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Twenty-eight Boer &times, Saanen castrated male goats (21.6 &plusmn, 3.0 kg of initial body weigh) were distributed in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of increasing levels (0, 100, 200 or 300 g/kg, in dry matter basis) of dietary babassu mesocarp flour (BMF) on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and meat physical and chemical composition. When significant treatment effects were found, data were submitted to orthogonal polynomials for treatment responses. BMF did not change the intake and digestibility of dry matter and crude protein. However, it increased linearly the total carbohydrates intake (p = 0.013), neutral detergent fiber intake (p &lt, 0.001) and digestibility (p = 0.027), while it decreased linearly the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates (p &lt, 0.001) and ether extract (p &lt, 0.001), without changing their digestibility (p &gt, 0.05). The dressing percentage (p = 0.003) and rib eye area (p = 0.024) had a quadratic effect with increasing levels of BMF. The total gastrointestinal weight (TGI) had an increased linear effect (p = 0.001), while the proportion of rumen (p = 0.010), omasum (p &lt, 0.001) and abomasum (p = 0.001) increased linearly with BMF addition. The same effects were presented in leg weight (p = 0.045) and muscle weight (p = 0.049). Weight and yields of commercial cuts and meat physicochemical composition did not change (p &gt, 0.05) with inclusion levels of BMF. The addition of babassu mesocarp flour up to 200 g/kg in the diet of male goat can improve the dressing percentage without major changes in meat physical and chemical traits, representing an attractive alternative feed.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of low-purity crude glycerin (CG, 63.1% of glycerol) in the diets of feedlot-finished goats on the weights and yields of the non-carcass components, with are frequently used in regionals dishes (buchada and panelada). Forty castrated male goats with the initial mean body weight of 19.70 ± 2.30 kg were used. Experimental treatments consisted of inclusion of CG at levels of 0, 6, 12, and 18%, based on dry matter. The weights of the lungs, spleen, total organs (TWO), and TWO yield, as a function of the slaughter body weight, decreased linearly. It was shown that the rumen portion of the weight showed a quadratic effect, at the level of 10.71% of CG, with a minimum point of 0.37 kg. Similar behavior was observed for the reticulum, with a minimum point of 0.08 kg, at the level of 7.5% of CG. The weights and yields of the buchada and panelada were negatively influenced by the experimental diets. Low-purity crude glycerin may partially replace corn and be included in up to 6% of the dry matter of the finished goats' feedlot diet without adversely affecting weights and yields of organs, viscera, and regional dishes, such as buchada and panelada. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of low-purity crude glycerin (CG, 63.1% of glycerol) in the diets of feedlot-finished goats on the weights and yields of the non-carcass components, with are frequently used in regionals dishes (buchada and panelada). Forty castrated male goats with the initial mean body weight of 19.70 ± 2.30 kg were used. Experimental treatments consisted of inclusion of CG at levels of 0, 6, 12, and 18%, based on dry matter. The weights of the lungs, spleen, total organs (TWO), and TWO yield, as a function of the slaughter body weight, decreased linearly. It was shown that the rumen portion of the weight showed a quadratic effect, at the level of 10.71% of CG, with a minimum point of 0.37 kg. Similar behavior was observed for the reticulum, with a minimum point of 0.08 kg, at the level of 7.5% of CG. The weights and yields of the buchada and panelada were negatively influenced by the experimental diets. Low-purity crude glycerin may partially replace corn and be included in up to 6% of the dry matter of the finished goats' feedlot diet without adversely affecting weights and yields of organs, viscera, and regional dishes, such as buchada and panelada.

[EN] The impact of integrating a tiger-nut milk co-product into the wheat chip production process for enriching fibre content to meet European recommendations for 'source of fibre foods' and 'high fibre content foods' was studied. Four different flours, based on their composition and particle size, were obtained from the co-product. Wheat flour was substituted at the 5%, 10% and 20% levels with the co-product, and the processing, physico-chemical and sensory properties of chip were studied. In the baking phase, mass loss was more marked for the substituted samples (42%) than the control (34%), but differences diminished after the tempering time (33%) by absorbing moisture from the environment. This effect was related to the increased chips surface (approximate to 43%) in the forming phase because dough retraction decreased. The co-product as a fibre source produced alterations to chip processing and its physico-chemical properties should be taken into account. However, chips positively impacted consumer acceptability.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional da glicerina semipurificada neutralizada (GSPN) e avaliar o desempenho de suinos na fase pre-inicial (6 a 15 kg), alimentados com racoes contendo niveis crescentes de GSPN. No Experimento I, foi conduzido um ensaio de digestibilidade com 30 leitoes machos castrados (11,80 ± 5,12 kg), distribuidos em um delineamento em blocos casualizado. Os niveis de substituicao da racao referencia pela GSPN foram 3, 6, 9 e 12%. Os valores (na materia natural) de Energia Digestivel (ED) e Energia Metabolizavel (EM) da GSPN foram 3535 kcal/kg e 3279 kcal/kg respectivamente. No Experimento II, foram utilizados 135 leitoes recem-desmamados com 21 dias de idade (6,85±1,28 a 15,04±2,06 kg), distribuidos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco racoes, (3, 6, 9, 12% de GSPN e uma racao testemunha com 0% de GSPN), com nove repeticoes e tres leitoes por unidade experimental. Os resultados demonstram que na fase pre-inicial I (6 a 10 kg) a adicao de GSPN promoveu melhora linear no ganho diario de peso (GDP) e conversao alimentar (CA). Para o periodo total (6 a 15 kg), foi observado apenas melhora linear ( P ? 0,05) para GDP. As variaveis plasmaticas nao foram influenciadas pela inclusao da GSPN. Os resultados sugerem que a GSPN pode ser incluida em ate 12% em racoes para leitoes (6 a 15 kg) sem influenciar as variaveis plasmaticas, de desempenho e as variaveis economicas.

Development of new products with nutraceutical aims from olive mill coproducts, Développement de nouveaux ingrédients naturels à visée nutraceutique à partir de co-produits de l'industrie oléicole

This study evaluated the feeding behavior of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows fed increasing levels of banana peel. Diets contained 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% replacement of sorghum silage with banana peel. The experimental design was two 5x5 Latin squares. Cows were subjected to visual observation after adaptation of each trial period. The times spent in feeding (4.13 to 5.58 hours day-1) and in idle (10 to 12.53 hours day-1) presented quadratic effect. The time spent ruminating, number and duration of rumination periods, chews per cud, and numbers of cuds per day were not affected by treatments. The total chewing time showed a quadratic effect, with peak at 18.58% replacement. The banana peel levels did not affect consumption, rumination and chewing neutral detergent fiber. Intake, rumination and chewing of dry matter showed a decreasing linear effect. The replacement of sorghum silage with banana peel up to 60% in the diet for lactating cows reduces the time spent in feeding and improves feeding and rumination efficiencies of dry matter, keeping the milk production of cows. RESUMO. Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de vacas F1 Holandesas x Zebu alimentadas com crescentes níveis de casca de banana. As dietas foram constituídas de 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60% de substituição da silagem de sorgo pela casca. O delineamento experimental foi dois quadrados latinos 5 x 5. As vacas foram submetidas à observação visual após período de adaptação de cada período experimental. Os tempos despendidos com alimentação (4,13 a 5,58 horas dia-1) e ócio (10 a 12,53 horas dia-1) apresentaram efeito quadrático. O tempo gasto com ruminação, número e duração dos períodos de ruminação, mastigações por bolo e bolos ruminados por dia não foram influenciados pelos níveis de casca. O tempo total de mastigação apresentou efeito quadrático, com ponto máximo no nível de 18,58%. Os níveis de casca de banana não influenciaram consumo, ruminação nem mastigação da fibra em detergente neutro. Consumo, ruminação e mastigação da matéria seca apresentaram efeito linear decrescente. A substituição da silagem de sorgo em até 60% por casca de banana na dieta de vacas em lactação reduz o tempo de alimentação e melhora as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação da matéria seca, mantendo a produção de leite das vacas.

Algae as a biodiesel feedstock are more productive per unit area than traditional feedstock options, but currently algae production is not economical without high-value co-products. Lipid-extracted algae (LEA) may be useful as a soil amendment, however, research is needed to determine the feasibility and management strategies required. The objective was to determine salinity-associated effects of LEA as a soil amendment on a range of salt tolerant forages [foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), and a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)]. Forage seed were planted in columns containing sandy clay loam soil amended with the following: (1) control [nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer added], (2) 1.5% LEA by weight, (3) 3.0% LEA, (4) 1.5% LEA + 1.5% wheat straw (WS), and (5) 1.5% WS (+N, +P). Seedling emergence and total herbage mass (HM) from sequential harvests was determined, along with forage mineral uptake. Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were analyzed after the final harvest. Seedling emergence of pearl millet was negatively affected by LEA application, but not foxtail millet or sorghum-sudangrass. Pearl millet emergence was most reduced in 3.0% LEA treated soil, however, this treatment produced greater HM by the third harvest. Soil pH and EC were greater in 3.0% LEA-treated soil than the control and 1.5% WS treatment. Production of salt tolerant forages such as sorghum-sudangrass is possible in LEA-amended soil, however, with repeated applications soil salinity may reduce productivity and sustainability.

The nutritional value and the performance of piglets fed on diets with semipurified glycerin (SPGV) and mixed (SPGM) vegetable oil was determined and evaluated. Thirty-two crossbred piglets, allotted in a completely randomized block design, were used in the digestibility trial. Two types of glycerin (SPGV and SPGM) and three levels of diet (4, 8 and 12%) were studied. The experimental unit consisted of one piglet. Glycerins’ metabolizable energy (ME) was estimated by regression of ME (kcal kg-1) intake associated with glycerin vs. glycerin intake (kg). ME as-feed-basis rates were 3,373 for SPGV and 2,932 for SPGM, or rather, the glycerins are highly available energy source for piglets. In the performance trial, 90 piglets were allotted in a completely randomized blocks design in a 2 x 4 + 1 factorial scheme, two glycerins, four levels (3, 6, 9 and 12%), five replicates (pens) and two piglets per pen. A control diet with no glycerin (0%) was additionally formulated. Since no effect of glycerin inclusion on pig performance occurred, it was feasible to use up to 12% of both types of glycerin on piglets feeding.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional and productive characteristics of primiparous lactating cows grazing on tropical pasture, using different levels of crude glycerin in the supplement. The experiment was conducted at Rancho Santana farm, located in Jequié city, Bahia, Brazil, in the period from December 21, 2010 to March 16, 2011. Ten ¾ Holstein × ¼ Dairy Gyr lactating primiparous cows, with 109±24 days of lactation and a mean age of 30±6 months and mean body weight of 426.2±68.29 kg were distributed into five treatments, using two simultaneous 5 × 5 latin squares. Treatments consisted of inclusion levels (0, 94, 191, 289, 389 g/kg dry matter basis) of crude glycerin in the supplement. Intake, digestibility, milk production and composition were measured. Results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and regression at 0.05 probability. For all consumption variables no significant differences were found between the levels of crude glycerin. Except for the digestibility of ether extract, all digestibility values were similar between treatments. The fat content and yield showed quadratic effect between treatments. No significant differences were observed for protein, lactose, total solids, nonfat dry extract, fat:protein ratio, milk urea nitrogen and somatic cell count between treatments. For primiparous lactating cows grazing on tropical pasture, up to 389 g of crude glycerin/kg of dietary supplement can be included without nutritional and productive interference.

This study investigated the inclusion levels of defatted maize germ (DMG) in the diet of horses by determining the apparent digestibility coefficients of the nutrients, and the physicochemical parameters of feaces and blood samples. Four adult horses, weighing 483.3 ± 27.5 kg average, arranged in 4x4 Latin square were used. The energy provided by the diets came from hay, 50% (Jiggs hay), and from the concentrate, 50%, with increasing DMG levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%). Digestibility was determined using samples from total feaces collection. The characteristics of color, consistency, pH and buffering capacity (BC) 5 and 6 of the feaces were determined daily during the collection days. The blood samples were collected by venipuncture of the jugular, with vacuum tubes, to determine the concentration of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and insulin using biochemical kits and the concentration of short-chain fatty acids, by gas chromatography. The diets did not affect significantly (P> 0.05) the digestibility of nutrients, fecal pH (mean 6.7), buffering capacity at pH 5 (22.7) and pH 6 (6.9), and fecal concentration of short-chain fatty acids. Likewise, diets did not affect significantly (P> 0.05) the blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and total short-chain fatty acids. However, diets changed significantly (P

[EN] The food processing industry generates huge volumes of waste and co-products which still contain valuable compounds. Tiger-nut milk production generates large amounts of a co-product with a high insoluble fibre content, which is interesting as a bioactive component from a nutritional viewpoint. This co-product is formed by two different tissues in composition, particle size and colour terms, so two different flours were obtained from them. Both flours were included in a wheat-based matrix at different substitution levels: 5%, 10% and 20% (d.b). The surface tension of matrices, and the wettability and diffusion of water and oil, were studied. The results showed the matrix s reduced capacity to interact with solvents, principally from the 10% substitution level, with diminished surface tension, and a longer time was needed for both water and oil to wet and diffuse., This study was supported by the Regional Valencian Ministry of Culture, Education and Sport for Scientific and Technological Politics, with the project entitled "Use of non-wheat flours, from co-products of the food industry, to produce bread, cakes and snacks (AICO/2015/107)".

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cleison_de_Souza.pdf: 1475134 bytes, checksum: 9e2a396d9018cd92e2a098c15c6e15d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior This study was accomplished with the objective of determine the chemical composition, the energy values and evaluate the inclusion of crude glycerin (CG) on the performance, blood parameters, carcass characteristics and quality of broiler bed. For that two metabolism trials were accomplished, where in both birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with a reference diet (0% CG) and three test diets (substitution 5, 10 and 15% of the RR per CG), totaling four treatments with five replicates, ten birds per experimental unit in the first trial and five birds in the second. In the first trial 200 male Cobb-500 broiler chicks (11-to-21 days old) were used. In the second trial, 100 male Cobb-500 broiler chicks (31-to-41 days old) were used. The trial period lasted ten days, five days of adaptation and five days of collect. Subsequently the samples of feces were dried in forced-air oven at 55°C, subjected to analysis of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE) and nitrogen. After, the energy values by Matterson method and the Adeola were determined. The chemical composition of CG was 90.3% DM, 88.1% glycerol, 0.20% crude protein, 3,591 kcal kg-1 of GE, 3.76% methanol, 5.3% of raw mineral oil, 0.98% sodium, 0.03% potassium in the natural matter. The mean values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), metabolization coefficient of EB (CMAGE) and corrected for nitrogen balance (CMAGEn) CG, in natural matter, for the phase from 11 to 21 days by Matterson method were 2,408 kcal kg-1, 2,397 kcal kg-1, 67.06% and 66.74%, respectively. In the phase 31 to 41 days of age, were 2,479 kcal kg-1, 2,452 kcal kg-1, 69.02% and 62.24%, respectively. According to Adeola method, AMEn value estimated was 2,505 kg-1 kcal for the trial I and 2,431 kcal kg-1 for test II. In trial of performance the birds were distributed in a completely randomized design. Six treatments (GB inclusion levels: 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9%) were used in the initial phase, eight replicates and 22 birds per experimental unit. In the growth phase each treatment used in the initial phase was dismembered in two treatments. For evaluation of blood parameters at 21 and 42 days old, four birds each were fasted for 6 hours, for blood brachial puncture. At 42 days old, four birds per treatment were slaughtered to determine carcass yield, breast, thigh, drumstick, wing, back, liver, gizzard and abdominal fat, determination of carcass composition and evaluation of meat quality. The inclusion of 5, 7 and 9 GB% resulted in a higher weight average end (WAE) and weight gain (WG) compared to the control at the stage of 1 to 21 days of age. The group that received CG total period (1-42 days) showed higher WAE and WG, and lower feed intake and feed conversion compared with the group receiving only CG up to 21 days old. By F test, differences were observed for cholesterol and ALT, and the group that received dietary CG to 21 showed the highest concentration compared to birds that received up to 42 days. From 1 to 21 days of age and total period (1 to 42 days), the crude glycerin can be included in the diets of broiler chickens to the level of 9% Esse estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a composição química, os valores energéticos e avaliar a inclusão de glicerina bruta (GB) sobre o desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos, características de carcaça e qualidade da cama de frangos de corte. Para isso foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismo e um de desempenho. Nos ensaios de metabolismo as aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com uma ração referência (0% de GB) e três rações testes (substituição de 5, 10 e 15% da RR por GB), totalizando quatro tratamentos, com cinco repetições, dez aves por unidade experimental no primeiro ensaio e cinco aves no segundo. No ensaio I foram utilizados 200 pintos de corte machos, de 11 a 21 dias de idade, já no ensaio II utilizou-se 100 pintos de corte machos, de 31 a 41 dias de idade. O período experimental teve duração de dez dias, sendo cinco dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta. Posteriormente, as amostras de excreta foram secas em estufa de circulação forçada de ar a 55ºC, submetidas à análise de matéria seca (MS), energia bruta (EB) e nitrogênio. Após, foram determinados os valores energéticos pelo método de Matterson e o de Adeola. A composição química da GB foi de 90,3% de MS, 88,1% de glicerol, 0,20% de proteína bruta, 3.591 kcal kg-1 de EB, 3,76% de metanol, 5,3% de matéria mineral, 0,98% de sódio, 0,03% de potássio, na matéria natural. Os valores médios de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), EMA corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da EB (CMAEB) e o corrigido para o balanço de nitrogênio (CMAEBn) da GB, na matéria natural, para a fase de 11 a 21 dias pelo método de Matterson foram de 2.408 kcal kg-1, 2.397 kcal kg-1, 67,06% e 66,74%, respectivamente. Na fase de 31 a 41 dias, foram de 2.479 kcal kg-1, 2.452 kcal kg-1, 69,02% e 62,24%, respectivamente. Segundo o método de Adeola, o valor de EMAn estimado foi 2.505 kcal kg-1 para o ensaio I e 2.431 kcal kg-1 para o ensaio II. No experimento de desempenho, as aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram utilizados seis tratamentos (seis níveis de inclusão de GB: 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 e 9%) na fase inicial, oito repetições e 22 aves por unidade experimental. Na fase de crescimento, cada tratamento utilizado na fase inicial foi desmembrado em dois tratamentos. As análises de colesterol, triglicerídeos (TAG), glicose, bilirubina total, creatinina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e GamaGT do sangue foram realizadas aos 21 e 42 dias. Aos 42 dias de idade, quatro aves por unidade experimental foram abatidas para determinação do rendimento de carcaça, peito, coxa, sobrecoxa, asa, fígado, moela, porcentagem de gordura abdominal, determinação da composição de carcaça e avaliação da qualidade da carne. A inclusão de 5, 7 e 9% de GB proporcionou um melhor ganho de peso (GP), em comparação ao tratamento controle na fase de 1 a 21 dias de idade. O grupo que recebeu GB no período total (1 a 42 dias) apresentou maior GP, e menor consumo de ração e melhor conversão alimentar comparado ao grupo que recebeu GB só até os 21 dias de idade. Pelo Teste F, foram observadas diferenças para o colesterol e ALT, sendo que o grupo que recebeu GB na dieta até os 21 apresentou maior concentração, quando comparados às aves que receberam até os 42 dias. Na fase de 1 a 21 dias de idade e no período total (1 a 42 dias), a glicerina bruta pode ser incluída nas dietas de frangos de corte até o nível de 9%

O experimento foi realizado com quatro novilhos Holandês x Zebu, fistulados no rúmen, mantidos em baias individuais e dispostos em um quadrado latino 4x4 repetido no tempo. Teve duração de 88 dias e os animais foram alimentados com feno de tifton-85 e mistura concentrada com farelo de soja, tortas de dendê, amendoim e girassol, que constituíram os quatro tratamentos. Avaliaram-se o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente total e o pH ruminal. O consumo de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) foi menor (P0,05). As digestibilidades totais dos nutrientes não foram influenciadas pelas dietas (P>0,05). A concentração do pH ruminal não foi influenciada pelas dietas, entretanto houve efeito do tempo de coleta. As tortas de amendoim e girassol oriundas da produção do biodiesel podem substituir o farelo de soja na dieta de novilhos. A substituição total do farelo de soja pela torta de dendê diminuiu o consumo de MS. The experiment was conducted with four rumen canulated Holstein-Zebu steers, kept in individual pens and distributed in a 4x4 Latin square with repeated measures of time. The experiment lasted 88 days and the animals were fed Tifton-85 hay and concentrate ration with soybean meal or one of the following cakes: palm kernel, peanuts or sunflower, which constituted the four treatments. Intake, total apparent digestibility and rumen pH were evaluated. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intakes were lower (P0.05). The total digestibility of nutrients was not affected by the diets (P>0.05). Rumen pH was not influenced by the diets; however, it was affected by time of collection. Peanut and sunflower cake originated from the production of biodiesel can replace the soybean meal in the diet for steers. Total replacement of soybean meal with palm kernel cake decreased DM intake.

Surplus hops (Humulus lupulus L.) that are not needed by the brewing industry could be used as a feed supplement for cattle and other ruminants. Previous research indicates that antimicrobial hops plant secondary metabolites (i.e., α- and β-acids) inhibit methane and ammonia production and promote the growth of ruminant animals. The goal was to determine that hop pellets produced for brewing still possessed the requisite antimicrobial activity after 5-year storage. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) analysis indicated that the α- and β-acid concentrations in two varieties of hops were relatively stable after 5 years of storage under N2. Either hop variety inhibited the growth of the ruminal hyper ammonia-producing bacterium, Clostridium sticklandii SR, in broth culture and Petri plate bioassays. Either hop variety inhibited ammonia production from amino acids or peptides by mixed rumen microorganisms from Holstein steers. These results are similar to those previously obtained with fresh hops, hops extracts, other antimicrobial phytochemicals and typical feed ionophores, such as monensin. The rumen-active antimicrobial phytochemicals in hops can still be present and active after years under certain storage conditions. Further investigation is warranted to determine how surplus and older hops can be used to benefit ruminant nutrition and ruminant industries.

National audience; The glycerine metabolization have influence on lipogenesis and could potentially improve the meat quality. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary glycerine level (as an energy source) on the Longissimus muscle (LM) fatty acids in bulls finished in feedlot. Forty Purunã bulls (¼ Aberdeen Angus + ¼ Caracu + ¼ Charolais + ¼ Canchim) were distributed in a completely randomised design into 4 treatments during 229-d: G00: without glycerine; G06: 6% glycerine; G12: 12% glycerine; G18: 18% glycerine on a DM. The bulls were slaughtered (472 ± 57.3 kg) at commercial slaughterhouse. LM samples were taken between the 12th and 13th ribs after chilling (24-h at 4 ºC) of the carcass. LM saturated FA concentration was reduced in bulls receiving glycerine in their diets. LM mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated FA increased in bulls fed diets with glycerine. The n-6 and n-3 PUFA concentrations increased in bulls fed diets with glycerine. The PUFA:SFA ratio was lower with the diet containing no glycerine. The PUFA n-6:PUFA n-3 ratio was not significantly different between treatments. Glycerine is an interesting source of dietary energy, which can successfully substitute corn in beef finishing diets and which provides a meat healthier fatty acids profile.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-28T16:05:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Magali Rejane Rigon_.pdf: 2117313 bytes, checksum: db2986166b3d376c1a0794834d5c1582 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-28T16:05:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magali Rejane Rigon_.pdf: 2117313 bytes, checksum: db2986166b3d376c1a0794834d5c1582 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-14 CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico A partir da idéia precursora do desenvolvimento sustentável e com a crescente preocupação com relação à geração de impactos ambientais, as empresas, para que se mantenham competitivas no mercado, necessitam melhorar seu desempenho ambiental, uma vez que esse se torna cada vez mais importante. Com essa perspectiva, a avaliação do ciclo de vida (ACV) vem se tornando importante entre as ferramentas utilizadas para auxiliar na compreensão, controle e redução dos impactos ambientais. Ela permite identificar os processos que contribuem de forma mais significativa para o impacto ambiental de um produto, ao longo do seu ciclo de vida, oferecendo suporte na tomada de decisões ambientalmente adequadas. Sendo a indústria da construção civil responsável por uma parcela significativa dos impactos ambientais negativos causados ao meio ambiente, estudos voltados para questões ambientais são cada vez mais requisitados e essa metodologia se insere como uma ferramenta indispensável para o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor. A Cinza de Casca de Arroz (CCA), um resíduo gerado em usinas termelétricas, possui potencial para ser utilizado como um coproduto no concreto, em substituição de parte do cimento. Diante do contexto apresentado, essse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar ambientalmente o uso da casca de arroz como biomassa para fins energéticos e do coproduto cinza aplicado ao concreto. Para que o objetivo do trabalho fosse atingido, foram levantados os aspectos e impactos ambientais significativos dos processos de combustão da biomassa em grelha e leito fluidizado, através de uma planilha de avaliação de aspectos e impactos ambientais. A partir da identificação dos impactos significativos procederan-se o levantamento dos dados junto às Usinas Termeletricas (UTE) em estudo. Com o apoio do Sofware ArcGis 10.0, foram mapeadas as empresas beneficiadoras de arroz do Rio Grande do Sul, as UTEs e as concreteiras distantes 100 km, 200 km, 300 km e 400 km das geradoras da CCA. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a substituição de cimento Portland por 20% de CCA LF contribui para a redução de cerca de 24% das emissões de CO2 eq do concreto em estudo, sendo que os benefícios ambientais obtidos são mantidos mesmo com a cinza distante 400 km da concreteira. Já para o concreto produzido com 20% de CCA GR os resultados mostraram uma redução de 7,7% nas emissões de CO2 eq. Os resultados foram influenciados pela qualidade da cinza gerada, que por sua vez, se relaciona aos processos de combustão da biomassa. O processo de combustão da biomassa sobre a grelha promove a combustão da casca sobre diferentes gradientes de temperatura, já o processo de combustão em leito fluidizado, gera uma combustão mais uniforme da biomassa, promovido pelo perfil de temperatura relativamente constante. Assim, a cinza gerada pelo processo de combustão da casca de arroz em leito fluidizado, além de reduzir as emissões de CO2 eq do concreto, contribui para a redução do consumo de materiais utilizados na sua fabricação, quando comparado ao concreto produzido com a cinza gerada pelo processo de combustão da casca de arroz em grelha. From the precursor idea of sustainable development and the growing concern about the generation of environmental impacts, companies to remain competitive in the market, need to improve their environmental performance, as this becomes increasingly important. With this perspective, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been gaining strength among the tools used to assist in understanding, controlling and reducing environmental impacts, since it identifies the processes that contribute most significantly to the environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle, offering support in making environmentally sound decisions. As the construction industry accounts for a significant portion of the negative environmental impacts caused to the environment, studies focused on environmental issues are increasingly required and this methodology is included as an indispensable tool for sustainable development of the sector. The rice husk ash (RHA), a residue generated in thermal power plants, has the potential to be used as a co-product in concrete, cement replacement part. In front of the context presented, the aimed to evaluate the use of environmentally rice husks as biomass for energy purposes and gray coproduct applied to the concrete. For the purpose of the work was reached, the significant environmental aspects and impacts of processes combustion of biomass in grate and fluidized bed were raised through a spreadsheet evaluation of environmental aspects and impacts. From the identification of significant impacts the data collection is procedure together to power plants under study. With the support of Software ArcGIS 10.0, mapped the rice processing companies of Rio Grande do Sul, the thermal power plants and concrete producers distant 100 km, 200 km, 300 km and 400 km from the RHA generators. The results show that the replacement of Portland cement with 20% RHA FB contributes to a reduction of about 24% of CO2 eq concrete under study, and the environmental benefits achieved are maintained even with the distant gray 400 km of service concreting plant. As for the concrete produced with 20% RHA GR results showed a reduction of about 7,7% of CO2 eq concrete under study. The results were influenced by the quality of ash generated, which in turn, relates to the biomass combustion processes. The process of combustion of the biomass over the grid promotes the combustion of the shell over various temperature gradients, since the process of fluidized bed combustion, produces a more uniform combustion of biomass, promoted by the relatively constant temperature profile. Thus, the ash generated by the combustion process of rice husk fluidized bed, and reduce emissions of CO2 eq concrete, helps to reduce the consumption of materials used in its manufacture when compared to concrete produced with the ash generated by the combustion process of rice husk grid.

Dentre as espécies nativas de importância no Cerrado brasileiro, destacam-se a cagaiteira (Eugenia dysenterica), mama-cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trecul) e a mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes). A utilização de sementes como co-produtos torna-se alternativa para a redução do lixo orgânico, podendo ser incorporado em formulações de diversos produtos alimentícios. Desta forma objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico sobre as propriedades funcionais tecnológicas, as características nutricionais e os fatores antinutricionais de farinhas de sementes de frutos do Cerrado, a saber, cagaita, mama-cadela e mangaba, submetidas à secagem a 60 °C e às torras a 110 °C e 130 °C durante 10, 20 e 30 minutos, comparando-as à semente in natura. Avaliou-se as características físico-químicas (cor, índice de absorção em água (IAA), índice de solubilidade em água (ISA), índice de absorção em óleo (IAO), índice de absorção em leite (IAL) e índice de solubilidade em leite (ISL), atividade de água, pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável total, composição centesimal, valor energético total, compostos fenólicos, potencial antioxidante, perfil de minerais, compostos cianogênicos, taninos, fitatos e inibidores de tripsina). O tratamento térmico influenciou, significativamente, nos diferentes compostos presentes nas farinhas de sementes de cagaita, mama-cadela e mangaba. Nas amostras analisadas não foi detectada presença de compostos cianogênicos. O tratamento térmico reduziu a quantidade de inibidores de tripsina das amostras, de farinhas de sementes de cagaita e mangaba, em comparação com a amostra in natura. Também, influenciou na diminuição do teor de fitatos de todas as amostras analisadas. Em contrapartida, o tratamento térmico intensificou os teores de taninos em todas as farinhas avaliadas. Concluiu-se, portanto, que as farinhas de sementes pesquisadas apresentaram bom valor nutritivo, presença de quantidades significativas de minerais da Ingestão Diária Recomendada (IDR) para adultos, gestantes e crianças, exibiram compostos bioativos e demonstraram atividade antioxidante, além de sua utilização ser alternativa para a indústria de alimentos, por apresentarem características de absorção, em água, óleo e leite, e de solubilidade, em água e leite. Among the native species of importance in the Brazilian Cerrado, stand out cagaiteira (Eugenia dysenterica), mama-cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul) and mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes). The use of seeds as co-products becomes alternative for the reduction of organic waste, may be incorporated into formulations of various food products. Thus objective with this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the technological functional properties, nutritional characteristics and anti-nutritional factors of Cerrado fruits seed meal, namely cagaita, mama-cadela and mangaba submitted to drying at 60 °C and roasts to 110 °C and 130 °C for 10, 20 and 30 minutes compared to the seed in nature. We evaluated the physical-chemical characteristics (color, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), oil absorption index (OAI), milk absorption index (MAI), and milk solubility index (MSI), water activity, pH, soluble solids, total acidity, chemical composition, total energy intake, phenolic compounds, antioxidant potential, mineral profile, cyanogenic compounds, tannins, phytates and trypsin inhibitors). The heat treatment influenced significantly in the different compounds present in cagaita seed meal, mama-cadela and mangaba. In the samples was not detected the presence of cyanogenic compounds. The heat treatment decreased the amount of trypsin inhibitors from samples, and the cagaita mangaba seed meal, compared with the sample in nature. Also influenced the decrease in the phytate content of all samples. In contrast, the thermal treatment increased tannin levels in all evaluated flours. It was concluded, therefore, that the surveyed seed meal has good nutritive value, the presence of significant amounts of minerals from the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) for adults, pregnant women and children, exhibited bioactive compounds and showed antioxidant activity, and its use is alternatively for the food industry because it has absorption characteristics in water, oil and milk, and solubility in water and milk. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

The use of alternative feedstuffs in animal diet, such as residues derived from the biodiesel production aims to increase productivity and reduce costs in animal production. Them aim of this study was to evaluate the substitution effect of 0, 22, 44 and 64% of soybean meal protein by Crambe cake (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) protein in lamb diet. In the in vivo experiment, 20 lambs were used and evaluated the apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and voluntary DM intake. The replacement of the protein resulted in a linear decrease in apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), gross energy (GE), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose (CEL) and the percentage of total digestible nutrients (TDN), which resulted in decreased daily DM intake. The blood level of urea, glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were not affected. In vitro gas production technique (GP) evaluation of diets showed a significantly decrease (P

Homeopathy is a complementary and alternative medicine system and has user-friendly applications and extensive clinical literature. Homeopathic products are manufactured by dynamization, which consists of sequential dilutions by stirrings in small volumes and has applications to both human and animal diets. Homeopatila 100® is a homeopathic complex designed to decrease stress in production and guarantee the well-being of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Tilapia is the second group of fish most produced worldwide and marketing grows an average grow 10% per year. The world aquiculture production forecast for 2030 ranges among 79 and 110 million tons of fish, including significant growth in the production of Nile tilapia. Hence, it is desirable to develop products that enable the use of processing waste for human consumption. The filleting residue has 60-70% of the total weight of tilapia. The use of mechanically separated meat (MSM) enables the use of 14% of the fish total weight. The nuggets are restructured, breaded and prepared from the flesh disintegration by mechanical methods. The manufacture of these products with MSM uses the processing residues, avoids health and environmental problems and adds commercial value to the final product. This study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics and microbiological quality of fillets, nuggets and MSM and to analyse sensory the fillets and nuggets of tilapia that consumed Homeopatila 100®. With the Nile tilapia we evaluated two diets: one control with 40 mL of a hydro-alcohol solution 30% v/v per kg of diet and the other Homeopatila 100® with 40 mL / kg of the homeopathic product. The tilapia had average weight of 101.12 g (±17.73) and 99.73 g (±19.85) and total average length of 18.52 cm (± 6.00) and 18.05 cm (±1.11), respectively, 160 fish were distributed in 8 water tanks, totaling 20 animals in each of the boxes with individual capacity for 600L of water. Physical and chemical parameters of water and the performance of the fish were evaluated (they were killed after 84 days of treatment). At the end of the experiment, all fish were caught by nets, sensitized and killed by breaking the spine and obtained the fillets. The fillets were immediately vacuum-conditioned in smooth transparent nylon bags and frozen at -18 °C until nugget preparation. The MSM was retrieved and stored in polyethylene bags, separately each of the treatments, frozen at -86 °C and stored at -18 °C. During the experiment the physical and chemical parameters of the water and the fish performance were evaluated. Were realized physical, chemical and microbiological analyses of fillet and MSM and sensory analyses of fillet were performed. The nuggets were performed on three formulations with 25, 50 and 75% of MSM for each of the treatments. The stability of formulations were evaluated through analysis of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) (on days 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120). Microbiological analyzes were conducted to coliforms were evaluated at 45 °C, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase, Bacillus cereus, counting viable aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic and Salmonella sp., and acceptance of attributes color, aroma, tenderness, taste and overall impression were evaluated, using 9-point hedonic scale and also Buying Intention, test the 5-point ranging. There was no significant difference (p>0,05) between the physical and chemical characteristics of water. Fish fed diet containing the homeopathic product enhanced tilapia production Greater weight gain (207.16 g), fillets with softer tissue (6.08 N ± 0.04), higher Aw (0.990 ± 0.001), less total amounts of psychotropic aerobic bacteria (2.12 ± 0.01 Log10 UFC/g) and low component value of color L* (luminosity) (65.78 ± 0.37) and b* (yellow/blue) (1.50 ± 0.01) for MSM and of high value of a* (red/green) for MSM (13.54 ± 0.11) and fillets (4.93 ± 0.03). The sensory acceptability of the filet was 80.11% indicating that it exposed for sale have good acceptance by the market. The nuggets with 75% MSM revealed a higher pH (5.89 ± 0.02), the tissue was softer (1.29N ± 0.04), and they had a higher lipid value (15.96% ± 0.05). With 50% and 75%, the color (L*) was darker (60.76% ± 0.91 and 60.03% ± 0.78), and there were lower protein amounts (15.54% ± 0.31 and 13.55% ± 0.35). Nuggets had an acceptable value of lipid oxidation (0.672 ± 0.007 mg MDA/kg). The results of fillet, MSN and nugget for the microbiological analyses demonstrated that the product met the requirements of legislation. The results of the colors of fillet and MSM these relate to the results fish stressed prior to slaughter. The results indicated that the use of Homeopatila 100® in the diet of the Nile tilapia did not change the muscle quality, ensuring consumer acceptability. Nuggets with 25% and 50% MSM were deemed acceptable. There was no difference (p>0.05) between the control treatment group and the Homeopatila 100® group for the analysis undertaken with the Nugget. Therefore, the results indicated that the use of Homeopatila 100® in the diet of the Nile tilapia did not change the physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory quality characteristics of the nuggets Homeopatia é um sistema de medicina complementar e alternativa que tem aplicações de fácil utilização e extensa literatura clínica. Os produtos homeopáticos são fabricados por dinamização, que consiste em diluições sequenciais por agitação em pequenos volumes e tem aplicações nas dietas humanas e animais. A Homeopatila 100® é um produto homeopático elaborado com o propósito de diminuir o estresse na produção e garantir o bem estar de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). A tilápia é o segundo grupo de peixes mais produzido em todo o mundo e sua comercialização cresce, em média, 10% ao ano. A previsão de produção na aquicultura mundial para 2030 situa-se entre 79 e 110 milhões de toneladas de peixe, incluindo um crescimento significativo na produção de tilápia do Nilo. Com isso, é desejável desenvolver produtos que permitam a utilização de resíduos de processamento para consumo humano. O resíduo da filetagem tem 60-70% do peso total de tilápia. A utilização de carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) permite o aproveitamento de 14% do peso total dos peixes. Os nuggets são reestruturados, preparados à milanesa a partir da desintegração da carne por métodos mecânicos. A fabricação destes produtos com CMS utiliza os resíduos de processamento, evita problemas ambientais e agrega valor comercial ao produto final. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características físicas, químicas e qualidade microbiológica dos filés, nuggets e CMS e analisar sensorialmente os filés e nuggets produzidos a partir de tilápia tratadas com Homeopatila 100®. Com as tilápias do Nilo foram avaliadas duas dietas: uma controle com 40 mL de uma solução hidro-álcool (álcool 30% v/v) por kg de ração e outra Homeopatila 100® com 40 mL/kg do produto homeopático. As tilápias tinham peso médio inicial de 101,12 g (± 17,73) e 99,73 g (± 19,85) e comprimento total médio de 18,52 centímetros (± 6,00) e 18,05 centímetros (± 1,11), respectivamente. Foram distribuídos 160 peixes em oito tanques de água, totalizando 20 animais em cada uma das caixas com capacidade individual de 600L de água. Avaliou-se os parâmetros físicos e químicos da água e do desempenho dos peixes (eutanasiados após 84 dias de tratamento). No final do experimento, todos os peixes foram capturados por redes, sensibilizados e mortos por rompimento da coluna vertebral e filetados. Os filés foram imediatamente acondicionados em sacos de nylon, lisos, transparentes e congelados a -18 °C, até a preparação do nugget. A CMS de cada um dos tratamentos foi elaborada e preparada separadamente, acondicionada em sacos de polietileno, congelada a -86 °C e armazenada a -18 °C. Durante o experimento, foram avaliados os parâmetros físicos e químicos da água e do desempenho dos peixes. Foram realizadas análises física, química, e microbiológicas de filé e CMS e análises sensoriais de filé. Foram preparadas três formulações com 25, 50 e 75% de CMS para cada um dos tratamentos. As formulações foram avaliadas quanto à estabilidade através da análise de Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) (nos 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). Foram conduzidas análises microbiológicas para coliformes a 45 °C, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Bacillus cereus, contagem de aeróbios mesófilos viáveis e psicrotróficos e Salmonella sp. A aceitação dos atributos cor, aroma, maciez, sabor e impressão global, foi avaliada utilizando-se a escala hedônica de 9 pontos e a intenção de compra, em escala de 5 pontos. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre as características físicas e químicas da água. Os peixes alimentados com dietas contendo o produto homeopático apresentaram maior ganho de peso (207,16 g), filés mais macios (6,08 N ± 0,04), menor Aw (0,990 ± 0,001), menor contagem de bactérias aeróbias psicrotróficas (2,12 ± 0,01 Log10 UFC/g) e menor componente de luminosidade L* (65,78 ± 0,37) e b* (amarelo / azul) (1,50 ± 0,01) para CMS e maior valor de a* (vermelho/verde) para CMS (13,54 ± 0,11) e filés (4,93 ± 0,03). A aceitabilidade sensorial dos filés foi de 80,11% indicando que se expostos à venda teriam boa aceitabilidade pelo mercado consumidor. Os nuggets com 75% CMS apresentaram um pH mais elevado (5,89 ± 0,02), menor textura (1,29N ± 0,04), e valor mais elevado de lipídios (15,96% ± 0,05). Com 50% e 75%, observou-se a coloração (L*) mais escura (60,76% ± 0,91 e 60,03 ± 0,78%), e quantidade de proteína mais baixa (15,54% ± 0,31 e 13,55 ± 0,35%). Os nuggets apresentaram um valor aceitável de oxidação lipídica (0,672 ± 0,007 mg MDA/kg). Os resultados das análises microbiológicas do filé, CMS e nuggets demonstraram que o produto atendeu às exigências da legislação. Os resultados das cores de filé e CMS relacionam-se com os resultados de peixes estressados antes do abate. Os resultados indicaram que a utilização de Homeopatila 100® na dieta da tilápia não alterou a qualidade muscular, garantindo a aceitabilidade do consumidor. Nuggets com 25% e 50% de CMS foram satisfatoriamente aceitos. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre o controle e o tratamento Homeopatila 100® para as análises realizadas com o nugget. Portanto, indicaram que o uso de Homeopatila 100® na dieta da tilápia do Nilo não alterou as características de qualidade físicas, químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais dos filés e CMS. 58 f

5th Euro Asia Civil Engineering Forum (EACEF) -- SEP 15-18, 2015 -- Petra Christian Univ, Surabaya, INDONESIA, WOS: 000370957800045, The increasing cost and depletion of fossil-based energy combined with the problems of global warming is driving the development of bio-based energy products from plant biomass as renewable energy. The utilization of biofuel co-product (BCP) in new industrial applications should be investigated to increase the profitability of bio-based products and the bio-energy business. One such area of high-impact application is the stabilization of low quality roadbed soils with sulfur-free lignins found in BCPs. Recently, researchers are taking interest in investigating the viability and use of biofuel derived sulfur-free lignins for soil stabilization. This study aims to investigate the utilization of biofuel co-products (BCPs) containing lignin in pavement geomaterials stabilization. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of BCP addition on strength performance for a wide range of soils encountered in Iowa. Two different sulfur-free lignins were investigated: Co-product A is a liquid material with higher lignin content and co-product B is a powder material with lower lignin content. For all soil types, a significant increase in compressive strength was observed once 12% BCP B was added to pure soil. The compressive strength values were increase up to two times for Soil 2 (CL-ML) and four times for Soil 4 (ML). The results of these study indicated that the BCP has excellent potential for stabilizing low quality materials for use in road construction. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd., Univ Pelita Harapan, Univ Atma Jaya Yogyakarta

This research was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of glycerin levels inclusion in high performance diets for feedlot beef cattle on apparent digestibility of nutrients, dry matter intake, daily gain, feed efficiency and hot carcass yield. Thirty-two Brangus bulls were used, with initial body weight of 380 ± 20 kg, in a completely randomized design. Animals were housed in individual pens and subjected to 21 days of diets and facilities adaptation, followed by five experimental periods of 21 days each. The experimental diets were formulated so that the corn was replaced by glycerin at 0, 70, 140 and 210 g kg-1 levels, in the dry matter of total diet. Inclusion of glycerin in the diets up to 210 g kg-1 did not influence (P>0.05) apparent digestibility of dry matter (738.1 g kg-1), organic matter (747 g kg-1), crude protein (755.1 g kg-1), neutral detergent fiber (580.2 g kg-1) and total digestible nutrients (707.2 g kg-1). Glycerin inclusion in the diets did not influence (P>0.05) total dry matter intake (10.667 kg dia-1). Still, feed efficiency (0.133 kg kg-1), average daily gain (1.42 kg) and hot carcass yield (543.7 kg kg-1) have not been influenced by the glycerin (P>0.05). Glycerin can replace up to 1/3 of the corn and compose up to 21% of the diet for confined beef cattle with high gain rate, without changing apparent digestibility of nutrients, dry feed intake, daily gain, feed efficiency and hot carcass yield. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho pela glicerina em dietas de alto desempenho para bovinos confinados, sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta, o consumo de matéria seca, o ganho diário, a eficiência alimentar e o rendimento de carcaça quente. Foram utilizados 32 tourinhos da raça Brangus, com peso inicial de 380 ± 20 kg, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram confinados em baias individuais e submetidos a 21 dias de adaptação à dieta e às instalações, seguido de 5 períodos experimentais de 21 dias cada. As dietas experimentais foram formuladas de forma que o milho fosse substituído por glicerina nos níveis 0, 70, 140 e 210 g kg-1 de matéria seca na dieta total. A inclusão de glicerina na dieta até 210 g kg-1 não influenciou (P>0,05) a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (738,1 g kg-1), matéria orgânica (747 g kg-1), proteína bruta (755,1 g kg-1), fibra em detergente neutro (580,2 g kg-1) e os nutrientes digestíveis totais (707,2 g kg-1). A inclusão de glicerina na dieta não influenciou (P>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca total (10.667 g kg-1). Ainda não foram influenciados pelo uso da glicerina a eficiência alimentar (0,133 kg kg-1), o ganho médio diário (1,42 kg) e o rendimento de carcaça quente (543,7 kg kg-1). A glicerina pode substituir até 1/3 do milho e compor até 21% da dieta de bovinos confinados com alta taxa de ganho, sem alterar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes da dieta, o consumo, o desempenho animal e a eficiência alimentar. x, 29 f

Effects of microbial transglutaminase (mTG), mushroom tyrosinase and an apple powder containing transglutaminase (TG) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) on the structure of industrial pork meat homogenate were studied. Apple powder and mTG both increased the value of storage modulus (G′). Mushroom tyrosinase was not able to affect gel forming with the used dosages and treatment conditions. All the enzymes studied were able to improve gel hardness of unheated meat homogenate at 4 °C to a certain extent. In gel hardness measurements added cysteine affected positively on the apple powder—treated pork meat and negatively on mTG—and tyrosinase-treated meat. Surprisingly cysteine addition nullified also the action of mTG. Hence powdered apple pulp, a recovered co-product of an industrial process, may contain suitable enzyme activities for food protein stabilization.

Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a substituição parcial do milho (15% da MS total da dieta) e adição de óleos de caju e mamona sobre o comportamento ingestivo de Nelore machos, confinados. Trinta bovinos de 24 ± 2 meses de idade e 400 ± 34 kg de peso corporal foram usados. Os animais foram distribuídos em um modelo estatístico inteiramente casualizado (10 animais por tratamento) e estabulados em baias coletivas. As dietas experimentais foram: Controle – CON; Glicerina – GLI e GOF – Glicerina + óleos funcionais. As escalas de observações não influenciaram o tempo de ingestão, ruminação e ócio, assim como o número total de mastigação; entretanto, o número de período e o tempo de período de cada atividade diferiram entre os tempos de escalas. Não houve diferença para os turnos de observações e número de observações por turno para as variáveis analisadas. A inclusão de glicerina na dieta reduziu o tempo de ruminação e aumentou o tempo de ócio. O número de período tanto de ingestão como de ócio, e o tempo de ócio diferiram entre as dietas. No entanto, o número de período de ruminação, tempo de ingestão e período de ruminação foi similar entre as dietas. A inclusão de glicerina e óleos funcionais na dieta aumentou o número de bolos ruminados por dia, número de mastigação por dia e tempo total de mastigação dos bovinos. This study was carried out to evaluate partial replacing of corn (15% of total diet DM) and cashew and castor oils addition on ingestive behavior of Nellore bulls in feedlot. Thirty bulls of 24 ± 2 months old and 400 ± 34 kg body weight were used. The bulls were distributed in a completely randomized design (10 bulls per treatment) and housed in collective pens. The experimental diets were: Control – CON; Glycerine – GLY and Glycerine + Functional oils. The observation scales did not influence time spent eating, ruminating or resting, as well as, the total number of chewing; however the number of periods and the time period for such activities differed among the scales time. There was no difference for the number of observations turns and number of observations per turn for analyzed variables. Glycerine inclusion in the diets caused a decrease on ruminating time and an increase in resting time. The numbers for both eating and resting periods, and time per resting period differed among diets, however, the number for ruminating period, eating time and rumination period were similar among diets. Both glycerine and functional oils inclusion in the diets increased the number of ruminated bolus per day, number of chewed per day and total chewing time for cattle.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fermentative losses and nutritional value of elephant grass silages with the increasing of inclusion levels of dehydrated banana peel. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and four replications, being the silage exclusively from elephant grass, and five levels of inclusion of banana peel to the elephant grass silage, as the following - 5; 10; 15; 20 and 25%, being added based on natural matter. The addition of the banana peel in the silage reduced linearly (p < 0.05) the pH, the ammoniacal nitrogen and the losses of the fermentative process. In addition, the inclusion of banana peel increased linearly (p < 0.05) the dry matter and non-fibrous carbohydrates. On the other hand, the neutral detergent fiber and the acid detergent fiber were linearly reduced with the inclusion of the banana peel (p < 0.05), but there was no change in the dry matter digestibility in situ. The inclusion of dehydrated banana peel in elephant grass silage reduces the losses of the fermentation process with more consistent results at the 25% inclusion level, however, it reduces the silage nutritional value due to fibrous and protein quality. RESUMO. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar as perdas fermentativas e o valor nutricional das silagens de capim-elefante com níveis crescentes de inclusão da casca de banana desidratada. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo silagem exclusiva de capim-elefante e cinco níveis de inclusão da casca de banana à silagem de capim-elefante - 5; 10; 15; 20 e 25%, sendo adicionada com base na matéria natural. A adição da casca de banana na ensilagem reduziu linearmente (p < 0,05) o pH, nitrogênio amoniacal e as perdas do processo fermentativo. Ademais, a inclusão da casca de banana aumentou de forma linear (p < 0,05) a matéria seca e os carboidratos não fibrosos. Já a fibra em detergente neutro e em detergente ácido reduziu linearmente com inclusão da casca de banana (p < 0,05), mas não houve alteração na digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca. A inclusão de casca de banana desidratada na ensilagem do capim-elefante reduz as perdas do processo fermentativo com resultados mais consistentes no nível de 25% de inclusão, entretanto, reduz o valor nutricional por detrimento da qualidade fibrosa e proteica.

Em consequência da estacionalidade das pastagens no período seco no Brasil, as forrageiras não fornecem quantidades de nutrientes suficientes em todas as épocas do ano para manter os índices produtivos dos animais, sendo recomendável a conservação da forragem de qualidade na forma, por exemplo, de silagem. Visando o baixo custo no processo de ensilagem, alternativas surgem para a conservação de forragens com a adição de resíduos ou co-produtos agroindustriais que possibilitem a melhoria das características químicas da massa ensilada. Objetivando a determinação químico-bromatológica, o pH, a produção de gás, a recuperação da MS, a acidez titulável, o nitrogênio amoniacal, a estabilidade aeróbia e a digestibilidade in vitro da silagem de sorgo com diferentes níveis do resíduo da colheita da soja, foi realizado um experimento na Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, pelo uso de 10 minissilos contendo 1 kg de areia fina seca no fundo, separada da silagem por um tecido de algodão e providos de tampa com válvula tipo Bunsen. Após 50 dias, os minissilos foram abertos para a avaliação da estabilidade aeróbia, 500 g de silagem foram separadas em baldes plásticos de capacidade de 2 L em duplicada, sendo que uma era composta por um termômetro com mercúrio inserido na massa. Estes baldes permaneceram em estufa a 25ºC, com aferição das temperaturas (termômetros de mercúrio e digital) de 12 em 12 horas até observação do aumento de 2ºC acima da temperatura ambiente. Todas as análises dos dados foram realizadas no programa SAS versão 9.3 (2010) a 5% de probabilidade. Para o efeito da substituição do resíduo da colheita da soja nas características de composição da silagem foi considerando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições e a comparação dos tratamentos realizada por contraste ortogonal. Para avaliar o comportamento de exposição aeróbia utilizou-se parcela subdividida, considerando o efeito da substituição do resíduo na parcela e o dia de amostragem na sub-parcela. As comparações das médias foram realizadas utilizando o teste de Tukey. Para comparar os valores da taxa de estabilidade em função do tipo de termômetro (mercúrio ou infra vermelho) foi utilizada equação de regressão entre as duas estimativas, Y(Tdigital) = ß0+ ß1X (Tmercúrio), empregando o teste “t”, para verificar se a inclinação da reta obtida pela regressão difere da reta ideal de igualdade entre as técnicas (Y=X). Também, foi realizada análise de variância na avaliação do nível de substituição do resíduo separadamente para cada termômetro. As a result of pasture seasonality during the Brazil dry season forages do not provide sufficient amounts nutrients, to the animals production rates and because of this it is recommended the retention of quality forage as silage. Always aiming at the low cost of silage production, alternatives arise for forage conservation with the addition of wastes, allowing improvement of the chemical characteristics of the silage mass. Aiming chemical-bromatological determination, pH, gas production, recovery of DM, titratable acidity, ammonia nitrogen, aerobic exposure and in vitro digestibility of sorghum silage added with soybean crop residue, performed a experiment at the Federal University of Goias, Regional Jataí, characterized by 10 mini-silos containing 1 kg of dry fine sand at the bottom, separated by a silage cotton fabric and fitted with Bunsen valve cap with type. After 50 days, the mini-silos were opened and made the analyzes. For evaluation of aerobic exposure, 500 g silage were separated into plastic buckets capacity 2 L in duplicate, one of which consisted of a mercury thermometer inserted into the mass. These buckets remained in an incubator at 25°C, with measurement of temperature (mercury thermometer and digital thermometer) of 12 in 12 hours to observe the increase of 2°C above ambient temperature. All data analyzes were performed using SAS version 9.3 (2010) a 5% probability program. For the effect of the addition of soybean residue on the compositional characteristics of the silage was considering completely randomized with six replications, and the comparison of levels of addition of soybean crop residue was orthogonal contrast. To evaluate the performance of aerobic exposure, used it as a split plot design, considering the effect of the addition of the residue in the plot and sampling day in the sub-plot. Comparisons between means were performed using the Tukey test. To compare the values of rate stability depending on the type of thermometer (mercury or infra red) was used regression equation between the two estimates, Y (Tdigital) = ß0+ ß1X (Tmercury), using the "t" test, to verify if the slope of the line obtained by regression differs from the ideal straight equality between techniques (Y = X). Also, analysis of variance was performed on the evaluation of the level of waste additions separately for each thermometer.

Foi realizado um experimento para determinar a composição química e digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia do resíduo de batata palha (RBP), resíduo de pipoca doce (RPD), resíduo de biscoito de trigo doce (RBT), e resíduo de biscoito de trigo salgado (RBS) para leitões. Foram determinados os valores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria mineral (MM), cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), sódio (Na) e energia bruta (EB). A digestibilidade dos alimentos foi avaliada utilizando 18 suínos alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo durante dois períodos consecutivos de 12 dias, sendo sete para adaptação e cinco destinados à coleta total de fezes. Os resultados de PB obtidos foram relativamente baixos, sendo 7,2; 6,0; 6,8 e 3,4% para o RBP, RPD, RBT e RBS, respectivamente. Os conteúdos de EE foram de 39,64; 7,12; 12,40; e 22,28% para o RBP, RPD, RBT e RBS, respectivamente. Os valores de Ca e P foram baixos e, em todos os coprodutos, inferiores a 0,18%. Teores elevados de Na foram encontrados no RBP e RBS (0,9 e 1,36%, respectivamente). A EB foi de 6.065; 4.199; 4.494; e 5.032 kcal kg-1 para RBP, RPD, RBT e RBS, respectivamente. Os valores de ED foram de 5.686; 3.995; 3.916 e 4.953 kcal kg-1, para RBP, RPD, RBT, e RBS e mostraram correlação linear e positiva (r2=0,97; P

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-02T12:39:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-01Bitstream added on 2015-02-02T13:08:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1413-70542014000400010.pdf: 372180 bytes, checksum: 578facfc6eb6a9a5ec8ac6513dcb8645 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A semente do maracujá é um subproduto da extração da polpa do maracujá, podendo ser utilizado na alimentação dos suínos. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos (digestibilidade e desempenho), objetivando avaliar a utilização do farelo da semente de maracujá na alimentação de suínos em crescimento e terminação. Inicialmente foi realizado um ensaio de digestibilidade com suínos em crescimento e terminação, em que o farelo da semente de maracujá (FSM) substituiu a ração referência (0% FSM) em níveis de 4, 8, 12 e 16%. Foram utilizados 30 suínos, machos castrados, com peso vivo médio inicial de 36,85±4,19. O FSM apresentou ED e EM de 3.244 e 3.223 Mcal/kg, respectivamente. No ensaio de desempenho, foram utilizados 150 suínos, sendo 75 na fase de crescimento e 75 na fase de terminação, com peso vivo inicial de 30,63±1,49 e final de 60,38±4,75 kg e 60,40±1,50 e 90,02±4,84 kg, respectivamente. Foram utilizadas cinco dietas, sendo quatro níveis de inclusão do FSM (4, 8, 12 e 16%) e uma ração testemunha (0% do FSM). Os níveis do FSM não influenciaram (P>0,05) as variáveis de desempenho. Na fase de crescimento, os níveis séricos de colesterol aumentaram linearmente (P0,05) pelos níveis crescentes do FSM nas dietas. Conclui-se que o FSM pode ser utilizado em até 16% em dietas de suínos em crescimento e terminação. The passion fruit seed is a byproduct of the extraction of the passion fruit pulp and can be used for feeding to pigs. Two experiments were conducted (digestibility and performance) to evaluate the use of the passion fruit seed meal in feed for growing and finishing pigs. A digestibility trial was conducted with growing and finishing pigs, in which the passion fruit seed meal (PSM) replaced the reference diet (0% PSM) in levels of 4, 8, 12 and 16%. Thirty barrows were used with average weight of 36.85±4.19. The PSF showed DE and ME of 3.244 and 3.223 Mcal/kg, respectively. In the performance trial, were used 150 pigs, which 75 in the growing phase and 75 pigs in the finishing, with initial body weight of 30.63±1.49 and final of 60.38±4.75 kg and 60.40±1.50 and 90.02±4.84 kg, respectively. Five diets were used, with four inclusion levels of PSM (4, 8, 12 e 16%) and one control diet (0% of PSM). The PSM levels did not influence (P>0.05) the performance variables. In the growing pigs, serum levels of cholesterol increased linearly with (P0.05) by increasing levels of PSM in the diets. We conclude that the PSM can be used up to 16% in growing and finishing pigs diets. Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual de Maringá Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias

The nutritional value and the performance of piglets fed on diets with semipurified glycerin (SPGV) and mixed (SPGM) vegetable oil was determined and evaluated. Thirty-two crossbred piglets, allotted in a completely randomized block design, were used in the digestibility trial. Two types of glycerin (SPGV and SPGM) and three levels of diet (4, 8 and 12%) were studied. The experimental unit consisted of one piglet. Glycerins' metabolizable energy (ME) was estimated by regression of ME (kcal kg-1) intake associated with glycerin vs. glycerin intake (kg). ME as-feed-basis rates were 3,373 for SPGV and 2,932 for SPGM, or rather, the glycerins are highly available energy source for piglets. In the performance trial, 90 piglets were allotted in a completely randomized blocks design in a 2 x 4 + 1 factorial scheme, two glycerins, four levels (3, 6, 9 and 12%), five replicates (pens) and two piglets per pen. A control diet with no glycerin (0%) was additionally formulated. Since no effect of glycerin inclusion on pig performance occurred, it was feasible to use up to 12% of both types of glycerin on piglets feeding. Determinou-se o valor nutricional e avaliou-se o desempenho de leitões alimentados com rações contendo glicerinas semipurificadas de origem vegetal (GSPV) e mista (GSPM). Na digestibilidade foram utilizados 32 leitões, machos castrados, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Foram estudadas duas glicerinas (GSPV e GSPM) e três níveis de inclusão na dieta-teste (4, 8 e 12%). A unidade experimental consistiu de um leitão. A energia metabolizável (EM) das glicerinas foi estimada pela análise de regressão do consumo de EM (kcal kg-1) associada à glicerina vs. o consumo de glicerina (kg). Os valores de EM (kcal kg-1), na matéria natural, obtidos foram 3.373 para GSPV e 2.932 para GSPM, indicando que as duas glicerinas são fontes de alta energia disponível para a alimentação de leitões. No desempenho, foram utilizados 90 leitões, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 + 1, sendo duas glicerinas, quatro níveis de inclusão (3, 6, 9 e 12%), cinco repetições e dois leitões por unidade experimental. Adicionalmente foi formulada uma ração-testemunha sem glicerina (0%). Não houve efeito do nível de inclusão de glicerina sobre o desempenho, sugerindo que é viável a utilização em até 12% de ambas as glicerinas na alimentação de leitões.

Foram conduzidos três experimentos para determinar o valor nutricional das leveduras spray-dry cana-de-açúcar (LEV35) e levedura mista (cerveja + cana-de-açúcar - LEV40) e o efeito da inclusão da LEV40 em rações para leitões sobre o desempenho e viabilidade econômica. No ensaio de digestibilidade total foram utilizados 15 leitões machos castrados, com 21,49 ± 4,85 kg de peso vivo, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os valores de energias digestível e metabolizável na matéria natural para a LEV35 e LEV40 foram de 2788 e 3455 (kcal/kg); 2761 e 3289 (kcal/kg), respectivamente. No primeiro ensaio de desempenho foram avaliados cinco níveis de inclusão da LEV40 (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 %) na forma farelada, utilizando 50 leitões, com peso inicial de 14,60 ± 1,28 kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizado. No segundo ensaio de desempenho foram avaliados os cinco níveis de inclusão utilizados no ensaio anterior nas formas farelada ou peletizada, utilizando 80 leitões, com peso inicial de 15,16 ± 2,00 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 2. Os resultados indicam que a inclusão de até 20 % da LEV40 em rações para leitões nas duas formas não afeta o desempenho. Entretanto, a viabilidade econômica vai depender da relação de preços entre os ingredientes. Three experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional values of the spray-dry yeast sugar cane (LEV35) and mixed (brewer + sugar cane - LEV40) and the inclusion effect on starting pigs diets on performance and economic feasibility. In total digestibility assays were used fifteen barrow pigs with initial body weight of 21.49 ± 4.85 kg were allotted in a completely randomized design. The values of digestible and metabolizable energy as-fed basis for LEV35 and LEV40 were: 2788 and 3455 (kcal/kg); 2761 and 3289 (kcal/kg), respectively. In performance trial were evaluated five inclusions levels of LEV40 (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 %) utilizing 50 piglets, with initial weight of 14.60 ± 1.28 kg in meal form, distributed in a completely randomized bloc design. In second performance trial were evaluated five inclusions levels of previous assay in meal form or pellet form, using 80 piglets, with initial weight of 15.16 ± 2.00 kg, allotted in a completely randomized factorial 5 x 2. The results indicate that the inclusion of up to 20 % of LEV40 in diets for piglets in the two forms did not affect performance. However, the economic feasibility will depend on the price relationship between the ingredients.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:47:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eveline_Berwanger.pdf: 1210601 bytes, checksum: 73d43dc49010c0ac9be8f84d2084e18a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-12 Fundação Araucária Four experiments were conducted in order to carry out the assessment of nutritional sunflower cake for broilers. The Sunflower cake samples used in the experiments were submitted bromatological analysis. The first study aimed to evaluate the energy values of sunflower cake for broilers using the method of total excreta collection. For this work were used 100 broiler chickens 21-31 days old. The birds were fed diets containing 10, 20, 30 and 40% inclusion of sunflower cake in a reference diet (kg / kg), and each treatment consisted of 4 replicates. After the experimental period, the feces were dried, and then analyzed, thereby obtaining energy values and total nitrogen. With these results were calculated apparent metabolizable energy and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance and its coefficients. The second experiment evaluated the influence of the period and amount of sunflower cake provided to cockerels on the digestibility of amino acids. The birds were divided into three treatments, which corresponded to supply 30 g of sunflower cake (15 g with an interval of 12 h), providing 30 g of sunflower cake (15 g with an interval of 24 h), and only 15 g of sunflower cake through forced feeding technique. Alongside the treatments, 6 roosters were fasted for 56 h of collection period cocks under treatment for correction of metabolic and endogenous losses. Samplings were made of the excreta and after the end of the experiment the samples were sent for analysis of amino acids using HPLC. The results of digestibility coefficients were subjected to Tukey's test. In the third and fourth experiment we evaluated the performance and carcass yield and cuts, as well as the intestinal morphology and viability of inclusion of sunflower cake in the feed of broilers at different stages. In these experiments, the birds were distributed in a completely randomized design. We used a 2x5 factorial arrangement, with five levels of inclusion of sunflower cake (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% in the diet), with or without the addition of enzyme complex. The third experiment evaluated these treatments during 1-21 days of age and the total period of 1 to 42 days, but 22-42 days of age, these animals received the same diet (growing and finishing). In the fourth experiment the inclusion of sunflower cake in the diet was tested for broilers during 22 to 42 days old. Statistical analyzes used were variance analysis will, polynomial regression and Dunnett test will 5% probability. The chemical composition observed for sunflower cake was 92.17% DM, 24.37% CP, 23.80% EE, 35.32% NDF, 22.30% ADF, 4.10% MM, 0.725% Calcium, 0.228% total phosphorus and 4,819 Kcal.Kg EB-1. The AME, AMEn, CMA and CMAN for sunflower cake were 2211.68 kcal / kg, 2150.54 kcal / kg, 45.47% and 44.73%, respectively. The amino acids digestibility coefficient (ADC) evaluated in the second experiment was changed due to the amount of food provided in the feeding method, and when used only 15 g, ADC values were underestimated. The lysine, histidine and threonine amino acids were at lower digestibility, and arginine and methionine showed the highest digestibility of sunflower cake for birds. The results of the third and fourth experiments showed no interaction between inclusion level and enzymes to the parameters evaluated. In experiment III, for the results at 21 days, there was no effect (P> 0.05) enzyme only on the productive efficiency. However, considering the inclusion levels, weight gain, final weight and feed intake decrease showed linear (P 0.05) at 0%. In the fourth experiment, feeding the birds 22-42 days of age, increased with increasing levels of inclusion of sunflower cake in the diet. There was no effect of any of the variables tested for carcass yield, cuts and offal, however, for the carcass, diets with inclusion from 15% differed (P 0,05) de enzimas apenas sobre o índice de eficiência produtiva. No entanto, considerando os níveis de inclusão, o ganho de peso, o peso final e o consumo de ração apresentaram decréscimo linear (P0,05) ao nível de 0%. Já no quarto experimento, a conversão alimentar das aves de 22 a 42 dias de idade, aumentou conforme o aumento dos níveis de inclusão da torta de girassol na dieta. Não houve efeito dos níveis testados para nenhuma das variáveis de rendimento de carcaça, cortes e vísceras, no entanto, para o rendimento de carcaça, as dietas com a inclusão a partir de 15% diferiram (P

The ricotta cheese is a smooth flavor, obtained from the coagulation of the whey proteins in cheese with or without the addition of milk. May be fresh, creamy, aged or cured and can be consumed as cream cheese board or in combination with other ingredients in culinary dishes. The preparation of ricotta is an alternative to reusing whey, a co-product of high nutritional value generated in large quantities during processing of the cheese milk to obtain a curd type. In this study was to develop a base of creamy ricotta cheese curd goat whey (40%) and bovine (40%) as main ingredients, with added goat milk (10%) and bovine (10%). The technological characteristics, physicochemical and sensory texture of creamy ricotta were evaluated during refrigerated storage for 14 days. The yield of the process of getting the creamy ricotta was 7.9% and syneresis ranged from 5 to 7% during the study period. During storage, moisture (73.81 to 74.59), the lipid content (8.83 to 9.08) and total solids (25.63 to 26.19) remained stable (p >0,05), while the protein content and ash varied (p 0,05), enquanto os teores de proteínas e cinzas variaram (p

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição do feno de capim tifton pela casca de mamona, 0, 33, 66 e 100% na dieta de ovinos, sobre o peso e rendimento dos componentes não constituintes da carcaça e o rendimento de buchada e panelada. Vinte e oito animais não castrados, com sete meses de idade e peso inicial médio de 19,5±2,45kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições, e abatidos após 70 dias de confinamento. Houve decréscimo linear nos pesos da língua (0,084 a 0,079kg), traqueia+pulmão (0,50 a 0,42kg), coração (0,14 a 0,12kg), timo (0,035 a 0,025kg), rins (0,100 a 0,088kg) e peso total dos órgãos (2,14 a 1,90kg) de acordo com o percentual de substituição. O mesmo comportamento foi verificado para os pesos do esôfago (0,051 a 0,045kg), rúmen-retículo (0,73 a 0,64kg), intestino delgado (0,78 a 0,64kg) e total de vísceras (2,17 a 1,92kg). Para os pesos da cabeça (1,99 a 1,66kg), patas (0,86 a 0,73kg), pele (2,49 a 1,99kg), sangue (1,36 a 1,19kg) e total de subprodutos (7,12 a 5,96kg) verificou-se efeito linear negativo de acordo com a substituição. O mesmo foi observado para os pesos de buchada (4,71 a 4,22kg) e panelada (7,55 a 6,61kg). A casca de mamona não deve substituir o feno de capim tifton na dieta de ovinos por causar decréscimo no peso de órgãos, vísceras e subprodutos e influenciar negativamente os pesos e rendimentos de buchada e panelada. The effects of replacing tifton hay with 0, 33, 66 and 100% of castor bean hulls in the diet of sheep on the non-carcass components of weight and dressing and on the "buchada" and "panelada" yield were evaluated in this research. Twenty-eight non castrated sheep averaging seven months of age and with initial weight of 19.5±2.45kg were assigned to a randomized block design with four treatments and seven replicates, and were slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. A linear decrease of tongue (0.084 to 0.079kg), trachea + lungs (0.50 to 0.42kg), heart (0.14 to 0.12kg), thymus (0.035 to 0.025kg), kidneys (0.100 to 0.088kg) weights and total weight of organs (2.14 to 1.90kg) was observed. The same behavior was observed for the esophagus (0.051 to 0.045kg), rumen-reticulum (0.73 to 0.64kg), small intestine (0.78 to 0.64kg) and total viscera (2.17 to 1.92kg) weights. There was a linear effect for the head (1.99 to 1.66kg), feet (0.86 to 0.73kg), skin (2.49 to 1.99kg), blood (1.36 to 1.19kg) and total by-products (7.12 to 5.96kg) weights according to the treatments and also for "buchada" (4.71 to 4.22kg) and "panelada" (7.55 to 6.61kg) weights. Castor bean hulls should not replace tifton hay because it decreases the weight of organs, viscera and by-products and adversely affects the "buchada" and "panelada" weight and dressing.

Annatto byproduct is the residue from the extraction of powder dye that covers the seed pericarp; after processing, between 94% and 98% of the original product is considered a byproduct. The aim was to evaluate the influence of increasing levels of annatto byproduct on the components of sheep body weight. Thirty-two male sheep, not castrated, with initial weight of 23.17 ± 1.45 kg, without a defined breed, were used in randomized blocks in all four treatments (0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg?1 of annatto byproduct in the diet dry matter). The increase to 300 g kg?1 of annatto byproduct had a negative linear effect (P < 0.05) for hot carcass weight (kg) and cold carcass weight (kg). Increasing levels of annatto byproduct resulted in a linear reduction (P < 0.05) for palette weight (kg), leg weight (kg), carcass compactness index (kg cm?1), liver weight (kg) and skin weight (kg). The inclusion of annatto byproduct up to 200 g kg?1 of dry matter in sheep diets did not affect the components of sheep body weight.

Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritional value and to evaluate performance of piglets fed two types of crude glycerine (CG), which were made from vegetable oil (CGS) and a mix of animal fat + % soybean oil (CGA). In experiment I, a digestibility assay was conducted using 32 crossbred piglets (19.20±1.52 kg). The experimental unit consisted of one pig, with a total of four experimental units per diet. The glycerine levels used in the digestibility assay were 4, 8, and 12% of the basal diet (corn + soybean based). The digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) values of glycerine were estimated by regression of DE and ME intake (kcal/kg) vs. glycerine intake (kg). The values (as-fed basis) of DE and ME (kcal/kg) obtained were: CGS = 5,070 and 4,556; CGA = 5,143 and 4,488, respectively. The results indicate that these two types of glycerine are a highly-available energy source for the feeding of piglets (15-30 kg). In experiment II, 90 piglets (BW = 15.18±0.67 to 30.28±1.68 kg), were allotted in a completely randomized design in 2 × 4 factorial arrangement, with of two types of crude glycerine (CGS and CGA) and four inclusion levels (3, 6, 9, and 12%). Five experimental units (pens with two pigs) were used for each level of crude glycerine, resulting in five replicates per treatment in the diet. Additionally, a control diet containing no glycerine (0%) was formulated. There was no interaction between levels of CG and types of crude glycerine, and the regression analysis indicates no effects of crude glycerine inclusion on performance and plasma variables. The results suggest that it is feasible to use up to 12% of both tyes of crude glycerine (obtained from soybean oil and mixed) in the diet for piglets without impairing performance, in addition to promoting a reduction of about 11% in the cost with feeding.

Milk yield per cow has continuously increased in many countries over the last few decades. In addition to potential economic advantages, this is often considered an important strategy to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per kg of milk produced. However, it should be considered that milk and beef production systems are closely interlinked, as fattening of surplus calves from dairy farming and culled dairy cows play an important role in beef production in many countries. The main objective of this study was to quantify the effect of increasing milk yield per cow on GHG emissions and on other side effects. Two scenarios were modelled: constant milk production at the farm level and decreasing beef production (as co-product; Scenario 1); and both milk and beef production kept constant by compensating the decline in beef production with beef from suckler cow production (Scenario 2). Model calculations considered two types of production unit (PU): dairy cow PU and suckler cow PU. A dairy cow PU comprises not only milk output from the dairy cow, but also beef output from culled cows and the fattening system for surplus calves. The modelled dairy cow PU differed in milk yield per cow per year (6000, 8000 and 10 000 kg) and breed. Scenario 1 resulted in lower GHG emissions with increasing milk yield per cow. However, when milk and beef outputs were kept constant (Scenario 2), GHG emissions remained approximately constant with increasing milk yield from 6000 to 8000 kg/cow per year, whereas further increases in milk yield (10 000 kg milk/cow per year) resulted in slightly higher (8%) total GHG emissions. Within Scenario 2, two different allocation methods to handle co-products (surplus calves and beef from culled cows) from dairy cow production were evaluated. Results showed that using the ‘economic allocation method’, GHG emissions per kg milk decreased with increasing milk yield per cow per year, from 1.06 kg CO2 equivalents (CO2eq) to 0.89 kg CO2eq for the 6000 and 10 000 kg yielding dairy cow, respectively. However, emissions per kg of beef increased from 10.75 kg CO2eq to 16.24 kg CO2eq due to the inclusion of suckler cows. This study shows that the environmental impact (GHG emissions) of increasing milk yield per cow in dairy farming differs, depending upon the considered system boundaries, handling and value of co-products and the assumed ratio of milk to beef demand to be satisfied.

Resumo - O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produção microbiana, produção, composição e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas alimentadas com rações contendo níveis crescentes de torta de girassol (TG). Foram utilizadas oito vacas da raça Girolando com peso médio de 515 kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi quadrado latino 4 x 4 duplo, em que os fatores foram níveis de inclusão de TG na ração concentrada (0; 7; 14 e 21%). Observou-se efeito linear decrescente para os teores de proteína, gordura do leite e N-ureico. Os teores de alantoína (mmol dia-1) foram influenciados pelos níveis de inclusão da TG, apresentando comportamento quadrático (p < 0,05). Os teores de acido úrico, purinas totais, purinas absorvidas, nitrogênio microbiano e síntese microbiana não foram influenciados (p > 0,05) pelos níveis de inclusão de TG. Foi observado efeito linear decrescente com a adição dos níveis de torta de girassol para o ácido palmítico (C16:0), para os demais ácidos graxos não foram observadas diferenças (p > 0,05). A utilização de torta de girassol pode consistir em alternativa na alimentação de vacas em lactação; contudo não altera a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite. Palavras-chave: coproduto, nitrogênio não-proteico, síntese microbiana. Sunflower cake in the ration of dairy cows: microbial production, production, composition and fatty acid profile of milk. Abstract - The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial production, production, composition and fatty acids profile of milk from dairy cows fed rations with growing levels of sunflower cake. Eight Girolando cows were used, averaging 515 kg of body weight. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square, in duplicate, where the factors consisted of the rates of sunflower cake inclusion in the concentrate portion (0, 7, 14 and 21%). A decreasing linear effect was observed for protein and fat production in milk and N urea content. Allantoin rates (mmol day-1) were influenced by the levels of sunflower cake inclusion, with quadratic effect (p < 0.05). Uric acid, total purines, absorbed purines, microbial nitrogen and microbial synthesis were not affected (p > 0.05) by the levels of sunflower cake inclusion. A decreasing linear effect was observed with the levels of sunflower cake inclusion for palmitic acid (C16:0); no statistical differences were observed (p > 0.05) for the other fatty acids. The use of sunflower cake may represent an alternative feed for dairy cows, but does not alter the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and fatty acids profile of milk.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Cassio_ Brauner.pdf: 2626721 bytes, checksum: 77ac6ea597429da5d36c2eae67ddb2a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-21 Different objectives were evaluated with different supplementation strategies procedures in beef cattle in two distinct projects. In Experiment 1, Thirty-two multiparous Angus beef cows in moderate body condition score (3 in a 1 to 5 scale) received supplementary feeding during early lactation, for a short period (35d), to determine the effect on milk production and composition and cow and calf performances. Both groups were maintained in grazing native condition during the supplemental period. Milk composition and yield, cow and calf performance were evaluated at 0d (initial); 14d (middle) and 35d (final) of supplementation period. There was no effect (P>0.05) of supplementation on milk production or any milk component, and on calves performance. Milk composition was different between periods, where fat concentration was higher at the middle of supplementation and lactose was higher at the end of this period. Supplemented cows had a higher (P=0.03) average daily gain at the final supplemental period than cows in control group. In conclusion, beef cows in moderate body condition score may gain weight during the lactation period responding to supplementation in a short period, without any influence on milk production, composition in the calf performance. In Experiment 2, Four beef heifers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 5 x 4 incomplete Latin square experiment to determine the dietary replacement value of camelina meal for soybean meal in forage-based diets of beef cattle. Heifers were fed bromegrass hay (7.1% CP, 52.2% NDF on an OM basis) and the diet was formulated to meet the RDP requirement for the hay offered with supplemental soybean meal as a protein supplement. In an isonitrogenous basis, the treatments aimed to replace the soybean in five different levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) using camelina meal as a protein source. There was no difference (P>0.05) of increase levels of camelina meal addition as a replacement of soybean meal on OM, NDF and N digestibility. Consequently, we could not find any difference (P>0.05) on the patterns of ruminal fermentation end-products as well. The lack of differences in site and extent of digestion among dietary treatments is consistent with similar (P>0.05) performance for the heifers. Therefore, camelina meal seems to be a suitable alternative for supplementary soybean meal in forage-based diets consumed by beef cattle. Com diferentes objetivos foram avaliados diferentes métodos estratégicos de suplementação para bovinos de corte, bem como as potencialidades de utilização dentro dos diferentes sistemas de produção em dois distintos projetos. No Experimento 1, Trinta e duas vacas Angus multíparas em escore de condição corporal moderado (3 em escala de 1 a 5) receberam suplementação alimentar no início de lactação, por um período curto (35 dias), para determinar o efeito sobre a produção e composição do leite e o desemenho de vacas e bezerros. A avaliação da produção de leite, desempenho ponderal de vacas e bezerros foram controlados no dia 0 (inicio); 14 (meio) e 35 (final) do período de suplementação. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da suplementação na produção ou de qualquer componente do leite em ambos os grupos, bem como sobre o desempenho de bezerros. Composição do leite foi diferente entre os períodos, onde a gordura foi maior no meio da suplementação e lactose foi maior no final deste período. Vacas suplementadas apresentaram maior (P=0,03) ganho de peso médio diário no período final da suplementação. Vacas de corte podem ganhar peso durante o período de lactação em resposta a suplementação em um curto período, sem qualquer influência sobre a produção e composição do leite ou no desempenho dos bezerros. No Experimento 2, quatro novilhas de corte canuladas no rumen e duodeno foram utilizadas em um desenho experimental 5x4 Quadrado Latino incompleto, para determinar a utilização do farelo de camelina como um suplemento proteico em reposição ao farelo de soja. Os animais foram alimentados com feno (7,1% de PB, 52,2% de FDN em base de MO) e a dieta foi formulada para atender a exigência PDR para o feno oferecido com farelo de soja como suplemento proteico. Em uma base isoprotéica, os tratamentos foram calculados para substituir o farelo de soja em cinco diferentes níveis (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%). Não foi encontrado efeito (P>0,05) da reposição do farelo de soja por farelo de camelina na digestão da matéria orgânica, fibra e digestibilidade do nitrogênio, bem como não hove diferenças (P>0,05) nos padrões de fermentação ruminal, refletindo em um desempenho ponderal semelhante (P>0,05). Sendo assim, o farelo de camelina parece ser uma adequada alternativa ao farelo de soja como um suplemento proteíco em dietas a base de forragem para bovinos de corte.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial production, production, composition and fatty acids profile of milk from dairy cows fed rations with growing levels of sunflower cake. Eight Girolando cows were used, averaging 515 kg of body weight. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square, in duplicate, where the factors consisted of the rates of sunflower cake inclusion in the concentrate portion (0, 7, 14 and 21%). A decreasing linear effect was observed for protein and fat production in milk and N urea content. Allantoin rates (mmol day-1) were influenced by the levels of sunflower cake inclusion, with quadratic effect (p < 0.05). Uric acid, total purines, absorbed purines, microbial nitrogen and microbial synthesis were not affected (p > 0.05) by the levels of sunflower cake inclusion. A decreasing linear effect was observed with the levels of sunflower cake inclusion for palmitic acid (C16:0); no statistical differences were observed (p > 0.05) for the other fatty acids. The use of sunflower cake may represent an alternative feed for dairy cows, but does not alter the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and fatty acids profile of milk. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produção microbiana, produção, composição e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas alimentadas com rações contendo níveis crescentes de torta de girassol (TG). Foram utilizadas oito vacas da raça Girolando com peso médio de 515 kg. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi quadrado latino 4 x 4 duplo, em que os fatores foram níveis de inclusão de TG na ração concentrada (0; 7; 14 e 21%). Observou-se efeito linear decrescente para os teores de proteína, gordura do leite e N-ureico. Os teores de alantoína (mmol dia-1) foram influenciados pelos níveis de inclusão da TG, apresentando comportamento quadrático (p < 0,05). Os teores de acido úrico, purinas totais, purinas absorvidas, nitrogênio microbiano e síntese microbiana não foram influenciados (p > 0,05) pelos níveis de inclusão de TG. Foi observado efeito linear decrescente com a adição dos níveis de torta de girassol para o ácido palmítico (C16:0), para os demais ácidos graxos não foram observadas diferenças (p > 0,05). A utilização de torta de girassol pode consistir em alternativa na alimentação de vacas em lactação; contudo não altera a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite.