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The sudden and uncontrolled proliferation of cells is a common cause of mortality. Cancer is a multifactorial disorder which involves both exogenous and endogenous factors for initiation, promotion and progression. The interplay between genes and environment induces genetic and epigenetic alterations to cause chronic diseases including cancers. The management of cancer is far from addressing genetic and epigenetic alterations. The major limitation of current therapy is that it affects the non-targeted tissues also. In this respect, anticancer drugs which are derived from natural resources are considered as good leads for drug development. The natural products have shown anticancer activity in various types of cancer. Thus, the use of the natural product in cancer chemotherapy is gaining attention. In this chapter, the recent plant-derived secondary metabolites with potential for therapeutic management of cancer are discussed.

The paper provides an overview of sources containing data on possible obstacles to the implementation of the concept of lean production in Russian enterprises. An attempt has been made to evaluate exogenous and endogenous factors that hinder this introduction.

Many customers today shop across multiple channels. Previous literature has documented the importance of endogenous factors, such as retailers’ operational strategies, new store openings, and customer demographics on customers’ channel choice in an omnichannel setting. In this paper, we shed light on the impact of an exogenous factor—weather conditions—on retailers’ BM they understaff on cold days and overstaff on hot days. We also discuss the implications of our findings for retailers’ omnichannel strategies.

Frontiers in immunology 10, 182 (2019). doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00182, Published by Frontiers Media, Lausanne

Senescence, or biological aging, is the steady deterioration of functional features of an organism, which ultimately leads to its death. Leaf senescence is an intricate and tightly synchronized developmental process that involves a coordinated sequence of molecular events that eventually leads to the death of the leaf. The critical factors that contribute to the commencement of leaf senescence are environmental stresses like darkness, drought, pathogen attack, and extreme temperatures, as well as endogenous factors, including age, plant hormones, and growth regulators. Every biological process has its own importance, and so leaf senescence also makes a significant contribution to the strength of plants by controlling the translocation of major nutrients to the reproductive and growing organs. Over the past decade, numerous attempts have been made to decipher the mechanistic view of leaf senescence via transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies. It has been found that within plants, after the perception of stress signals, there occurs a prominent senescence syndrome that results in the ultimate upregulation of thousands of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), which is characterized by degradation of macromolecules, decrease in photosynthetic activity, remobilization of nutrients, and ultimately cell death. Currently, genomic and transcriptomic analyses have identified many SAGs that are induced during the onset of leaf senescence, which eventually may play an important role in deciphering the molecular mechanism responsible for signal perception, execution, and regulation of leaf senescence.

Fleshy fruit experiences profound physiological, biochemical, and structural modifications during ripening to facilitate seed dispersal and to become attractive and nutritious for human consumption. The metabolic networks regulating fruit ripening are very complex, and ethylene appears to be a key factor acting in concert with other environmental signals and endogenous factors. The classical distinction between climacteric and nonclimacteric ripening is now questionable, as different patterns of synthesis and sensitivity to ethylene may operate in the ripening of different fruits. In recent years, much progress has been done in the characterization of the main biochemical pathways implicated in the different ripening-associated processes and in the identification of key genes controlling these events. This chapter highlights current understanding and advances in the regulation of fruit ripening and key metabolic pathways associated with the different ripening-related processes, with emphasis on their impact on fruit quality.

Various environmental and endogenous factors (genetic predisposition) influence development of arterial hypertension (AH) and determine clinical course. The role of individual genes and their interactions with external factors is not yet elucidated. The aim of this study is to assess the frequency of the AGT, ACE, AGTR1, ADRB1, UMOD and ADIPOQ genes polymorphisms (SNP) in individuals with prehypertension (PHT) and with optimal blood pressure (BP).

Dietary and lifestyle factors play an important role in human health, as nutritional imbalances are major determinants of various diseases including cancer. Emerging literature suggests that diet and lifestyle factors have a major impact on gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications are heritable and cause potentially reversible changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic inscriptions include changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small noncoding microRNAs. Atypical epigenetic alterations possibly occur at an early stage during neoplastic development and are widely recognized as essential players in cancer progression. Additionally, environmental cues might lead to epigenetic modifications, thus providing a link between susceptible genes and environmental factors in the etiology of cancer. This chapter primarily highlights the role of various epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation and maintenance of the mammalian genome. This chapter also discusses the impact of endogenous factors including diet, lifestyle, environment, and socioeconomic status on the process of carcinogenesis through various epigenetic modifications. Elucidating the impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on epigenetic mechanisms may serve as a personalized prognostic tool for gauging cancer susceptibility and providing recommendations and guidance for the prevention of cancer.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) exert a multitude of functions in regulating numerous biological processes. Recent studies have uncovered a growing number of lncRNAs within the plant genome. These molecules show striking tissue-specific expression patterns, suggesting that they exert regulatory functions in the growth and development processes of plants. Plant reproductive development is tightly regulated by both environmental and endogenous factors. As plant reproductive development is a crucial aspect of crop breeding, lncRNAs that modulate reproductive development are now particularly worth regarding. Here, we summarize findings that implicate lncRNAs in the control of plant reproductive development, especially in flowering control. Additionally, we elaborate on the regulation mechanisms of lncRNAs, tools for research on their function and mechanism, and potential directions of future research.

У роботі показана актуальність запровадження інноваційного проекту у якості одного із способів підвищення ефективності діяльності підприємства в умовах економічного нестабільного середовища. Проведено дослідження основних науково-технічних (інноваційних) проектів НАН України, серед яких лідируючу позицію займає проект з розробки нових матеріалів, методів їх з’єднання та обробки (107 проектів – 27% від загальної кількості проектів). Деталізовані основні концепції та фази життєвого циклу проекту та на базі ПАТ «ХАРП» («Харківський підшипниковий завод»), який є лідером підшипникової галузі на внутрішньому ринку та успішно функціонує на світовому ринку, визначені основні фактори ендогенного та екзогенного впливу на їх розвиток. За результатами дослідження до чинників, які позитивно впливають на інноваційний розвиток підприємства та мають певну ступень важливості, експерти віднесли: розвиток інноваційної інфраструктури, збереження науково-технічного потенціалу та державну підтримку інноваційної діяльності, в тому числі можливість самореалізації за рахунок матеріального стимулювання, наявність фінансових, матеріальних резервів та резервів технічних заходів, збереження науково-технічного потенціалу. До чинників, які здійснюють негативний вплив на розвиток інноваційного потенціалу підприємства експерти віднесли недосконалість законодавчої бази з питань інноваційної діяльності, ускладнення науково - дослідних розробок за рахунок відсутності повноцінної інформаційної бази щодо інноваційних проектів та недостатню кількість й різноманітність джерел фінансування та відсутність матеріальних стимулів. В работе показана актуальность внедрения инновационного проекта в качестве одного из способов повышения эффективности деятельности предприятия в условиях экономически нестабильной среды. Проведено исследование основных научно-технических (инновационных) проектов НАН Украины, среди которых лидирующую позицию занимает проект по разработке новых материалов, методов их соединения и обработки (107 проектов - 27% от общего количества проектов). Основные понятия и этапы жизненного цикла проекта были детализированы на базе ОАО «ХАРП» (Харьковский подшипниковый завод), который является лидером подшипниковой отрасли на внутреннем рынке и успешно работает на мировом рынке. Выявлены основные факторы эндогенного и экзогенного влияния на развитие инновационного потенциала завода. Согласно результатам исследования, к факторам, которые положительно влияют на инновационное развитие предприятия и имеют определенную степень важности, эксперты отнесли: развитие инновационной инфраструктуры, сохранение научно-технического потенциала и государственную поддержку инновационной деятельности, в том числе возможность самореализации за счет материального стимулирования, резервов технических средств, сохранения научно-технического потенциала. К факторам, негативно влияющим на развитие инновационного потенциала предприятия эксперты отнесли: несовершенство законодательной базы для проведения эффективных инноваций, сложность научных исследований и разработок из-за отсутствия полноценной информационной базы для инновационных проектов и недостаточного количество и разнообразие источников финансирования и отсутствие материальных стимулов. The paper shows the relevance of the introduction of an innovative project as one of the ways to improve the efficiency of an enterprise in an economically unstable environment. A study of the main scientific and technical (innovative) projects of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, among which the leading position is taken by the project on the development of new materials, methods of their combination and processing (107 projects - 27% of the total number of projects). The main concepts and phases of the project life cycle were detailed on the basis of OJSC HARP (Kharkov Bearing Plant), and the main factors of endogenous and exogenous influence on their development were identified. According to the results of the research, factors related to the development of the innovation infrastructure, the preservation of scientific and technological potential and state support for innovation activities, including the possibility of self-realization due to material incentives, the availability of financial and material reserves and reserves of technical devices, and the preservation of scientific and technical potential are classified as positive factors. The negative factors include the imperfection of the legislative framework for innovation, the complexity of research and development due to the lack of a full-fledged information base for innovative projects and the insufficient number and variety of funding sources and the lack of material incentives

This chapter emphasizes the consequences of an immunocompromised status in patients with colorectal malignancies. In general, one can differentiate between the types of neoplasms through their location, genesis, as well as their specific cell structures and characteristics. Differentiation between these entities is meaningful, since it provides insights into the pathogenesis of colorectal neoplasms. Escape mechanisms can help tumor cells to avoid immunological control to start metastatic spread. Not only anatomy but also distinction in gene expression profiles and pathway activity can help to determine cancer-specific tumor progression and clinical outcome facilitating the development of new therapeutic targets. Other distinct endogenous factors as patients’ genetic background and immunodeficiency, together with exogenous factors as lifestyle, dietary intake and exposure to environmental stress determine the immunological status of a colorectal cancer patient.

In temperate ecosystems, seasonality influences animal behaviour. Food availability, weather, photoperiod and endogenous factors relevant to the biological cycle of individuals have been shown as major drivers of temporal changes in activity rhythms and group size/structure of herbivorous species. We evaluated how diurnal female foraging activity and grouping patterns of a mountain herbivore, the Apennine chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata, varied during a decreasing gradient of pasture availability along the summer-autumn progression (July–October), a crucial period for the life cycle of mountain ungulates. Females increased diurnal foraging activity, possibly because of constrains elicited by variation in environmental factors. Size of mixed groups did not vary, in contrast with the hypothesis that groups should be smaller when pasture availability is lower. Proportion of females in groups increased, possibly suggesting that they concentrated on patchily distributed nutritious forbs. Occurrence of yearlings in groups decreased, which may have depended on dispersal of chamois in this age class. Presence of kids in groups did not show variation through summer-autumn, suggesting a close mother-juvenile relationship even at the end of weaning and/or, possibly, low summer mortality. Both endogenous and environmental factors contribute to shape variation in foraging activity and grouping behaviour in mountain-dwelling herbivores.

В статті запропоновано вдосконалення механізму речового забезпечення підрозділів Національної гвардії України на основі проектування логістичних ланцюжків поставок речей. Проведено аналіз складових речового забезпечення як логістичного продукту. Досліджені характерні особливості речей в структурі логістичних ланцюжків поставок. Проаналізовано вплив екзогенних і ендогенних чинників на речове забезпечення Національної гвардії України як продукт дистрибуції. Сформовано комплекс стратегічних управлінських заходів вдосконалення механізму речового забезпечення підрозділів Національної гвардії України, The article proposes the improvement of the mechanism of material support of the units of the National Guard of Ukraine on the basis of the design of logistics chains of materials supply. The analysis of components of the real supply as a logistic product is carried out. The characteristic features of materials in the structure of supply chain logistics are investigated. The influence of exogenous and endogenous factors on the material supply of the National Guard of Ukraine as a distribution product is analyzed. A complex of strategic administrative measures for improving the mechanism of material supply of units of the National Guard of Ukraine is formed

In this review, we address the interaction between abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) in regulating non-climacteric fruit development and maturation at the molecular level. We review the interplay of both plant growth regulators in regulating these processes in several fruit of economic importance such as grape berries, strawberry, and citrus, and show how understanding this interaction has resulted in useful agronomic management techniques. We then relate the interplay of both hormones with ethylene and other endogenous factors, such as sugar signaling. We finally review the growing knowledge related to abscisic acid, gibberellins, and the genus Citrus. We illustrate why this woody genus can be considered as an emerging model plant for understanding hormonal circuits in regulating different processes, as most of the finest work on this matter in recent years has been performed by using different Citrus species.

Guava (Psidium guajava) leaves are commonly used in the treatment of diseases. They are considered a waste product resulting from guava cultivation. The leaves are very rich in essential oils (EOs) and volatiles. This work represents the detailed comparative chemical profiles of EOs derived from the leaves of six guava varieties cultivated in Egypt, including Red Malaysian (RM), El-Qanater (EQ), White Indian (WI), Early (E), El-Sabahya El-Gedida (ESEG), and Red Indian (RI), cultivated on the same farm in Egypt. The EOs from the leaves of guava varieties were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed with GC-MS. The EOs were categorized in a holistic manner using chemometric tools. The hydro-distillation of the samples yielded 0.11&ndash, 0.48% of the EO (v/w). The GC-MS analysis of the extracted EOs showed the presence of 38 identified compounds from the six varieties. The sesquiterpene compounds were recorded as main compounds of E, EQ, ESEG, RI, and WI varieties, while the RM variety attained the highest content of monoterpenes (56.87%). The sesquiterpenes, &beta, caryophyllene (11.21&ndash, 43.20%), and globulol (76.17&ndash, 26.42%) were detected as the major compounds of all studied guava varieties, while trans-nerolidol (0.53&ndash, 10.14) was reported as a plentiful compound in all of the varieties except for the RM variety. A high concentration of D-limonene was detected in the EOs of the RM (33.96%), WI (27.04%), and ESEG (9.10%) varieties. These major compounds were consistent with those reported for other genotypes from different countries. Overall, the EOs&rsquo, composition and the chemometric analysis revealed substantial variations among the studied varieties that might be ascribed to genetic variability, considering the stability of the cultivation and climate conditions. Therefore, this chemical polymorphism of the studied varieties supports that these varieties could be considered as genotypes of P. guajava. It is worth mentioning here that the EOs, derived from leaves considered to be agricultural waste, of the studied varieties showed that they are rich in biologically active compounds, particularly &beta, caryophyllene, trans-nerolidol, globulol, and D-limonene. These could be considered as added value for pharmacological and industrial applications. Further study is recommended to confirm the chemical variations of the studied varieties at a molecular level, as well as their possible medicinal and industrial uses.

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene. RTT patients show multisystem disturbances associated with perturbed redox homeostasis and inflammation, which appear as possible key factors in RTT pathogenesis. In this study, using primary dermal fibroblasts from control and RTT subjects, we performed a proteomic analysis that, together with data mining approaches, allowed us to carry out a comprehensive characterization of RTT cellular proteome. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses showed that differentially expressed proteins in RTT were mainly enriched in biological processes related to immune/inflammatory responses. Overall, by using proteomic data mining as supportive approach, our results provide a detailed insight into the molecular pathways involved in RTT immune dysfunction that, causing tissue and organ damage, can increase the vulnerability of affected patients to unknown endogenous factors or infections.

An airport’s international passenger arrivals are susceptible to exogenous and endogenous factors (such as economic conditions, flight services, fluctuations and shocks). Accurate and reliable airport passenger demand forecasts are imperative for policymaking and planning by airport and airline management as well as by tourism authorities and operators. This article employs the Box–Jenkins SARIMA, SARIMAX and SARIMAX/EGARCH volatility models to forecast international passenger arrivals for the eight key Australian airports (Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Gold Coast, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney). Monthly international tourist arrivals between January 2006 and September 2012 are used for the empirical analysis. All the forecasting models are highly accurate with the lower values of mean absolute percentage error, mean absolute error and root mean squared error. The findings suggest that the international passenger arrivals of Australian airports are affected by positive and negative shocks and tourism marketing expenditure is also a significant factor influencing the majority of Australian airports’ international passenger arrivals.

Modern ways of development of recombinant blood coagulation factors (RBCFs) are reviewed. In comparison to plasma coagulation factors, RBCFs are superior due to their higher degree of purification, independence of production from donor plasma, and significantly lower risk of contamination. The main directions of creating new RBCF modifications with the structure and composition different from endogenous factors, while retaining the characteristics of activity, are those ensuring the possibility of obtaining less immunogenic preparations with suppressed induction of inhibitors and prolonged therapeutic effect as a result of increase in the inactivation threshold.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on understanding the factors which affect the social interaction in the case of Facebook. Many authors point out the great potential of these networks for social interaction and as conduits of information. However, studies show that the topology of the network is disconnected, consisting of small sub-networks that make Facebook unsuitable for disseminating information. This situation has created the need to introduce exogenous factors, aimed at boosting and providing cohesion to the network structure. In this context, the authors test the following question: how exogenous and endogenous factors contribute to encouraging social interaction on Facebook. Design/methodology/approach For the analysis of social interaction on Facebook, a population consisting of all the followers of the walls of ten corporate social networks was used. From the total 269,424 users analyzed, a stratified sample of 132 followers was obtained and networks were built for each of them. The authors then proceeded to search for each follower’s friends and friends of friends to build the social network up to the fourth level, obtaining a total of 132 subnets with 1,628,074 links between them. To determine the impact of both exogenous and endogenous factors in the interaction of the network the authors performed a causal analysis. Findings The results obtained from this study provide empirical evidence on the adequacy of companies’ dynamization measures used and how exogenous and endogenous factors influence the social interaction on Facebook. Thus, the results show that exogenous factors, such as the activity of the community manager and the digital marketing investment in the network, do not have a significant effect on the interaction. On the other hand, endogenous factors, such as network density and clustering, have a positive effect on the trigger of social interaction between the followers. Therefore, companies must consider the importance of the structural factors that characterize network followers, such as density or clustering coefficient, to be able to interpret and optimize them to obtain higher levels of social interaction. Originality/value This is one of a few papers that examine interactions in social network sites (SNS), particularly in corporate network sites in Facebook. The results expose the importance for organizations to have reliable information on the patterns of interaction to properly manage the resources allocated for this purpose in SNS.

The testes are one of the most delicate organs in the male body and highly susceptible to the exogenous influences capable of inducing cell damage. Cancer therapies are well known to negatively affect the male reproductive tract with a severe impairment of spermatogenesis and infertility. The present work aimed to systematically review the available information about the different endogenous factors (hormonal and nonhormonal) that may have protective or advantageous properties on the recovery of male reproductive function after gonadal injury. Furthermore, the perspective that these endogenous molecules could act as cryoprotectants to improve the quality of cryopreserved semen samples was also discussed. The knowledge reviewed herein allowed to identify promising factors able to mitigate the male fertility problems arising either from oncological treatments or other gonadal damage, and opened new possibilities to ameliorate the recovery of spermatogenesis or to preserve fertility.

Introduction: Sepsis is a major cause of death worldwide but its orchestrating components remain incompletely understood. On the one hand, development of sepsis results from an infectious focus that cannot be controlled by the immune system, but on the other, responding immune cells that can eliminate the infection inflict damage to the host by contributing to complications such as endothelial leakage, septic shock, and multiorgan failure.Areas covered: In this review we give a comprehensive overview of how sepsis occurs, which exogenous and endogenous factors might affect the immune-pathophysiological course of sepsis and finally how this knowledge translates into up-to-date definitions and therapeutic approaches.Expert commentary: Although new immunological mechanisms altering the course of sepsis have been identified recently, future research needs to address the limitations of experimental approaches, redirect the research focus into translational approaches, and finally evaluate personalized ...

In this review, we highlight critical unresolved questions in the etiology and mechanisms causing preterm brain injury. Involvement of neurons, glia, endogenous factors and exogenous exposures is considered. The structural and functional correlates of interrupted development and injury in the premature brain are under active investigation, with the hope that the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying developmental abnormalities in the human preterm brain can be understood, prevented or repaired.

The aim of this paper is to explore what endogenous factors dominate in the regional development of Latvia. To achieve the aim, the following tasks were established: to examine the theoretical background of regional development; to analyze the endogenous factors of regional development in Latvia; to evaluate the significance of the endogenous development factors of regions by using expert evaluation method. The following research methodology was used: literature review, graphical method, expert evaluation method and logically constructive approach – for data evaluation and result analysis; synthesis method – to combine the elements in a unified system; social research methods – to obtain the primary information and to carry out its verification. For expert evaluation data processing the statistical and data analysis methods were used, including the data parametric grouping and correlation calculations, and the average calculations of the factors corresponding to each group. The analysis of the statistical data and the independent expert evaluation results allow concluding that the most important factors influencing regional development are the government decisions and the existing infrastructure, as well as the influence of migration, the distance from the centre and the availability of investment. These findings on regional development apply particularly to a small country where geographically and historically has formed a single highly-developed economic and political centre – the capital, and where does not exist a secondary centre. The research findings confirm the thesis that the endogenous development factors are the primary in the regional development

Recent explanations of regional path development tend to neglect public policy interventions into the analysis of new path creation in non-core regions. I argue that the evolutionary approach in economic geography effort in highlighting endogenous theories to explain industrial renewal in the periphery, should be more aware of theories of exogenous inflows from outside in order to explain innovation and growth in regions. I suggest that the concept of local content policies in the global petroleum industry is pivotal in understanding regions ability to break out of trajectories seen as path dependent in theories of regional development. Drawing on a combination of studies of two petroleum projects in the region of Finnmark and one in Nordland in Northern Norway, this paper explores recent local content initiatives, and evaluate their potential benefit for companies and regions. I argue that the role of policy actions should be a pivotal issue in explaining growth and innovation in peripheral areas, and that a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors gives a more balanced picture of the situation rather than leaning on endogenous factors alone.

A comparative analysis of epigenetic variation has been performed in nine European populations and population groups of the American mink. It has been shown that differentiation of samples in nonmetric characters is due mainly to endogenous processes that have occurred in introduced populations in the course of colonization of new territory by the invasive species. Environmental factors have played a secondary role, with the influence of the geographic (latitudinal) origin of a given sample being considerable and stronger than that of macroclimatic factors.

Nowadays, a number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains is increasing. It is a serious clinical problem and poses a threat to the effectiveness of conventional antibiotic therapy. Thus, scientists are constantly seeking new alternatives for treatment of infectious diseases. There are some natural endogenous factors, which possess antimicrobial activities against a large number of microorganisms, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses and fungi. These factors are present in all eukaryotic organisms and constitute an essential element of their immune system. A large number of in vitro and in vivo models have been used to show the activity of antimicrobial factors, and only few studies have been conducted on people. Results indicate that administration of these molecules is therapeutically beneficial. This review summarizes knowledge of selected endogenous antimicrobial agents, such as cathelicidins, defensins, histatins, lysozyme and lactoferrin. We also discuss potential uses of these factors in the treatment of infectious diseases.

The article concerns the issue of the increasing development level of rural areas, which determines division into regions of dynamic growth and competing areas. Mitigating development might be achieved through adequate use of endogenous potential inherent in particular territorial units. This paper undertakes the issue of shaping sustainable socio-economic development of rural areas based on endogenous conditions as well as appropriate targeting of the EU funds to strengthen actions leading to the optimal use of resources. For a comprehensive assessment of funds impact for socio-economic development economic indicators and synthetic indexes were taken into consideration. These were calculated for the socio-economic (endogenous) development in rural areas (by region) and the level of absorption for the measures implemented by the 16 Regional Operational Programmes. Such procedure allowed to specify the relations and interdependencies that occur between these two levels. Results of the analysis were referred to the concept of neo-endogenous development.

Cervical cancer - polietiologic disease risk factors which are early sexual debut, sexual activity, injure of the cervix, ovarian dysfunction, urogenital infections, vitamin deficiencies, Smoking; the main role, of course, given HPV. Remain controversial issues for a long period of taking oral contraceptive pills. The review presents the results of modern research on cervical cancer. Despite the prevalence of cervical cancer in the world and in our country in particular, the risk factors for its occurrence remain subjects of controversy. The reasons of occurrence and development of cervical disease has not been established, but a number of factors external and internal environment is essential in the pathogenesis of pathological processes of the mucous membrane of the cervix. Analytical review of publications on the problem of the etiopathogenesis of cervical neoplasia suggests an important role in this process, exogenous factors, their combination and the combination with endogenous factors. In the present review data and results of current research on the most significant risk factors in the development of cervix blastom.

Measuring sustainable efficiency is a wide research topic that has gained increased relevance over the course of the years, particularly in the field of supply chain management. In this paper, novel Data Envelopment Analysis&mdash, ratio data (DEA-R) models are used to assess sustainable efficiency in two-echelon supply chains based on endogenous factors. Genetic algorithms are employed to determine optimal productive weights for each echelon and the overall supply chain by taking into account the hidden correlation structures among them as expressed in non-linear multi-objective functions. A case study on 20 firefighting stations is presented to illustrate the approach proposed and its accuracy for decision-making, as long as the issues of pseudo inefficiency and over estimation of efficiency scores are mitigated. Results indicate that the method proposed is capable of reducing efficiency estimation biases due to endogenous sustainable factors by yielding overall scores lower than or equal to the product of the efficiencies of the individual stages.

The paper investigates the factors and indicators of innovative development, considers their impact on the environmental management and improvement of the efficiency of innovation management of the oil and gas corporations. The purpose of the paper is to determine exogenous and endogenous factors and indicators of innovative development of the oil and gas corporation. The paper employs empirical, theoretical, and quantitative (statistical) research methods. As a result of the study, the authors determined an effective indicator calculated based on several indicators of innovative development; the factors of innovative development were identified and a connection between the factors of innovative development was proposed, proceeding from which, an approach to factor analysis of the indicators of innovative development of the oil and gas corporation in a certain restriction system (correlation system) was developed. The developed approach to factor analysis of innovative development indicators allows to adequately assess, analyze, and determine key indicators based on the effectiveness of innovation management to reduce high inappropriate costs for research and development (R&D) and optimize the business at large upon the introduction of high-tech solutions, innovative products and developments. This study can be applied in industrial sectors.

The article discusses the structure and levels of factors that affect the viability of an enterprise in terms of a systematic approach. The study of the influence of external and internal environmental factors on the viability of enterprises in the transport and logistics sphere is important both in theory and in practical terms. The purpose of the study is to improve the theoretical foundations of the formation of a system of exogenous and endogenous factors of influence on the viability of the enterprise from the standpoint of their specific impact. The main sub-environments that form the external business environment of the enterprise based on field theory are identified. The structure of the interacting fields of the enterprise and the types of environments surrounding the enterprise are proposed. The external environment is also divided into micro- and macro-environments, which form the fields of interaction of conditions and factors of influence on the enterprise. The main groups of exogenous factors are identified according to each field. Exogenous factors are divided by levels of formation: international, national and regional. On this basis, a six-level model of the influence of exogenous factors on the viability of the enterprise is proposed. This model can be used to identify key factors in managing the viability of an enterprise. The article identifies the groups of endogenous factors. According to the directional influence of the factors of the external and internal environment, it is proposed to divide all factors into three main types: favorable, unfavorable, indifferent. On this basis, a system of factors of the external and internal environment that influence ensuring the viability of the enterprise is formed. The results of the interaction of exogenous and endogenous factors of the enterprise with the generalized formular algorithms that allow to describe the conditions under which the enterprise is destroyed, survives and develops are presented. A multilevel model of the enterprise viability factor system can be applied to any enterprise or organization. The proposed theoretical frameworks allow us to reconcile the influence of external and internal environmental factors on the viability of the enterprise and to create their structure, determine the levels of influence.

This paper presents an integrated modelling study aimed at exploring the possible effects of drivers of change in commercial natural annual grasslands. We consider drivers as factors that affect the rangeland but are not affected by it. Thus, the stocking rate is not treated as a driver, but as an endogenous factor ultimately determined by drivers. This approach, which call for integrated multidisciplinary studies, is rare in the rangeland literature. We try to alleviate this lack by presenting and utilizing a novel multidisciplinary integrated system-dynamics model (108 equations) which represents an area of privately owned extensive farms, its farmers (their numbers and decisions), herds or flocks, herbage production, soil erosion and the linked local markets. By means of a global sensitivity analysis of this model we evaluated the sensitivities of key endogenous factors to the same percentage variation in 70 factors, including economic and climate drivers. The analysis considered the behaviours of 288,000 variants of the modelled system, each under a different 300-year driver scenario. We found that the environmental component of the model was almost exclusively sensitive to biophysical factors, whereas the socio-economic component was almost exclusively sensitive to socio-economic factors, despite the model takes account of key feedbacks connecting both components. Our results suggest that cautiously-managed commercial natural grasslands could socially and economically cope with climate change, especially in a scenario of rising prices of animal products, and also that, even though stocking rates would increase due to an increase in the demand for livestock products, the main threat to the provision of ecosystem services in the studied system would be climate change.

For several years, strengthened state support caused a situation, when domestic livestock has reached the European level on many qualitative and quantitative parameters. At the same time, dairy cattle breeding remains one of the most problematic branches. Intense loads during economic use lead to a decrease in vital energy and functional and physiological reserves of the body. The problem of reducing the economic characteristics of cows with age is relevant. In this regard, many questions related to the need to preserve these functional reserves arise and the latter can be studied using non-invasive methods. One of such methods is cardiointervalometry of heart rate variability. The method allows evaluating the physiological state of the animal, which can be influenced by both exogenous and endogenous factors.

Author(s): McQueen, Allison E; Koliwad, Suneil K; Wang, Jen-Chywan | Abstract: Purpose of reviewThe current review provides an update on secreted factors and mechanisms that promote a thermogenic program in beige adipocytes, and their potential roles as therapeutic targets to fight obesity.Recent findingsWe outline recent studies revealing unrecognized mechanisms controlling beige adipocyte physiology, and summarize in particular those that underlie beige thermogenesis independently of classical uncoupling. We also update strategies aimed at fostering beige adipogenesis and white-to beige adipocyte conversion. Finally, we summarize newly identified endogenous secreted factors that promote the thermogenic activation of beige adipocytes and discuss their therapeutic potential.SummaryThe identification of novel endogenous factors that promote beiging and regulate beige adipocyte-specific physiological pathways opens up new avenues for therapeutic engineering targeting obesity and related metabolic disorders.

The importance of microenvironment on dendritic cell (DC) function and development has been strongly established during the last two decades. Although DCs with general tolerogenic characteristics have been isolated and defined as a particular sub-population, it is predominantly their unequivocal biological plasticity, which allows for unparalleled responsiveness to environmental ques and shaping of their tolerogenic characteristics when interacting with tolerance-inducing biomolecules. Dendritic cells carry receptors for a great number of endogenous factors, which, after ligation, can importantly influence the development of their activation state. For this there is ample evidence merely by observation of DC characteristics isolated from various anatomical niches, e.g., the greater immunosuppressive potential of DCs isolated from intestine compared to conventional blood DCs. Endogenous biomolecules present in these environments most likely play a major role as a determinant of their phenotype and function. In this review, we will concisely summarize in what way various, tolerance-inducing endogenous factors influence DC biology, the development of their particular tolerogenic state and their subsequent actions in context of immune response inhibition and induction of regulatory T cells.

Social phenomena influence the development processes of the economy and for this reason the problem of marginalization and social exclusion is much more significant. In addition, the sense and deepening of the common good with a specific territory manifests itself in the involvement of its inhabitants in the implementation of various types of projects and programs. The involvement of local communities can be the basis for launching development processes which are based on endogenous factors. In this context, the aim of the article is to show how the results of research in the area of neurosciences can contribute to coping with social problems on the example of problem regions, when solving failures repeatedly. This is exemplified by the activation of people who are excluded or at risk of social exclusion. Zjawiska społeczne wywierają wpływ na procesy rozwoju gospodarki i z tego punktu widzenia istotny jest problem marginalizacji i wykluczenia społecznego. Dodatkowo poczucie więzi z określonym terytorium i chęć pogłębiania wspólnego dobra przejawiają się w zaangażowaniu jego mieszkańców w realizację różnego typu projektów i programów. Zaangażowanie lokalnych wspólnot może stanowić podstawę uruchomienia procesów rozwojowych opartych na czynnikach endogennych. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, w jaki sposób wyniki badań z obszaru tzw. neuronauk mogą przyczynić się do lepszego radzenia sobie z problemami społecznymi regionów problemowych, przy których rozwiązywaniu wielokrotnie ponosi się porażki. Jako przykład posłużyć może aktywizacja osób wykluczonych lub zagrożonych wykluczeniem społecznym.

The original definition of epigenetics by Waddington is already aimed at describing how factors within the developmental processes of organisms affect gene expression. Every epigenetic process described to date has two basic components: the intrinsic machinery of the cells, and the contribution of external factors. Epigenetic machineries are involved in any aspect of the body's function. Intrinsic (endogenous) and extrinsic (environmentally available) factors alter the functioning of epigenetic machineries in the developing and adult organism and, subsequently, their reproductive capacity. Many endogenous factors shown to alter epigenetic mechanisms relate to the endocrine system, having distinct roles at different ontogenetic stages. Environmental factors that are able to influence the establishment of epigenetic mechanisms, through a variety of biological pathways, include compounds such as endocrine disruptors, nutritional factors, pharmaceuticals and inorganic chemicals. In the present chapter we summarize known intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect epigenetic regulation of gene expression, placing especial emphasis in the reproductive consequences of their actions.

A large body of literature suggests that neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is positively associated with out-mobility. However, prior research has been limited by (1) the inability to account for endogenous factors that both funnel families into deprived neighborhoods and increase their likelihood of moving out, and (2) the failure to consider how the spatial distribution of socioeconomic deprivation in the broader community conditions the effect of local deprivation on mobility. This paper attends to this gap in the literature by examining how changes in socioeconomic disadvantage between sending and receiving neighborhoods and the spatial patterning of deprivation in the areas surrounding destination neighborhoods influence future mobility among a representative sample of American adolescents. We employ a modeling strategy that allows us to examine the unique and separable effects of local and extralocal neighborhood disadvantage while simultaneously holding constant time-invariant factors that place some youth at a greater likelihood of experiencing a residential move. We find that moves to more impoverished neighborhoods decrease the likelihood of subsequent mobility and that this effect is most pronounced among respondents who move to neighborhoods surrounded by other similarly deprived neighborhoods. In this sense, geographical pockets of disadvantage strengthen the mobility-hampering effect of neighborhood deprivation on future mobility.

PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Basis of Analysis of Body Fluids for Diagnostic, Prognostic and Monitoring Purposes Underlying most human diseases is a change in the amount or function of one or more proteins that in turn triggers changes in cellular, tissue or organ function. The dysfunction is commonly characterised by a significant change in the biochemical profile of body fluids. The application of quantitative analytical biochemical tests to a large range of biological analytes in body fluids and tissues is a valuable aid to the diagnosis and management of the prevailing disease state. In this section, the general biological and analytical principles underlying these tests will be discussed and related to the general principles of quantitative biochemical analysis discussed in Section 2.7. Body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid and urine, in both healthy and diseased states, contain a large number of inorganic ions and organic molecules. While some of these chemical species exert their normal biological function within that fluid, the majority of these take a passive role and are only transported by the fluid. The presence of this latter group of chemical species within the fluid is due to the fact that normal cellular secretory mechanisms and the temporal synthesis and turnover of individual cells and their organelles within the major organs of the body both result in the release of cell components into the surrounding extra-cellular fluid and eventually into the blood circulatory system. This, in turn, transports them to the main excretory organs, namely the liver, kidneys and lungs, so that these cell components and/or their degradation products are eventually excreted in faeces, urine, sweat and expired air. Examples of cell components in this category include enzymes, hormones, intermediary metabolites, small organic molecules and inorganic ions. The concentration, amount or enzyme activity of a given cell component that can be detected in these fluids of a healthy individual at any point in time depends on many factors that can be classified into one of three categories, namely chemical characteristics of the component, endogenous factors characteristic of the individual and exogenous factors that are imposed on the individual.

Despite the intractable problems of socio-cultural inertia and economic deprivation, recent evidence of economic transformation in some countries of Africa suggest that change, the act or instance of making or becoming different, in Africa is characterized by two dialectics: static and dynamic processes, and discrete and interlinked forces. The dynamics are underneath but sometimes surge up, while the static processes sometimes submerge. A model of change in Africa has to depict these characteristics and their influence on change targets – individuals, organizations, and countries. Thus, we present a model of change termed a murmuration model, a composite of factors working together in an ever-changing pattern with a cooperative generative mechanism. It is consistent with the unique contours of Africa – boom-burst-boom-burst cycles. Even though it is similar to complex systems models of change, the model we present differs from the familiar ones in the literature – teleological, dialectical, rhizomic, etc. Exogenous and endogenous factors either unilaterally or multilaterally affect macro processes which spill over to the micro level to influence change in individuals, organizations, and nations. After identifying the dimensions, forms, and outcomes of the model, we discuss its process and drivers, and conclude with implications for management research and practice.

The view that capital flows are typically exogenous destabilizing factors suggests the need for heavy regulation of financial flows. Another view, that capital flows are largely rational, endogenous responses to underlying conditions, suggests that policies, rather than market responses, are disruptive. It is not surprising that policy officials tend to incline toward the first view. It is argued that the evidence suggests that the explanatory power of the second view is greater, although identification of the fundamental cause of capital flows in a particular time and place is always uncertain. The distinction between exogenous and endogenous factors also suggests an important role that international capital flows can play in helping to generate more stable and efficiency-increasing economic policies.

Significance Explaining correlations across space of cyclic dynamics in ecology is a fundamental challenge. We apply ideas from statistical physics, originally used to explain the behavior of magnets, to a dataset on yield from pistachio trees, obtaining a robust description and potential explanation for the generation of spatial correlations in cyclic dynamics. These results suggest looking for mechanistic underpinnings at the level of interactions between neighboring trees that lead to spatial correlations in dynamics and a surprising correspondence between the descriptions of physical phenomena, magnetization, and ecological dynamics. This work demonstrates with data, and not just models, that correlations in cyclic dynamics can be generated from local interactions and dynamics even in a very noisy ecological system., Spatial patterning of periodic dynamics is a dramatic and ubiquitous ecological phenomenon arising in systems ranging from diseases to plants to mammals. The degree to which spatial correlations in cyclic dynamics are the result of endogenous factors related to local dynamics vs. exogenous forcing has been one of the central questions in ecology for nearly a century. With the goal of obtaining a robust explanation for correlations over space and time in dynamics that would apply to many systems, we base our analysis on the Ising model of statistical physics, which provides a fundamental mechanism of spatial patterning. We show, using 5 y of data on over 6,500 trees in a pistachio orchard, that annual nut production, in different years, exhibits both large-scale synchrony and self-similar, power-law decaying correlations consistent with the Ising model near criticality. Our approach demonstrates the possibility that short-range interactions can lead to long-range correlations over space and time of cyclic dynamics even in the presence of large environmental variability. We propose that root grafting could be the common mechanism leading to positive short-range interactions that explains the ubiquity of masting, correlated seed production over space through time, by trees.

Background An imbalance between renal damaging molecules and nephroprotective factors contributes to the development and progression of kidney diseases. Molecules with renoprotective properties might serve as biomarkers, drug targets as well as therapeutic options themselves. Materials and methods For this review, we generated a set of renoprotective factors based on GeneRIF (Gene Reference Into Function) information available at NCBI's PubMed. The final set of manually curated renoprotective factors was investigated with respect to tissue-specific expression, subcellular location distribution and involvement in biological processes using information from gene ontology as well as information from protein-protein interaction databases. We furthermore investigated the factors in the context of clinical trials of renal disease and diabetes. Results One hundred and ninety-three factors could be retrieved from the set of GeneRIFs on nephroprotection and renal repair. A large number of factors were either secretory molecules or plasma membrane receptors. Next to the elevated expression in renal tissue, also higher expression in connective tissue and pancreas was observed. The proteins could be assigned to the broad functional categories of cell proliferation and signalling, inflammatory response, apoptosis, blood pressure regulation as well as cellular response to different kinds of insults such as hypoxia, heat or mechanical stimulus. Eight factors are studied in clinical trials with additional ones being targeted by compounds. Conclusions We have generated a set of renoprotective factors based on the literature information, which was functionally annotated and evaluated with respect to tested compounds in kidney disease and diabetes clinical trials.

The statistical regression models have been frequently used to explain the causal relationship between exogenous factors and the cholesterol level of patients. While, the dominant criteria for each exogenous factor which give impact to the cholesterol level are not yet investigated by previous studies. In this paper, we are interested to introduce a decision making model based on rough-regression in handling the significant contribution between the dominant criteria, exogenous and endogenous factors, respectively. The result showed the proposed model is able to investigate the dominant criteria and factors affecting cholesterol level patients. This model may help the counterparts in the decision making.

The natural aging process is associated with changes in structure and function of the human lung that becomes pronounced with advanced age. Age-related changes in immune function and immune regulation likely play an important role in age-associated lung remodeling and respiratory infection risk and environmental exposures plus a variety of endogenous factors may accelerate the pace of changes affecting the aging lung. The integrity of barriers that protect against respiratory pathogens decline with aging, which, combined with less robust immune responses in the elderly, increase susceptibility to respiratory infections.

Regulation of pH is one of the most complex mechanisms in human physiology. Indeed, the H+ ion concentration not only contributes to the establishment and maintenance of the body's homeostasis (by defining isohydria) but it also acts as an ionic, electric or osmotic driving force; provides optimum conditions for the proper functions of a plethora of molecules; behaves as an extra- and intracellular signaling system; exerts protective functions, and so on. The versatile role of pH requires delicate, well-orchestrated regulatory machineries that are controlled by a multitude of endogenous mechanisms - this is especially true for the skin whose pH is quite unique within the body. In this chapter, we summarize key endogenous factors and mechanisms that can influence the pH of the skin. Moreover, we highlight the significance of certain molecular systems (i.e., pH-sensing ionotropic and metabotropic receptors) that have recently emerged as potential "pH-regulated sensors and transducers," which are suggested to mediate the cellular effects of pH in various skin compartments and cells.