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One is struck at first by the luxuriance of Keats’s colour. When we come to analyse it we find it is very largely verbal colour. His colour-words are not epithets of colours he has seen; they are w...

The paper focuses on the study of humor effects in the English language TED Talks. The methods of stylistic analysis as well as empirical methodology were applied to establish the role of textual linguistic and audio-and-visual presentation in evoking readers and viewers’ reactions. The stylistic analysis was a preliminary stage to define the pragmatic potential of the TED Talks texts. The most recurrent literary devices used in the talks are pun, irony, oxymoron, epithet, metaphor, parallel constructions, periphrasis, zeugma, chiasmus, etc. It is assumed that the TED Talks texts are saturated with stylistically coloured verbal means, which ensure the self-sustainability of such texts in terms of their influence of the audience. To verify the hypothesis, an experiment has been conducted, with 40 participants aged 21-37, all students are from the Institute of Philology of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University. The two groups of participants (text(transcript)/video)) answered the same questions aimed at evaluating the TED Talk in terms of being witty, ironic, sarcastic, humorous, as well as in terms of the change in the emotional state of the readers and viewers, and in terms of the emotions (feeling bored, upset, cheerful, laughing, glad, inspired, enthusiastic) the respondents felt after they were shown a video or proposed to read a transcript. The findings demonstrate the degree of differences in responses between the groups (text/video), which speaks for sustainability of textual level of presentation in evoking certain emotions due to specific combination of verbal means and thus support the hypothesis as to high degree of pragmatic potential of TED Talks texts in creating humor effects.

The article deals with the translations of Fyodor Tyutchev’s poems into English made by the British poet and translator Charles Tomlinson (1927–2015). Poetic works present a serious challenge for those engaged in literary translation. Until the present day, the criteria for estimating the adequacy of poetic translation have been a question under discussion and deep consideration; the issue of poetic translation has been studied by both Russian and foreign scholars. In this regard, the works of Charles Tomlinson as a poetry translator from Russian into English offer new opportunities for a detailed study of his translation method, characterized by the desire to penetrate into the essence of the original works and preserve their lyrical and aesthetic components, as well as by Tomlinson’s intention to introduce Russian classical literature to English- speaking readers. The article analyzes in detail the main characteristics of literary and in particular poetic translation, shows different approaches to translating poetry and reveals both the specific features of translation transformations and the principles of their use. It also provides a comparative analysis of Tomlinson’s English translations of poems by Tyutchev, namely Silentium! and Spring, and the original texts. This study shows that the English poet often imparts his own unique and recognizable style to Tyutchev’s works, which is manifested in omitting repetitions and epithets in the original poems and adding new details to his translations. Tomlinson’s style can also be seen in the overcomplicated syntax of the transformed poems. On the other hand, there is a strong similarity between Tomlinson’s translations of Tyutchev’s famous poems and the original poetic works due to the translation transformations used. As the research reveals, modulations and transpositions are the most frequent transformations in Tomlinson’s modified versions of the original.

The article studies the representation of the concept «field» in the language of the Russian folklore. The research focuses on the etymology of the direct nomination of the concept , on semantics of the word « поле » and its etymon « по лый » in Old East Slavic ; their primary semes ‘openness’ , ‘freedom’ , ‘vacancy’ are defined. There are two basic meanings of the lexeme « поле » : ‘ a large area of flat land ’ and ‘ an area of land used for farming ’ . They correlate with two conditionally antonymic meanings of the word « по лый » : ‘ wide-open ’ and ‘ having empty space inside ’ . On the basis of lyric and ritual poetry , fairy tale and incantation texts the author verifies the thesis about an intermediate location of a field on the semiotic scales «a home – a forest» and «an own space – a strange space» ; the correlations between these oppositions and meanings of the words « поле » and « по лый » are discovered. Subject and topical groups of contexts with the direct nomination of the concept and its functional equivalents in variants of the same text or different texts are determined ; the similarity and peculiar features of concept’s representation in explored folklore genres are analysed. The semantics and functions of the constant epithet « чистое » are investigated. The author reveals the structure of the folklore concept «field» : it is a hyperconcept which contains two interlinked subconcepts – a savage field and a farmed field. The unity of the hyperconcept is supported by realisation of the primary semes of the direct nomination of the concept in both subconcepts , by stable link with semantics of a limit and also by using the constant epithet « чистое » with the word « поле » in all its linguistic and folklore meanings. Key words : concept , space , semiotic oppositions , folklore genres , lexical semantic variants , constant epithet.

New interpretation for the three hiero-glyphs following the name of Astarte on the stela of the overseer of horses Betu discovered at Tell el-Borg in 2006. In all likelihood, these signs form a variant writing for the name of an Egyptian god-dess. The resulting syncretic combination is dis-cussed.

The article is devoted to the review of the cries of street vendors as a kind of folk genre used in Iraq. The tradition of shouting short texts, praising goods to customers, has a long history. Skillful mastery of the word, the ability to poetically improvise has always been very appreciated in the Middle East. It is no wonder that poetry tournaments emerged and gained wide popularity in the region. The functions of cries are similar to the functions of advertising: to attract the attention of the customer and to convince him or her to purchase the street vendor’s goods. Street vendors in Iraq use dialectal Arabic words and expressions including Turkish and Persian words. As a rule, their language is rich in various metaphors, epithets or lines from famous folk songs. Often, a seller’s cry that was successfully invented was then borrowed by other merchants of related goods. A similar thing also happened when a merchant’s son, adopting his father’s profession, inherited a saying with which he continued to appeal to potential buyers. Currently, this phenomenon is becoming increasingly rare, but, nevertheless, continues to exist, which can be observed during religious and public holidays. Some examples of verbal advertising have become catchy slogans on product labels.

This article examines the stylistic functions and features of language emotional verbalizers in the woman’s novel “Death by Design” by Carolyn Keene. Thus, the relevance and prospects of scientific research are correlated primarily with the functions of language units, their system characteristics, textual levels and communicative patterns. The author notes that the woman’s novel “Death by Design” belongs to the modern literary genre “chick lit”. The artistic means in the work are used by Carolyn Keene only to the extent that they are necessary for understanding the basic, often philosophical content of the work. Among the paths and figures in the novel “Death by Design” to denote the emotional state are widely represented: metonymy, chiasm, paraphrase, comparisons, epithets, irony, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, euphemism, allusion, synonyms, and insert sentences (parentheses), parallelism, antithesis, inversion, ellipse, gradation, etc. All of them serve to express the positive or negative emotionality of the speech behaviour of the work’s characters, represented, in particular, by emotions of joy, happiness, love or anger, fear, anxiety, irritation. After the analysis, the author concludes that the most frequent were emotionally-evaluative epithets, allusions, authorial punctuation, references to brands and various intensifiers, clearly describe the psychological portrait of a seemingly confident but sensitive character in a woman’s novel – a modern woman.

Scholars have read Tertullian of Carthage, especially his obsessions with Roman officials and juridical procedures, as a window into early Christian martyrological discourses and the concerns of real Christian communities. Conversely, this article argues that Tertullian is better understood as an unexceptional part of a larger cultural phenomenon of fantasies of Roman power and juridical scenes. The Roman Empire took hold in the minds of its provincial subjects through its curious combination of symbolic presence and concrete administrative absence. Various geographic and genre-specific examples suggest a prevalence of fantasy life around certain articulations of Roman power, as colonial subjects tried to make sense of intensified social change. Juridical scenes in particular promised truth, resolution, and clarity where there was little to be found. This article situates Tertullian within such social ambiguities, ones that defined life in Roman Carthage, and demonstrates that Tertullian's stark renditions of Roman authorities in confrontation with Christians are largely fabricated from literary sources. This context and Tertullian's writings paint a historical picture of the emergence of the term "Christian" (as epithet and then self-identification) as simply one concentrated instance of such fantasies and juridical attachments.

This paper explores the discourse of “Thing”, the core element in the nominal group in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory, when deployed as Sesotho names awarded as enacted messages. Sesotho names normally operate as authentic social discourse for they reflect real experiences embedded in these name structures. Social functions embedded in these structures elevate their significance which is embraced by socio-cultural consensus. They reflect awarders’ modality or evaluation of birth contexts. This study is qualitative and data is collected from lists prepared for graduation ceremonies, employment, admission into educational institutions, neighbourhood, orphanages, telephone directories, phone-in radio programmes. The aim is to establish that Basotho use “Thing” and its dynamic forms as personal names that are socially accepted, used and revered as ancestral resemblances. The study employs form-meaning description of these names including their sub-modifications. It concludes that “Thing” reflects the interpersonal function in the field of onomastica and thus extends and strengthens the newly observed intimacy of SFL-Onomastica relationship. It contributes that deployment of “Thing” as onomastica complements its basic reference as a member of the nominal group. It also fathoms the inevitable relevance of form-meaning interdependence in describing language including onomastica. Speakers’ and linguists’ awareness of this interdependence is rekindled or inaugurated and name owners may develop informed meaning and pride in their names. The demeaning attitude within the word “Thing” may be eradicated by reverence of contextual adaptation. The study extends reciprocation of Phonetics, Morphology and Syntax and Semantics. The study has implications for Linguistics, Education, Media studies, Socialand Cultural studies, Journalism, Communication.

In this paper I scrutinize epithets and metaphors used for war in ancient Greek poetry up to the end of the fifth century. War may be spoken of directly and literally (πόλeμος) or in a religious and metonymical sense (Ἄρης, Ἐνυάλιος). I focus on all these ways of rendering it, while being aware of the fact that the latter prevail in poetry. My objective is to create a catalogue of expressions pertaining to the term ‘war’ in order to map the range and possibilities of language in this respect. Nonetheless this undertaking should not be taken as an attempt at comprehensive analysis of the discourse of war.

The article analyzes epithets as one of the aestheticization means of baroque text, used to characterize panegyrics addressee of the XVII century. The functional load of epithets and their main source have been found out. As most individuals to whom panegyrics are devoted had high church status and/or have expressed themselves in matters of faith and church support, the epithets of religious orientation prevail. A review of epithets compatibility is made, which is divided into direct and indirect according to the addressee. The epithets of direct compatibility are mainly correlated with the name of the addressee or his metaphorical characteristic. Indirect compatibility occurs when epithets do not form a phrase with the name of the addressee, but characterize its virtues on a semantic level. Also, an analysis scheme of epithets variable compatibility with the words in panegyrics of the XVII century is given. In accordance with the text-centric principle, the article presents the epithetical characteristics of specific addressees in comparison with other texts (panegyrics or sermons of the XVII century). The virtues of panegyric addressees, mainly clerics, were determined based on the analyzed text material (Mykhailo Rohoza, Yelysei Pletenetskyi, Petro Mohyla, Arsenii Zhelyborskyi, Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachnyi). The analysis of the epithets shows that the mental space of the Baroque conditioned the epithetical characteristics of the panegyric addressees of the ХVІІ century, emphasizing such constants as piety, the defense of faith, devotion to faith and a church, justice, patronage, mercy, leniency, strength of character, etc. Thus, the specificity of epithets in panegyrics is defined by the religious discourse of the Baroque times. Holy Scripture as a source of epithets guaranteed the authoritativeness of the characteristics attributed to the addressees of high church status (in panegyrics and sermons). Baroque innovations of epithets are in reinterpretation, creation of new meanings.

Aim of the article is the analysis of epithets in the poetic idiostyle of A. Tolstoy, the Russian poet of the 19 century. Methodology. The article deals with identifying the lexical-semantic originality and functioning of adjectives-epithets in the poet's lyrical discourse. Context analysis is the primary research method based on the semantic method. Results. Based on the results of the study, the author makes a conclusion about the variety of thematic groups of adjectives-epithets and the peculiarities of their semantics, their formation based on the direct and figurative lexical meanings of various adjective categories. Additional meanings, evaluative and connotative components in the meaning of epithets, individual-author epithets, their syntagmatics are revealed. All this emphasizes the originality of the author's picture of the world, the poetic consciousness of A. Tolstoy. Reserch implications. The analysis of epithets in Tolstoy's works allows a new way of looking at his poetry's semantic versatility and shows richness, diversity, and originality of his poetic language.

Este artigo pretende demonstrar como a figura do tirano Hierão de Siracusa é celebrada através da escolha de linguagem de Baquílides em seu Epinício 5. Apesar da notável obscuridade da ode em virtude da narrativa mítica e do pessimismo da gnṓmē, é possível notar os ecos da prosperidade, da vitalidade e da festividade que acompanham o momento da performance da canção e sua função primordial: o encômio. Valendo-se de epítetos originais, muitas vezes cromáticos, ou que denotem constantemente amplitude e movimento, observamos como o poeta transita nos limites da condição humana, retratando o auge da prosperidade para depois revelar os abismos da ruína.

The article is devoted to the study of the concept Anguish on the material of N.A. Berdyaev's philosophical autobiography. The theoretical basis of the work, which predetermined the method of analysis, is the doctrine of V.V. Kolesov (conceptology). In the course of the analysis of the text "Self-knowledge" adjectives and predicates were extracted and classified in accordance with the algorithm proposed by V.V. Kolesov, figurative concepts and semantic constants of the concept Anguish were obtained based on the idea of the unity of a speech-making act, in which the linguistic and logical are presented together. The paper also analyzes the concept of Anguish in the associative field of N.A. Berdyaev.

The review considers A. Rudalyov’s book 4 Shots [ 4 vystrela ], devoted to the ‘new realism’, a trend in 2000s Russian literature, and more specifically, works of four ‘new realists’: Z. Prilepin, R. Senchin, S. Shargunov, and G. Sadulaev. The reviewer criticizes the author for an incomplete and biased presentation of ‘new realism’, which had been a focus of intense discussions among literary critics and scholars for over a decade. The same flaw blights the descriptions of the four chapters’ respective protagonists: Prilepin, Senchin, Shargunov, and Sadulaev. Rudalyov ended up writing a panegyric, albeit with very sparse language, mainly by repetition of flattering epithets from the press. He failed, however, to address the discussion of the ‘new realism’ by critics or supply a review of literary theoretical research on the subject. Therefore, the reviewer finds the book lacking in any historical-literary and philological value.

The article analyzes toponyms functioning in modern Ukrainian prose and specifies their role in determining the text category of regulatoriness, which determines an adequate perception of literary information. The study has revealed that modern fiction manifests an abundant toponym system. Depending on the context, they show their macro-meso-micro level features. The toponyms are classified according to their paradigmatic, historical, functional, stylistic or referential characteristics. First of all, toponyms in a text actualize their toponymic meaning, structuring a text space. However, they represent their nominative semantics only occasionally. In the majority of cases, they generate pragmatic information, in other words, perform their regulatory function. It is proved that toponym regulativity can be characterized by three positions. Firstly, it depends on their macro- or micro positioning in a text area. Macrotoponyms become ideological-conceptual elements which gain a dominant role in the implementation of the author's intention, while microtoponyms function in the text as symbols. Secondly, toponyms are an integral part of the stylistic devices formationsystem, which act as regulatory signals in a text. Among the most common devicesare metaphors, epithets, comparisons, paraphrase, paradoxes, pun. Metonymy demonstrates a peculiar regulatory function. It creates a great panorama of views and social attitudes of the community inhabiting the area and designated by a toponym. Thirdly, a writer uses special regulatory streamlining of toponymic regulatemes – regulativity ways. The latter comprise refrain, convergence, putting a toponym into a stressed position (in a headline mainly), contrasting and puns. Key words:: toponym, text regulativity category, regulatory function, rehulyatema, regulatory way. Sources Andrukhovych, Sofiia. Feliks Avstriia. Lviv : Vydavnytstvo Staroho Leva, 2015. Andrukhovych, Yurii, Deresh, Liubko, and Zhadan, Serhii. Trytsylindrovyi dvyhun liubovi. Kharkiv : Folio, 2008. Andrukhovych, Yurii. Rekreatsii. Kharkiv : Fabula, 2017. Vynnychuk, Yurii. Tsenzor sniv. Kyiv : Dovzhenko Buks, 2016. Vdovychenko, Halyna. Bora. Kharkiv : Knyzhkovyi klub “Klub simeinoho dozvillia”, 2011. Vdovychenko, Halyna. Piviabluka. Inshi piviabluka. Lviv : Vydavnytstvo Staroho Leva, 2019. Hranetska, Viktoriia. Abonentska skrynka. Lviv. Kava. Liubov. Kharkiv : Knyzhkovyi klub “Klub simeinoho dozvillia”, 2015. Hrymych, Maryna. Varfolomiieva nich. Lviv : Kalvariia, 2002. Danylenko, Volodymyr. Hazeli bidnoho Remzi: Liubovni poslannia mudroho y pravovirnoho krymskoho khana Khadzhy Selima Heraia I svoim soroka zhinkam iz krainy hiauriv. Lviv : LA “Piramida”, 2008. Dashvar, Liuko. Maty vse. Kharkiv : Knyzhkovyi klub “Klub simeinoho dozvillia”, 2011. Dashvar, Liuko. Selo ne liudy. Kharkiv : Knyzhkovyi klub “Klub simeinoho dozvillia”, 2014. Denysenko, Larysa. The Sarabande of Sara's Band. Kyiv : Nora-Druk, 2014. Zabuzhko, Oksana. Muzei pokynutykh sekretiv. Kyiv : Fakt, 2009. Karpa, Irena. Z rosy, z vody i z kalabani. Kharkiv : Knyzhkovyi klub “Klub simeinoho dozvillia”, 2012. Karpa, Irena. Pitsa “Himalai”. Kharkiv : Knyzhkovyi klub “Klub simeinoho dozvillia”, 2013. Kozhelianko, Vasyl. Defiliada v Moskvi. Lviv : Kalvariia, 2000. Kurkov, Andrii. Ostannia liubov prezydenta. Kharkiv: Folio, 2019. Matios, Mariia. Mister i misis Yu v kraini ukriv. Mr. & Ms. U in country UA. Lviv : LA “Piramida”, 2006. Medvid, Hanna. “Velosyped”. Medvid, Hanna. Na strunakh dushi. Lviv : LA “Piramida”, 2014, pp. 196–201. Melnychuk, Bohdan. “Brudno vy zhyvete”. Literaturna Ukraina, 8 veresnia 2016, (no 34), p. 12. Naidych, Nina. “Taiemnytsia malenkoho mista”. Naidych, Nina. Kazky ta istorii dlia doroslykh, yaki buly ditmy. Kyiv : Hamazyn, 2016, pp. 169–172. Polozhii, Yevhen. Ilovaisk: rozpovidi pro spravzhnikh liudei. Kharkiv : Folio, 2015. Rozdobudko, Iren. Mandrivky bez sensu i morali. Kyiv : Nora-Druk, 2011. Sanchenko, Anton. Narysy bursy. Kyiv : Tempora, 2011. Shkliar, Vasyl. Elemental. Kharkiv : Knyzhkovyi klub “Klub simeinoho dozvillia”, 2014. References But, Serhii. Lysty z toho svitu. Kharkiv: Knyzhkovyi klub “Klub simeinoho dozvillia”, 2015. Vintoniv, Tetiana. Realna onimiia yak zasib obraznosti v istorychnii opovidi. PhD dissertation. Donetsk, 2008. Gorbach, Olena. Onomasticon of Ukrainian satirical and humorous texts of the late XX – early XXI century. PhD dissertation. Kamianets-Podilskyi, 2017. Kalinkin, Valerij. “Ot literaturnoj onomastiki k pojetonimologii”. Lohos onomastyky, no 1, 2006, pp. 81–9. Karpenko, Yurii. Literaturna onomastyka. Odesa : Astroprynt, 2008. Maksymyuk, Marta. “Peculiarities of Functioning of Toponyms in V. Kozhelyanko's Novel “Defiliada v Moskvi” [Booze In Moscow]”. Lohos onomastyky, no 1, 2006, pp. 97–103. 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Starting from a finding concerning a few specific nomina proposed by Linnaeus (1758, 1760) and Linné (1766–1767) in herpetology, we returned to the ‘rules of nomenclature’ followed, more or less explicitly, in taxonomic works of the 18th century, in an attempt to understand the status of capitalised epithets. We conclude that such epithets were viewed by their authors as nouns in apposition, or more rarely as nouns in the genitive. Therefore, nowadays, they must be treated as invariable, and not as adjectives that should agree in grammatical gender with the generic substantives with which they are combined. We provide a catalogue of these herpetological capitalised epithets in Linnaeus (1758, 1760) and Linné (1766–1767) with some nomenclatural consequences that result from our observations, especially for Corallus hortulana, Macrovipera lebetinus and Thamnophis saurita. In order to solve some nomenclatural cases, we had to resort to 12 Articles of the Code (1.3.1, 3, 11.9.1.2, 11.9.1.3, 23.2, 23.9, 31.1, 31A, 31.2.2, 32.5.1, 33.3.1, 34.2.1, 58) and to 29 technical nomenclatural terms. One more time, this highlights the fact that nomenclatural problems concerning old nomina cannot be properly dealt with in a hurry and without a good, but also critical, knowledge of the Code, and that the use of a more detailed terminology than that of the Code facilitates such a work.

The present article describes complex epithet constructions, which were distinguished in the north-eastern Yakut Olonkho-telling tradition. The aim of the research is to study complex epithet constructions: epithets of comparison, numerical, and metaphoric epithets. There were a total of 251 (26%) epithets with complex comparisons found in the text in the course of its analysis. The first group comprises of epithets connected with natural objects. In Olonkho, the descriptions of the northern Yakutia territory (i.e., its plant life, water landscapes, general landscapes, and celestial events) are introduced by incorporating these epithets, which are widely used. The second group of complex epithets with comparisons comprises of somatic epithets which give a general description of the main and secondary characters through the body and appearance description as well as the gestures and emotions. The third group comprises of complex epithets, the objects of which are connected with dwellings, household dwellings, and general household features. A significant meaning of the bogatyr (ancient warrior) horse in the life of the main characters of Yakut Olonkho allows singling out a separate, the fourth group of epithets, i.e., 15 complex epithets, the objects of which are those denoting horse body parts. The north-eastern Olonkho text contained 382 instances of numbers used as component-parts of numerical epithets. The numerical epithets are subdivided into three groups. Thus, the first group, which is the largest among all three (91%) consists of numerical epithets, which in turn, include linear numerals as well as cardinal numerals and ones denoting age and number adverbs. The second group contains a smaller scope of numerical epithets (7%); these include numerical epithets based on the usage of double-digit numbers. The third and the smallest group (2%) includes numerical epithets which contain three-digit components (2%). Numerical epithets are one of the widely used epithets in the poetic structure of the epic tradition under study. Apparently, the numerals in this type of epithet constructions performed not only a comprehensive and descriptive but also an educational function. Metaphoric epithets make up 15% of the total amount of epithets identified and selected within the scope of the north-eastern Olonkho text research. They are equally simple and complex in their essence. Simple metaphoric epithets consist of one object and image. Complex epithets contain several objects, each of which has its own attributive combinations; these attributive combinations consist of a noun in its non-transferred meaning and a metaphor. Thus, epithets represented in the Olonkho texts are complex in their structure (26%).

Une mention d’Athéna Archegetis dans un passage fragmentaire du papyrus P.Hib. I 15 conduit à déterminer l’histoire de l’épithète, attestée dans la tradition littéraire et épigraphique entre la fin du ve siècle et la période impériale. À partir de la fin du iiie siècle avant J.-C., l’usage d’archegetis s’étend à d’autres divinités qu’Athéna en dehors d’Athènes (Magnésie, Xanthos, Éphèse, Samos, Attaleia, Myra…). Cette étude passe en revue et reconsidère la documentation disponible sur ce terme afin d’en préciser — quand c’est possible — le sens et les fonctions, surtout (mais pas seulement) en contexte athénien. En règle générale, l’épithète souligne le caractère identitaire d’une divinité particulière en un moment de changement ou de renouveau politique ou religieux. A mention of Athena in P.Hib. I 15 provides an opportunity to trace the history of her epithet archegetis, which is attested in the literary and epigraphic sources from the late 5th century BC to the Roman Imperial Age. From the end of the 3rd century BC onwards, archegetis occasionally appears outside Athens in association with the names of other goddesses (at Magnesia, Xanthos, Ephesos, Samos, Attaleia, Myra, etc.). The aim of this paper is to collect and reconsider the available evidence concerning the epithet archegetis in order to define its meaning and functions, paying special attention to the Athenian context. In general, the epithet seems to invest goddesses with an identitarian character, usually emphasising a stage of political or religious change or renewal.

The article presents the results of the search regarding the epithet Logothetes used with the name of the renowned fifteenth-century hagiographer and hymnographer Pachomius the Serb in texts stating his authorship, his signatures, and acrostics found in his works or texts that he copied. The data show that Pachomius used this epithet only in signing his early works — the Panegyric of Barlaam of Khutyn and two canons of the Service for the icon of Our Lady of the Sign, all composed at the end of the 1430s in Novgorod. This makes unlikely the previously suggested connection of this epithet with Pachomius’s fame as a writer or his work as a chronicler. The most plausible interpretation is that it designated some office held by Pachomius, as proposed by A. Turilov. However, the time when and the place where these works were composed suggest that it might not be an office in the service of the Patriarch Nikon of Pec in Serbia, but some office at the service of the Archbishop of Novgorod Euthymius II or the Metropolitan of Kiev Isidore. The hypothesis of Pachomius’s connection with Isidore allows us to explain how he made the acquaintance of Euthymius II and received commissions from him to write texts for the important Novgorodian religious feasts, and also the dropping of this epithet later on. The article is supplemented by tables presenting all currently known Pachomius’s signatures and acrostics and examples of signatures found in texts attributed to Pachomius but not known in author’s manuscripts. DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2019.8.2.4

De nombreuses sources antiques indiquent que l’epiclese d’Apollon Smintheus, divinite honoree en Troade, provient du terme dialectal σμίνθος, qui designe la souris. Des auteurs anciens ajoutent que des souris considerees comme sacrees sont elevees dans le sanctuaire. Or une nouvelle analyse de ces sources suggere qu’elles ne sont pas anterieures a l’epoque hellenistique. Dans cet article sera proposee l’hypothese d’une reinvention du culte du dieu a la suite de la decouverte de l’etymologie supposee de l’epiclese a cette epoque. Dans un second temps seront analyses les mythes permettant d’expliquer l’association d’Apollon et des souris. Il sera suggere que le premier mythe a ete cree par l’auteur d’une œuvre dediee a l’histoire de la Troade et que son evolution reflete les preoccupations du sanctuaire et des deux cites auxquelles appartient successivement le lieu de culte. Enfin, une nouvelle interpretation de l’epiclese du dieu sera proposee. According to several ancient sources, the cult epithet of Apollo Smintheus, a deity worshipped in the Troad, comes from the dialectal word σμίνθος, the mouse. Ancient authors add that mice which are considered sacred are raised in the sanctuary. Yet a new analysis of these sources suggests that they are not older than the Hellenistic period. This article first puts forward the hypothesis of a reinvention of the cult after the discovery of the supposed etymology of the cult epithet in this period. Second, the myths explaining the association of Apollo and mice are analysed. It is argued that the first version of the myth was created by the author of a work dedicated to the history of the Troad and that its evolution reflects the concerns of the sanctuary and of the two cities to which the cult place successively belonged. Finally, a new interpretation of the cult epithet will be proposed.

As a companion-piece to the “archaeology of the senses” that is now being developed, this article shows, taking examples that can be derived from classical Latin literature, how it is possible to construct a sensual geography of the Roman Empire, as experienced and felt by its inhabitants, by using specifically the epithets attached to toponyms and geographical epithets attached to the names of sensual objects. In conclusion, it considers how a few scattered examples from Roman Gaul provide early clues to the rich sensual geography of medieval France. Comme contribution à la nouvelle « archéologie des sens » qui se développe actuellement, l’article montre à partir d’exemples qu’il est possible de construire, en utilisant comme source la littérature latine de l’époque – spécifiquement les épithètes attachées aux toponymes et les épithètes géographiques attachées aux objets sensuels –, une géographie sensuelle de l’Empire romain, telle que ses habitants l’ont vécue et sentie. En conclusion, quelques exemples épars offerts par la Gaule romaine permettent de préfigurer la riche géographie sensuelle de la France médiévale.

This paper examines one of the epithets throughout the texts of Edfu where adominating Horus of Behdety interacts with the forces of chaos as a lion bytrampling, retreating, smiting and devouring. The textual sources containlexical expressions of this epithet and provide the visual metaphors asdramatic scenes of the god's domination. Also they show Horus as theupholder of the legitimacy of the kingship and the defeater lion over anytransgressors. Furthermore he played a beneficent role toward the two landsof Egypt, his sacred mound, his chapel, his divine character and Osiris withIsis.

Bu makalede 26 Ağustos - 1 Eylül 2019 tarihleri arasında Gölyazı / Bursa’da düzenlenen I. Uluslararası Apollonia Mozaik Çalıştayı hakkında bilgi verilmekte, ayrıca çalıştaya katılan sanatçılar ve eserleri tanıtılmaktadır. Çalıştayın konusu olarak, Apollonia antik kentinin isim kaynağı olan Apollon’un “phoibos” epitheti seçilmiş ve sanatçıların ışık temasını ön plana çıkartacakları eserler üretmeleri beklenmiştir. Çalıştaya yurtiçinden ve yurtdışından mozaik sanatçıları Fatma Akay, Sibel Akkaba, İlknur Altıntaş Yağmur, Dafna Birger, Gvira Caspi-Hacham, Hayati Çetin, Gamze Er, Daniel Georgiev Ivanov, Bahriye Martı Güler, Velina Staleva ve Gözde Tolan katılarak mozaik eserlerini üretmişlerdir.

In his lengthy survey of the cosmic devastation wrought by Phaethon's disastrous chariot ride, Ovid includes two catalogues detailing the scorching of the world's mountains (Met. 2.217–26) and rivers (2.241–59). Ovid enlivens these lists through his usual play with sound patterns and revels in the opportunity to adapt so many Greek names to Latin prosody; for instance the opening line of the catalogue of mountains (ardet Athos Taurusque Cilix et Tmolus et Oete, 2.217) masterfully illustrates both of these features. The lists are also brimming with playful erudition. To take but a few examples: a dried-up Ida belies its standard epithet πολυπῖδαξ, ‘many-fountained’ (2.218); the sun's heat doubles the flames of volcanic Etna (2.220); burning Xanthus is destined to burn again (2.245; cf. Hom. Il. 21.330–82); and the famous gold-bearing sands of the Tagus are melting (2.251). These features not only ‘relieve monotony’; they warrant the catalogues’ inclusion in the category of Ovid's most entertaining.

Unlike what are termed ‘world religions’, Confucianism cannot be characterised with the same precision in terms of its doctrines and practices, or the countries and regions in which it is predominant. While we can refer to ‘Christian-majority’ or ‘Muslim-majority’ countries, we cannot do the same for ‘Confucian-majority’ countries. This obviously means that generalising or suggesting the influence of Confucian ideas on socioeconomic development of countries or regions is rather more tenuous in comparison with other religions. Despite this difficulty, there is, nevertheless, a broad strand of opinion that accepts the existence of such an influence with respect to China and other East Asian countries, which notwithstanding their differences, is given the epithet of the Confucian Culture Area. We shall refer to several authors who take this stance as well as examining the core ideas of Max Weber in regard to Confucianism and development. In this paper, we aim to explore whether there are attributes of Confucianism that are conducive to economic growth and development and others that are an impediment. This is an important topic for discussion in that the East Asian economies that comprise the Confucian Culture Area are generally considered successful in regard to economic and social development in the post-colonial era. A well-known World Bank report published as far back 1993, in the aftermath of a widespread recession, termed this success as the ‘East Asian miracle’ (World Bank, 1993). This paper attempts to tease out the role of Confucianism in this supposed economic ‘miracle’.

This paperpresents a new inscribed Assos-type sarcophagus found recently in a villageclose to the ancient city of Alexandreia Troas. A characteristic feature of thegeneral decoration of Assos-type sarcophagi is the attention-grabbing shape ofthe large central panel positioned on each of the long sides of thesarcophagus. It is proposed that these large central panels may have been schematicrepresentations of rectangular or round funerary altars. Accordingly, the depiction of the funerary altar onthe sarcophagus is considered to be a new hybrid style of the practice in thenecropolis of Assos of erecting a funerary altar along with the sarcophagus. With this sarcophagus inscription dating tothe third century AD, the presence of the professional association ofshipwrights, which is known to have existed in a number of important harbourcities in the western part of the Roman Empire, is attested for the first time inthe ancient city of Alexandreia Troas and Asia Minor in general. The epithet ἱερώτατοςlabelling the collegium suggests that the association may have gained a privilegedposition in the ancient city. The anonymous owner of the sarcophagus must havebeen associated with the collegium of shipwrights at Alexandreia Troasand, presumably, he was a shipwright., Makalede yakın zamanda AleksandreiaTroas yakınlarındaki Kemallı Köyü’nde bulunmuş yazıtlı bir Assos lahditanıtılmaktadır. Yazarlar, Assos lahitlerinin her iki uzun yüzünde bulunan veşekilleri itibariyle dikkat uyandıran geniş orta panelin aslında dikdörtgenveya silindirik gömü sunaklarının lahitler üzerine işlenmiş şematik bir tasviriolabileceğini ileri sürmektedir. Buna bağlı olarak, mezar sunaklarının lahitüzerine betimlenmesinin Assos nekropolisinde lahitle birlikte bir gömü sunağıdikme geleneğinin yeni bir melez biçemi olabileceği varsayılmaktadır. Roma İmparatorluğu’nunbatısında birkaç önemli liman şehrinde faaliyet gösterdiği bilinen tersaneişçileri derneğinin Aleksandria Troas ve Asia Minor’daki varlığı, MS 3. yüzyılatarihlenen bu yazıtla ilk defa epigrafik olarak belgelenmektedir. Derneği tanımlamakiçin kullanılan ἱερώτατος epitheti bu derneğin kentte belli bir prestije sahip olduklarınıdüşündürmektedir. Lahdi hazırlatan kişinin bu dernekle bir bağlantısının olmasımuhtemeldir. Belki, o da bir tersane işçisiydi. Yazıtın tercümesi şöyledir: “[- - - ve] evlatlarım Sulpicius Aurelius [cognomen] ve Sulpicius AureliusSmintheus için [- - -] eğer biri (lahdi) açarsa ve (içerisine) başka bir ceset koyarsason derece kutsal tersane işçileri derneğine 500 denarii verecek”.

This study is about an analysis of the translation of taboo words in “Central Intelligence” movie. It is to shed the type of taboo words and the procedures applied to translate the taboo words. The theories used in this study are from Timothy Jay (1992) to classify the types of taboo words and a theory from Peter Newmark (1987) to analyze the translation procedures. The data are taken from the movie entitled Central Intelligence by choosing 20 data out of 65 data of taboo words. The result of the analysis shows that are seven translation procedures employed in the translation of taboo word. They are cultural equivalent (seven data), reduction (four data), functional equivalent (three data), paraphrase (three data), naturalization, through translation and literal translation (one data each). For the types of the taboo words, the result shows that there are eight types of taboo words of the 20 selected data. They are insult and slurs (four data), profanity (one data), taboo (two data), epithets (three data), slang (four data), scatology (one data), vulgarity (three data) and cursing (two data) of ten types proposed by Timothy Jay. From this study, it is concluded that the taboo words from the SL cannot always be translated into the taboo words in the TL because of the cultural differences.

The current research is aimed at the ethnolinguistic identification of the surzhyk speakers living in the Sumy region. Hence the object of research is identification as itself, and the subject is ethnolinguistic identification of the surzhyk speakers.The papers tries to clarify the essence of the notions «identity», «identification», «self-identification» and to determine their relationship.The method of linguistic biographies was the main method of collecting the sociolingual information. The method of discursive analysis is used to analyze the data received. The ethnolinguistic identification is determined with the whole set of utterances collected from the texts of the linguistic biographies the surzhyk speakers have. Further still the modelling method is used to construct identification models, i. e. mental structures reconstituting the constructing of ethnolinguistic identification. In the texts of memoirs, the identification is taking place on the basis of implementing the categories of the sameness, differentiation, recognition of one’s own falling into the group.The article detected separate identification models representing three kind of additional ethnolinguistic identity (khokhols, surzhyks, perevertens) having some characteristic of the binary (the respondents see that their speech is a mixture of two languages, i. e. of Ukrainian and Russian) and diffusional (the respondents selected their identity but the result of that selection is diffusive) identities and superimposed on the principal identity, i. e. Ukrainians. The identity construction is exercised with the categorization of the identity notions khokhol, surzhyk, pereverten having the Ukrainian-Russian mixed speech diffusing and deforming the Ukrainian identity as their unifying markers. The names of the languages, evaluative ones also in particular, which are constituents of the auto- and heterostereotypes, emotional-evaluative epithets, and the words ya (my), vin (vony), svoie – chuzhe, nashi – yikhne became the speech means to construct the ethnolinguistic identity in the texts of linguistic biographies.The results obtained are preliminary and do not enable wide generalizations, they only highlight certain trends requiring further corroborations.

Study of Christmas carols as an archaic ritual genre of Ukrainian folklore is an actual problem of modern linguistics. A comprehensive analysis of the attributive space of key images of a calendar ritual song, in particular sacred centers, will help reconstruct the mythological model of the Ukrainian world and allow the identification of fragments of folk culture that are present. The purpose of our exploration is to study the symbolic space of the sacred center of the carol songs, taking into account the semiosphere of the calendar holiday. The object of the research is the language of Ukrainian caroling texts. The subject is the semantic and functional features of the epithets on the designation of the mythological tree and the church in the Ukrainian carolytic texts. The tree is one of the main elements of the archaic picture of the world, embodying the spatial and temporal coordinates, symbolizing the structure of the universe. The mythological tree is denoted by a number of epithets that characterize it according to various parameters (height, latitude, diameter), indicate deep roots, crown delusion, flowering and simulate the triune vertical structure of the universe. Such definitions always have a symbolic meaning. It is determined that the image of the mythological tree is often transformed into an image of a church characterized by a greater structural variability. The image of the church is more representative of the higher space. It is proved that the symbolism of the images of the tree and the church is directly related to the semiosphere of Christmas and New Year holidays and the pragmatics of the genre, attributive space reflects the ancient mythological notions of the structure of the world. The proposed exploration outlines the prospects for further analysis of the peculiarities of the figurative system of calendar songs, taking into account the peculiarities of the mythological outlook and ritual contexts.

The article deals with the study of the means of achieving expression of contemporary popular songs at stylistic level. The notions of expression and stylistic portrait are revealed in the paper. With the help of a set of methods, the concept sphere of modern songs, their lexico-grammatical features have been studied. The expressive song is regarded as a creolized text, sounds and colors in the song are described. The stylistic portrait of a modern song is created. The song is one of the first genres of human creativity. However, despite a considerable attention of linguists, the lyrics still show new aspects that deserve to be studied. The topicality of the paper is, therefore, explained by theoretical aspects of modern linguistics and, above all, the need to explore the means of creating the text expressiveness, to suggest the prospects of using these tools in the communication process. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to generalize and describe the linguistic methods and means of creating modern song text based on the theoretical foundations of contemporary stylistics, cognitive linguistics, communicative linguistics, linguocultural studies, and other humanities. In the contemporary song in various combinations, such tropes as metaphor, epithet, comparison, personification, hyperbole, metonymy, allusion, amplification, lithotum, oxymoron, solecism, stylization, euphemism are used.In this paper a stylistic portrait of a number of contemporary songs is constructed, taking into account the concentration of all of the above-mentioned techniques in them. The prospect of further research is seen in the analysis of songs in other languages (Ukrainian, English, and Chinese) on the basis of the Russian-made portrait of songs presented here.

German society and even German soccer have become more acceptant of the idea of inclusive masculinities. Hyper-masculinity is no longer the only paradigm dominating discourses on soccer. Other forms of masculinities have become more accepted in the German public and its soccer community. Nevertheless, two major aspects of homophobia remain part of the German soccer scene. First, homophobic epithets and chants continue to represent a major ingredient of the climate in soccer stadiums. Second, there is the absence of openly homosexual top-level soccer players. So far, no active players in top division German soccer have come out as gay. What explains this contrast between the acceptance of inclusive masculinities and the continued homophobia of the game? This paper analyses discourses on masculinity, homosexuality and homophobia in German professional soccer to address this puzzle. I argue that the increasing commercialization of the game and the efforts of preserving the tradition of the game tend to pull in the same direction and, therefore, reinforce each other. There simply are no large constituencies and advocacy groups that would have strong interests in eradicating homophobia.

In this article we explore the affectivity of the sexualized epithet ‘whore’ when employed by 150 young social media users in Sweden. By adopting a Deleuze-Guattarian inspired approach to affect we illustrate how ‘whore’ works to restrict and inhibit girls’ affective capacities within the online sexuality assemblage. We further explore targets’ and peers’ resistance to being called whore. We found that targets and peers alike employ aggressive and sexualized language to rebuke and resist the term whore. We argue that these acts of resistance may serve to further support the postfeminist logic and values that underpin the continued monitoring of girls.

The purpose of this article is to study the verbalization of the main spectral colors in the texts of Ukrainian charms. In order to achieve the goal, the following tasks must be realized: 1- To determine the emotional and estimated semantics of red, blue, green, yellow colors and the function performed by the above-mentioned color titles to ensure pragmatics of charms. 2- To find out the direct and associative values of the main spectral colors in the texts of Ukrainian charms. 3- To discover the most common morphological category of color titles. It is established that the titles of the main spectral colors in the charming texts are usually filled with positive emotional-estimated semantics, but sometimes they are able to acquire other semantic shades of contradictory significance. As a result, the adjective is defined as the most common morphological category of color titles. The direct and associative values of the main spectral colors in the texts of Ukrainian charms are found. In conclusion, the color epithets of red, blue, green, yellow are capable of performing an emotional and expressive function, which contribute to the pragmatic effect of charms.

Swearing is deemed as improper to use in certain settings. However, it can be used to convey positive emotions too, including complimenting something or someone. This research article aims to investigate the linguistic forms, pragmatic meanings, and pragmatic functions of family-theme swearing used in compliments on Twitter. Kreidler (2002), Ramlan (2005), and Ljung (2011)’s opinions were utilized in this research. Observational method was used to collect the data. Distributional and identity method were used to analyze the data. The results of this study demonstrate that: (1) linguistic forms of family-theme swearing are word and phrase, (2) the pragmatic meaning of the family-theme swearing is as utterance meaning, and (3) the pragmatic functions of the family-theme swearing are as Adjectival Intensifier and Anaphoric Use of Epithets. This research is hopefully able to assist EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students to communicate in English better with other English speakers on Twitter.

The article deals with the analysis of the peculiarities of the use of vocabulary and stylistic means in the literary texts of English literature, in particular presented in the stories Dublines by James Joyce. The main purpose of the article is to highlight the main vocabulary and stylistic tools used by the author and to analyze their pragmatic effect. The analysis of vocabulary and syntactic techniques has been carried out, which shows that these tools are widely used by the author in the texts of Dublines to create a pragmatic effect: giving the language emotional and expressive coloring, emphasizing and refining the readings, accentuating on important content details. It is noted that the use of different stylistic means is not uniform, which is explained by their peculiarities of expression of the conceptual sphere. Analyzing the frequency of such funds in the texts of the collection Dublines, we noted the active use of metaphor, epithet, hyperbole, personification, as well as capitalization and rhetorical questions in a comprehensive description of subjects, people, life situations. It is emphasized that the use of metaphor as a reinforcing element and a certain stylistic emphasis in the studied texts of the collection is of particular importance, which is explained by the author’s desire to transfer his own understanding of different situations and to achieve an aesthetic impression. The study of artistic language involves the allocation of a set of labeled elements in the text of a poetic work and the study of those relationships that are established by the linguistic units relevant to identifying characteristics of the work. Such a language analysis is conducted by allocating lexical groups of different volumes (semantic field, lexico-semantic group), which are characteristic of this work in terms of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. Stylistic analysis is not only broadens the theoretical horizons of a language learner but it also teaches the latter the skills of competent reading, on one hand, and proprieties of situational language usage, on the other. The stories Dublines are rich in various lexical-stylistic means, which have a positive effect on the verbal content of the work. Moreover, their use is appropriate for conducting descriptions, explanations, refinements, etc.

El presente es un estudio acerca del pronunciamiento emitido por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, frente a las expresiones vertidas por el expresidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, quién en uso de su cargo, calificó a los funcionarios del canal Radio Caracas Televisión, como “jinetes del apocalipsis”, descalificándolos como terroristas. La razón de estos epítetos fue que el mencionado canal, se resistió a presentar las noticias falsas de Venezuela, que el régimen buscaba imponer con el claro objeto de confundir a la población, en su lugar, presentó noticias reales, lo cual a criterio del exmandatario era nocivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en contrastar con doctrinas las opiniones del exmandatario, para evidenciar lo peligroso que resulta este linchamiento mediático a los medios de comunicación. La metodología utilizada en la investigación es deductiva, exploratoria y descriptiva, utilizando un enfoque cualitativo. Entre los resultados destaca que las expresiones del ex-presidente, transgreden la teoría que soporta la libertad de expresión, por cuanto se intenta acallar la opinión de las personas en el medio social, vulnerando asimismo la teoría del autogobierno de una sociedad democrática. Se concluye que las expresiones vertidas por el expresidente, no poseen fundamento alguno.

The functioning of a travelogue letter in Russian monastic literature is considered on the material of the spiritual epistolary heritage of Archimandrite Sergius (Stragorodsky). Analyzing the work “In the Far East (Letters of the Japanese Missionary)”, the author shows the features of thematic and ideological content, the elocutive organization of spiritual epistolary texts combining the traits of letter and travelogue. The work reveals the linguistic stylistic features of spiritual travelogue: its lexical and figuratively tropetic characteristic is given. It is shown that in the analyzed texts stylistically marked linguistic elements are used: words and superword units related to the “Orthodoxy” thematic sphere. It is established that the naming of persons associated with Christian religious activities, the names of liturgical objects, the names of Orthodox holidays become a stylistic marker of spiritual letters- travelogues. The author focuses on the intertextual connections of the work “In the Far East ...”, reveals the New Testament and prayer intertextems that contribute to the actualization of Christian meanings. It is revealed in the article that the tropetic features of the works studied are due to the use of metaphors, epithets, religious allusions; figurative peculiarities are due to the use of enumeration, question-response, repetitions with religionisms components. It is concluded that spiritual travelogues fit into the context of Russian monastic literature - a unique and unexplored phenomenon of national culture.

In the scientific literature, the availability, authorship, date and onomatophore of the four generic nomina of lizards "Platydactyles", "Hemidactyles", "Thecadactyles" and "Ptyodactyles" published by Cuvier (1816) and of the genus nomen of toads "Otilophes" published by Cuvier (1829) as French scientific nomina in the plural, and of their latinised forms, are credited to various authors. After a careful analysis, these nomina are here attributed respectively to Goldfuss (1820) for Platydactylus, Hemidactylus, Thecadactylus and Ptyodactylus, to Wagler (1830) for Otilophus and to Tschudi (1838) for Osilophus. Solutions are proposed to various other nomenclatural problems related to these and related nomina. Attention is drawn again to the fact that the Code’s Rules concerning specific epithets and generic substantives being ‘unmodified vernacular words’, as well as those distinguishing ‘unjustified emendations’ from ‘incorrect subsequent spellings’ are deficient. In order to solve all these nomenclatural cases, we had to resort to 20 Articles of the Code (3.2, 11.2, 11.3, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 21.2, 21.3, 23.9, 24.2, 30.2, 32.5, 33.2, 33.3, 35.4, 40.2, 50.1, 57.3, 67.8 and 68.3) and to 59 technical nomenclatural terms. This highlights the fact that nomenclatural problems concerning old nomina cannot be properly dealt with in a hurry and without a good, but also critical, knowledge of the Code, and that the use of a more detailed terminology than that of the Code facilitates such a work.

The epithet obsolerus recently used to name a new species of shark is doubtless an “incorrect original spelling” which must be corrected into obsoletus. However, a strict respect of Article 32.5.1 of the Code would not allow this correction, as the original paper did not provide “clear evidence of an inadvertent error”, which can be established only through recourse to an “external source of information” such as a Latin dictionary. There are many other cases in zoological nomenclature where the fact that an original spelling was a misprint can be established only through recourse to the etymology of the term, which was not provided in the original work. Two such examples are given, which strongly point to the need to reconsider the wordings of Articles 32.2, 33.2 and 32.5 of the Code.

Samuel Brzezewski was a monk, highly regarded as a priest and hagiographist in the 17th century. Two out of three of his sermons that have remained till today talk about Virgin Mary. One of them is Zaciąg dworzanów na kurią Najaśniejszej Królowej nieba i ziemie Maryjej, in which the author describes the criteria necessary for becoming a part of the Virgin Mary’s court. While portraying the Virgin Mary, he uses many epithets taken from the Biblical tradition. The Virgin Mary is e.g. the Queen, the Empress, second Eva, the Gate, the Window and… the Fire Place. Brzezewski tries to explain these metaphorical descriptions and their theological meanings. Wespazjan Kochowski did the same, writing Ogród panieński. It is possible that Kochowski was inspired by the sermons written by Brzezewski. Samuel Brzeżewski to zakonnik, który w XVII w. był docenianym kaznodzieją i hagiografem. Dwa z trzech zachowanych jego kazań dotyczą Maryi. Należy do nich Zaciąg dworzanów na kurią Najaśniejszej Królowej nieba i ziemie Maryjej, w którym autor użył konceptu: przedstawia kryteria doboru chrześcijan na dwór Matki Bożej. Opisując Maryję, stosuje wobec niej bardzo wiele określeń, które zaczerpnął z tradycji biblijno-patrystycznej. Matka Boża to m.in. królowa, cesarzowa, druga Ewa, brama, okno i… piec. Brzeżewski używając tych nazw, starał się wyjaśnić ich metaforyczny lub teologiczny sens. Podobnie postąpił w tym samym stuleciu Wespazjan Kochowski, pisząc Ogród panieński. Niewykluczone, że barokowy twórca inspirował się również kazaniem krakowskiego zakonnika.

Offering a more precise epithet for that which has emerged under the provisional label of the “Anthropocene”, this article trains its lens on some of the more-than-monstrous things that have revealed themselves in our calamitous times. It raises questions about how archaeologists are to apprehend and approach objects that differ in scale, speed, makeup, and efficacy from anything our field has ever dealt with. But rather than honing its analytical edge exclusively with the latest science, it also ventures in another direction to explore some of the powers of art by considering the work of the Canadian photographer Edward Burtynksy. Finally, it makes a few closing remarks on the role of our profession in this new archaeological era.

В статье рассматривается история эпитета «Чудотворец» применительно к личности свт. Николая Мирликийского. Исследование всех упоминаний в греческой христианской литературе приводит к выводам об особом распространении этого эпитета во втором тысячелетии. История эпитета в первом тысячелетии характеризуется тем, что чудотворцем с IV в. христианские авторы именовали Христа Спасителя, а затем, и по аналогии с Ним, - избранных святых. Античный термин «чудосовершение» (θαυ - ματοποιία) уступил более сильному по выразительности термину «чудотворение» (θαυ - ματουργία) в период христианской традиции. В конце статьи приводится вывод о том, что христоподражательные черты в литературном образе свт. Николая, раскрытом в поздневизантийской литературе, не случайны. The article contains the history of the epithet «Wonderworker» in relation to the person of St. Nicholas of Myra. The study of all occurrences of this word in Greek Christian literature leads to the conclusion that the epithet was very commonly used in the II millennium. The history of the epithet in the first millennium is characteristic of certain persons: first, beginning from the IV century Christian authors called Christ the Savior and, by analogy, certain saints by the name «wonderworker». The ancient term «miracle-making» (θαυματοποιία) gave way to a stronger «wonder-working» (θαυματουργία) in the Christian tradition. As a result, it is concluded that the features imitative of Christ in the literary image of St. Nicholas, disclosed in the late Byzantine literature are not accidental.

The linguistic view of Vilnius in the feature articles Przechadzki po Wilnie “Strolling around Vilnius” by Czesław JankowskiThis article aims to reconstruct the linguistic image of Vilnius created by a famous columnist Czesław Jankowski. Visions of Vilnius that the columnist perceived as terrain landscape, province, child, residents of Vilnius well-known people and an assemblage of people, place of the city’s authorities clerk are presented. Names of the streets, objects, people present in the text make the special saturation of picturesqueness and emotions manifest itself in the profile of Vilnius as a terrain and Vilnius as residents of Vilnius. Positively and ironically marked epithets defining the city are described.

The category of insults comprises disparaging qualifying terms, derogatory epithets, racial/ethnic slurs and participle-like expletives. All of them channel speakers’ (negative) psychological states, so they are considered expressives. Despite the enormous interest that they have aroused, research has not duly addressed whether all types of insults communicate in the same manner, share the same nature and make a similar contribution to communication. This paper ventures some answers from a relevance-theoretic perspective. Relying on theshowing-sayingcontinuum and on theconceptual-proceduraldistinction, it argues that some insults merely show speaker’s meaning, others encode some conceptual load enabling them to communicate by saying and others communicate by an admixture of both. It also contends that some insults encode conceptual content and processing instructions, but others encode instructions alone. Their output, however, is complex, as it may trigger lexical-pragmatic processes adjusting the encoded conceptual load or psychological-state representations.