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The objectives of orthodontic treatment are balance and harmony of facial lines, stability of the dentition after treatment, healthy oral tissues, and an effecient chewing mechanism. The study was designed to compare the accuracy of Economides' and Holdaway' techniques for the prediction of upper lip position which both have been developed to avoid the inadequacy of using a hard-tissue analysis alone for treatment planning and producing predictable and desirable facial esthetics. A total of 25 patients; 3 boys and 22 girls who received orthodontic treatment of the University of Gazi, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Orthodontics were selected for the study. Economides' and Holdaway' techniques for the prediction of upper lip position were applied and the treatment effects were examined on the tracing of the pretreatment and postretention cephalometric radiographs. The paired “t” test was applied to compare the accuracy of the above techniques to predict the upper lip position. The upper lip and the upper incisor position changes with treatment, the differences between the position of upper lip after treatment and predicted Economides' upper lip position; the differences between the popition of upper lip after treatment and predicted Holdaway' upper lip position, the differences between the errors of Holdaway' prediction and Economides' prediction were found to be statistically significiant. The standard error of prediction was 1.24 and the coefficient of reliability was 31% for Economides' prediction techniques. They were 0.85 and 58% for Holdaway' prediction tecnique respectively. The results of this study have been indicated that Holdaway' prediction technique was more accurate than Economides' technique to estimate the upper lip position.

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the soft tissue/hard tissue ratio after setback genioplasty for a more precise surgical prediction. Patients and methods: The surgical records of 22 patients with skeletal class III malocclusion who underwent orthodontic-surgical treatments were analyzed retrospectively. All patients had undergone bimaxillary orthognathic procedures with setback genioplasties. Lateral cephalometric tracings at four time points, T0, T1, T2, and T3, were superimposed to analyze the horizontal and vertical changes of the hard and soft tissues at eight reference points in the lower face. Results: The thickness of the soft tissue was statistically significantly increased 1 year after the operation. Analysis showed that the horizontal movements of the soft and hard tissue were significantly correlated in the horizontal direction with ratios of 0.9:1 at the lip, B-point, 0.7:1 at the Pogonion, and 1:1 at the menton. The vertical movements were not statistically correlated except for the B-point. The chin setback independently made by genioplasty was also analyzed and the horizontal ratio was 1.1:1 at the menton. Conclusions: Considering the soft tissue thickening and the soft/hard tissue ratios, the soft tissue profile of the chin can be predicted more precisely after setback genioplasty. Setback genioplasty can be used to effectively and reliably correct horizontal chin protrusion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present an engine for enhancing the geometry of a 3D face mesh model while making the enhanced version share close similarity with the original. After obtaining the feature points of a given scanned 3D face model, we first perform a local and global symmetrization on the key facial features. We then apply an overall proportion optimization to the frontal face based on Neoclassical Canons and golden ratios. A nonlinear least-squares solution is adopted to adjust the feature points so that the face profile complies with the aesthetic criteria, which are derived from the profile cosmetology. Through the above processes, we obtain the optimized feature points, which will lead to a more attractive face. According to the original feature points and the optimized ones, we perform Laplacian deformation to adjust the remaining points of the face in order to preserve the geometric details. The analysis of user study in this paper validates the effectiveness of our 3D face geometry enhancement engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate and compare the anteroposterior position of permanent maxillary central incisor in profile in relation to the forehead inclination and prominence in adult (18-25 years) females of Maharashtra population. Materials and methods: The control sample ( N = 100) consisted of adult females (18-25 years of age) with optimum facial balance showing a pleasing profile compared with study sample (100 adult female patients of 18-25 years) seeking orthodontic treatment. All smiling profile images had the maxillary central incisors and the forehead in full view. The images were adjusted and rotated to the upright head position. Reference lines were drawn to measure the anteroposterior positions of the maxillary central incisors as well as forehead inclinations. Results: Strong correlation exists between positions of maxillary central incisor relative to forehead inclination in control group. In study group it is insignificant. It means that if position of maxillary central incisor relative to 'forehead's facial axis (FFA) point' changes the forehead inclination also changes. The most esthetic maxillary central incisor position between FFA point and glabella was highest in the control sample (94%). Conclusion: The forehead is a useful landmark for assessing the facial profile for adult Maharashtra females as it relates to A-P maxillary central incisor position. Smiling profile photograph can be useful additional diagnostic tool for determining esthetic position of maxillary central incisors in the face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate cephalometric changes in tooth and profile position in young adolescent individuals with Class I biprotrusion submitted to orthodontic treatment with extractions of four first premolars. Methods: Pre and posttreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs from 20 patients with Class I biprotrusion malocclusion were used to evaluate the following measurements: nasolabial angle, distance from lips to E line, distance from lips, incisors, tip of the nose and soft tissue pogonion to Sy line. Results: All measurements showed significant changes after treatment (p<0.05), except the distance from lips and soft tissue pogonion to Sy line. There was a positive correlation between the retraction of incisors and the change of upper and lower lips (0.803/0.925; p<0.001). Conclusion: The profile retrusion observed occurred more due to nose growth than to lips retraction. The response from soft tissues to incisors retraction showed a great variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Malocclusion may result in esthetic impairment and functional disorders such as bad chewing, speech and swallowing, with a negative impact on quality of life. There is uncertainty regarding the effects of breastfeeding on dentofacial malocclusions. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between maternal breastfeeding and dental malocclusions and facial characteristics in adolescents with permanent dentition. Methods: Probabilistic sampling of 2060 12- to 15-year-old students in a cross-sectional study was used. Malocclusion, as defined by Angle, and facial characteristics were the dependent variables. The duration of breastfeeding was the main independent variable. Other covariates were tested as effect modifiers or confounders. The associations were estimated using the odds ratio (OR) in multinomial logistic regression analysis (α =5%). Results: There was an association between a short duration of breastfeeding (less than 6 months) and Angle class II (OR=3.14; 95% CI: 1.28–7.66) and class III (OR=2.78; 95% CI: 1.21–6.36) malocclusion only in students with a prolonged history of bruxism. A higher occurrence of severe convex profile (OR=3.4; 95% CI: 0.63–18.26) and a lower occurrence of cancave profile (OR=0.43; 95% CI: 0.21–0.88) were also observed only among adolescents who had been breastfed for a short period and exposed to a long periods of mouth breathing. Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that breastfeeding alone seems not to be directly associated with malocclusions, but it may have a synergetic effect with parafunctional oral habits on the development of occlusofacial problems. It is recommended that deleterious oral habits be avoided, especially by children who were breast-fed for less than 6 months. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective To evaluate the effect of extraction and non-extraction decompensation to bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in skeletal class III malocclusion and the effect on postoperative. Methods Records of 36 completed surgical-orthodontic treatment skeletal class III malocclusion patients were obtained from School of Stomatology, China Medical University, 18 underwent maxillary premolar extraction, the other 18 underwent non-extraction. Their postdecompensation and postsurgery cephalometric radiographs were analyzed objectively, and their profile scissors-shadows in different groups were evaluated subjectively. Results The cephalometric index of post-presurgical orthodontics showed that there were significant deviations between the extraction and non-extraction groups including Ul-SN, Overjet and Cm-Sn-UL values (P<0.05). During surgery, mandible was retruded (8.66+1.42) mm in extraction group compared with (6.21±3.06) mm in non-extraction group (P<0.05). After surgery, the extraction group achieved more normal ANB, Ul-SN, NA-PA values (P>0.05). Conclusion Maxillary premolar extraction can make incisor decompensation more complete so that mandible can be retruded to more ideal position and concave face can be successfully corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a clear understanding of the anatomy and thorough patient evaluation, a safe and effective surgical plan can be constructed. There are several options available to reduce or augment the chin, and often the choice is based on patient presentation and surgeon comfort and familiarity with a given procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the soft tissue thickness of male and female orthodontic patients with different skeletal malocclusions. Methods: Soft tissue thickness measurements were made on lateral cephalometric radiographs of 180 healthy orthodontic patients with different skeletal malocclusions (Class I: 60 subjects, Class II: 60 subjects, Class III: 60 subjects). Ten measurements were analyzed. For statistical evaluation, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed. Least significant difference (LSD) and Dunnet T3 post hoc tests were used to determine the individual differences. Results: Soft tissue thicknesses were found to be greater for men than for women. Statistically significant differences among the skeletal groups were found in both men and women at the following sites: labrale superius, stomion, and labrale inferius. The thickness at the labrale superius and stomion points in each skeletal type was the greatest in Class III for both men and women. On the other hand, at the labrale inferius point, for both men and women, soft tissue depth was the least in Class III and the greatest in Class II. Conclusions: Soft tissue thickness differences among skeletal malocclusions were observed at the labrale superius, stomion, and labrale inferius sites for both men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification from video surveillance systems is frequently requested in forensic practice. The '3D-2D' comparison has proven to be reliable in assessing identification but still requires standardization; this study concerns the validation of the 3D-2D profile comparison. The 3D models of the faces of five individuals were compared with photographs from the same subjects as well as from another 45 individuals. The difference in area and distance between maxima (glabella, tip of nose, fore point of upper and lower lips, pogonion) and minima points (selion, subnasale, stomion, suprapogonion) were measured. The highest difference in area between the 3D model and the 2D image was between 43 and 133 mm2 in the five matches, always greater than 157 mm2 in mismatches; the mean distance between the points was greater than 1.96 mm in mismatches, <1.9 mm in five matches ( p < 0.05). These results indicate that this difference in areas may point toward a manner of distinguishing 'correct' from 'incorrect' matches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Clínica de Ortodontia Dental Press is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in esthetic preferences and orthognathic treatment for Asian patients between US- and Asian-trained surgeons. Twenty-five Caucasian-American, 23 Asian-American, 24 Asian oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFS) completed an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved survey. They were asked to rate seven Asian male and female profiles from most attractive to least attractive and to choose maxillary advancement, mandibular setback, or no treatment for an Asian male and female patient with a maxillomandibular discrepancy. There was no statistical difference for the most and least attractive rankings among the OMFS. Variations in ranking for intermediate profiles showed a statistical difference between the Asian- and US-trained OMFS. These intermediate profile rankings appeared to explain the differences in surgical treatment. Treatment recommendations for the Asian male among the OMFS, regardless of ethnicity, preferred maxillary advancement. For the Asian female, all Asian-trained OMFS preferred mandibular setback, while nearly 40% of US-trained OMFS preferred maxillary advancement (p =0.003). Differences in surgical management of the Asian patient were dependent on whether the surgeon trained in the US or in Asia and the gender of the patient. There was concordance between the Asian-American and Caucasian-American surgeons. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To evaluate the influence of age, gender, sagittal occlusal relationship, facial pattern and 8 facial proile measures on proile aesthetics. Methods: Contingency tables, chi-square test and Cramer's coeficient were used to evaluate the possible association between the scores assigned by 32 examiners (14 orthodontists, 12 laypeople and 6 artists) to the aesthetics of the proile of 100 Brazilian Caucasian adults, all patients with lip seal competence, and age, gender, sagittal occlusal relationship, facial pattern and the variables of the numerical analysis of the facial proile. Results: No association was found between age, gender and sagittal occlusal relationship and the aesthetics of facial proile. An association was observed between proile scores and facial pattern, facial convexity angle and lower face angle. Conclusions: Among the factors evaluated in this study, facial proile convexity and anterior chin projection were the key determinants of facial proile aesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the age-related changes of the soft tissue facial profile from the second to fourth decades of life. Materials and Methods: Cephalograms from the same subjects in their 20s, 30s, and 40s were analyzed. A coordinate system analysis based on stable landmarks is used. A line connecting Walker's point (W) and sphenoethmoidal (SE) created the x-axis. Walker's point was origin. Depending on data distribution, landmark displacements from T1 to T2, from T2 to T3, and from Ti to T3 were analyzed using the paired t-test or the Wilcoxon test for zero expected change versus a two-sided alternative. For each landmark the mean, standard deviation, P value, and lower and higher 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: During T2-T1, for males, the whole profile was displaced anteriorly and slightly superiorly, and for females, the lower facial profile was displaced in a posterior and inferior direction. Greater changes occurred in the female profile than the male profile. During T3-T2, the female profile changed slightly while the male profile underwent great changes: the upper facial profile was displaced anteriorly, and the lower profile was displaced posteriorly. The whole profile was displaced in the inferior direction. Conclusions: Significant changes occurred in the soft tissue facial profile from the second to fourth decades. Aging of the male facial profile began 10 years later than for females; however, when the changes did occur, they were of greater magnitude. The upper facial profile was displaced in the anterior direction and the whole profile was displaced inferiorly for both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives: To analyze the influence of mandibular sagittal position in the determination of facial attractiveness. Methods: Facial profile photographs were taken of an Afro-descendant man and a Caucasian man, as well as an Afro-descendant woman and a Caucasian woman. These photos were manipulated on the computer using Adobe Photoshop™ CS2 to produce-- from each original face--a straight profile, three simulating retrusion and three protrusion mandibular discrepancies. In all, 28 photographs were evaluated by orthodontists (n = 20), oral maxillofacial surgeons (n = 20), plastic artists (n = 20) and laypersons (n = 20). The descriptive analysis was performed by calculating the mean and standard deviation for each group. Results: The straight facial profile was met with greater acceptance by Afro-descendant male faces and female faces. Caucasian males found a lightly concave facial profile with a more prominent mandible to be the most pleasant. After an analysis of skeletal discrepancies simulations, Caucasian males also showed a preference for mandibular protrusion versus retrusion. Females, however, preferred convex over concave profiles. Conclusion: The results showed agreement between groups of evaluators in selecting the most attractive profiles. Regarding male faces, a straight profile with a slightly concave face seemed more attractive and a straight facial profile was also greatly valued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in facial profile shape, malocclusion class, or palatal morphology in Malay adults with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Materials and Methods: Subjects were 120 adult Malays aged 18 to 65 years (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 33.2 ± 13.31) divided into two groups of 60. Both groups underwent clinical examination and limited channel polysomnography (PSG). The mean OSA and control values were subjected to t-test and the chi square test. Results: Physical examination showed that 61 .7% of the OSA patients were obese, and 41.7% of those obese patients had severe OSA. The mean body mass index (BMI) was significantly greater for the OSA group (33.2 kg/m2 ± 6.5) than for the control group (22.7 kg/m2 ± 3.5; P < .001). The mean neck size and systolic blood pressure were greater for the OSA group (43.6 cm ± 6.02; 129.1 mm Hg ± 17.55) than for the control group (35.6 cm ± 3.52; 114.1 mm Hg ± 13.67; P < .001). Clinical examination showed that the most frequent findings among OSA groups when compared with the control group were convex profiles (71.7%), Class II malocclusion (51 .7%), and V palatal shape (53.3%), respectively; the chi square test revealed a significant difference in terms of facial profile and malocclusion class (P < .05), but no significant difference in palatal shape was found. Conclusion: The null hypothesis is rejected. A convex facial profile and Class II malocclusion were significantly more common in the OSA group. The V palatal shape was a frequent finding in the OSA group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of maxillary advancement with Le Fort I osteotomy and the rigid external distraction (RED) in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP). METHODS: Thirty-nine CLP patients underwent maxillary advancement by Le Fort I osteotomy and RED between 1998 and 2002 in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital. Among them, 14 patients who had a follow up with radiographic examinations at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively were selected for this study. RESULTS: Seven patients had significant improvement in facial profiles and occlusions. However, bimaxillary protrusion and open bite were observed in 3 patients and 1 patient, respectively. Mild maxillary concave was noted in the other 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Distraction osteogenesis using RED in combination with Le Fort I osteotomy is a safe and predictable intervention in CLP patients with only limited, minor complications including bimaxillary protrusion and open bite. RED should focus on the direction and the length of distraction to improve the long-term facial profile and occlusion. Supported by National "863" Project (Grant No. 2002AA205011), Key Research Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant No. 074119511) and Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (Grant No.Y0203). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate soft tissue profile changes after the orthodontic treatment of class I bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion in adult cases. Pre- and post-treatment cephalograms of 20 Caucasian female class I bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion patients were selected from private practice. All of them were treated by extraction of four first premolars, and banded and bonded by 022×028 standard edgewise technique. t-Test was used to analyze pre- and post-treatment cephalograms. This study showed that upper and lower lip protrusions were decreased respectively 2.7±2.9mm (p <0.001) and 2.8±2.8mm (p <0.001). The mean changes of upper and lower lip thickness and length, as well as nasolabial and labiomental angles were not significant. Significant positive correlation was found between changes of maxillary and mandibular incisors with changes in upper lip (r UI =0.70, p <0.001, r LI =0.59, p <0.006) and the lower lip positions (r UI =0.64, p <0.002, r LI =0.72, p <0.001). By using stepwise regression it was found that a ratio of 0.63:1 was obtained between upper lip retraction and maxillary incisor retraction and a ratio of 0.62:1 was obtained between lower lip retraction and mandibular incisor changes. This study concluded that, a strong correlation exists between anterior tooth retraction and the position of both lips. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

AIM: The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of head posture (extended or flexed) on the perception of chin prominence, by a panel of laypersons. DESIGN: Random-trial, method of adjustment. SETTING: Orthodontic Department, Athens University Dental School. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A single profile photograph was warped to produce 30 frames depicting a gradual change from a posterior to an anterior chin position. Using computer software, these frames could be displayed sequentially, giving the impression that the chin was moving forwards or backwards. Adjacent to this user-adjustable image, one of the intermediary frames was displayed, as a target image, either in the same orientation or rotated (extended or flexed by 10°). 39 laypersons used the keyboard and moved the chin until the face seemed to them identical to the reference image. The selected image frame was noted. RESULTS: Judges could estimate facial morphology without systematic error when the head of the reference image was at the same orientation (horizontal) or rotated downwards. However, when the reference image was rotated upwards, chin protrusion was overestimated. CONCLUSION: Perception of facial profile form may be different when the head is extended than when it is flexed or in a horizontal position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the research study on the cephalometrical analysis of soft tissue and dentoalveolar changes fallowing orthodontic treatment and premolar extractions. It details the method and subject of the study which are 30 class II division patients, and the discussions and analysis on the results. The study results showed that orthodontic treatment combined with four molar extraction does result in a dished face.

Objective: To analyze anteroposterior soft tissue facial parameters for a sample of white Brazilian adults and to compare these measurements with the values proposed for white North American adults. Materials and Methods: Facial profile photographs were taken of 59 white Brazilians (30 men and 29 women) with normal occlusions and balanced faces with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years. The independent Student's t-test (P < .05) was used to compare the soft tissue parameters of the Brazilians with those of the North Americans. Results: White Brazilian women presented a less protruded face compared with white American women except for the glabella region. White Brazilian women showed a smaller nasal projection, less protruded upper and lower lips, a more obtuse nasolabial angle, and a smaller projection of the B' point and chin than white American women. Conversely, the two male groups demonstrated less evident soft tissue profile differences, with the exception of the nose projection, which was smaller in white Brazilian men than in white American men. Conclusions: A universal standard of facial esthetic is not applicable to diverse white populations. Differences regarding the soft tissue profile features were found between white Brazilians and white Americans. These differences should be considered in the orthodontic/orthognathic surgery diagnosis and treatment plan for white Brazilians together with the patient's individual opinion and perception of beauty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]