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Weiyong Xu,1,2 Zhenchang Wang,3 Huaqing Yao,1,2 Zifeng Zeng,1,2 Xinping Lan1,2 1Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Emergency Medicine, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xinping Lan, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China, Email lan-xinping@163.comObjective: To investigate the distribution of arteriosclerotic vessels of arteriosclerosis, differential serum lipid profiles, and differences in the proportion of dyslipidaemia between patients with single-site arteriosclerosis and multi-site arteriosclerosis (significant hardening of ≥ 2 arteries).Methods: The data of 6581 single-site arteriosclerosis patients and 5940 multi-site arteriosclerosis patients were extracted from the hospital medical record system. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein (Apo) A1, ApoB concentrations and C-reactive protein (CRP) between patients with single-site arteriosclerosis and multi-site arteriosclerosis were collected and analyzed.Results: The most diseased arteries were coronary arteries (n=7099, 33.7%), limb arteries (n=6546, 31.1%), and carotid arteries (n=5279, 25.1%). TC, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C levels were higher and CRP level was lower in multi-site arteriosclerosis patients than those in single-site arteriosclerosis patients. The TC, LDL-C levels in non-elderly (< 65 years old) female patients were higher and TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C levels were lower than those in non-elderly male patients, while the TG, TC, LDL-C, and TG/HDL-C levels in elderly (≥ 65 years old) female patients were higher and LDL-C/HDL-C level was lower than those in elderly male patients. The proportion of dyslipidemia in descending order was as follows: low HDL-C (31.9%), elevated TG (16.9%), elevated TC (9.0%), and elevated LDL-C (4.2%). The levels of TC, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C in patients with peripheral arteriosclerosis were higher than those in patients with cardio-cerebrovascular arteriosclerosis.Conclusion: There were differences in serum lipid levels in patients with arteriosclerosis with different age, gender and distribution of arteriosclerotic vessels.Keywords: arteriosclerosis, arteriosclerotic vessels, dyslipidemia, serum lipid, CRP

Abstract Background Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is one of the main factors leading to infertility in women of reproductive age, which is often accompanied by metabolic changes such as obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation. Chronic inflammation may play an important role in the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the relationship between abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation in PCOS patients. This study aims to analyze the correlation between systemic immune-inflammatory(SII) markers and dyslipidemia in patients with PCOS and their value in early diagnosis. Methods A total of 617 PCOS patients aged 20–35 years (according to the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria) who visited the Reproductive Center of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University from January 2020 to December 2022 were included. According to the presence or absence of dyslipidemia, the patients were divided into normal lipid metabolism group and abnormal lipid metabolism group. The clinical data of the patients were collected and analyzed by SPSS software. Results There were 454 patients with normal lipid metabolism and 163 patients with abnormal lipid metabolism. The SII level of the abnormal lipid metabolism group was higher than that of the normal group. As the SII quartile increased, TC, TG and LDL increased, while HDL decreased accordingly. The SII level was positively correlated with TC, TG and LDL, and negatively correlated with HDL (all P

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality and a significant contributor to temporary and permanent disabilities worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the burden of primary and residual cardiometabolic risk factors in a sample of young adults in the Russian city of Kazan. Methods This case-control study used the Cardiometabolic Disease Staging (CMDS) classification system, which has been validated in several countries. The study included 191 individuals aged 25–44 years who met the inclusion criteria but did not meet any exclusion criteria. Data collection involved a patient card with questions from the World Health Organization’s STEPS instrument, face-to-face patient interviews, and a physical examination. Anthropometric assessments included height, weight, and waist circumference measurements. Body composition was evaluated using bioelectrical impedance measurements. Patients also underwent in-depth laboratory biochemical analyses. Results The study cohort was comprised of 97 females (50.8%) and 94 males (49.2%). The median age of participants was 35.00 years [IQR: 30.00–39.00]. The study cohort showed an increase in all anthropometric parameters, with abdominal obesity and overweight reaching 100% in the CMDS 3. Apart from atherogenic lipids and raised blood pressure, other risk factors that precipitate residual risk and were not part of CMDS, such as insulin levels, insulin resistance, leptin values, and hyperuricemia, increased as CMDS levels increased. Conclusions The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors was high in young adults in Kazan. This study highlights the need for the early identification and management of cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases later in life.

Abstract Objective Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) plays an vital role in the course of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by affecting lipid metabolism. Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) is a comprehensive index composed of triglyceride and blood glucose, has relationship with some diseases. There was no research report on the association CYP2C19 polymorphisms, TyG with premature cerebral infarction (CI) (onset ≤ 65 years old) susceptibility. Methods This study retrospectively analyzed 1953 CI patients aged ≤ 65 years old from December 2018 to March 2024, and 1919 age-matched individuals with non-CI as controls. The relationship between CYP2C19 polymorphisms, TyG and premature CI risk were analyzed. Results The proportion of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus in patients with premature CI was higher than those in controls. The serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and TyG levels in patients with premature CI were significantly higher than those in controls (all p

Abstract Background Currently, studies on the formation mechanism for the enlargement of arachnoid granulation (AG) are lacking. The impact of dyslipidemia on the formation of multiple large arachnoid granulations (LAGs) was studied in this research. Methods The study included patients diagnosed with cerebral venous sinus stenosis (CVSS) related to LAG. The number of LAGs was assessed via high-resolution black blood magnetic resonance imaging. The relationships between blood lipids and multiple LAGs were explored to evaluate the effects of dyslipidemia on the formation of multiple LAGs. Results A total of 163 participants with a diagnosis of LAG were included. The levels of total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.004) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (P = 0.01) in the multiple LAGs group were greater than those in the non-multiple LAGs group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that TC (odds ratio (OR), 2.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.26–3.80; P = 0.006) and LDL-c (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.16–4.07; P = 0.02) were independently associated with multiple LAGs. Conclusions TC and LDL-c are independently related to multiple LAGs, indicating that dyslipidemia may be a potential cause of CVSS. Therefore, monitoring blood lipids may be necessary for patients with LAGs.

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of Semaglutide (a GLP-1 receptor agonist) in obese patients with and without Type-II Diabetes Mellitus. Methods This observational analytic cohort study was conducted in a private medical institute in Karachi Pakistan; from August 2022 to January 2023. A total of 65 obese individuals >18 years of age, with or without T2D were included. Semaglutide was started with an initial dose of 0.25 mg with an increase in dose to 0.5 mg, 1 mg and 2 mg with gap of 4 weeks between each dose escalation. Patients were kept on the maximally tolerated dose, not exceeding 2 mg/week. Patients were evaluated on the first and second follow-up at 3 and 6 months respectively, for the same parameters as noted at the initial visit, along with documentation of any adverse effect. Results Out of 65 patients, 49.2% were female and 50.8% were male. Mean age was 49.16 ± 14.20 years. 47.7% of the patients had hypertension, 46.2% had diabetes mellitus, 35.4% had dyslipidemia and 13.8% had ischemic heart disease. All patients were using 0.5 mg of semaglutide after three months, however by six months 33.8% were using 1 mg, and 24.6% were on 2 mg, whereas 40% decided to adhere to 0.5 mg and only 1.5% decided to reduce the dose to 0.25 mg due to adverse effects. Patients reported start of the first adverse effect by 3.44 ± 2.27 weeks of starting the drug. By the end of three months, 55.4% of patients in our study reported adverse effect, which declined to 34.5% by the end of six months, and the majority being mild to moderate and the most frequent side effects were gastrointestinal in origin. There was no significant difference in side effect profile in between those with and without diabetes mellitus. The average weight loss was 5.81 ± 2.64 kg and 9.86 ± 3.54 kg after three and six months respectively and the amount of weight loss was almost equal in those with and without T2D. A significant decline was observed in the average HbA1c levels, body mass index (p =

Background and objectives. Serum uric acid (SUA), traditionally associated with gout, is increasingly recognized for its potential role in cardiometabolic disorders, including dyslipidemia. Elevated SUA levels may influence lipid metabolism, thus enhancing cardiovascular disease risk. This study aims to explore the association between SUA levels, dyslipidemia, and related risk factors in a cohort of patients, contributing to a better understanding of their interplay and implications for cardiovascular health. Material and methods. We conducted a retrospective case series involving 30 participants selected from the outpatient Department of General Medicine. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board, and informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design and use of de-identified data. Participants were aged 18 or older with available data on SUA, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, excluding those with a history of gout, renal impairment, or current use of urate-lowering medications. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests, with significance set at p

Background/Aims Achieving rapid reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels below 55 mg/dL in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) can be challenging with statins alone. This single-center, retrospective study aimed to assess the impact of single-dose injection of evolocumab 140 mg on LDL-C levels during the peri-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) period in patients with AMI. Methods A total of 95 patients with AMI who underwent PCI were divided into the evolocumab (n = 50) and non-evolocumab (n = 45) groups. Results The percentage change of LDL-C level at 1–3 weeks from baseline was 78.4 ± 13.4% reduction in the evolocumab group versus 45.6 ± 22.6% in the non-evolocumab group, with a mean difference of −33.5% between the groups (95% CI: −42.6 to −24.5%; p < 0.001). The achievement rate of LDL-C levels below 55 mg/dL at 1–3 weeks was significantly higher in the evolocumab group than in the non-evolocumab group (97.7% vs. 60.0%, p < 0.001). Conclusions Patients with AMI who received single-dose injection of evolocumab 140 mg during the peri-PCI period had a significantly greater LDL-C reduction and higher proportion of patients achieved the target LDL-C level in the early phase AMI than those who did not receive evolocumab.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity and dyslipidemia, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications for statins are being broadened due to their lipid-lowering and pleiotropic effects; statins are currently among the most widely used drugs in patients with and without diabetes. Aim: To evaluate the role of atorvastatin at different doses in the development and progression of glucose intolerance or diabetes in albino rabbits. Materials and Methods: An in-vivo experimental study on rabbits was conducted over a total duration of eight months in the Department of Pharmacology at SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India. The animals were divided into five groups of six rabbits each. Atorvastatin at 4 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg was calculated based on human doses corresponding to 80 mg and 40 mg, respectively. Both doses were administered to non diabetic rabbits, and 4 mg/kg atorvastatin was administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits orally for six months daily. Diabetes was induced in two groups of rabbits by administering 100 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate in a 5% (w/v) solution in sterile saline intravenously. Rabbits with stabilised moderate diabetes, characterised by a fasting blood glucose level above 200 mg/dL (at least one month after alloxan injection), were used for the experiments. The effect of atorvastatin on glucose tolerance was assessed by determining Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. The results were compared with those of normal and diabetic control rabbits and statistically analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Repeated Measures ANOVA (RMANOVA), followed by appropriate post-hoc analysis. Results: Atorvastatin at a high dose resulted in a 26.74% increase in FBS and a 20.50% increase in HbA1c; at the standard dose, it produced a 21.3% increase in FBS and a 17.99% increase in HbA1c, respectively. The diabetic group receiving high doses also showed a significant increase in FBS (11.7%) and HbA1c (10.25%). The increase in blood glucose parameters was significant in the high-dose group from the fourth month of statin therapy and in the standard-dose group at six months of therapy. Conclusion: The study revealed that atorvastatin at both doses significantly contributed to the initiation and progression of glucose intolerance in diabetic and non diabetic rabbits.

Abstract Current data suggest that oxidative stress may play an important role in the occurrence of acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), as chorioretinal integrity may be affected by disruption of the patient’s metabolic redox balance, indicating the need for biomarkers. In addition to oxidative stress, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) dysfunction due to dyslipidemia can also lead to many types of physical discomfort. However, little is known about the pathophysiology of the disease resulting from oxidative stress and HDL dysfunction in CSC. The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum oxidative stress and HDL functionality markers have an impact on CSC disease. The case series of this study included 33 consecutive patients with treatment-naïve acute CSC. Thirty-five healthy volunteers of similar age were included in this study as non-CSC controls. Serum samples of the participants were taken and routine lipid values, serum Total Antioxidant Status (TAS), Total Oxidant Status (TOS), Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and Paraoxonase (PON1) levels were measured quantitatively. Serum oxidative stress index (OSI) was then calculated. Serum Ox-LDL, TOS and OSI levels in the acute CSC group, consisting of patients who had never been treated before and had no other disease, were statistically significantly higher than the control group. Conversely, serum PON1 and TAS levels were lower in CSC than in the control group. The relationship between CSC and deterioration in serum redox balance and decrease in PON1 activity, an important marker of HDL functionality, was demonstrated for the first time through this study. According to the literature, serum levels of these biomarkers, which identify acute/chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, have not been measured before in CSC disease. Finally, it is conceivable that redox balance and HDL functionality may be important in the diagnosis and treatment of the acute phase of CSC.

Abstract Background Dyslipidemia represents an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, although its optimal management after kidney transplantation remains unclear. The present meta-analysis aimed to shed light on the efficacy and safety of statins among kidney transplant recipients, evaluating their potential effects on the risk of cardiovascular events, mortality and graft survival. Methods Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, Clinicaltrials.gov and Google Scholar were systematically searched from their inception through April 20, 2024. Both randomized controlled trials and observational studies evaluating the effects of statin administration after kidney transplantation were held eligible. Random-effects models were fitted using the maximum likelihood method, while the certainty of evidence was appraised following the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) approach. Results Overall, 27 studies (10 randomized controlled trials and 17 observational studies) were included. Statin use compared to no use was associated with a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events [Relative risk (RR): 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67–0.96, moderate certainty] and overall mortality (RR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74–0.94, low certainty). The risk of graft loss did not differ between the compared groups (RR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.48–1.08, very low certainty). Regarding safety endpoints, statin use was associated with a lower risk of hepatotoxicity (RR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.70–0.93, moderate certainty), but with a greater risk of rhabdomyolysis (RR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.10–1.70, low certainty) and cataract (RR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.14–1.31, moderate certainty). No statistically significant differences between the compared groups with and without statin use were observed concerning the risk of creatine kinase elevation, post-transplant diabetes mellitus, hip fracture, venous thromboembolism, or cancer. Conclusions Among kidney transplant recipients, statin use is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events and better patient survival, presenting an acceptable safety profile. Further large-scale studies are needed to determine the optimal statin dosing strategy and lipid-lowering goals, depending on comorbidities and immunosuppression regimens. Registration https://doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.5qpvok3yzl4o/v1 .

Abstract Background Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is acknowledged as an independent risk factor (IRF) for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, studies on the impact of LDL-C on microvasculature are still scarce. The retina, abundant in microvasculature, can now be examined for microvascular alterations through the novel, non-invasive, and quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) technique. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 243 patients from the geriatric department were recruited (between December 2022 and December 2023). Individuals were classified into four groups based on their LDL-C levels: Group 1 (≤ 1.8 mmol/L), Group 2 (> 1.8 mmol/L to ≤ 2.6 mmol/L), Group 3 (> 2.6 mmol/L to ≤ 3.4 mmol/L), and Group 4 (> 3.4 mmol/L). The OCTA results including retinal vessel density (VD), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, macula thickness, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were contrasted across these groups. T-tests, analysis of variance, Welch’s tests, or rank-sum tests were employed for statistical comparisons. In cases where significant differences between groups were found, post-hoc multiple comparisons or rank-sum tests were performed for pairwise group comparisons. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was employed to perform bivariate correlation analysis to evaluate the relationship between LDL-C levels and various OCTA measurements. Multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between LDL-C levels and various OCTA measurements. Linear regression analysis or mixed-effects linear models were applied. Results It was discovered that individuals with LDL-C levels exceeding 2.6 mmol/L (Groups 3 and 4) exhibited reduced VD in the retina, encompassing both the optic disc and macular regions, compared to those with LDL-C levels at or below 2.6 mmol/L (Groups 1 and 2). A negative correlation among LDL-C levels and retinal VD was identified, with r values spanning from − 0.228 to -0.385. Further regression analysis presented β values between − 0.954 and − 2.378. Additionally, no notable disparities were detected among the groups regarding FAZ area, macular thickness, and RNFL thickness. Conclusions The outcomes of this study suggest that elevated LDL-C levels constitute an IRF for decreased VD across the entire retina. Trial registration NCT05644548, December 1, 2022.

Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Recent advancements in lipid-lowering therapies have seen progress with statins, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, PCSK9 inhibitors, and omega-3 fatty acids becoming widely utilized. Emerging new lipid-lowering drugs, including angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) inhibitors, apolipoprotein C3 inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and cholesterol vaccines, have diversified the therapeutic landscape, showing promising efficacy. This review explores the development and application of these lipidlowering drugs, offering new insights for therapeutic strategies.

Abstract Introduction Sleep disorders, particularly insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea, are associated with dyslipidemia in the general population. The study’s aim was to explore the association between pathological Cholesterol and Triglyceride levels, and sleep and nighttime behavior disorders (SNBD) in older adults, whether they might predict SNBD onset, and to emphasize the role of body mass index (BMI) in this association. Methods Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) population with complete Cholesterol, Triglyceride, SNBD, and neurocognitive data were included. Logistic regression was performed to study the association between hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and SNBD at baseline and at 12 months. Relevant confounders, particularly BMI, were adjusted for. Results Among the 2,216 included cases, 1,045 (47%) were females, and the median age was 73 years (IQR: 68, 78). At baseline, 357 (16%) had SNBD and 327 (18%) at 12 months; 187 of them were incident cases. There were more cases of baseline SNBD in the hypertriglyceridemia group than in those without (19% vs. 14%, P-value = 0.003). Similarly, more follow-up SNBD cases had hypertriglyceridemia at baseline (21% vs. 16%, P-value = 0.025). SNBD cases at baseline had significantly higher serum Triglyceride levels than those without (132 vs. 118mg/dL, P-value

Abstract Background Maternal lipid metabolism has been implicated in elevating the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, which is a particularly significant concern in twin pregnancies. However, the precise relationship between early pregnancy dyslipidemia and the risk of preterm birth (PTB) in twin pregnancies remains unclear. Methods This retrospective cohort study included women with twin pregnancies between January 2018 and December 2023. Early pregnancy blood lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), were examined. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed based on the diagnostic criteria outlined in the 2016 guidelines for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults. PTB was defined as birth occurring before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association of early pregnancy dyslipidemia with PTB in twin pregnancies. Results A total of 613 women with twin pregnancies were included, and 141 women were complicated with dyslipidemia. The incidence of PTB

Background : Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear transcription factor responsible for gene expression, particularly those associated with lipid metabolism. The lipoprotein lipase enzyme (LPL) is considered a key enzyme in lipid metabolism and transport. The link between dyslipidemia and obesity is well understood. Dyslipidemia is also an established risk feature for cardiovascular disease. Thus, it becomes progressively essential to identify the role of genetic factors as risk markers for the development of dyslipidemia among obese males. Methods : A case-control study was performed including 469 males. Anthropometric characteristics and serum lipid profiles such as triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were evaluated. Genomic DNA extraction and purification were performed using whole blood samples. Restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism was used to genotype PPARα and LPL single nucleotide polymorphisms. The associations between these polymorphisms and dyslipidemia were examined. Results : The CC and CG genotypes of PPARα gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with higher TC and LDL-C levels (P

Introduction. The health of centenarians is a major focus in global studies. Dyslipidemia is directly linked to the risk of cardiovascular diseases, which pose a growing burden on healthcare due to the increasing elderly population. Studying the lipid profiles of centenarians is important for preventing circulatory system diseases and promoting healthy aging. This research aims to compare the prevalence of dyslipidemia in centenarians (median age 96 [95-97]) with elderly individuals (median age was 69 [64 – 74]) in the Republic of Kazakhstan and examine potential predictors of dyslipidemia in the centenarian group. Methods. The study involved 46 centenarians (study group) and 82 elderly individuals (control group). Statistical analysis was used to process the data, including blood markers and demographic variables, to identify factors contributing to dyslipidemia. Results and conclusion. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in centenarians was 32.6% (15 people - 3 men; 12 women), with elevated LDL levels in 4.3% (2 women). In the control group, hypercholesterolemia prevalence was 29.3% (24 people - 6 men; 18 women) and elevated triglycerides in 6.1% (3 women; 2 men). The study and control groups were compared based on their lipid profile characteristics, which showed similarities as indicated by all p-values being above 0.05: Cholesterol (p=0.348), HDL (p=0.975), LDL (p=0.161), and Triglycerides (p=0.159). Decreased physical activity was a predictor of dyslipidemia in centenarians. Excessive cholesterol levels were significantly higher among women than men in both groups. The primary factor for dyslipidemia was low physical activity, with other predictors having no significant impact on the lipid profiles of centenarians. This factor should be considered when assessing cardiovascular disease risks and all-cause mortality.

Introduction: Dyslipidemia comprises disorders of lipoprotein metabolism, which is usually characterized by increased plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), or reduced plasma level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Dyslipidemia is commonly found in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients causing an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Many studies done previously show variable prevalence of dyslipidemia (68 to 85 %) in known diagnosed patients of T2DM (with unknown history of onset), however, only limited studies have been done for finding prevalence of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients. AIM: This study is a cross-sectional observational study done in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai (India), aiming to study prevalence and pattern in newly detected T2DM patients. The secondary objective is to compare the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients with non-diabetic controls. Material and Method: For this, 100 newly detected T2DM patients were chosen along with 100 cases of age & gender-matched non-diabetic controls. Their clinical profile and lipid profile of both groups were observed and compared. Result: Results showed higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients (64%) which was significantly more than the control group (32%). Moreover, the pattern of dyslipidemia showed greater mean levels of TC, TG, and LDL and low mean levels of HDL in T2DM patients compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings show that there is an increased risk of Dyslipidemia in new onset T2DM patients.

Background. Among the heterogeneous types of diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) attracts the most attention today. Despite the large number of studies on dyslipidemia in diabetes and its relationship with vitamin D deficiency, data on the course of these conditions in patients with LADA are practically absent. The purpose of our study was to determine the characteristics of lipid metabolism in patients with LADA and its phenotypes compared to classical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) depending on vitamin D status. Materials and methods. We study 56 patients with DM: 34 individuals with LADA and 22 with classical T1DM. They underwent a number of general clinical laboratory tests, study of carbohydrate metabolism, liver function, the blood lipid spectrum, vitamin D status. Results. Analysis of the lipid metabolism indicators in patients with LADA compared to data of patients with classical T1DM showed that dyslipidemia was observed in all experimental groups. In the LADA group, the degree of dyslipidemia according to indicators of lipid metabolism (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), atherogenic index) was higher than in T1DM, which indicates a higher frequency of dyslipidemia in this subtype of autoimmune diabetes in particular and, accordingly, the metabolic syndrome in general. These changes, in our opinion, are caused by the heterogeneous nature of LADA with the involvement of mechanisms of insulin resistance in its development and course. Conclusions. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with lipid metabolism disorders, in particular, with an increase in TG and a decrease in HDL-C, as well as with LADA decompensation, which indicates the need for its normalization in this type of diabetes regardless of the phenotype.

Background: Remnant cholesterol (RC) has received increasing attention due to its association with a variety of diseases. However, comprehensive population-based studies elucidating the relationship between RC and major depressive disorder (MDD) are limited. The current study aimed to determine the association between RC and MDD in US adults. Methods: Cross-sectional data of US adults with complete RC and depression information were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018. MDD was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Multivariate logistic regression, sensitivity analysis, and spline smoothing plot method were conducted to explore the relationship between RC and depression. The cut-off point was calculated using recursive partitioning analysis when segmenting effects emerged. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), calibration curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, the decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curve (CIC) were employed to evaluate the performance of RC in identifying MDD. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were performed to explore whether the association was stable in different populations. Results: A total of 9,173 participants were enrolled and participants in the higher RC quartile tended to have a higher PHQ-9 score and prevalence of MDD. In the fully adjusted model, a positive association between RC and PHQ-9 score and MDD was both observed (β=0.54, 95% CI 0.26~0.82; OR=1.43, 95% CI 1.15~1.78). Participants in the highest RC quartile had a 0.42-unit higher PHQ-9 score (β=0.42, 95% CI 0.15~0.69) and a significantly 32% higher risk of MDD than those in the lowest RC quartile (OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.05~1.66). Spline smoothing plot analysis further confirmed the positive and non-linear association between RC and PHQ-9 and MDD. ROC analysis (AUC=0.762), the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (χ2 = 6.258, P =0.618), and calibration curve all indicated a high performance and goodness-of-fit of the multivariate model. DCA and CIC analysis similarly demonstrated a positive overall net benefit and clinical impact for the model. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests suggested that the relationship between RC and depression remained stable across subgroups and was unaffected by other factors other than diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. Conclusion: An elevated RC is associated with a higher risk of prevalent MDD among US adults, especially in those with diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. The present results suggested that the management of RC levels and comorbidities may contribute to alleviating the occurrence of MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Mobile elements (ME) can transpose by copy‐and‐paste mechanisms. A heterozygous insertion in APOB exon 3 coding sequence was suspected in a patient with hypobetalipoproteinemia (HBL), by gel electrophoresis of the PCR products. An insertion of a 85 bp fragment flanked by a polyA stretch and a target replication site duplication was identified as a ME insertion (MEI) from the AluYa5 subfamily, NM_000384.3(APOB):c.135_136ins(160). Then, the DNA was reanalyzed using our NGS custom panel. Routine analysis did not reveal any causative variant, but manual inspection of the alignments and MELT enabled us to detect this MEI from NGS data. A functional study revealed that this MEI introduces a stop codon p.(Phe46Alafs*2) and additionally leads to p.(Lys41Serfs*2) due to an exon skipping. This is the first report of a MEI into APOB, as a cause of HBL. Furthermore, our study highlights the value of including MEI‐callers in routine pipelines to improve primary dyslipidemia diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islatravir, a deoxyadenosine analog that inhibits HIV‐1 replication by multiple mechanisms of action, including reverse transcriptase translocation inhibition, is being developed for use in HIV‐1 treatment. People living with HIV often have comorbidities, such as dyslipidemia or type 2 diabetes mellitus, necessitating long‐term concomitant drug therapy. This nonrandomized, two‐period, fixed‐sequence, open‐label, phase 1, drug‐drug interaction study was conducted to evaluate the effects of islatravir coadministration on atorvastatin and metformin pharmacokinetics (PK) in healthy adults. In period 1, participants received a single dose of atorvastatin 20 mg and metformin 1000 mg. After a 5‐day washout, participants received atorvastatin 20 mg and metformin 1000 mg coadministered with a single oral dose of islatravir 60 mg (period 2). In both periods, blood samples were collected up to 72 h post dose to characterize the plasma PK of atorvastatin and metformin. Safety was monitored throughout the study. Fourteen participants were enrolled and completed the study. Atorvastatin and metformin plasma PK were similar after administration of atorvastatin and metformin with or without islatravir. The geometric mean ratio and 90% confidence interval of the area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0‐∞) for atorvastatin and metformin with or without a single oral dose of islatravir were 1.04 (1.00‐1.10) and 0.87 (0.79‐0.96), respectively. Coadministration of islatravir with atorvastatin and metformin was well tolerated. Overall, coadministration of atorvastatin and metformin with a single oral dose of islatravir did not have a clinically meaningful effect on the PK profiles of either drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetes mellitus (DM) and other metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the trends in lipid concentrations among Chinese participants with different blood glucose statuses—ranging from DM and prediabetes mellitus (pre-DM) to normal blood glucose levels—between 2011 and 2015. Additionally, this study sought to provide a comprehensive description of the potential temporal changes in the prevalence of dyslipidemia among these populations in China during this period. Methods: The data for this study were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), encompassing two time points in 2011 and 2015. The 2011 data sample included 11,408 participants aged 45 years and above, whereas the 2015 data sample included 12,224 participants within the same age range. Results: In this study, a comparative analysis of data from 2011 to 2015 revealed that individuals diagnosed with DM and pre-DM experienced significant decreases in total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.05). For participants with pre-DM, the levels of residual cholesterol (RC) significantly increased, whereas the levels of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Among participants with normal blood glucose, there was a significant decrease in the levels of TC and LDL-C and a significant increase in the levels of triglycerides (TGs), RCs, and the AIP (P < 0.05). Between 2011 and 2015, the concentrations of TC, TG, LDL-C, RC, and AIP, both unadjusted and adjusted, were significantly higher in individuals with DM than in those with pre-DM and normal blood glucose, with the opposite being true for HDL-C. In 2015, the prevalence of dyslipidemia among participants with DM, pre-DM, and normal blood glucose was 36.56% (95% CI: 34.49%, 38.66%), 15.78% (95% CI: 14.93%, 16.67%), and 11.23% (95% CI: 10.17%, 12.36%), respectively. The results of the present study revealed a significant decrease in the incidence of dyslipidemia in urban areas between 2011 and 2015 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study revealed that the prevalence of dyslipidemia is greater among DM patients, particularly those in the 55–64 years age group. Notably, over the four-year observation period, lipid profiles improved among DM patients and pre-DM patients. However, TG levels remained elevated, especially in the 45–54 years age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with betathalassemia have higher risk of various metabolic disturbances. The literature presents conflicting results about the patterns of abnormal lipid profile among patients with betathalassemia. This systematic review aimed to assess dyslipidemia patterns among patients with betathalassemia when compared with healthy individuals. Methods: The methods used were adherent to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Systematic searches of the literature were done across Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Regional Portal of the World Health Organization Virtual Health Library. Calculation of standardized mean difference (SMD) estimates and their associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were done through Jamovi software. Results: The systematic review included 21 studies meeting the criteria for the analyses. Patients with beta-thalassemia major displayed significantly elevated triglyceride levels (SMD: 0.448, 95% CI, 0.214 to 0.682; P <.001) and reduced total serum cholesterol (SMD: -2.26 (95% CI-2.834 to -1.678; P <.001), as well as decreased levels of both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD: -1.88, 95% CI, -2.614 to -1.147; P <.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD: -1.32, 95% CI, -1.786 to -0.860; P <.001). Similarly, beta-thalassemia intermedia patients exhibited comparable lipid profile abnormalities to those with beta-thalassemia major. Conversely, beta-thalassemia minor patients only showed significantly lower total serum cholesterol levels (SMD: -0.66, 95% CI, -0.860 to -0.472; P <.001). Conclusion: Evidence indicates alterations in lipid profile markers among beta-thalassemia patients. The findings indicate the importance of assessing hypertriglyceridemia and hypocholesterolemia in these patients, especially those with major and intermedia forms, as these lipid profile abnormalities increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Magnesium deficiency has been shown to accelerate atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that dietary magnesium intake at a young age is associated with future atherosclerotic lesions and cardiovascular risk in a large, nationally representative cohort of U.S. adults. Methods: We included U.S. adults aged 20 to 34 years old from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007 to 2018, a population-based cross-sectional study. Dietary magnesium intake was assessed using 24-hour diet recalls. Atherosclerotic lesions in the young adult population were predicted by the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) score that was based on age, sex, smoking status, lipids, blood pressure, and obesity. Information on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors including hypertension, non-HDL-C dyslipidemia, and diabetes was also collected. We used multivariable logistic analysis models to test the association between magnesium intake levels and the PDAY score and CVD risk factors, respectively, after adjusting for several potential confounding factors. Results: 7,244 eligible participants were included in the analysis. The magnesium intake level was classified into three categories based on the tertile distribution in the population (i.e., ≤ 224, 225–340, and ≥ 341 mg/day). Compared with the lowest tertile, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the PDAY score were 0.83 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.96) and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.74) in the second and the third tertiles of magnesium intake, respectively (P value for trend < 0.001), and there was a negative dose-response relationship (test for trend P value < 0.001). In addition, the highest dietary magnesium intake was significantly inverse associated with non-HDL-C dyslipidemia compared with the lowest magnesium intake (OR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.91). Conclusions: Dietary magnesium intake is inversely associated with the risk of future cardiovascular events assessed by the PDAY score and non-HDL-C dyslipidemia in young adulthood years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe neem plant (Azadirachta indica) has popular ethnomedicinal applications. The anti-diabetic potential and mechanism of neem seed oil (NSO) in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes mellitus was evaluated in the present study. Experimentally-induced diabetic animals were administered NSO (200 and 400 mg/kg) or metformin (150 mg/kg) orally for 30 days, with some animals serving as positive and negative controls. NSO significantly (p < .05) reversed diabetes-induced impaired glucose metabolism, dyslipidaemia, and oxido-inflammatory imbalances typified by changes in the NADH/NAD+ ratio (p < .001) and increases in the mRNA or protein levels of C-reactive protein, 4-hydroxynonenal, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and Il-1β) among others in the hepatic or pancreatic tissues of diabetic animals. The histological evaluation of the pancreatic tissue corroborated the protective effect of NSO. The findings showed that the antidiabetic effect of NSO proceeded through its hypolipidemic effect and modulation of redox and inflammatory signalling events in the tissues of animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, many atherogenesis researchers have focused on the role of inflammatory cytokines in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine is independently associated with higher CVD risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The effect of IL-6 inhibitors on the cardiovascular system in RA patients remains poorly understood, especially with its long-term use. This study investigates the effect of therapy with IL-6 receptor blocker tocilizumab (TCZ) on the dynamics of cardiovascular risk (CVR), modifiable risk factors (RFs), carotid artery (CA) structural changes, and the incidence of cardiovascular complications (CVCs) in RA patients during a 265-week follow-up period. Forty-five patients with active RA (DAS28-ESR 6.2 (5.5;6.8) with ineffectiveness and/or intolerance to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were included in this study. During long-term therapy with TCZ in RA patients, no increase in CVR and no significant structural changes in CA were observed. No significant changes in the blood lipid spectrum were observed in patients without statin therapy. In the group of patients receiving statins, there was a 43% increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), a 15% reduction in total cholesterol levels, and a 56% decrease in the atherogenicity index (p < 0.01 in all cases). Associations were found between ∆ total cholesterol and ∆ C-reactive protein (CRP) (R = 0.36, p = 0.04), ∆ low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and ∆-CRP (R = 0.42, p = 0.03) in RA patients receiving statins. Initially, the thickness of the intima–media complex of carotid arteries (cIMT) positively moderately correlated with age (R = 0.7; p < 0.01), BMI (R = 0.37; p < 0.01), and systolic blood pressure (R = 0.64; p < 0.01); however, it weakly correlated with the lipid spectrum parameters: total cholesterol (R = 0.29; p < 0.01) and LDL-C (R = 0.33; p < 0.01). No new associations of cIMT by the end of the follow-up period, as well as the relationship of cIMT value with RA activity and therapy, were revealed. Patients with carotid ASPs showed an oppositely directed relationship between total cholesterol and sVCAM-1 at baseline (R = −0.25, p = 0.01) and at the end of this study (R = 0.29, p < 0.01). The incidence of cardiovascular events was 0.53 per 100 patient-years during the 265-week period of TCZ therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac troponin serum concentration is a marker of myocardial injury, but NT-pro BNP is a marker of myocardial insufficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine binary logistic regression models to verify the possible association of cardiovascular risk indicators, pre-pandemic history, the number of times participants were infected with SARS-CoV-2, and vaccination against these biomarkers. A total of 281 residents of Trujillo city (Peru) participated between September and December 2023. We found a high prevalence of abdominal obesity of 55.2%; glycemia > 100 m/dL in 53%; hypercholesterolemia in 49.8%; low HDL in 71.9%; and LDL > 100 mg/dL in 78.6%. A total of 97.5% were vaccinated against COVID-19, and 92.2% had three or more doses. Also, 2.5% had cTnI > 0.05 ng/mL, and 3.3% had NT-proBNP > 125 pg/mL. The number of COVID-19 infections versus cTnI > 0.05 ng/mL presented an OR = 3.513 (p = 0.003), while for NT-proBNP > 125 pg/mL, the number of comorbidities presented an OR = 2.185 (p = 0.025) and LDL an OR = 0.209 (p = 0.025). A regression model was obtained in which there is an association between a higher number of COVID-19 infections and elevated cTnI values and a model implying an association of the number of comorbidities and LDL with the NT-proBNP level in a direct and inverse manner, respectively. Both models contribute to the prevention of cardiac damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This review aims to comprehensively explore the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is characterized by a cluster of conditions, posing a growing public health threat globally. Recognizing the limitations of traditional management approaches, we emphasize the potential of AI in transforming the management of MetS, focusing on recent advancements and applications in risk prediction and diagnosis. Body and conclusion. The integration of artificial intelligence in medicine is expanding, particularly in managing MetS, involving conditions like hypertension and dyslipidemia. Diagnosis and treatment challenges stem from addressing multiple conditions simultaneously. AI tools prove essential in monitoring indices such as blood pressure and glucose, and identifying trends for treatment adjustments. Lifestyle modifications are crucial, and AI can facilitate these changes through user-friendly interfaces and positive reinforcement. Standardization and successful implementation of AI tools in medical practices are necessary for revolutionizing MetS management, requiring focused future research efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have reported that a potential association between exposure to outdoor light at night (LAN) and diseases. However, there is no evidence regarding the impacts of outdoor LAN exposure on lipid metabolism in humans. This study aims to evaluate the associations between outdoor LAN exposure and the prevalence of dyslipidemia, using a nationwide sample of 10,894 adults aged ≥ 45 years from 150 investigated sites across China in 2011–2012. Outdoor LAN exposure was assessed by using satellite imaging data. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated. The present study found that a per-quintile LAN exposure was positively associated with the prevalence of high LDL-cholesterol (PR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04–1.16), high triglyceride (PR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03–1.12), low HDL-cholesterol (PR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.08–1.16), and dyslipidemia (PR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.03–1.09). The fifth quintile of LAN exposure was associated with a significantly increased prevalence of dyslipidemia (PR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.07–1.35) compared with the first quintile of exposure. Long-term exposure to outdoor LAN was positively associated with dyslipidemia prevalence. Public policies aimed at reducing light pollution at night, guided by the spatial distribution patterns, could lessen the adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: There is a lack of empirical studies of out-of-pocket health expenditures associated with dyslipidemias, which are major cardiovascular risk factors, especially in underrepresented admixed populations. The study investigates associations of health costs with lipid traits, GWAS-derived genetic risk scores (GRSs), and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: Data from the observational cross-sectional 2015 ISA-Nutrition comprised lifestyle, environmental factors, socioeconomic and demographic variables, and biochemical and genetic markers related to the occurrence of cardiometabolic diseases. GWAS-derived genetic risk scores were estimated from SNPs previously associated with lipid traits. There was phenotypic and genetic information available for 490 independent individuals, which was used as inputs for random forests and logistic regression to explain private quantitative and categorical health costs. Results: There were significant correlations between GRSs and their respective lipid phenotypes. The main relevant variables across techniques and outcome variables comprised income per capita, principal components of ancestry, diet quality, global physical activity, inflammatory and lipid markers, and LDL-c GRS and non-HDL-c GRS. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of quartile-based categorical health expenditure without GRSs was 0.76. GRSs were not significant for this categorical outcome. Conclusions: We present an original contribution to the investigation of determinants of private health expenditures in a highly admixed population, providing insights on associations between genetic and socioeconomic dimensions of health in Brazil. Ancestry information was also among the main factors contributing to health expenses, providing a novel view of the role of genetic ancestry on cardiometabolic risk factors and its potential impact on health costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic kidney disease is associated with several complications with higher prevalence and intensity at lower glomerular filtration rate. Albuminuria is the traditional biomarker of kidney damage. Although albuminuria can contribute to renal function decline, only a few studies have been published on whether albuminuria is associated with concurrent complications of chronic kidney disease. The aim of this work was to identify the relation between albuminuria and some of concurrent complications of chronic kidney disease among children. Methods: A cross-sectional study included fifty children with chronic kidney disease stages 2–5. Measurement of blood pressure, hemoglobin, serum bicarbonate, calcium, phosphorus, albumin, and lipid profile was done. Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was determined. The relation between albuminuria and some of the complications of chronic kidney disease among children was studied. Results: The study included 50 patients aged 3–14 years. Dyslipidemia was present in 62% of the patients, acidosis in 56%, anemia in 38%, hyperphosphatemia in 34%, hypertension in 28%, and hypocalcemia in 22%. Eighty-eight percent had albuminuria, 26% had microalbuminuria, and 62% had macroalbuminuria. A statistically significant relation was found between the degree of albuminuria and presence of anemia and hyperphosphatemia. But no significant relation was found between the degree of albuminuria and presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, acidosis, or hypocalcemia. Conclusion: There is a significant relation between the degree of albuminuria and presence of anemia and hyperphosphatemia among children with chronic kidney disease. Key message: What is already known? Albuminuria is a biomarker of kidney damage and it can contribute to renal function decline. What this study adds? There is a relation between albuminuria and some of CKD complications among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While previous reports have shown that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects lipid metabolism and vice versa, the impact of dyslipidemia on the functional cure of HBV infection following peginterferon alfa (PegIFNα) therapy remains unknown. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of dyslipidemia on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance and develop a nomogram model for predicting patients for whom PegIFNα therapy is indicated. Methods: A total of 160 nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs)- experienced chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with PegIFNα (180 µg/week) were enrolled in this study. The relationship between serum lipid and HBsAg clearance was analysed. Univariate and multivariate COX analyses were used to construct and plot the nomogram model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration curve were used to evaluate the discrimination and calibration of the model, respectively. Results: After 48 weeks of PegIFNα therapy, a total of 33 patients in the cohort achieved HBsAg clearance. Univariate and multivariate COX analyses indicated that dyslipidemia was significantly associated with HBsAg clearance and was an independent predictor of HBsAg clearance (HR = 0.243, P = 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses show that cumulative HBsAg clearance was significantly higher in the normolipidemic group than in the dyslipidemia group (log-rank test, P = 0.007). During the treatment, triglyceride showed an increasing trend, while the levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B decreased. Dyslipidemia and other indicators independently associated with HBsAg clearance were used to construct the nomogram model. The AUC of the model at 36-week and 48-week were 0.879 and 0.856, and the model demonstrated good discrimination and calibration. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia can affect the antiviral efficacy of PegIFNα in NAs-experienced CHB patients. Our findings suggest that the nomogram model constructed using serum lipid has good predictive power and may help physicians to identify the superior patients for PegIFNα therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the serum lipid profiles between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in the long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We analyzed data from treatment-naïve CHB patients administered with TDF or TAF, collected from electronic medical records between May 2017 and September 2022. Serum lipid indices, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and their ratios (TC/HDL, LDL/HDL), were assessed at baseline, and at 48 and 96 weeks. Propensity score matching (PSM) adjusted for baseline differences between groups. From 2344 patients initially screened, 418 were included for the 48-week analysis (265 on TDF, 153 on TAF) and 292 for the 96-week analysis (238 on TDF, 54 on TAF). At 48 weeks, comparing the serum lipid indicators between the pre- and post-treatment, TDF significantly reduced TC and TC/HDL, whereas TAF induced widespread dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated levels of TC, TG, LDL, LDL/HDL, and TC/HDL, and reduced HDL (P < 0.05). After PSM grouping, TAF remained significantly associated with higher TC, TG, LDL, LDL/HDL, and TC/HDL compared to TDF (P < 0.05). Over 48 weeks, TAF treatment was associated with significant increases in TC, TG, and LDL, whereas TDF treatment led to decreases (P < 0.05). TC/HDL and LDL/HDL increased in both groups, but more significant in TAF (P < 0.05). At 96 weeks, the TAF group continued to exhibit significantly higher levels of TC, LDL, and LDL/HDL compared to the TDF group (P < 0.05). Notably, LDL levels were 115.65 ± 28.07 mg/dL in TAF versus 96.07 ± 23.97 mg/dL in TDF. The increase in TC/HDL ratio in the TAF group was higher than in the TDF group, though not statistically significant. Furthermore, TAF treatment was associated with significant increases in LDL (18.58 ± 24.35 mg/dL) and LDL/HDL ratio (0.41 ± 0.95) over 96 weeks, while TDF treatment showed reductions in TC (-8.13 ± 30.86 mg/dL). Between 48 and 96 weeks, most lipid changes in the TDF group were not statistically significant, except for increases in LDL and LDL/HDL. In the TAF group, an increasing trend of LDL and TC/HDL was noted, although LDL showed a slight turnover after 48 weeks. This real-world study provides new evidence that TAF can induce dyslipidemia, while TDF exhibits a lipid-lowering effect in CHB. Patients at high risk for hepatic steatosis and cardiovascular diseases should consider these effects when choosing between TAF and TDF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the predictors of metabolic disorders in persons with HIV/HCV coinfection post-HCV therapy is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Since immune checkpoint proteins are usually upregulated in these persons with HIV/HCV coinfection, we aimed to evaluate the association between plasma immune checkpoint proteins at baseline (before HCV therapy) and metabolic disturbances during the follow-up (about 5 years after successful HCV treatment) in persons with HIV/HCV coinfection. Methods: We performed a retrospective study on 80 persons with HIV/HCV coinfection with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis who cleared HCV infection after successful HCV therapy and were followed for about 5 years after completion of HCV treatment. Plasma samples were collected at baseline. Immune checkpoint proteins were analyzed using a Luminex 200™ analyzer. Outcomes were the development of a metabolic event (type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or dyslipidemia) and the change in Triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index. Results: During follow-up, 21 (26%) patients developed metabolic events (type 2 diabetes mellitus/dyslipidemia), and 29 (46.0%) patients had an increase in TyG during the follow-up. Low baseline values of BTLA and LAG-3, two immune checkpoint proteins, were associated with the development of metabolic events (aAMR = 0.69 and aAMR = 0.71, respectively) and with increases in TyG values (aAMR = 0.72 and aAMR = 0.70, respectively). In addition, other immune checkpoint proteins were also inversely associated with increases in TyG. Conclusion: We discovered that low plasma levels of BTLA and LAG-3 before HCV therapy significantly correlate with an increased risk of developing metabolic disorders after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex disease that affects the global population's health, with dyslipidemia being one of its major complications. High density lipoprotein (HDL) is regarded as the "hero" in the bloodstream due to its role in reverse cholesterol transport, which lowers cholesterol levels in the blood and prevents atherosclerosis. However, in the complex internal environment of CKD, even this "hero" may struggle to perform its beneficial functions and could potentially become harmful. This article reviews HDL heterogeneity, HDL subclasses, functional changes in HDL during the progression of CKD, and the application of HDL in CKD treatment. This review aims to deepen understanding of lipid metabolism abnormalities in CKD patients and provide a basis for new therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia has emerged as a significant clinical risk, with its associated complications, including atherosclerosis and ischemic cerebrovascular disease, presenting a grave threat to human well-being. Hence, it holds paramount importance to precisely predict the onset of dyslipidemia. This study aims to use ensemble technology to establish a machine learning model for the prediction of dyslipidemia. Methods: This study included three consecutive years of physical examination data of 2,479 participants, and used the physical examination data of the first two years to predict whether the participants would develop dyslipidemia in the third year. Feature selection was conducted through statistical methods and the analysis of mutual information between features. Five machine learning models, including support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), K nearest neighbor (KNN) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were utilized as base learners to construct the ensemble model. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the model. Results: Experimental results show that the ensemble model achieves superior performance across several metrics, achieving an AUC of 0.88 ± 0.01 (P < 0.001), surpassing the base learners by margins of 0.04 to 0.20. Calibration curves and DCA exhibited good predictive performance as well. Furthermore, this study explores the minimal necessary feature set for accurate prediction, finding that just the top 12 features were required for dependable outcomes. Among them, HbA1c and CEA are key indicators for model construction. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the proposed ensemble model has good predictive performance and has the potential to become an effective tool for personal health management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its association with disease activity in children with Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM). A retrospective chart review of 142 JDM patients who had fasting lipid profiles was conducted. Clinical, and laboratory indicators of disease activity at the time of lipid assessment were obtained. JDM patients displayed a high prevalence (72%) of abnormal or borderline fasting lipid profiles, particularly involving HDL and triglycerides. Treatment-naïve patients exhibited the most significant dyslipidemia, with significantly lower median HDL levels compared to those on medication (30 vs. 49 mg/dL, p < 0.0001). HDL levels inversely correlated with various disease activity measures, including disease activity score (DAS) total (r= -0.38, p < 0.001), DAS muscle weakness (r= -0.5, p < 0.001), DAS skin (r= -0.25, p = 0.003), neopterin (r= -0.41, p < 0.001), ESR (r= -0.25, p = 0.006), and vWF Ag (r= -0.21, p = 0.02). In conclusion, JDM patients have a high prevalence of dyslipidemia, especially low HDL and elevated triglycerides. The severity of dyslipidemia (low HDL) correlates with disease activity, with treatment-naïve patients demonstrating the lowest HDL levels. These findings suggest the importance of annual lipid profile monitoring in JDM patients, potentially followed by early interventions such as dietary adjustments and exercise programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Metabolic syndrome has been associated with systemic cancers but its association with patients with glioblastoma is unclear. This study retrospectively examined patients with IDH wild-type glioblastoma and demonstrated that metabolic syndrome is more prevalent in glioblastoma patients (41%) compared to the general population (33%). However, after adjusting for confounders, metabolic syndrome is not significantly linked to overall survival (p = 0.1). Nonetheless, the accumulation of metabolic risk factors correlates with decreased survival (p = 0.03), with hyperglycemia identified as a significant independent risk factor (p = 0.05). These findings suggest that while metabolic syndrome may not affect survival significantly, hyperglycemia does. This highlights the need for further research and targeted clinical management. Background: Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing various systemic cancers. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients is unknown. Further, there have been contradictory reports about how metabolic syndrome affects clinical outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence of glioblastoma and worsened survival outcomes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study examines seventy-three patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type glioblastoma as it provides a relatively homogeneous population to examine. Patient characteristics, vital signs, lab results, tumor molecular markers, and overall survival were analyzed. Patients with metabolic syndrome and individual risk factors were identified, and survival outcomes were examined. Results: Our results demonstrate that there is a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our cohort of patients with glioblastoma than in the general population (41% vs. 33%), though this effect is confounded by older age. We also demonstrate that after correction for confounding variables, metabolic syndrome is not significantly associated with overall survival (p = 0.1). When analyzing individual metabolic risk factors, we demonstrate that there is a significant association between the accumulation of metabolic risk factors and decreased survival (p = 0.03), and hyperglycemia emerges as a significant independent risk factor for decreased survival (p = 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that metabolic risk factors can affect survival in patients with glioblastoma, which can have significant implications for clinical practice. These findings need to be further explored through further clinical and mechanistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the epigenetic factors that play a vital role in the formation of plaques and lead to atherosclerosis and related diseases in humans during current times. Apart from the epigenetics there are plenty more factors that influence the atherosclerotic risk in the older population of the current era. Lack of physical activities has become one of the most commonly found traits that causes obesity in people especially the middles aged adults. People working 9 - 5 in an office, or an IT firm tend spend idle time with their computer for 4 - 5 consecutive hours with barely changing their position. Lack of exercise tends to affect not only the physical health but also stress a person mentally. Chronic inflammatory diseases like atherosclerosis have a major role in the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease worldwide. Atherosclerotic plaques are created by the pathophysiological process of lipids, inflammatory cells and fibrous components gradually accumulating within artery walls. Endothelial dysfunction signals the start of atherosclerosis and allows low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to enter the subendothelial region. Oxidative stress-induced changes in retained low-density lipoprotein (LDL) set off an inflammatory cascade that draws T cells and monocytes to the site of the lesion. The interaction of these immune cells with the local vascular cells encourages the production of foam cells, which fills the plaque's centre with lipids. Smooth muscle cells multiply and help produce fibrous caps as the lesion ages, which affects the stability of the plaque. Studies shows how the brain responds to physical labour and how differently the effectively the enzymes and hormones are secreted, and their actions are vastly guided based on the physical stress an individual undergoes. Among the most prominent causes of atherosclerosis epigenetics has been focused majorly in this review, where we focus on the underlying genetic factors that play a vital role in atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases and also the genetic approach to a treatment is also elaborated. A number of miRNAs are involved in the cause/cure for the atherosclerosis, the following tables give an outlook regarding the same. This review aims to focus on the causes, risk factors, pathophysiology and the treatment and therapies that are currently available all the way concentrating on the genetic approach in the above-mentioned perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the frequency of dyslipidemia secondary to childhood obesity, a recently emerging clinical entity, and to compare serum lipid profiles in obese and non-obese children. Material and Methods: After screening children with an obese appearance, a group of 119 obese children aged between 2 to 16 years with a body mass index above the 95th percentile and a control group of 124 children in a similar age range were compared in terms of serum lipid profile. Results: An abnormal lipid profile was determined in 62.6% of obese children, and serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were higher in this group. It was found that Childhood obesity was associated with higher levels of total cholesterol (44.5%), triglycerides (48.7%), LDL (38.7%), and lower levels of HDL (23.5%). Conclusion: Obese children have a higher risk of secondary dyslipidemia and associated comorbidities. In order to prevent childhood obesity and its dangerous consequences, effective measures must be implemented in terms of screening, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Introduction: Loss‐of‐control (LOC) eating, or the subjective experience of being unable to stop eating, is a hallmark feature of binge‐eating episodes, which are also characterized by consuming an unusually large amount of food. However, regardless of the size of eating episode, LOC‐eating may be a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. This systematic review and meta‐analysis comprehensively examine the relationship of LOC‐eating with cardiometabolic health components and inflammatory markers. Methods: Search procedures were conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines in six electronic databases. Studies of adult or youth samples published in English from the year 2000 onward were included. Given heterogeneity in age groups and adjustment for body mass index across studies, these factors were included as meta‐regression moderators. Results: Fifty‐eight studies were identified through the literature search. Among individuals with (versus without) LOC‐eating, relative risk ratios provided evidence of a greater relative risk for metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; standardized mean differences also provided evidence of higher waist circumference and impaired levels of fasting plasma glucose, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol, and triglycerides, but not blood pressure. Age group did not impact cardiometabolic health components. Body mass index differences moderated the effect on waist circumference. A narrative review of inflammatory markers revealed mixed findings linking inflammatory markers to LOC‐eating. Discussion: Overall, evidence for the relationship between LOC‐eating and impaired cardiometabolic health underscores LOC‐eating as an important early intervention target for prevention of serious adverse health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypertension and dyslipidemia are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and may also impact retinal microvasculature. This study investigates the correlation between serum lipid profiles and retinal microvascular changes in hypertensive patients. Objective: To assess the association between serum lipid levels and retinal microvascular measurements, including central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE), central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE), and arteriovenous ratio (AVR), in hypertensive patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 hypertensive patients. Baseline demographic data, blood pressure, and serum lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and VLDL) were recorded. Retinal microvascular measurements were assessed using fundus photography. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between lipid levels and retinal microvascular changes, adjusted for age, gender, BMI, and blood pressure. Results: Total and LDL cholesterol were negatively correlated with CRAE (r = -0.32, p = 0.002; r = -0.29, p = 0.005) and positively correlated with CRVE (r = 0.28, p = 0.006; r = 0.34, p = 0.001). HDL cholesterol was positively correlated with CRAE (r = 0.35, p = 0.001) and AVR (r = 0.29, p = 0.005). Multivariate analysis confirmed these findings, showing that total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides negatively impacted retinal microvasculature, while HDL had a protective effect. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia is associated with retinal microvascular changes in hypertensive patients, suggesting its potential role in hypertensive retinopathy development. Lipid management may help in preserving retinal microvasculature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) due to systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Objective: This study investigates the association between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases in patients attending Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from January 2023 to May 2024. A sample of 65 psoriasis patients was assessed for cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Detailed clinical evaluations, blood tests, and ECG were performed. The prevalence of CVD risk factors and the correlation with psoriasis severity were statistically analyzed. Results: Out of the 65 patients (mean age 43.7 years, 60% male), 45 (69%) showed at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Hypertension was observed in 40% of the patients, dyslipidemia in 35%, and metabolic syndrome in 30%. Psoriasis severity (PASI score) was positively correlated with the presence of multiple CVD risk factors (p<0.05). Furthermore, 12% of the patients had a history of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. The findings indicated a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in moderate-to-severe psoriasis cases than in mild cases. Conclusions: Psoriasis patients, especially those with severe forms, exhibit a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Early cardiovascular screening and management should be integral to psoriasis care to mitigate this risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for approximately 20.5 million deaths annually (WHO). In Colombia, ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of death in 2023, representing 17.2% of total deaths, while also imposing a significant financial burden on the healthcare system. Preventing CVD requires efficient and aggressive intervention of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, es-pecially dyslipidemia. Objectives: The objective of this document is to provide a clear and applicable guide for defining cardiovascular risk, as well as for pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies focused on the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia, establishing long-term followup guidelines. Methodology: The Colombian Society of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery invited the main national scientific socie-ties to develop a consensus on dyslipidemia management. A committee of experts was formed to formulate 42 key questions. A systematic review of the literature was conducted, and the nominal group technique was used to generate recommendations, good clinical practice points, and algorithms. Results: The resulting document addresses the most rele-vant aspects of the cardiovascular risk assessment process, establishing clear therapeutic goals and detailing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management strate-gies. Specific recommendations and algorithms are included to guide clinical practice, es-pecially for patients at high and very high cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: The consensus provides a practical tool to improve the detection, early intervention, and follow-up of dyslipidemia in Colombia. Its implementation can optimize lipid level control and, ultimate-ly, reduce the CVD burden in the country, improving health outcomes and healthcare system efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective treatment for a variety of hematopoietic and immune system diseases, but it is associated with postoperative complications such as infection and graft-versus-host disease. Dyslipidemia is one of the common complications after allo-HSCT, which is closely related to graft-versus-host disease, the use of immunosuppressants, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome, etc. Hematopoiesis reconstruction after allo-HSCT is also related to lipid metabolism. Therefore, this article reviews the lipid metabolism after allo-HSCT, the mechanisms and related factors affecting dyslipidemia after allo-HSCT, the impact of dyslipidemia on post-transplant complications, and the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia after allo-HSCT, aiming to explore the impact and significance of dyslipidemia after allo-HSCT, and to provide references for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidemia after allo-HSCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with several coexisting diseases or comorbidities, including inflammatory and metabolic disorders. In fact, ASD symptoms may be associated with immune system dysfunction. However, studies investigating the peripheral blood levels of immune cells are lacking and have provided mixed findings. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the intensity level of ASD symptoms and the inflammatory and metabolic profiles in 154 children and adolescents (2–17 years). Methods: Bayesian multilevel models were used to examine the relationship between their symptom intensities and inflammatory/metabolic profiles. Results: Heavier children had higher values for triglyceride and insulin levels. Children with a level 3 of ASD intensity had higher free fatty acids levels. However, when adjusting for ASD intensity, gender, medication use, or weight status, older children appeared to have higher values of triglycerides, insulin levels, and free fatty acids. Conclusions: We concluded that as Brazilian children with ASD became older, they had a higher risk for insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin signaling via melatonin receptor type 1 (MT1) and type 2 (MT2) plays an important role in the regulation of several physiological functions. Studies in rodents and humans have demonstrated that disruption of melatonin signaling may affect glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and leptin levels. Accumulating experimental evidence also indicates that in rodents the administration of exogenous melatonin has a beneficial effect on the blood lipid levels. However, the molecular mechanism by which melatonin signaling may regulate lipids is still unclear. In addition, most of the studies with mice have been performed in melatonin‐deficient mice by administering exogenous melatonin at supraphysiological doses. Hence the results of these studies may be greatly affected by these two factors. In this study, we report the effects of melatonin signaling removal on the liver biology and transcriptome using melatonin‐proficient mice (C3H‐f+/f+) in which MT1 or MT2 have been genetically ablated. Our data indicate that the absence of MT1 or MT2 signaling leads to disruption of the blood lipids profile and an increase in lipids deposition in the liver. These effects were more pronounced in the mice lacking MT1 than MT2. The gene expression profiles obtained with RNA‐seq from the livers of the three genotypes revealed that removal of MT1 affected the transcription of 4255 genes (i.e., 40.6%). Conversely, the removal of MT2 affected the transcription of 1864 transcripts (i.e., 17.2%). Finally, we identified a group of 13 genes involved in lipids biology that may play a key role in the accumulation of lipids in the liver when melatonin signaling is disrupted. In conclusion, our study indicates that melatonin signaling is an important modulator of liver physiology and metabolism. Our study also indicated that the removal of MT1 signaling is more deleterious than MT2 removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the initiation of a natural history study of ALS by Target ALS to capture multi-omic, clinical, and demographic datasets linked to longitudinal biofluids. Efforts are made to include historically underrepresented ethnicities and races in the study. The study aims to enroll 800 symptomatic ALS participants and 200 healthy controls from diverse populations worldwide. The study has enrolled 125 participants to date, with 24% of ALS participants known to have genetic mutations. The study also explores the prevalence of ALS in Kazakhstan and the influence of environmental factors on the disease. [Extracted from the article]

Cardiotoxicity is the serious side effect of doxorubicin treatment. Ceramides are formed from the degradation of sphingolipids in cell membranes and play an important role in signaling and modulating biological processes. There is evidence that omega‐3 fatty acid administration can act on this pathway. To evaluate the role of the ceramide pathway in the pathophysiology of doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity and the effect of omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in the attenuation of chronic doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control (C), Doxorubicin (D), Omega‐3 fatty acids (W), and Doxorubicin + Omega‐3 fatty acids (DW). The groups received omega‐3 fatty acids (400 mg/kg/day, via gavage) or water for 6 weeks and doxorubicin (3.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or saline once a week for 4 weeks. Doxorubicin‐treated animals showed increases in left atrium and left ventricle diameters, serum triglycerides and cholesterol, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonylation. We also observed a decrease in left ventricular shortening fraction and nSMase1 expression in the heart. Omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation attenuated the structural and functional alterations caused by doxorubicin and decreased protein carbonylation. In contrast to doxorubicin, omega‐3 fatty acids increased neutral nSMase activity in animals that both received and did not receive doxorubicin but with no effect on nSMase1 protein expression. Omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation attenuated the cardiotoxicity caused by doxorubicin. The ceramide pathway may be involved in the pathophysiology of cardiotoxicity, but it is not the mechanism by which omega‐3 fatty acids attenuated cardiac dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]