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Addictive behavioral disorders are multifactorial diseases with clinical, neurophysiological, and genetic heterogeneity, a high comorbidity with other disorders, and a low curability. The etiopathogenetic mechanisms of non-chemical forms of addictive behavior have not been sufficiently studied, which makes it difficult to search for effective therapeutic procedures.Objective: to study the psychological and genetic components of a non-chemical addictive disorder as the phenomenon of codependency.Patients and methods. The investigation enrolled 256 women who were divided into three comparison groups: 1) those with the phenomenon of codependency, 2) phenotypically healthy women; 3) a population sample. Psychometric testing was carried out using the «Hand Test» by E. Wagner (adapted by A.I. Gerasimov and S.N. Enikolopov) and the clinical and genealogical characteristics of women with the phenomenon of codependency were studied. Results and discussion. There was a statistically significant predominance of the level of aggressiveness as autoaggression in the structure of the personality profile of women with the phenomenon of codependency (t=2.924–3.015; p=0.004–0.005). The clinical and genealogical characteristics of persons with addictive behavioral disorder as the phenomenon of codependency suggest that there is a statistically significantly high frequency of secondary alcoholism among first-degree and second-degree relatives or both and first-degree male relatives (pConclusion. The phenomenon of codependency as a non-chemical addiction includes psychological and genetic components. Women with codependency had autoaggressive destructive behavior patterns and a family history of alcoholism. The identified psychogenic characteristics can be considered as a risk for an addictive disease and somatoform disorders.

Family functioning impacts individuals with a substance use disorder (SUD) and relates to treatment recovery outcomes. A family system and each family member mutually influence one another. Researc...

This article focuses on the association between attachment styles within the family system and substance abuse. The authors describe attachment theory and the ways insecure attachments adversely affect the families of individuals with substance abuse concerns. Additionally, they discuss the need for attachment-informed approaches to treat these families and key components of this treatment approach.

The purpose of this study was to both provide additional evidence of the psychometric properties of the Trauma Inventory for Partners of Sex Addicts (TIPSA), and add empirical evidence for the appl...

PurposeThis conceptual article aims to contribute to the design of a theory of family-influenced firms by a framework for the management of business-family dilemmas.Design/methodology/approachIt combines systemic principles with the tetralemma, a tool from ancient Indian logic that families and businesses can use to manage and reframe dilemmas without dissolving the dilemmatic tensions or blurring their boundaries.FindingsIn applying the tetralemma, the article offers a range of suggestions, such as observing business and family as two discrete, yet codependent, social systems and envisioning conceptual and methodological imports from codependency research and therapy into family business research and practice.Originality/valueThe article proposes a framework for the selective and flexible navigation of family-business tensions without dissolving them or blurring their boundaries.

The article considers the problems of emotionally close relations between people in the context of codependency. The article describes the specificity of the development of loyalty as personal formation. In the nature of codependency, there is a progression of the sign of the narcissistic process. A person that has got an increased sensitivity to his/her own comfort zone needs a compensation for their own disadvantage, which is expressed in the compulsive desire to control the lives of others. Their main goal is to achieve a sustained emotional contact and the fact of recognition of their uniqueness. Loyalty for such a person is associated with an emotional burden and the necessity to emphasize its unsteady uniqueness. The basic needs of personality in codependent relationships contents very unevenly, because in the mind of a person with narcissistic signs there is no completed idea of the proximity and certainty of relationships. Loyalty cannot take place in a sustainable personal formation, because its nature is based on the compensation of trauma and the disadvantage of the partner. Loyalty which was formed on the basis of neurotic attachment is based on hopeless expectations, on dissatisfied needs, exaggerated results of interaction filled with double references, feelings of guilt, and a deficit of the sense of belonging. In the codependent relationship, loyalty acquires special modifications and interspersed with other personal structures the nature of which determines the successive cyclical dissatisfaction with this kind of relationship. Loyalty is conditioned by the need to fill its own narcissistic “I” which is incapable of keeping its structural integrity on its own. Without regular support of another person, it quickly desolates and actualizes in a high anxiety. The proximity is realized not in emphasizing the significance of the latter but in the opposite form: depreciated.

Text in Turkish ; Abstract: Turkish and English Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-62) viii, 73 leaves Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de yaşayan yetişkinlerde çocukluk çağı travmalarının ve benlik saygısının, ilişki bağımlılığı üzerindeki yordayıcı rolünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Oluşturulan anketler internet üzerinden 228’i kadın (%53,1) 201’i erkek (%46,9) olmak üzere toplam 429 katılımcıya ulaştırılmıştır. Örneklemin yaş ortalaması 34,77±11,56 olup 19-70 aralığındadır. Katılımcıların 213’ü evli (%49,7), 216’sı romantik ilişkisi olan bekar (%50,3) bireylerdir. Çalışmada Sosyodemgorafik ve Diğer Bilgi Formu, Çocukluk Çağı Travma Ölçeği (ÇÇTÖ), Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği (RSBÖ) ve Spann-Fischer İlişki Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (SFİBÖ) kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada sosyodemografik değişkenlerin çocukluk çağı travmaları, benlik saygıları ve ilişki bağımlılığı üzerindeki etkisini incelemek için bağımsız örneklem t-testi, başlıca hipotezlerini test etmek için ise Pearson korelasyon analizi ve regresyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizin sonuçlarına göre evli katılımcılarda ÇÇTÖ alt boyutlarından duygusal ihmal ve istismar ile aşırı koruma kontrol ilişki bağımlılığının anlamlı bir yordayıcısıdır. Romantik ilişkisi olan katılımcılarda ise, ÇÇTÖ alt boyutlarından fiziksel ihmal ve istismar ile duygusal ihmal ve istimarın ilişki bağımlılığının anlamlı bir yordayıcı olduğu bulgusu elde edilmiştir. Bulgular, benlik saygısı değişkeninin hem evli olan hem de romantik ilişkisi olan bekar katılımcılar içim ilişki bağımlılığı anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, bireylerin erken dönem ve genç erişkinlikte yaşadıkları travmatik yaşantıların ve benlik saygılarının, gelecekte eş/partner ilişkilerindeki bağımlılık düzeylerinin üzerindeki önemini işaret etmektedir. Araştırmanın bulguları doğrultusunda ilişki bağımlılığının, çocukluk çağı travma alt boyutları ve benlik saygısı ile ilişkili olduğu gözlenmiştir. In this study, it was aimed to examine the predictive role of childhood traumas and self-esteem on codependency in adults living in Turkey. A total of 429 participants, 228 females and 201 males, between the ages of 19-70 were reached via the internet. The mean age of the sample was 34.77 ± 11.56. Of the participants, 213 (49.7%) were married and 216 (50.3%) were romantically involved. The Sociodemographic and Other Information Form, the Childhood Trauma Scale, the Self-Esteem Scale and the Codependency Scale were used in the study. The independent sample t-test was used to examine the effects of sociodemographic variables on childhood traumas, self-esteem and codependency and Pearson correlation and regression analyzes were used to test the hypotheses of the research. According to the results of the study, codependency is a significant predictor of emotional neglect and abuse, which is one of the sub-dimensions of CTQ, and excessive protection-control codependency in married participants. In those participants in a romantic relationship, it was found that physical neglect and abuse, emotional neglect and abuse, which are sub-dimensions of CTQ, were significant predictors of codependency. The findings reveal that the self-esteem variable is a significant predictor of codependency among married and romantically involved participants. This study points out the importance of traumatic experiences and self-esteem of individuals in early and young adulthood on their future dependency levels in spouse/partner relationships. These findings indicate significant relationships between different types of childhood trauma, codependency and self esteem. İlişki Bağımlılığı İlişki Bağımlılığının Aşamaları İlk Aşama Orta Aşama Son Aşama İlişki Bağımlılığında Risk Faktörleri Ailede Alkol Kullanımı Ailedeki Fiziksel ve Ruhsal Rahatsızlıklar Ebeveynlik Stilleri Bağlanma Stilleri Kişilik Özellikleri Cinsiyet Olumsuz Aile Yaşantısı Travma Kavramı Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Çocukluk Çağı Travmalarının Tanımı ve Tarihçesi Çocukluk Çağı Travmalarının Epidemiyolojisi Çocukluk Çağı Travma Türleri Fiziksel İhmal Fiziksel İstismar Cinsel İstismar Duygusal İhmal Duygusal İstismar Aşırı Kontrol-Koruma Benlik Kavramı ve Benlik Saygısı Benlik Kavramı Benlik Saygısı Benlik Saygısına Etki Eden Faktörler İlişki Bağımlılığı, Benlik Saygısı ve Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Üzerine Çalışmalar YÖNTEM Örneklem Veri Toplama Araçları Bilgilendirilmiş Onam Formu Sosyodemografik ve Diğer Bilgi Formu Çocukluk Çağı Travma Ölçeği (ÇÇTÖ) Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği (RBSÖ) Spann-Fischer İlişki Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (SFİBÖ) İstatistiksel Analiz BULGULAR Örneklemin İncelenmesi Katılımcıların Sosyodemografik Özellikleri Katılımcıların Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları, Benlik Saygısı ve İlişki Bağımlılığı Düzeyleri Ölçeklerin İncelenmesi Ölçeklerin Normallik Dağılımları Ölçeklerin Güvenilirlik Analizleri Ölçek Puanlarının Sosyodemografik Bilgiler Bakımından İncelenmesi Örneklemin Ölçek Puanları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi Regresyon Analizleri

The purpose of this study is to reveal the experiences of psychological violence exerted by the partners at the Women´s Emergency Center. District in Perú. This research was conducted with qualitative methods and is viewed through a constructivist lens. It was developed under the phenomenological design processes, established in lived experiences. Methods of data collection involved semi-structured conversational interviews and direct observation, allowed for a thorough analysis of the women’s experiences. Based on the data collected, categories of violence emerged, including psychological abuse, women ‘self-conception during the relationship, the presence of support networks, emotional dependence on the women’s feelings during the relationship and the main cause of separation. The article concludes by sketching a typology of psychological violence against women’s and suggest further work with this type of theorizing and knowledge. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo develar las experiencias de violencia psicológica ejercida por las parejas de las mujeres del Centro Emergencia Mujer del distrito del Callao. La investigación corresponde al enfoque cualitativo y se introduce dentro del paradigma de investigación constructivista. Fue desarrollado bajo los procesos del diseño fenomenológico, establecido en las experiencias vividas. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recolección de datos fueron las entrevistas semiestructuradas de tipo conversacional y la observación directa. Estos permitieron recoger las concepciones, evaluaciones y valoraciones de las participantes. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante un análisis de tipo reductivo. Los resultados muestran el predomino del maltrato psicológico, la codependencia emocional, el bajo auto concepto físico y emocional de las violentadas, Asimismo, se evidencia una relación directa entre el abuso psicológico con el maltrato físico y sexual. El artículo concluye bosquejando una tipología de violencia psicológica frecuente contra las mujeres y sugiere trabajo adicional con este tipo de teorización y conocimiento. O objetivo deste estudo foi revelar as experiências de violência psicológica exercidas pelos parceiros das mulheres no Centro de Emergência da Mulher no distrito de Callao. A pesquisa corresponde à abordagem qualitativa e se enquadra no paradigma da pesquisa construtivista. Foi desenvolvido sob o processo de projeto fenomenológico, com base em experiências vividas. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram entrevistas de conversação semi-estruturadas e observação direta. Isto permitiu coletar as concepções, avaliações e avaliações dos participantes. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio de uma análise redutora. Os resultados mostram a predominância de abuso psicológico, codependência emocional, baixo autoconceito físico e emocional das vítimas, e uma relação direta entre abuso psicológico e abuso físico e sexual. O artigo conclui delineando uma tipologia de violência psicológica comum contra as mulheres e sugere um trabalho adicional com este tipo de teorização e conhecimento.

В статье дано представление о некоторых отечественных и зарубежных технологиях оказания психологической помощи в практике интернет-общения., The article gives a conception of some domestic and foreign technologies aimed at providing psychological assistance for field of Internet communication working.

Объектом исследования явились психологические особенности созависимых людей. Предметом исследования стали особенности восприятия отца лицами с различной степенью созависимости. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (90 источников) и двух приложений, включающих в себя бланк авторской анкеты и результаты математико-статистического анализа. Объем магистерской диссертации 107 страниц, на которых размещены 14 рисунков и 3 таблицы. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме образа отца и отцовской роли в воспитании ребенка. Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию влияния на ребенка образа отца и участия отца в воспитании. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: шкала созависимости Б. Уайнхолд, Дж. Уайнхолд (адаптация А. С. Кочарян, Е. В. Фроловой, Н. А. Смахтиной), методика исследования уровня субъективного контроля (УСК), методика «Диагностика межличностных отношений» Т. Лири, методика «Личностный дифференциал» и авторская анкета. Также в главе представлен анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. The object of the study was the psychological characteristics of codependent people. The subject of the study was the peculiarities of the perception of the father by persons with varying degrees of codependency. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (90 sources) and two appendices, including the author's questionnaire form and the results of mathematical and statistical analysis. The volume of the master's thesis is 107 pages, which contain 14 figures and 3 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the elaboration of the problem, sets the purpose and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates the main and additional hypotheses, specifies the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of research, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the subject of the image of the father and the father's role in the upbringing of a child. The sections devoted to the study of the influence of the father's image on the child and the father's participation in upbringing are presented. The conclusions of the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the research and the results obtained by all the methods used: the scale of codependency B. Weinhold, J. Weinhold (adaptation by A. S. Kocharyan, E. V. Frolova, N. A. Smakhtina), the methodology of the study of the level of subjective control (USC), the methodology of "Diagnostics of interpersonal relations" T. Leary, the methodology of "Personal differential" and the author's questionnaire. The chapter also presents an analysis of the results of the study. The conclusions of Chapter 2 include the main results of an empirical study. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of this problem are described.

This study was conducted under the umbrella of the ActiveBrains and the SmarterMove projects supported by the MINECO/FEDER (DEP2013-47540, DEP2016-79512-R, RYC-2011-09011) and the CoCA project supported by the European Union's 2020 research and innovation programme (667302). JHM is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU15/02645). AR is supported by the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, and the Collaboration for leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) East Midlands. SS is supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR-19-CE36-0004-01). RW is supported by a Medical Research Council Industrial Strategy Studentship (MR/S502509/1). Additional funding was obtained from the Andalusian Operational Programme supported with European Regional Development Funds (ERDF in English, FEDER in Spanish, project ref: B-CTS-355-UGR18), the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEES), Junta de Andalucia,Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades and European Regional Development Funds (ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR). In addition, funding was provided by the SAMID III network, RETICS, funded by the PN I+D+I 2017-2021 (Spain), ISCIIISub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (Ref. RD16/0022), the EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations (DEP2005-00046/ACTI)., The inter-relationship between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep (collectively defined as physical behaviours) is of interest to researchers from different fields. Each of these physical behaviours has been investigated in epidemiological studies, yet their codependency and interactions need to be further explored and accounted for in data analysis. Modern accelerometers capture continuous movement through the day, which presents the challenge of how to best use the richness of these data. In recent years, analytical approaches first applied in other scientific fields have been applied to physical behaviour epidemiology (eg, isotemporal substitution models, compositional data analysis, multivariate pattern analysis, functional data analysis and machine learning). A comprehensive description, discussion, and consensus on the strengths and limitations of these analytical approaches will help researchers decide which approach to use in different situations. In this context, a scientific workshop and meeting were held in Granada to discuss: (1) analytical approaches currently used in the scientific literature on physical behaviour, highlighting strengths and limitations, providing practical recommendations on their use and including a decision tree for assisting researchers’ decision-making; and (2) current gaps and future research directions around the analysis and use of accelerometer data. Advances in analytical approaches to accelerometer-determined physical behaviours in epidemiological studies are expected to influence the interpretation of current and future evidence, and ultimately impact on future physical behaviour guidelines., Spanish Government DEP2013-47540 DEP2016-79512-R RYC-2011-09011, CoCA project - European Union's 2020 research and innovation programme 667302, Spanish Government FPU15/02645, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Collaboration for leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) East Midlands, French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-19-CE36-0004-01, Medical Research Council Industrial Strategy Studentship MR/S502509/1, Andalusian Operational Programme, European Regional Development Funds (ERDF in English, FEDER in Spanish) B-CTS-355-UGR18, University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEES), Junta de Andalucia,Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades, European Commission SOMM17/6107/UGR, SAMID III network, RETICS - PN I+D+I 2017-2021 (Spain), EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations DEP2005-00046/ACTI, ISCIIISub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, European Commission RD16/0022

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between family roles, family functioning, and codependency, and whether the effect of actual birth order and psychological birth order on this relationship differ. The correlational survey model was used in this study. The sample of the study consists of 501 female students between the ages of 17 and 40 studying at İnönü University, Faculty of Education. Composite Codependency Scale, McMaster Family Evaluating Scale and White-Campbell Psychological Birth Order Inventory were used as a data collection tools. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 24 statistical package programs. The findings obtained from the study predict both general functioning and codependency of roles in positively and significantly. However, the mediating role of family functioning in the relationship between roles and codependency was not found significant. The moderator roles of psychological birth order and actual birth order being the same and different are significant in the relationship between roles, general functionality, and interdependence. It was observed that those with different psychological birth order and actual birth order had a higher moderator effect of roles on both general functioning and codependency than those with the same. The findings obtained from the study were discussed in the light of the literature, and various suggestions were presented to researchers and parents

Blended learning has been considered the most effective and the most widely adopted form of instruction currently in practice in most part of the world. The leading existing challenge in blended learning is students' inability to properly self-regulate their learning activities as self-regulation has proven to be an integral competence for success in online learning environments. This study proposed a framework for designing students peer learning self-regulation strategy system for scaffolding student's online component studying for blended courses which has been identified as the main obstacle that is halting blended learning from reaching its climax in instructional excellence. The system was designed based on group affinity and learning potential structures; designing system functionalities to instigate group dynamics that influence small group learning, as well as incentivization in the form of codependency and peer-empath for combating reluctance to peer learning participation and social loafing. Experimental results show that students have achieved significantly higher academic scores and learning outcomes with the use of the proposed system.

The article is devoted to the actual problem of manifestation of co-dependent personality behavior in the present conditions. The problem of co-dependency analyzed by various specialists (psychiatrists, narcologists, psychologists, neurologists) is included in the list of serious medical and social aspects. This problem is becoming more and more urgent due to the increasing scale of dependence, including chemical, and other addictive behavior. The phenomenon of co-dependency has not been sufficiently studied in the world, including our country. It is rarely mentioned in manuals of clinical, age, family, pedagogical psychology. The article substantiates the relevance of the problem «co-dependency» as a subject of scientific research: the need to define «co-dependency» as a scientific category in social and psychological dimensions, the study of «co-dependency of personality» as a phenomenon of psychology; determination of characteristics of manifestation, criteria of co-dependency of personality, conditions and mechanisms of formation of co-dependent behavior; the need to develop a diagnostic complex that would allow us to investigate this phenomenon in various ways. The approaches to defining the concept of co-dependency in domestic and foreign literature are considered in the publication. The characteristic features of this phenomenon from the point of view of psychology and sociology are analyzed on the basis of the review of features of its interpretation in the works of scientists and practitioners. Today, neither medical nor social psychologists give a single definition of the concept of co-dependency, it is only described as a complex characterological phenomenon. The author proposes to consider co-dependency as an excessively pathological emotional dependence of the individual on significant relatives, due to a number of psycho-social factors, among which the most important are upbringing and relationships in the parent family. References Bitti, M. (2017). Spasat’ ili spasat’sya? Kak izbavit’sya ot zhelaniya postoyanno opekat’ drugikh i nachat’ dumat’ o sebe [Save or save? How to get rid of the desire to constantly patronize others and start thinking about yourself]. Moscow : Izdatel’stvo «E» [in Russian]. Bіgun, N.І. (2017). Fenomen samodostatnostі osobistostі u klasichnіi psikhologії [The phenomenon of self-sufficiency of specialty in classic psychology]. Naukovii chasopis NPU іmenі M. P. Dragomanova. Serіya 12: Psikhologіchnі nauki – The scientific chronicle of NPU imeni M.P. Drahomanova. Seriya 12. Psychological sciences, 6, 17-25 [in Ukrainian]. Varga, A.Ya. (2014). Vvedenie v sistemnuyu semeinuyu psikhoterapiyu [Introduction to systemic family psychotherapy]. Moscow : Kogito-Tsentr [in Russian]. Emel’yanova, E.V. (2016). Krizis v sozavisimykh otnosheniyakh. Printsipy i algoritmy konsul’tirovaniya [The crisis is in a dependent relationship. Principles and algorithms of counseling]. Sankt-Peterburg : Rech’ [in Russian]. Korolenko, Ts.P. & Dmitrieva, N.V. (2001). Psikhosotsial’naya addiktologiya [Psychosocial Addictology]. Novosibirsk : Olsib [in Russian]. Moskalenko, V.D. (2015). Zavisimost’: Semeinaya bolezn’ [Dependence: Family illness]. Moscow : Institut konsul’tirovaniya i sistemnykh reshenii [in Russian]. Moskalenko, V.D. (2017). Vozvrashchenie k zhizni. Kak spasti sem’yu: konflikty, ssory, alkogolizm, narkomaniya [Back to life. How to save a family: conflicts, quarrels, alcoholism, drug addiction]. Moscow : Nikeya [in Russian]. Uainkhold, B., & Uainkhold, Dzh. (2002). Osvobozhdenie ot sozavisimosti [Exemption from co-dependence]. Moscow : Klass [in Russian]. Becnel, B.C. (1991). The co-dependent parent: Free yourself by freeing your child. San Francisco : HarperCollins. Fischer, J.L., Spann, L., & Crawford, D. (1991). Measuring Codependency. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 8, 87-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.13072/midss.463

Codependency is a term used to describe a range of behaviors among persons who are affected by the problematic drug use of family members. This article analyzes how 32 Swedish parents of adult children with drug problems talked about and understood codependency. The sociology of trouble was used as a theoretical framework and three significant themes were identified in the interviews. The parents spoke about how they defined codependency troubles, how they discovered codependency, and how they set boundaries for their children. The parents talked about their situations as highly distressing, and third-party troubleshooters defined their troubles and problems as codependency. The parents generally rejected the advice to “close the door” on their children and engaged in a range of remedial actions. The analytical focus of this study on the identification, definition, and remedial actions of parents gives valuable insights into family disruptions related to drug problems.

Spouses, partners, parents, and other loved ones of sex addicts are generally treated with variations of the codependency model, which, in a general way, fails to acknowledge that these individuals...

Введение. В данной статье рассматриваются результаты проведенного комплексного обследования респондентов различных регионов Юга РФ, которые позволили впервые получить данные о психологических особенностях проявления созависимого поведения, а также о специфике ценностно-смысловой сферы у молодых женщин с различной этнической принадлежностью. Новизна исследования заключается в разработке психологических моделей созависимого поведения, характерных для каждой выделенной подгруппы (этнической принадлежности) с целью дальнейшей разработки психокоррекционных мероприятий для молодежи, проживающей на Юге РФ. Методы. В исследовании было обследовано 330 женщин, проживающих в трех субъектах Юга РФ в возрасте от 17 до 30 лет, проявляющих различную степень созависимого поведения. Были использованы стандартизированные и проективные методики, которые предоставили возможность выявить различия в ценностно-смысловой сфере у молодых женщин с различной этнической принадлежностью, проявляющих созависимое поведение: «Шкала измерения созависимости в отношениях Спанн – Фишер» (адаптация Москаленко), «Тест смысложизненных ориентаций» («PIL» Крамбо и Махолик в модификации Леонтьева), «Методика самоактуализации POI Шострома» (модификация Калина), опросник направленности личности (ориентационная анкета) Басса, «Методика изучения самооценки с помощью процедуры ранжирования» Реана, методика «Ценностные ориентации» Рокича, методика «Напиши рассказ» (стимульный материал таблиц № 2, 4, 6 «Тематического апперцептивного теста»). Статистические методы обработки данных осуществлялась при помощи пакета компьютерных программ «STATISTICA 10.0». Результаты. В результате проведенного исследования установлено, что у респондентов с различной этнической принадлежностью существуют значимые отличия в характеристике проявления созависимости, как в части динамики ситуативной оценки, так и в содержании устойчивых личностных конструктов. Обсуждение результатов. При общих схожих тенденциях в проявлении созависимости у представителей различных этнических групп можно выделить особенности, отличающие и характеризующие их, что проявляется в межличностном общении с зависимым, с окружением и в принятии себя.

This essay provides an overview of the economic interactions between China and Southeast Asia during the late first and early second millennia C.E.. It positions the development of this relationship within the context of the Old World, and looks at how the interactions manifested in the ports that grew as a result of the economic exchanges that took place, the transportation networks that were developed to facilitate the exchanges, the growth in the demand and production of products from both regions, the migration of traders, and the development of economic codependency between both economies. The essay also provided sub-topics and online sources with which this topic could be approached in a classroom, including art materials, archaeological information, and textual documentation.

The problem of codependence, which occupies an important place in the research of individual human features, is reviewed in this article. Codependency is one of the most complex and actively investigated problems. It is explained by its exceptional role in the formation of personality individual uniqueness, its role in a person's interaction with the environment as well as its close relationship with his/her mental and physical health. In the process of theoretical and practical development of the problem, the basic principles of psycho-pedagogical correction approaches were formulated, the necessity of using a number of means, influencing on the dynamics of codependent personality states was founded. The choice of specific tools to work with codependent personality states was tested in the psychological and social centers. During the experiment the programme of codependent personality states correction has been elaborated and conducted. This programme, which considers the data, got during the diagnostic research, allowed to decrease the level of psycho-emotional tension, to develop the ability to self-regulate behavior and it contributed to enhancing the overall activity of codependent women. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a systematic approach to the correction of codependent personality states was considered: the factors of adaptive behavior of a person, after participating in a correction program, were identified; the relationship between the system of psychological means and the adaptability of behavior of codependent women was established; a model of psychological support for codependent women was developed.

Purpose Addiction is a major health stressor for families, representing an under-researched area with important policy implications. The current aim was to validate the Composite Codependency Scale, which captures the psychological characteristics of affected family members, and assess quality of life as mediated by family functioning. Methods Close relatives (n = 271) of patients in treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) participated in a 4-day psychoeducational program. We also recruited a general population sample (n = 393) via an online social media site. Data were analyzed using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) and a latent regression model. Differences in subscale latent means were applied to ascertain how the scale discriminated the two populations. Results MGCFA yielded a shortened, nine-item partial scalar invariant scale (SCCS) that allowed comparison of latent means. The SCCS discriminated between family members and the general population, with family scoring higher on all three scale dimensions. By effect size, family had higher means (mean differences; 95% confidence intervals) for ‘emotional suppression’ (0.48; 0.36–0.59; p

We present the results of the study, aimed at revealing some features of the value-semantic sphere of adults who came across a difficult life situation and turned to specialists for help. The following inventories were used: J. Crumbaugh and L. Maholick’s Purpose in Life Test (adapted by D. Leont`ev), the Längle-Orgler Existence Scale, P. Stark’s Meaning in Suffering Test and the Allport-Ross Religious Orientation Scale. The sample consisted of 36 people aged 35—55 with neurotic reactions (n=18) and with codependency (n=18), who sought help from psychologists, psychiatrists and public organizations, and 31 people aged 35—55 in a subjectively prosperous situation (control group). The results show that in a difficult life situation a number of dimensions pertaining to the meaningfulness of life are reduced, the suffering accompanying this situation is insufficiently meaningful, and the extrinsic religious orientation is more expressed in comparison to the intrinsic one. There were no significant differences between groups of people with neurotic reactions and with codependency in any of the studied aspects of the value-semantic sphere. It is assumed that the intensity of experiences in a difficult situation and orientation to help from others are limiting reflexive analysis of life and the current moment, correlation of likely outcomes and subjectively significant values, and independent development of an adequate behavior strategy.

The purpose of the articleis to learn about concept of codependency in professional works and the ambiguity of the term «codependency» owing to the connotation with the concept «dependency». Codependence as a relational problem that often, but not necessarily always, occurs in conjunction with addiction or disease. This theme highlights the fact that codependency is defined as a dysfunctional pattern of relating to others, present in relatives of those with different problems. Among them are people in relationships with irresponsible people and chronically ill people; people in relationships with emotionally or mentally disturbed persons; parents of children with behavior problems, professionals of helping professions (nurses, social workers and others). The researches have shown that various factors resulting from repeating stressful circumstances experienced in childhood or adulthood may contribute to this relation.It is characterized by emotional dependence, extreme focus in the other person, and self-neglect. The commoncharacteristics (self-esteem, dependency, depression and anxiety, anger, relationship difficulties, and stress-related physical symptomatology),types of codependency (aggressive and passive ones) and stages of it are presented in the article. Regardless of the reason why people become codependent, the negative effects brought about by this cannot be taken for granted. It is essential to know how to handle situations like this, as the inability to overcome and adapt to these problems and other changes may restrain the person from progressing both emotionally and psychologically. It is important that a codependent must gain knowledge on how to effectively get rid of distressful feelings and become bold in the expression of his emotions.Thus, being rejected by society and failing to adjust from predicaments have the ability to interfere individuals from moving forward in their life. These people have a very strong sense of responsibility towards others and even get to the point where they blame themselves for the sufferings of others. Their lives are dependent on that of others and their decisions are influenced by the judgment of others, but not their own opinions.