food (0.37 pg I-TEQ/g fat) was in good conformity with determined PCDD/F levels in unprepared food regarding the estimated fat composition of prepared meals. The average consumption of fat per meal via canteen food was 21.1 g and the average PCDD/F intake per meal was 7.6 pg I-TEQ. On the supposition that determined PCDD/F levels in canteen food on fat basis are representative of total fat consumed by humans (102 g fat/day), the daily PCDD/F intake would amount to a mean value of 36.7 pg I-TEQ corresponding to 0.52 pg I-TEQ/kg body weight.

The eating quality of puff biscuits is determined very largely by the nature of the fat used for laminating. Forming the laminar structure in the dough is a delicate operation dependent on the fat composition and consistency.

[EN] In order to obtain healthier goat milk as far as its fat composition is concerned, milk production and composition trials were carried out with Granadina goats kept in semi-extensive breeding conditions. The animals were feeding indoors with a concentrate supplemented or not with 7% of fat conveniently protected against the action of rumen, which had 35% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The amount of milk produced was higher (p0.05), the corresponding yields were higher for consumption of the fat supplemented concentrate. As for the composition of milk fat, the use of the supplemented concentrate resulted in fat with a higher (p, [ES] Con objeto de obtener una leche de cabra más saludable en relación con la composición de su grasa, se llevan a cabo unos ensayos de producción de leche y control de su composición, en cabras de raza Granadina, mantenidas bajo condiciones prácticas de explotación semiextensiva. Los animales se suplementan en pesebre con un concentrado que incluía o no un 7% de una grasa convenientemente protegida frente a la acción del rumen, la que presentaba en su composición un 35% de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA). La cantidad de leche producida, resulta mayor (p0.05), los rendimientos correspondientes resultan mayores para el caso de consumo del concentrado suplementado con la grasa. Respecto de la composición de la grasa láctea, el empleo del concentrado suplementado da lugar a una grasa con una mayor (p, This study was supported financially by the Interministerial Commission of Science and Technology. Spain (Project ALI96-1024-C02-01).

The study examined effect of different processing methods on the proximate, β-carotene and ascorbate composition of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) leaf and the curd produced from the leaf. Fluted pumpkin leaf was divided into four (4) portions. One was shade-dried, another was sun-dried and the other was used to produce leaf curd. The last portion was not processed and served as the control. All the processed samples were milled to fine flour and analysed using standard assay methods. The results showed that the fresh leaf curd (FLC) sample had the highest protein (26.27%) and the fresh pumpkin leaf (FPL) had the least (11.25%). On the other hand, the dried leaf curd (DLC), the shade-dried and the sun-dried fluted pumpkin leaves had comparable (p>0.05) values (19.75 vs 23.08 vs 23.78%). The fat composition of the samples differed. The dried leaf curd samples had the least fat (0.93%) followed by fresh leaf curd (3.03%). The shade dried leaf had the highest fat (ether extract), which was different from others (p 0.05) ash values (3.47 and 3.00%, respectively) and the dried leaf curd had the least (1.29%). The CHO levels of the samples differed (p 0.05) values (61.30-62.87%). However, the dried leaf curd had the highest CHO (76.99%) (p 0.05) levels (0.28 mg/100g respectively). On the other hand, the fresh leaf curd had significantly higher values (p