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This paper examines the tricky and confusing problem of counterfeit goods demand. Counterfeit activities are getting more rampant, sophisticated and aggressive on a worldwide basis. Malaysia remains an ideal transit hub for counterfeit goods and regarded as lack in placing a premium on intellectual property rights. There is a need to address this conundrum of consumers who are fully aware of this illegal trade but continue to patronize. Measures undertaken by government dealt mainly with supply side of counterfeit goods but there is lack of effort on demand side control. An analysis into consumer attitude towards demand for counterfeit goods focusing on factors influencing purchase is warranted. This study utilized the integrated model of counterfeit goods purchase by Matos et al. (2007). Methodology entailed survey approach on 150 users at a locality in Kuala Lumpur. Findings showed positive and significant relationships between perceived risk, integrity and status as predictors of consumer attitude towards counterfeit goods. Findings provided implications for anti-counterfeit measures to go beyond awareness, communication and information on risks but more on emotional closeness to the consumer. Changing mindsets is necessary making clear to consumers that counterfeit purchase is stealing. Companies can be proactive by revealing the depth and breadth of counterfeiting and creating public consciousness.

Many years have passed since the publication of the discovery of Otaza, but since then no in-depth study has been addressed. Since the opportunity knocks but once, taking advantage that the Restoration Service of the Diputación Foral de Álava was going to clean in several phases all the pieces of the aforementioned treasure, from 2015 we have been gradually reviewing each of the pieces of the deposit as they are restored. For our amazement the hoarding of Otaza still continues to hide innumerable surprises that we hope to be able to reveal in future articles. Right now we have the pleasure to present four interesting dineros that come to shed some light on a practice less known in the High Middle Ages of Castile as is the practice of falsifying.

The current crisis in 2015 is a consequence of the sanctions policy of the Western countries against Russia. To the worsening economic situation in the country affects the totality of the echoes of the previous crisis in 2008 and the restrictions adopted in respect of Russian-member countries of the EEC. State of the economy beginning to deteriorate sharply in 2014, and was mainly caused by the sanctions of Western countries and the United Statesfollowing the events in Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation composition. The crisis in 2014-2015 in Russia was triggered by a sharp decline in prices on the delivered energy to Europe. This article in detail describes the mechanism of the negative economic impact of counterfeit goods on the domestic producers, the system functioning of markets of counterfeit products, illegal strategies companies use to sell products as well as innovative measures to combat counterfeit products and the protection of the national economy and Russian citizens against counterfeiting. Today, when the Russian economy has experienced prolonged economic crisis, this system can help to stabilize the economy, to raise additional funds in the state budget and increase national economic security.

The aim of the article. The aim of the article is to develop scientific methods and approaches to determine the amount of economic losses that are producers of original products in violation of their exclusive rights to the technology market. The results of the analysis. The authors have proved that an important factor that hinders the fight against violations of exclusive rights is the almost complete lack of scientifically-based methods of determining the economic losses incurred by copyright holders, which does not allow the relevant authorities more or less exact values of economic loss. All of this involves the development of an appropriate scientific base for the calculation of direct losses from counterfeit activities, and accompanying losses, lost profits and moral damage extent. The processes infringement of the exclusive rights of the original manufacturer (license) technology products on the market. The essence of economic losses as a category that is that compared with the optimal development of business process entity carries additional property losses or income received in full. This may occur in the form of damages and additional costs in the form of loss of profit (missed income). A believe that loss of profits is the income that the holder could really get under normal circumstances, if his right was not infringed. In this case it is not a real loss of a person or entity that has made or will make, and about the income that it would wipe due to violation of intellectual property rights. The first time the size determines profits considering the potential of the company to get it. This is due to the degree of use of the owner of their production capacity. This proposal is based on the following assumption: if the company has fully deployed its production capacity, while for profits are not possible. This plays an important role values utilization of production capacity and its production capacity for the manufacture of this product at this time. Methodological approaches to the economic evaluation of the size of the profits holders (licensees) in violation of intellectual property rights. It is formed block-structured approach to determining potential owners dropped and mathematical model of determination. Theoretical proposals authors illustrated with specific examples from the practice of Ukrainian machine-building enterprises. With the aim of obtaining the necessary for calculations information requires the examination of the amount of actual losses based on the analysis and research of the retrospective practice of similar violations, determine terms of violations of the exclusive rights obtained by the offender of income, opportunities, and plans of the owner, as well as determining the presence and depth of the relationship between these factors. Conclusions and directions of further researches. At the time the infringement of exclusive rights to results of intellectual innovation and industrial activities (counterfeiting) in different types of products acquired industrial character. Central to the criminal economy as the most important component of the informal economy takes market of counterfeit products. The authors of the methodical provisions on economic evaluation of the size of profits in violation of the holders of exclusive rights, the size of which the first is due to the degree of use of the owner of their production capacity. At this time there is a need in estimating direct and collateral economic damage in violation of the holders of exclusive rights. There needs to be research and evaluation of the size of moral damage, which occurs when illegal activities of unscrupulous subjects technological market.

Counterfeit methods are more sophisticated than ever before, so it is necessary to implement as many different methods as possible to get reliable information on the origin of the banknotes. The FTIR spectroscopy provides exactly this, a different approach to the identification of different banknote components, from the paper itself to the characterization of the inks, holograms and watermarks. This paper examines the similarities and differences in the composition of the paper used for making banknotes in six different currencies, and at the same time deals with the characterization of the unique features of a particular currency. Moreover, the consistency within the particular currency is examined by comparing multiple banknotes of the same denomination.

Counterfeit and substandard medicines are recognized as one of serious threats to public health. The product quality of antibacterial medicine will compromise patients’ recovery and increase the chance of antibacterial resistance. The review aims to provide a summary of low quality levofloxacin issues and the risk factors as well as suggesting the aspects of product quality that need to be regulated strictly. Quality of the active ingredient, levofloxacin, has an important role to contribute to successful therapy. The poor quality of raw material, directly and indirectly, causes treatment failure as the presence of insufficient dose, mislabeled content, and poor dissolution characteristics can lead to lower bioavailability. Identifying and reporting these factors can potentially help in improving the quality of drug marketed in various developing countries and may also reduce the incidences of treatment failure. Dissolution test is used for testing the dissolution profiles and the rate of drug release from solid formulation such as oral formulations, thus providing information regarding the in vivo performance of a formulation and its bioequivalence. On the other hand, quality-testing procedures are used for comparing the quality of products.

Customs infractions are a species of administrative infractions. To those infractions the general principles of punitive law are applicable. However, such infractions have distinctive features, due to the special functions of the Customs Authority and to institutes such as customs declaration, evident mistake (the latter legally ruled and with characteristics and consequences thoroughly analyzed by specialized scholars and courts in Uruguay and in Argentina). Punitive customs law, as well as tax law, has a certain number of penalties. This is due to the existence of a concrete determination of the legally protected value. In the non-regulated aspects, the customs infractions regime must be completed with the concepts and principles of the punitive law in general and the criminal law in which the concepts of guilt or willfully misconduct and typicality have been developed very deeply. This is even when the legislator has maintained in the new Uruguayan Customs Code traces of the objective responsibility in certain infractions. The error as a mean of exclusion of guilt, has certain particularities considering the existence of the concept of evident error in customs law. Here we intend to develop the mentioned concepts and examine certain customs infractions ruled in the local law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counterfeiting has unfortunately become a worldwide epidemic affecting electronic systems from consumer goods to military equipment, which seriously jeopardizes system security, reliability, and electronic vendors’ reputation. The counterfeit parts, e.g., integrated circuits (ICs) and printed circuit boards (PCBs), have shown a significant increase in type and number over the recent years. However, the existing counterfeit detection techniques deal with IC or PCB separately, and hence, they cannot verify the authenticity of an electronic system as a whole. In this paper, we propose concurrent IC and PCB authentication (CIPA), a novel methodology that concurrently verifies the authenticity of both IC and PCB through extracting the signature pairs generated by a ring oscillator (RO) array without/with PCB cavity resonance. With CIPA, remote authentication is allowable by transmitting the signatures between the verifier and the system vendor. The CIPA structure has shown insignificant area overhead (0.945% on average) when implemented on a number of benchmarks. Both CIPA and the benchmarks have been implemented on the authentic and counterfeit FPGA systems, and the results give 100% confidence in detecting counterfeit ones. Furthermore, the authenticity of PCB and IC (i.e., authentic or counterfeit) of the system under test can also be mined from CIPA signatures. According to the experimental results, systems composed of different authenticity states of PCB and IC are differentiated from each other with the confidence of 97.62%. The overall authentication time is $40.2~\mu \text{s}$ considering 50-MHz system clock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several decades now, the European Union (EU) has been promoting the strengthening of enforcement measures of intellectual property rights (IPRs). The reinforcement of border measures aimed at blocking the importation of infringing goods has been under particular scrutiny in this respect. Since the adoption of the Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement, the EU has adopted numerous customs regulations specifically designed to curtail the flow of counterfeits entering the European market. In this paper, we argue this regulatory inflation is problematic considering the ambiguous construction of European border measures against counterfeiting. We suggest that EU law has imperfectly transplanted the American customs regulation reformed in the 70s which has allowed customs authorities to seize imported goods which were infringing IPRs in the United States. To fulfill their new mission, American customs was granted with the ability to assess such infringement at the border. Although required to fulfill the same mission, European member states' customs authorities have not been granted with such a quasijudicial competence. As a result, the action of European customs authorities regarding infringing goods is based on an ambiguous "conditional prohibition" which can easily lead to abuses as the international dispute regarding in‐transit generic medicines has shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counterfeiting of food and beverage products is rife and premium brands are often targeted by fraudsters. Such is the case with Scotch whisky, a global, reputable brand revered for its heritage and tradition. Using Scotch whisky as a case study, the aim of this paper is to review existing literature and industry information to determine the market and personal consequences of counterfeiting activities and consider the packaging related anti-counterfeiting measures that can be employed within a wider anti-counterfeiting strategy. A typology of counterfeiting activities is developed including: tear-down counterfeiting, product overruns, malicious activities and document counterfeiting. Anti-counterfeiting measures are used to deter, detect and control counterfeiting activities and different packaging related approaches include the use of smart covert and overt technology. Most smart packaging-related anti-counterfeit technologies are stand-alone systems and this presents a vulnerability. An integrated anti-counterfeiting measures strategy, employed by business, the supply chain and the government is required to reduce the risk of the sale of counterfeit food and beverage products. Unlabelled Image • Counterfeiting is a major concern in the food and beverage industry. • Branded products are at risk of counterfeiting. • Smart packaging solutions reduce the risk of counterfeiting. • Packaging related anti-counterfeiting measures are essential for crime reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counterfeit and substandard medicines are recognized as one of serious threats to public health. The product quality of antibacterial medicine will compromise patients' recovery and increase the chance of antibacterial resistance. The review aims to provide a summary of low quality levofloxacin issues and the risk factors as well as suggesting the aspects of product quality that need to be regulated strictly. Quality of the active ingredient, levofloxacin, has an important role to contribute to successful therapy. The poor quality of raw material, directly and indirectly, causes treatment failure as the presence of insufficient dose, mislabeled content, and poor dissolution characteristics can lead to lower bioavailability. Identifying and reporting these factors can potentially help in improving the quality of drug marketed in various developing countries and may also reduce the incidences of treatment failure. Dissolution test is used for testing the dissolution profiles and the rate of drug release from solid formulation such as oral formulations, thus providing information regarding the in vivo performance of a formulation and its bioequivalence. On the other hand, quality-testing procedures are used for comparing the quality of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers drive market demand for nondeceptive counterfeits and, therefore, are at least partly responsible for its consequences. Clarke's situational crime prevention shows that removing consumer demand for nondeceptive counterfeits will decrease its associated criminal activity. Sykes and Matza's techniques of neutralization theory is used to identify each of the five ways consumers may rationalize the decision to purchase nondeceptive counterfeits. A unique way of deterring the buying and selling of nondeceptive counterfeits on the Internet is presented, leveraging top-level domains (TLDs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: E-commerce of medicines has been extensively spread worldwide. Many reasons influence consumers to purchase their medical needs through the Internet, including low cost, availability, accessibility, and time saving. However, most of these medicines are substandard and counterfeit. Aim: To assess the perception of people in the UAE about purchasing medicines from online sources and to evaluate the quality of furosemide tablets from two different sources including illegal online source. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 528 participants in the UAE. The questionnaire included three parts to assess the public perception and experience toward purchasing medicines from online sources. Furosemide tablets, purchased from the UAE market and an illegal online source, were physically and chemically studied to assess their quality according to the British Pharmacopoeia (2018). Results: The survey results revealed that less than 10% of participants have purchased their medicines from online sources and mostly they were nonprescription products (78%). Most common motives for online purchasing were either unavailability in the local pharmacies (43%) or lower cost compared to that in local market (43%). The opinion of participants toward purchasing of online medicines was negative. On the other hand, the experimental analysis showed that online furosemide had failed to pass the chemical assay test (91.0% ± 0.8), which makes it a substandard product. Conclusion: This study showed that few consumers had considered purchasing pharmaceutical products from online sources as a feasible way to save money and time. However, most of them were in doubt about their quality, which encourages health-care providers to guide patients to government-supported websites if required. The study also showed that the quality of online medicines is questionable, indicating that these products are not equally effective as the medicines purchased from a local pharmacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Intellectual Property Law / Revista Română de Dreptul Proprietăţii Intelectuale is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Falsified medical products are increasingly prevalent on markets, threatening the health of patients. This study describes the benefits of Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectroscopy and chemometrics thus highlighting the importance of conducting inorganic analyses on falsified products. The XRF spectrum is a fingerprint containing the contribution of all chemical substances included in a suspect sample's formulation. Multivariate analysis of XRF spectra, using a properly validated classification model, allows for the authentication of suspect samples. The method is rapid, relying on multi-elemental measurements and involving minimal sample preparation. This methodology provided valuable information about samples inorganic composition and enabled the detection of falsifications of several sample types, including medicine, food supplement and cosmetic samples. Five suspect samples of Plavix® were investigated, and their XRF spectra were studied using chemometrics (Principal Component Analysis and Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogies). A classification model was validated with positive and negative samples, and four suspect samples were identified as being falsified, whilst the fifth was concluded as an authentic medicine. ED-XRF spectroscopy was also applied on another medicine, a food supplement and three cosmetic samples, and high level of zinc was detected in the second sample and mercury was identified in the last. Estimation of the zinc content was possible using the fundamental parameters method. ED-XRF spectroscopy allows the analyst to conclude on the falsification of the samples and then to assess the harm to patient health. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Inorganic analysis of substandard and falsified medical products. • Combination of XRF spectroscopy and chemometrics (SIMCA classification method). • Methodology validated with a set of known spectra and tested with suspect samples. • Detection of hazardous inorganic elements in a food supplement and 3 cosmetics. • Semi quantitative determination with an acceptable deviation of 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Food fraud is generally agreed to be defined as an illegal deception for economic gain using food which includes all types of fraud and all products. Food fraud – including the sub-category of Economically Motivated Adulteration or EMA – is an urgent global public policy issue that requires the development of common definitions and harmonized prevention management systems. Scope and approach There is a need to assess the food fraud public policy development steps to understand the current state and more importantly to identify next steps that will support efficient and successful implementation. Since food fraud policy development is in early stages of development, there is a unique opportunity to build upon the current state and make adjustments that will potentially yield tremendous benefit through harmonization and coordination. The process model steps reviewed include Problem Identification (Foundation Setting and Definition & Formation), Agenda Setting, Alternate Approaches, Legitimation, Implementation, and Evaluation. The research included a review of the current public policy development stages for the United Kingdom, European Commission, China, United States of America, and then also the Global Food Safety Initiative GFSI. Key findings and conclusions The international food fraud policy-making is currently advancing through Agenda Setting, Alternate Approaches, and Legitimation. The next steps for an efficient and effective food fraud policy-making implementation are to: (1) establish the definition and scope, (2) define food fraud as a food agency issue, (3) publish an official government statement focused on prevention (e.g., law, regulation, rule, guidance, etc.), (4) support and fund the policy implementation, and (5) continue to evaluate and adjust the response. Since food fraud policy development is in the early stages of development, there is a unique opportunity to build upon the current state and make adjustments that will potentially yield tremendous benefit through harmonization and coordination. Highlights • Food fraud is one of the most urgent and changing food research topics. • The food public policy making is under development. • There are public policy theory that can apply to food fraud. • Understanding the stages of public policy development can help identify actions that will help food fraud prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Bingol University / Rectorate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Internal Security is the property of Police Academy in Szczytno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)