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This report establishes a profile of existing combined heat and power (CHP) facilities in Maryland and assesses the potential for implementing additional CHP projects in the various regions of the State. The report provides an overview of the CHP permitting process that the developer faces and the agencies that the developer will need to contact prior to construction (e.g., the Maryland Public Service Commission; the Department of Natural Resources, Power Plant Research Program; and the Maryland Department of Environment, Air and Radiation Management Administration). Maryland’s power plant licensing, construction, and operating requirements depend on specific project characteristics; therefore, this report documents the Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity (CPCN) and CPCN exemption processes; and as well, familiarizes the potential developer with the fundamentals of the air quality construction and operating permitting process. Building codes and local zoning ordinances are also addressed. The cost-effectiveness of a CHP project must be properly calculated; consequently, the report provides an overview of Maryland’s electric and natural gas retail markets, including electric standby service for reliability, and the process for interconnecting an on-site CHP plant to provide access to the wholesale market. Contact information for many of the kinds of groups and organizations that can assist businesses, government organizations, and others to obtain additional information on CHP is included as an appendix.

The Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard and Credit Trading Act, signed into law on May 26, 2004, is scheduled to take effect on January 1, 2006. The purpose of this analysis and report is to quantify the existing resources eligible to meet the Maryland renewable energy portfolio standard (RPS) and begin to assess how much, if any, additional renewable generating capacity will need to be constructed in order to meet those requirements. An inventory of eligible resources was developed to assess the availability of renewable resources to meet not only the renewable energy portfolio standard in Maryland, but also to assess the availability of resources for renewable policies established in Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia. Analysis of the inventory indicates that there may be insufficient resources located within PJM to satisfy the combined requirements of Maryland, the District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. However, there appear to be ample Tier 1 and Tier 2 resources in PJM plus PJM’s adjacent states to satisfy Maryland’s requirements without the development of new renewable energy facilities. This suggests that a significant portion of the renewable energy required to meet the Maryland RPS can be anticipated to generate from eligible sources located in states adjacent to PJM.

This report details how national and state level energy policies have focused on ensuring energy reliability and affordability, and advancing energy independence by reducing dependence on foreign energy sources.

Because of potential cost and energy savings, military decision-makers may want to consider the use of energy-efficient heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems at their installations. Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs), in particular, show great promise because of their low energy requirements and low life-cycle costs. However, there currently exists no design guidance or established criteria for HVAC selection. Consequently, military decision-makers have no basis for comparing conventional HVAC systems and GSHPs. The Value-Focused Thinking (VFT) methodology was used to create a multi-objective decision analysis model that measures the value of different HVAC systems. Consisting of five bottom-tier values and twelve measures, the model captures the Air Force's objectives regarding its selection of HVAC systems. Using data collected from three different Air Force bases, the model was used to evaluate four HVAC alternatives (three conventional and one GSHP alternative) at each location. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to provide additional insight into the HVAC selection process. The results of this research indicate that GSHPs are a viable option and should be considered at military installations. Further, the results prove that the VFT model can be an effective decision analysis tool for HVAC selection., The original document contains color images.

Tobyhanna Army Depot is a large communications-electronics fabrication/overhaul facility located in Monroe County, PA. A review of the installation's records indicated that over half of the Depot's total annual cost of energy is used for the purchase of electricity, although electricity accounts for only 31 percent of the total energy consumption. This fact indicates that there may be opportunities for energy or process efficiencies at the installation, either by reducing the dependence on the relatively more costly fuel (e.g., by using alternative fuels), or by changing work processes to reduce overall energy consumption. In this work, the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC/CERL) performed a Level-I energy audit at Tobyhanna Army Depot to identify opportunities for process energy efficiency improvements and reductions in pollutant emissions., The original document contains color images.

The Office of People’s Counsel (OPC) is an independent state agency that represents the interests of residential consumers of natural gas, electricity, telephone and certain other utility services before the Public Service Commission (PSC) and before certain federal regulatory agencies. As the state appointed utility consumer advocate, OPC works to ensure that residential consumers receive safe, reliable services at the lowest possible cost.

The finite element (FE) formulation for waveguide discontinuity analysis is reviewed and extended to multiple, arbitrarily-oriented ports. Several higher-order vector elements - specifically hierarchal linear tangential/quadratic normal (LT/QN) - are compared, and the extensions required to incorporate LT/QN elements in the formulation are presented. The improved accuracy afforded by LT/QN elements compared to constant tangential/linear normal (CT/LN) elements is investigated by considering energy conservation in an empty waveguide. Results obtained using both CT/LN and LT/QN elements are also shown for a problem of engineering interest: an E-plane bend. Results for the LT/QN elements compare especially well to approximate analytical results using quite coarse meshes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the use of iterative solvers and possible convergence problems encountered when using higher-order elements., This article is from ADA399939 Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal. Volume 17, Number 1

Biodiesel fuel is manufactured by the transesterification of oils obtained from a variety of virgin and renewable sources and alcohols. Typical feedstocks include rapeseed, soybean, canola, and used cooking oils. Although animal fats (also known as tallow oils) can be used as a feedstock, there were no manufacturers/suppliers available at the time of this survey. A popular version of this biodiesel fuel is found in the form of B20, which is 20% biodiesel and 80% regular diesel. Vehicles using B20 require no modifications to existing diesel fuel systems, hence the popularity of B20. Biodiesel in general has gained in popularity since the passage of the Energy Conservation and Reauthorization Act of 1998 (ECRA). The ECRA was an amendment to Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 1992, which mandated the use of alternative fueled vehicles (AFVs) in all heavy-duty fleets. Development of an ASTM provisional specification (i.e. ASIM PS 121) for biodiesel to be used as a blend stock has helped define biodiesel.

Compressed air (CA) is used as a source of power for tools, industrial processes, and equipment. It is often considered as a fourth utility, after electricity, gas, and water. In most plants/shops, CA is centrally generated and distributed to all users through a pipe network. Although CA systems are a very convenient power source, they are not cheap to operate. However, nearly all industrial plants can realize from 25 to 40 percent savings on the power costs for the CA system without additional capital expenditures. Through improved management, CA systems can save energy, decrease down time, reduce maintenance, increase productivity, and improve quality. This applications guide is meant to acquaint CA system operation and maintenance personnel with the basics of industrial compressed air systems needed to achieve efficient system operation.

This book presents a unique and comprehensive introduction to modern radar techniques using array antennas. The author focuses upon the principles, system concepts and techniques using electronic steerable and active array antennas for future high standard multifunction radar systems in both military and civil applications. Signal processing and array antennas are discussed from an engineering perspective, as a basis for system design. The key areas covered include array signal processing, adaptive digital beamforming, adaptive monopulse, superresolution, sequential detection, SAR with active array for moving target detection, target imaging, adaptive clutter suppression, pulse compression with low range sidelobes and high range resolution, target detection with long pulse series, energy management and system parameter relations. Several new and effective radar techniques using array antennas are also discussed based on the pioneering work conducted by the authors team at FGAN, complete with experimental simulation results. The book will prove useful for engineers and scientists who work on research, development and systems design in the radar field as well as those who are responsible for radar decision making and planning within the government or industry.

As a component of the Electric Choice and Restructuring Act of 1999, the General Assembly required the Maryland Public Service Commission to evaluate current and potential Demand-Side Management programs, to suggest whether these programs are necessary or desirable, and to identify what programs are cost-effective. Further, the General Assembly required that if the Commission determines DSM programs are useful and cost-effective, the Commission should recommend the appropriate method of funding and administration.

Fuel cells are an environmentally clean, quiet, and a highly efficient method for generating electricity and heat from natural gas and other fuels. Researchers at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) have actively participated in the development and application of advanced fuel cell technology since fiscal year 1993 (FY93), and have selected and evaluated application sites, supervised the design and installation of fuel cells, actively monitored the operation and maintenance of fuel cells, and compiled "lessons learned" for feedback to manufacturers for 29 of 30 commercially available fuel cell power plants and their thermal interfaces installed at Department of Defense (DoD) locations. This report presents an overview of the information collected at Pine Bluff Arsenal, AR, along with a conceptual fuel cell installation layout and description of potential benefits the technology can provide at that location. Similar summaries of the site evaluation surveys for the remaining 28 sites where CERL has managed and continues to monitor fuel cell installation and operation are available in the companion volumes to this report.

Martin J. Savoie, Vincent F. Hock, Phil J. Conner, Henry C. Gignilliat.

The most popular large commercial building chilled water system today is the primary-secondary design. This system separates the generation zone (chiller/evaporator) of a chilled water system from the distribution zone (air handlers). The generation (primary) loop maintains a constant chilled water flow rate. The distribution (secondary) loop varies flow rate in response to cooling load fluctuations. This variable flow rate in the secondary loop permits energy savings over older, constant flow, single loop systems (Rishel, 1996). Recently, new chiller controls have been implemented that allow variable chilled water flow rate in chillers. As a result, a new chilled water system design has become available. This design is a single loop system with a single set of pumps. Like the primary-secondary system the single loop design has two-way valves in air handlers. This variable flow rate, primary system also eliminates the primary-secondary bypass loop. Existing primary-secondary systems can be converted to this design by simply valving off the bypass leg. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance characteristics of the primary-secondary system with the single loop, variable flow rate design. To accomplish this, individual system components were modeled. These component models were compared with manufacturer's data in order to validate their accuracy. The modeled components include; air handler, chiller, pump and cooling tower. These component models were combined to form primary-secondary and single loop system models. Comparisons of these two systems were made to determine relative system efficiency and cooling capacity. Different designs and cooling load conditions were applied to the primary-secondary and single loop systems.

High-efficiency gas-fired cooling equipment is readily available for commercial, institutional, and industrial facilities. Natural gas engine-driven chillers have higher coefficients of performance than any other natural gas cooling system, and can serve as energy efficient alternatives for new electric chillers. This study monitored the performance of natural gas cooling technologies operating at two Air Force bases during the fiscal year 1999 cooling season and compared the actual performance data to theoretical values. Energy and demand cost analyses were performed to compare each natural gas cooling technology with the energy and demand costs of old and new electric chillers. The study determined that, at the monitored bases, the costs for the natural gas used by the engine-driven chillers were lower than electrical costs used by old and new electric chillers, resulting in an energy cost savings.

Central heating plants are often used on large building complexes such as university campuses or military bases. Utilidors can be used to contain heat distribution lines and other utilities between a utility station and serviced buildings. Traditional thermal analysis of utilidors is one-dimensional, with heat transfer correlations used to estimate the effects of convection, radiation, and two-dimensional geometric effects. The expanding capabilities of computers and numerical methods suggest that more detailed analysis and possibly more energy-efficient designs could be obtained. This work examines current methods of estimating the convection and radiation that occur across an air space in square and rectangular enclosures and compares them with numerical and experimental data.

The 1998 National Security Strategy repeatedly cites global environmental issues as key to the long-term security of the United States. Similarly, U.S. environmental issues also have important global implications. This paper analyzes current U.S. Policy as it pertains to global warming and climate change. It discusses related economic factors and environmental concerns. It assesses current White House policy as it relates to the U.S. military. It reviews the Department of Defense strategy for energy conservation and reduction of greenhouse gases. Finally, it offers recommendations and options for military involvement to reduce global warming. Global warming and other environmental issues are important to the U.S. military. As the United States leadership in environmental matters encourages global stability, the U.S. military will be able to focus more on readiness and on military training and operations.

Many installations such as shops, garages, hangers, offices, and residential buildings face the problem of heating ventilation air during the cold season. Solar Walls are efficient, reliable, zero maintenance, solar air preheaters that offer many opportunities for Navy facilities to save money on their annual energy bill. This innovative technology applies to both new construction or rehabilitation projects. This TDS introduces this low maintenance solar technology for consideration in all future industrial ventilation or HVAC projects. Preheating saves energy. Currently, two preheating alternatives exist: heat recovery wheels and solar wall preheaters. The solar wall consists of dark metal siding with small holes set off a few inches from the south wall of the building. The siding is sealed at its edges so that a fan can withdraw heated air from the space between the siding and the wall. The heated layer of outside air touching the solar wall is drawn through the small holes into the space behind the siding. Once inside this space, the air is further heated because of continued contact with the hot siding. A 40 deg F air temperature rise is typical. A fan, usually near the top of the solar wall, draws the warmed air from this space and distributes it through the space to be ventilated. Frequently it is distributed through inflated fabric ducts with holes in the side that emit the warmed air into the hot stratified air trapped near the ceiling of the building, causing circulation of the warmed air, a beneficial destratification effect. In a combined effort, the solar wall concept was recently developed by Conserval Systems, Inc., and personnel at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado. Extensive research into optimizing the performance of the concept and the development of design criteria and procedures were conducted at both NREL and Conserval.

This report addresses the feasibility of implementing a Renewable Portfolio Standard ("RPS") in Maryland, including the feasibility and structure of a two-tiered RPS, and the costs and benefits of implementing such a standard. An RPS would require sellers of electricity within Maryland to either: (1) generate a specified portion of electricity from renewable resources; or (2) purchase for resale a sufficient amount of electricity generated from renewable resources to satisfy the RPS requirement. A possible third option is to purchase tradable renewables energy credits to satisfy any RPS requirement.

A conference on Electrochemistry of Carbon Allotropes: Graphite, Fullerenes and Diamond was held at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, on October 20-22, 1997. This Conference provided an opportunity for electrochemists, physicists, materials scientists and engineers to meet and exchange information on different carbon allotropes. The presentations and discussion among the participants provided a forum to develop recommendations on research and development -which are relevant to the electrochemistry of carbon allotropes. This proceeding volume includes a Conference Summary, a section of Opportunities for Research and Development on Carbon Allotropes as well as a collection of Abstracts of all the Presentations.

High-efficiency gas-fired cooling equipment is readily available for commercial, institutional, and industrial facilities. Natural gas engine-driven chillers have higher coefficients of performance than any natural gas cooling system and can serve as energy efficient alternatives for new electric chillers. This study monitored the performance of natural gas cooling technologies operating at three Air Force bases during the fiscal year 1998 cooling season and compared the actual performance data to theoretical values. Energy and demand cost analyses were performed to compare each natural gas cooling technology with the energy and demand costs of old and new electric chillers. The study determined that, at the monitored bases, the costs for the natural gas used by the engine-driven chillers were lower than electrical costs used by old and new electric chillers, resulting in an energy cost savings.

The overall audit objective was to determine whether military construction projects were designed and built giving consideration to current energy conservation guidelines. The audit also assessed the management control program as it applied to the design and construction of new facilities.

A 3-D electromagnetic particle-in cell code (EMPIC) was developed for large-scale plasma simulation on parallel computers. To simulate plasma problems with complex geometries such as high-power microwave generation devices, curvilinear coordinates were used. A logically connected Cartesian grid consisted of hexahedral cells that could be deformed to body-fit complex shapes. A finite-volume method for a non-orthogonal grid was used to calculate the electromagnetic field. This method is based on Gedney-Lansing: (1) and Madsen; (2) algorithms, and is reduced to a standard FDTD algorithm for an orthogonal grid. Particle updates use current deposit formulation of Villasenor and Buneman; and (3) generalized to non-orthogonal meshes, preserving charge and current. The numerical stability of the electromagnetic algorithm was analyzed for a planar EM wave propagation in a distorted periodic box. The influence of face-to edge transformation properties on the EM algorithm stability is analyzed. Energy conservation for a full PIC simulation of two-stream instability on non-orthogonal meshes is studied.