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Aim: Lepidoptera is a highly diverse, predominantly herbivorous insect order, with species transported to outside their native range largely facilitated by the global trade of plants and plant‐based goods. Analogous to island disharmony, we examine invasion disharmony, where species filtering during invasions increases systematic compositional differences between native and non‐native species assemblages, and test whether some families are more successful at establishing in non‐native regions than others. Location: Hawaii, North America, Galapagos, Europe, South Africa, South Korea, Japan, Nansei Islands, Ogasawara Islands, Australia, New Zealand. Taxon: Lepidoptera. Methods: We compared numbers of non‐native, unintentionally introduced Lepidoptera species with the land area of 11 regions worldwide. Differences among native and non‐native assemblages in the distribution of species among families were investigated using ordination analysis. We tested whether invasion disharmony is explained by propagule pressure (proxied by species richness in border interceptions) and if families were associated with specific trade commodities. Results: In total, 741 non‐native Lepidoptera species, accounting for 0.47% of the global diversity of lepidopterans, are established in at least one of the 11 regions. Crambidae, Pyralidae, Tineidae and Gracillariidae were particularly successful invaders, whereas the two most species‐rich families, Erebidae and Geometridae, were under‐represented among non‐native Lepidoptera. Much of the variation in species numbers in the native, and less so in the non‐native assemblages could be attributed to land area. Although native assemblages were similar among nearby regions, non‐native assemblages were not, suggesting geography had little effect on invasion disharmony. Comparison of established with intercepted species revealed that macromoth families were generally under‐represented in establishments, whereas several micromoth families were under‐represented in interceptions. This discrepancy may relate to greater detectability of larger species or high propagule pressure via associations with specific invasion pathways. Main conclusions Invasion disharmony in Lepidoptera appears to be driven by processes unrelated to the success of native assemblages. While native assemblages developed through long‐term evolutionary radiation, the composition of non‐native assemblages is driven by differential invasion pathways and traits affecting the establishment of founder populations that vary among families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the volatility risk premium (VRP) in the oil market. We approach the problem from the practitioner's perspective as an investment strategy that sells and delta-hedges oil options, paying particular attention to the strategy's risk-adjusted returns and its drawdown characteristics. The results are differentiated across options with different moneyness and expirations and presented in the form of VRP smile and VRP term structure. Strategy results are analyzed using alternative delta-hedging techniques that vary hedging frequencies, hedging thresholds, and volatilities used to calculate options' delta. We discuss the performance under different regimes and highlight the structural break driven by the changing behavior among main participants in the oil options market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been causing knock-on effects worldwide. The supply and price of major commodity markets (oil, gas, platinum, gold, and silver) have been greatly impacted. Due to the ongoing conflict, financial markets across the world have experienced a strong dynamic regarding commodities prices. This effect can be considered the biggest change since the occurrence of the financial crisis in the year 2008, which explicitly influenced the oil and gold markets. This study attempts to investigate the impacts of the Russian invasion crisis on the dynamic connectedness among five commodities and the G7 and BRIC (leading stock) markets. We have applied the time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) method, which reflects the way spillovers are shaped by various crises periods, and we found extreme connectedness among all commodities and markets (G7 and BRIC). The findings show that gold and silver (commodities) and the United States, Canada, China, and Brazil (stock markets) are the receivers from the rest of the commodities/market's transmitters of shocks during this invasion crisis. This research has policy implications that could be beneficial to commodity and stock investors, and these implications could guide them to make many decisions about investment in such tumultuous situations. Policymakers, institutional investors, bankers, and international organizations are the possible beneficiaries of these policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, agriculture has been one of the chief factors in the advancement of many nations. Also, it has been a huge contributor to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). But the farmers and the small-scale retailers are still unaware of the demand and supply of the commodities in mandis. Ultimately, they are compelled to use the repetitive pattern of crops. Through knowledge of the intra-mandi prices for seasonal crops is necessary to gain the desired profit. Price trends in several Gujarat markets were investigated for Ajwain and Isabgol (Psyllium Husk) in order to forecast price volatility and problems that produce mandi-level projections, enhancing its usefulness. Given that medicinal crops have various medical and culinary uses, boosting their productivity could increase farmers' profits in comparison to typical pattern crops. So, the aim of this study is to evaluate the optimum preferred crop conditions for important commodities like Isabgol, Ajwain, Fenugreek, Mint and Raw turmeric with respect to profit. A data from the past decade was screened to observe the variation in prices of the crops along with production analysis. Also, it was validated statistically by various statical measures like Standard Deviation, Mean and Coefficient of Variation. We examined intra-mandi prices and found that prices fluctuate over the whole peak season, with notable fluctuations in modal prices among several mandis. To demonstrate the variations in pricing reported for certain mandis on specific days, we've given a few instances. A low standard deviation implies that the commodities price is clustered around the mean, whereas a large standard deviation shows that the commodities price is more dispersed. Price volatility is the discrepancy between what is anticipated and what occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to examine the consequence of open interest on volatility of futures markets. This paper emphasises on investigating the relation between open interest and the commodities futures. An effort was made to capture the size and change in speculative behaviour in futures markets by examining the behaviour of futures prices due to open interest. The findings show that the depth of market has an effect on the futures market's volatility, but the direction of this effect depends on the type of contract. The sample includes daily data covering the period 2010-2020 from the Indian commodities futures markets (including crude oil futures). A two-stage methodology was employed by the authors: first, the authors investigate the relation between open interest and volatility. Next, the authors employ the E-GARCH model and considers the asymmetric response of volatility to shocks of different signs. Finally, the authors consider a regression framework to scrutinise the contemporaneous relationships between open interest and futures prices (volatility). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios de Derecho is the property of Estudios de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Users are increasingly turning to the internet to acquire and consume goods. Online purchasing builds demand between customers in modern years. E-commerce (e-commerce) is a business strategy that allows individuals and businesses to buy and sell goods and services through the Internet. Ecommerce can be used on computers, tablets, cellphones, and other smart devices, and it operates in four key market categories. The way individuals buy and consume goods and services has changed as a result of e-commerce. People are increasingly using their computers and smart devices to place orders for things that can be delivered quickly to their homes. In the 1960s, ecommerce made use of an electronic system called electronic data interchange to help in document conversion. In the world of e-commerce, Amazon is a monster. It is, in reality, the world's largest online store, and it is still growing. As a result, it has become a significant roadblock in the retail industry, prompting some major merchants to rethink their plans and adjust their focus. This article is based on literary reviews. Developing a research framework for consumer trends, particularly in terms of purchasing behavior, is very much necessary. The sample size for this investigation was determined using a simple rule of thumb for successful partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) estimation. Consumer sentiment tendencies play a major role in this research. This research's most valuable factors include a promotion, price, brand loyalty, product review, and product quality. We looked into how these aspects analyzed a customer's tendency. These are the primary topics of discussion in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we examine the relationship between corporate green bonds and commodities (both perishable & non-perishable) that attracts very little attention in relative literature. For the first time, we investigate a long-term relationship between green bonds and commodities including a significantly higher number of commodities and observations. Furthermore, we adopt a novel methodology, the VaR (value at risk) based copulas, to describe the asymmetric risk spillover between green bonds and commodities by considering the asymmetric tail distribution. Our results reveal an insignificant risk spillover effect from commodity market uncertainty. Further, we found non-perishable commodities are transmitting risk to perishable commodities (barring lead). In addition, in contrast to other similar studies the risk spillover is comparatively higher regarding lead, gold, and agriculture commodities as against copper and silver. On the other hand, energy commodities have the least spillover effect. Finally, these results have several important implications for investors as well as for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present possible consequences caused by the development of commodity market financialization understood by the influence of financial investor’s speculation. Also the task of elaboration is to outline the existence of financial factors in the price creation process of commodities. The existing impact of financialization on the volatility of commodity prices significantly modifies the market. The results of the research and analyzes carried out indicate a similarity in the behavior of the markets of commodities. The situation results from the redistribution of the risk of financial investors who having a few goods in the investment portfolio, next to large transaction volumes affect the unification of price trends. Price shaping factors are being transformed. The decrease importance of supply or consumption in the context of the commodities market changes its form. The growing influence of investors who create numerous speculations transforms the market. Trade in futures contracts affects the level of commodities prices.

O artigo objetivou identificar os determinantes do aumento da participação das commodities nas exportações do Brasil no período 2000-2019. Através de três modelos ARDL cointegrados apontou-se os seguintes resultados: com coeficientes positivos, a renda chinesa, a participação da China na pauta de exportações brasileiras e o índice de preços das commodities e, com coeficientes negativos, a taxa de câmbio real efetiva (R$/moeda estrangeira) e o market-share dos produtos manufaturados brasileiros apresentaram relação de longo prazo com nossa variável dependente - que é uma medida de especialização comercial em commodities - em pelo menos um dos três modelos apresentados.

Se sintetiza una parte de los resultados de investigación sobre la dinámica política y económica de Brasil y México entre 2003 y 2015, que compara gobiernos de signo progresista en el primer caso y neoliberal en el segundo. En este artículo se procura determinar en qué medida sus diferentes tasas de crecimiento obedecieron a un contexto externo favorable (marcado por el alza de los commodities que la región exporta), o decorrieron de discrepancias en la política aplicada. Se caracteriza la regulación económica implementada en cada caso, y se pondera la incidencia de la variación de sus términos de intercambio sobre su desempeño económico. Nuestras conclusiones apuntan que hubo diferencias relevantes en la política de cada gobierno; no obstante, sus diferencias en cuanto a crecimiento económico tienen origen externo.

Los sistemas agroalimentarios localizados de la palma aceitera del Sur del Lago de Maracaibo contribuyen con el 70% de la oferta de aceites en Venezuela, su producción no ha sido suficiente para satisfacer la demanda interna, por lo que requiere importar cerca del 90% de las necesidades, quedando expuesto a relaciones nacionales e internacionales que de alguna manera influyen en su comportamiento productivo. Se realizó un estudio del sistema agroalimentario de la palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis Jacq), con el objetivo de dilucidar cómo el comportamiento del entorno internacional y nacional puede estar incidiendo en la oferta de aceites. Metodológicamente se abordó un arqueo de información de fuentes secundarias y entrevista a informantes clave. Los resultados muestran que la palma aceitera es un rubro competitivo dentro del mercado económico internacional, un producto sustituto de otras oleaginosas, siendo Indonesia y Malasia los países con mayor inventario de aceite de palma. Esto lo convierte en un rubro de gran influencia en la fluctuación de precios de los “commodities”, compitiendo con la soya. En conclusión, la devaluación de la moneda, la deficiente implementación de políticas de apoyo al palmicultor y la política nacional de expropiaciones, han limitado el comportamiento productivo de este sistema agroalimentario.

Users are increasingly turning to the internet to acquire and consume goods. Online purchasing builds demand between customers in modern years. E-commerce (e-commerce) is a business strategy that allows individuals and businesses to buy and sell goods and services through the Internet. Ecommerce can be used on computers, tablets, cellphones, and other smart devices, and it operates in four key market categories. The way individuals buy and consume goods and services has changed as a result of e-commerce. People are increasingly using their computers and smart devices to place orders for things that can be delivered quickly to their homes. In the 1960s, ecommerce made use of an electronic system called electronic data interchange to help in document conversion. In the world of e-commerce, Amazon is a monster. It is, in reality, the world's largest online store, and it is still growing. As a result, it has become a significant roadblock in the retail industry, prompting some major merchants to rethink their plans and adjust their focus. This article is based on literary reviews. Developing a research framework for consumer trends, particularly in terms of purchasing behavior, is very much necessary. The sample size for this investigation was determined using a simple rule of thumb for successful partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) estimation. Consumer sentiment tendencies play a major role in this research. This research's most valuable factors include a promotion, price, brand loyalty, product review, and product quality. We looked into how these aspects analyzed a customer's tendency. These are the primary topics of discussion in this study.

This study investigates the dynamic connectedness of ESG Leaders and conventional equity indexes with commodities in emerging markets. Using data for emerging markets stocks from three regions (Asia, Europe, and Latin America), we compare the spillover effects from commodities to ESG and conventional indexes. Most of the transmission of shocks occurs between equity indexes, whereas spillover from commodities is limited. While there are similarities in the behavior of ESG Leaders and conventional index time series, slightly higher transmission is documented from commodities to conventional indexes compared to the ESG Leaders. Regional differences in connectedness are observed. However, from a portfolio management perspective, no notable differences can be seen between investing in either the ESG Leaders or conventional emerging market indexes when included in portfolios with commodities. [Display omitted] • Comparing the spillover effects from commodities to ESG and conventional emerging market equity indexes, most of the transmission of shocks occurs between equity indexes, whereas spillover from commodities is limited. • There is less transmission from commodities to ESG indexes compared to spillover from commodities to conventional equity indexes. • From a portfolio management perspective, the highest Sharpe ratios are noticed in portfolios based on minimizing dynamic connectedness. • Either a conventional or an ESG emerging market index can be included in a portfolio with commodities with a similar performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Leveraging interest rate term structure and commodity dynamics for enhanced recession prediction. • Global commodity price movements play a significant role in the short-term forecasting of brazilian economic conditions. • Our research reveals nuanced relationships between yield curve slopes and business cycles in brazil and the US. This study investigates the relationship between Brazilian economic cycles and two key indicators: the international S&P GSCI commodity index and the near-term forward spread derived from the Brazilian interest rate term structure. We find that the forward spread serves as a robust leading indicator of economic downturns in Brazil, offering recession forecasts up to four quarters in advance. This underscores a link between yield curve steepness and recession likelihood in Brazil. However, we uncover distinct cyclical behaviors in Brazil's term structure that diverge from patterns in the United States. Furthermore, our research reveals the significant influence of commodity price fluctuations on Brazil's economic performance, underscoring a strong correlation between commodity markets and economic outcomes. Examining term structure and commodity prices together provides novel insights into monitoring emerging market cycles. These indicators can assist policymakers and improve early warning systems, especially in developing economies like Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the time-varying efficiency of the four most commonly traded international commodities from the U.S. Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) over a more extended period as well as during COVID-19. The study also explores how adaptive behavior of returns induces profitable opportunities in the commodity markets. Daily returns of commodity indices (gold, silver, oil, metal) are divided into subsamples of six years, to apply a battery of linear/nonlinear tests. The study uncovers the linear and nonlinear serial dependence in returns from commodities and finds evidence of time-varying volatility, thus consistent with the Adaptive Market Hypothesis over the full sample period. Moreover, returns from all the commodities are highly volatile and predictable during COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prices of oil and other commodities have fluctuated wildly since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is crucial to explore the causes of price fluctuations and understand the source and path of risk contagion to better mitigate systemic risk and maintain economic stability. The paper adopts the method of network topology to examine the path of risk contagion between China's and foreign commodities, focusing on the dynamic evolution and transmission mechanism of risk contagion during the pandemic. This research found that among China's commodities, energy, grain, and textiles are net recipients of risk contagion, while chemical products and metals are net risk exporters. Among international commodities, industries have positive risk spillover effects on metals and textiles. During the first phase of the pandemic, China's commodities were the main exporters of risk contagion. However, international industries and metals became the main risk exporters and exerted risk spillover on China's commodities in the second phase of the pandemic. Moreover, based on total volatility spillover index of commodities, the risk contagion among the commodities follows three paths: "interest rate → commodities → money supply", "China's economic expectation → commodities → foreign economic expectation", and "commodities → consumer confidence". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examination of newspaper ads and store records of available products combined with data generated from the archaeological record provide insight into how individuals and communities kept pace with national and global trends in medicine and advertising. Decades of archaeological investigation in Springfield, Illinois, by Fever River Research have yielded a rich data set that provides diverse insights into the community. The goal of this case study is to apply a commodity access model to the Springfield, Illinois, data to examine the accuracy of modern researchers' ideas about the impact of market access on consumer choice. The combination of archaeological artifacts and archival data forms a compelling picture of a community that took advantage of unprecedented access to medicine and commodities during the rise of America's Gilded Age. In contrast to the original results of the commodity model, the results of this analysis indicate that the expansion of trade networks and interaction spheres may not have been the critical factor in consumer choice. Instead, social structures on a local level—between neighborhoods, competing stores, and the consumer—become more important in areas with diverse product access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In public discourse, the sense of smell is typically characterized as the least important of the five senses. However, there are very little empirical data on this topic. Recently, much more attention has been brought to the sense of smell since olfactory dysfunction is a primary and often long-term symptom of COVID-19 infection. It was therefore of interest to expand research on the perceived value of olfaction in the current cultural condition. We developed a survey that directly compared the value of the senses of smell, hearing, and vision with each other and in relation to nine common items representing digital, material, personal, and physical commodities of varying social and emotional meaningfulness (phone, $10,000, favorite social media, online shopping, favorite streaming service, dream vacation, pet, hair, little left toe). In total, four hundred and seven female and male respondents comprising two life-stage groups (college students, general public adults) participated in our online survey study during winter–spring of 2021. The results reveal that the sense of smell was perceived as vastly less important than vision and hearing and much less valuable than various common commodities. We also found that life-stage and gender mediated our findings. For example, one-quarter of the college student respondents would give up their sense of smell in order to keep their phone and nearly half of all women would give up their sense of smell to keep their hair. Our data further illustrate that the senses of vision and hearing are valued relatively similarly. A number of questions arise from the present data and suggestions for ways in which our survey can be expanded and altered to address further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the transformation of comic book adaptations of the Indian epics from Amar Chitra Katha (ACK) to present-day representations. The overarching thrust of the article is to assess the stature of comic books as cultural "products" and to examine the ways in which culture, religion, politics, and industry entwine. The essay also works to interpret the trends and reasons behind the iconographic transition of comic books, the publication politics which underlie their production and dissemination, and their status as cultural commodities. Subgenres of comics which could be variously categorized as cyberpunk, post-apocalyptic, or superhero styled comics, and evidently have a niche market or readership, are being held as blueprints for oversimplified transference of what has been widely accepted as the "core" story of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Therefore, I also argue that contemporary visual culture in the domain of comic books has seen a gradual shift from ACK 's knowledge-based conservative pedagogy to a more globalized entertainment-oriented, market-centred strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the notion that the “hinterland” has exploded in recent years. In the age of globalization – or the Capitalocene era – advances in social and technical systems have reduced the costs of circulating and exchanging goods, information, energy and capital, previously only feasible in areas of urban agglomeration. The resulting forms and processes of Planetary Urbanization emerge in any location where the interests of capital are manifested, from shantytowns to luxury condominiums and in company towns. Today, the “hinterland” is formed primarily by the geographies of extractivism and the commodities market. Using the prime example of Parauapebas, a city located in the ore-producing state of Pará in the Brazilian Amazon, a systemization of some recurring forms of urbanization and its respective processes is proposed, forming a contemporary “urban puzzle”.

We investigate forward‐looking commodity price volatility expectations (proxied by option‐implied volatilities or IVols) around scheduled US Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports. We show that corn and soybean IVols are significantly lower for several trading days after a report. The IVol response to a release depends on agricultural market experts' disagreement and sentiment before the USDA report, and on the extent to which the USDA information surprises the market. Whereas commodity IVols are generally positively related to financial‐market sentiment and macroeconomic uncertainty (jointly captured by the volatility index [VIX]), this comovement breaks down on report days—with the VIX and commodity IVols moving in opposite directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical and socioeconomic environments in which we live are intrinsically linked over a wide range of time and space scales. On monthly intervals, the price of many commodities produced predominantly in tropical regions covary with the dominant mode of climate variability in this region, namely the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Here, for the spot prices returns of vegetable oils produced in Asia, we develop autoregressive (AR) models with exogenous ENSO indices, where for the first time these indices are generated by a purpose-built state-of-the-art general circulation model (GCM) climate forecasting system. The GCM is a numerical simulation which couples together the atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice, with the initial conditions tailored to maximize the climate forecast skill at multiyear timescales in the tropics. To serve as additional benchmarks, we also test commodity forecasts using: (a) no ENSO information as a lower bound; (b) perfect future ENSO knowledge as a reference upper bound; and (c) an econometric AR model of ENSO. All models adopting ENSO factors outperform those that do not, indicating the value here of incorporating climate knowledge into investment decision-making. Commodity forecasts adopting perfect ENSO factors have statistically significant skill out to 2 years. When adopting the GCM-ENSO factors, there is predictive power of the commodity beyond 1 year in the best case, which consistently outperforms commodity forecasts adopting an AR econometric model of ENSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the Brazilian economy in the light of the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis, in order to examine if this hypothesis is valid for periods in which commodities occupy a significant part of exports, for this reason, for the period known as the "commodity boom". In order to address the proposed objective, the estimation method used was the autoregression with vector error correction (VEC) in its structural version. The results suggest that the economic growth that occurred in Brazil during the analysed period does not corroborate the ELG hypothesis, which is endorsed by results obtained in similar studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To boost the development of a regional agricultural sector, a wider scope of superior commodities can be used. It certainly would contribute a lot to regional and national economic sustainability. Therefore, the stakeholders need to formulate an effective and efficient marketing strategy to balance the supply and demand of agricultural products and improve farmers' welfare. Marketing strategies in each country were differently influenced by several factors ranging from geography, politics, and people's consumption patterns. This study compares the marketing strategies for leading agricultural commodities in Indonesia and Uzbekistan to obtain a new formula for marketing agricultural products. Uzbekistan is considered one of the countries in Central Asia that has a lot in common with Indonesia, especially in the agricultural sector, and vice versa. This study aims to develop a marketing strategy for enhanced regional commodities and see how significant the economic contribution of the Garut region is on a national scale. The Literature review is used as a research method. We also conducted a case study and field survey in the Garut region, one of the agriculture centers in Indonesia. The results also indicate that a marketing strategy can boost the economy of a specific area. It can be useful for local governments and business entities when developing effective strategies to deal with the national economy and for monitoring of farmer effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the United States economy shifted to post-Fordist production models in the late twentieth century, the athletic apparel industry (specifically the brands Nike, Adidas, and Reebok) modified its promotional strategies. Whereas the industry traditionally touted the materiality and functionality of its products, the 1980s saw a substantial increase in marketing that aimed to inculcate products with symbolic characteristics and popular cultural associations. In particular, the industry deployed Black culture, and competed to associate their products with Black athletes, styles, and cultural signifiers. While this modification in promotional tactics yielded unprecedented growth for the industry, the images and messages communicated in this marketing served to exploit Black communities and reinforce the rampant biological and cultural racisms of the Reagan era. Engaging primary accounts from newspapers, magazines, interviews, advertisements, archival catalogues, and oral histories, this paper traces the historical shift towards racialized marketing through the athletic apparel industry's quintessential commodity: the athletic sneaker. Overall, I argue that scholarly analyses of technology must critically engage how goods are promoted and distributed in order to holistically comprehend the social, cultural, and political implications of sporting technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from 1980 to 2018 for 32 African countries (13 CFA countries and 19 non‐CFA countries) and a conditional fixed effects logit model, this paper examines the effect of commodity price shocks on the likelihood of a central bank governor removal. Governor removals are decomposed into premature removals and ally replacements. Our results show that commodity price shocks lead to a statistically significant increase in the probability of a central bank governor's premature removal and ally replacement. This trend holds when commodities price shocks are separated into oil/mineral shocks and agricultural commodities shocks. We also find that this probability significantly jumps for countries who have a lower degree of export diversification, that is, countries whose are primarily dependent on a single commodity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the notion that the "hinterland" has exploded in recent years. In the age of globalization - or the Capitalocene era - advances in social and technical systems have reduced the costs of circulating and exchanging goods, information, energy and capital, previously only feasible in areas of urban agglomeration. The resulting forms and processes of Planetary Urbanization emerge in any location where the interests of capital are manifested, from shantytowns to luxury condominiums and in company towns. Today, the "hinterland" is formed primarily by the geographies of extractivism and the commodities market. Using the prime example of Parauapebas, a city located in the ore-producing state of Pará in the Brazilian Amazon, a systemization of some recurring forms of urbanization and its respective processes is proposed, forming a contemporary "urban puzzle". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the volatility connectedness of commodity futures markets by decomposing connectedness at high, medium, and low frequencies using a LASSO‐VAR model. The total volatility connectedness across commodities is substantial and fluctuates within the range of 30%–60%, which is largely driven by low‐frequency volatility connectedness. Energy futures as a group and crude oil and soybeans as individual commodities play dominant roles as net senders of volatility shocks in the system of 25 commodities. Commodity volatility spillovers at medium and particularly low frequency account for over 40% of the total volatility connectedness, which can be significantly explained by economic factors related to broad economic conditions; however, this is not the case at high frequency. This finding implies that the effect of the financialization of commodities might be more limited than previously assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commodity financialization has been a subject of discussion since the 2008 financial crisis. It is estimated that between 2003 and 2008, index investorsʼ positions increased from $13 billion to $317 billion. Surprisingly, most studies, predominantly based on Granger‐causality testing, find no relationship between financialization and commodity prices. We examine the effects of shocks to the common stochastic trends in the index positions, the spot and futures prices of Chicago corn and soybeans, WTI crude oil and Henry Hub natural gas. The results show that financialization has contributed to the price movements of these commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times of noticeable climate change the consideration of external factors, such as weather and economic key figures, becomes even more crucial for a proper valuation of derivatives written on agricultural commodities. The occurrence of remarkable price changes as a result of severe changes in these factors motivates the introduction of different price states, each describing different dynamics of the price process. In order to include external factors we propose a two-step hybrid model based on machine learning methods for clustering and classification. First, we assign price states to historical prices using K-means clustering. These price states are also assigned to the corresponding data of external factors. Second, predictions of future price states are then obtained from short-term predictions of the external factors by means of either K-nearest neighbors or random forest classification. We apply our model to real corn futures data and generate price scenarios via a Monte Carlo simulation, which we compare to Sørensen (J Futures Mark 22(5):393–426, 2002). Thereby we obtain a better approximation of the real futures prices by the simulated futures prices regarding the error measures MAE, RMSE and MAPE. From a practical point of view, these simulations can be used to support the assessment of price risks in risk management systems or as decision support regarding trading strategies under different price states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the role of Mompox in New Granada's interregional trade during the late colonial period. It focuses on the value, structure and destination of exports of domestic goods from Mompox to markets on the Atlantic and the Andes. By unearthing unexplored sources, this paper provides evidence that will help to understand, indirectly, some issues such as the nature and timing of economic growth, the degree of regional specialisation and, above all, the role of inland ports in the economic geography of the viceroyalty. The paper contends, first, that the region experienced a boom–bust cycle during the late colonial period. The export of domestic goods doubled between 1770 and 1800 but subsequently collapsed during the 1802-1809 years. Second, evidence suggests that the region experienced a process of market deepening and widening. Trade flows, then, played a larger role in shaping the economic history of the region than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los shocks en los precios internacionales de los commodities afectan a los países en vías de desarrollo tanto en sus agregados macroeconómicos, como a nivel sectorial. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar el impacto del precio internacional de la soja en la actividad de la construcción en la ciudad de Rosario, epicentro agrícola de la Argentina, uno de sus principales productores. Se utiliza la metodología de vectores autorregresivos (VAR) la cual registra un efecto positivo para el período 1994-2018. El efecto se visualiza en el primer año y medio, donde la elasticidad de un impulso transitorio en el precio de la soja puede variar entre 0.69 y 0.96.