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Frequently the relationship of the variability of reaction times (RTSD) on elementary cognitive tasks and psychometric general intelligence (g) has been investigated. A typical finding is that stable reaction times (low RTSDs) on very basic choice reaction tasks are associated with high g. This meta-analysis quantifies the phenomenon by integrating 24 studies of 27 independent samples with a total of 3968 subjects using comparable, Hick-derived paradigms (Hick 0, 1, 2, 3 bit; odd-man-out). Special attention was given to the disattenuation of correlations for reliability artefacts. Random effect meta-analysis yielded small to moderate relationships between intelligence and reaction time variability, the pooled Pearson correlation ranging between − .18 (0 bit) and − .28 (2 bit). The relationship did not, however, prove consistently larger than the one between intelligence and reaction time, in contrast to earlier findings.

"Creation, validation, and reliability of a shooting simulator instrument for reaction time evaluation." The aim of this study was to develop, validate, and verify the reliability of a shooting simulator instrument for reaction time evaluation. 90 Santa Maria Air Base military personnel participated on the study. Software was developed for use with an electronic gun where participants performed two shooting task tests: simple reaction time and choice reaction time. The results of concurrent validity were satisfactory, no significant differences were found between the two instruments and good agreement was observed. The reliability results were significant in both tests. The instrument can be used for research purposes, or for the purposes of military training as a simple, low-cost tool involving speed, accuracy, and decision-making shooting tasks.

This study aimed (I) to investigate the impact of the number of stimulus-responses alternatives on reaction time (RT) under quasi-realistic fencing situations, and (II) to elucidate whether the regression slope based on the RT and the number of stimulus-responses alternatives could distinguish between beginners and experienced fencers. Ten beginners (7 men) and 10 experienced (6 men) fencers participated in the study. A video-based method was used to present four typical fencing movement techniques (i.e. "stimulus") after which the participants had to perform an offensive (high or low attack) or defensive (high or low defence) action (i.e. "response"). The simple-RT (specific stimulus known in advance), 2Choice-RT (only defensive or offensive stimuli), and 4Choice-RT (all possible stimuli) were evaluated. The increase in the number of stimulus-responses alternatives was associated with higher RT (4Choice-RT 2Choice-RT Simple-RT

Background: Balance control is an essential element of locomotion that enhances biomotor abilities and physical performance. Individuals with extensive soccer experience display superior st...

Introduction Post-stroke individuals usually present a delay in choice reaction time (CRT), and it would be important to verify the efficacy in the reduction of CRT after intervention protocols. Objective The main question of this review is ‘What are the characteristics of the CRT test and the interventions that decrease the CRT?’ Study design Systematic review. Methods The search was performed in March 2019 using the electronic databases, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, Cinahal, Cochrane, Ovid, Scielo, PEDro, and Embase. There was no restriction regarding publication dates, and studies written in English that were conducted on poststroke patients and presented CRT results were included. Results Six studies were included in this systematic review, and the majority showed varied objectives, methodologies, and groups, regarding the number and characteristics of the sample, varying from complex to simple tasks for the CRT evaluation. Conclusion This review suggests the investigation of the CRT in stroke patients with functional tasks using auditory and/or visual stimulus. About the CRT training in stroke patients, this review also suggests bilateral training, including functional tasks, and the use of structural practice blocks, but more studies are needed to better demonstrate the effects of interventions on the CRT. Registration number PROSPERO (protocol no. CRD42017073995).

Instrument clusters represent the primary human-machine-interface for displaying driving-related information. Due to the changing relevance of driving-related information in automated driving, a reconfiguration of the display should be investigated. A display concept for an instrument cluster for partially and highly automated driving was developed that adapts the display and positioning of information to the level of automation. The developed concept was compared with a conventional display concept. Thirty participants took part in an experiment performing an occlusion task and a choice reaction time task. The statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the response accuracy of the occlusion task between the display concepts. The results of the choice reaction time task show a significantly faster reaction time and in contrast to the occlusion task, a significantly lower response accuracy for the adaptive display concept compared to the conventional display concept. The subjective analysis revealed a preference of the adaptive display concept.

International audience; This study examined how a tropical climate (TC) influences the cognitive and aiming task performances of young international fencers. The participants performed the tasks in TC and an air-conditioned room. In each session, they completed questionnaires evaluating affective states, fatigue, and comfort and thermal sensations. They also carried out cognitive tasks (simple and choice reaction time, attention, and vigilance tasks) and a motor task testing aiming accuracy with a sword while wearing protective clothing and a mask. TC, which was observed to decrease thermal discomfort, was revealed to decrease aiming accuracy and positive affective states. There was no deleterious effect on cognitive task performance, nor on negative affective states, or fatigue and increased thermal discomfort. These results showed that TC can negatively influence motor performance.

In the sports and exercise domain, it has been suggested that musical intensity might boost performance. Previous research revealed that pumping up the volume of music might increase running speed, grip strength, and choice reaction time while simultaneously decreasing time to exhaustion and level of perceived exhaustion. However, evidence is still scarce, experimental designs and tested groups vary significantly, and contradicting evidence exists as well. Yet, listening to high-intensity music could be a risky business and exercisers employing such a strategy to improve performance are vulnerable to developing noise-induced hearing problems. Therefore, future research should inquire more profoundly into the inherent boosting qualities of musical intensity and juxtapose experimental results and auditory repercussions in order to uncover possible strategies to combine both in such a way that the exerciser's health can be safeguarded at all times.

In easy serial choice reaction time tasks (CRT tasks) young adults can very rapidly “correct” nearly all their errors by making the responses that they should have made (error-correcting responses). They are much less accurate at signalling their errors by making the same, deliberate, response to each (error-signalling responses), and they poorly remember errors that they have not signalled or corrected. When instructed to ignore errors they nevertheless involuntarily register them because the response immediately following them (responses following unacknowledged errors) are unusually slow, and they sometimes make involuntary error correction responses. Errors that are neither signalled nor remembered are registered at some level because responses following unacknowledged errors are slowed. Old age does not impair the accuracy of error correction or reduce the proportion of errors that are acknowledged because they are followed by unusually slow responses, but it does reduce the accuracy of error signalling and of recall of errors. Groups of 40 young adults (mean age 20.1 years, SD 1.1) and 40 older adults (mean 71.2 years, SD 5.1) signalled and recalled their errors increasingly accurately as intervals between each response and the next signal were increased from 150 ms to 1000 ms. Error signalling and recall improved as response-signal interval (RSI) durations increased, reaching asymptote at RSIs of 800 ms for the young and 1000 ms for the older adults. Thus processes necessary for conscious and deliberate choice or error-signalling responses and for subsequent recall of errors require more than 150 ms to complete, are slowed by old age, and may be interrupted by onset of new signals occurring earlier than 800 to 1000 ms after completion of an incorrect response.

Commonly, multiple-task performance is empirically investigated by using simple choice reaction time tasks and modeled based on activation mechanisms and executive control productions (e.g., Sohn & Anderson, 2001). Although this has yielded promising insights into basic executive functions it remains unclear whether the assumed mechanisms are applicable to everyday multiple-task behavior involving higher time demands and additional volitional processes.

The main purpose of the paper was to evaluate selected psychomotor abilities of handball players depending on the competition class (league), position on the court, training seniority and the dominant hand. The study covered a group of 40 handball players (age: 24.02 &plusmn, 3.99), while 50 non-training men (age: 22.90 &plusmn, 1.13) formed the control group. Studies were performed using Test2Drive computer tests. The following four tests were used for measuring psychomotor fitness: simple reaction time test, choice reaction time test, hand-eye coordination test and spatial anticipation test. An analysis revealed that handball players had better reaction times and movement times than the control group. The league, position on the court, training seniority and the dominant upper limb were analysed for their impact on the reaction time and movement time in handball players. An analysis of psychomotor abilities of handball players with regard to the league revealed that in the majority of tests the Superliga players had a shorter reaction time than players in lower leagues.

The study evaluated the visual and auditory reaction time (simple and choice) in tension type headache patients and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: Study included 21 Tension type headache (TTH) patients in the age group of 21- 49 years and 21 age and sex matched controls. Simple and choice auditory and visual reaction time was recorded using Medicaid Systems RTM-604. The results were statistically analyzed and were recorded as mean ± standard deviation and Student’s unpaired t-test was applied to check the level of significance. Results: The mean values of simple visual reaction time (VRT) and auditory reaction time (ART) were not significantly different in Tension type headache patients and controls. The visual and auditory choice reaction time was longer in TTH patients as compared to controls although not statistically significant. Conclusion: Cognitive and psychomotor impairment has been reported in headache patients. Our findings also indicate delayed central processing in TTH patients and these findings need to be further validated in larger sample size. Keywords: Simple and choice Reaction time; Tension Type Headache

The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of anxiety and reaction time in students of the University of Tabriz. 24 fe- male and 24 male physical education students of Tabriz University respon- ded to the Spielberger Scale Questionnaire and the Reaction Time Test to determine the level of anxiety. Sampling was conducted randomly from physical education students of Tabriz University with the age 22 ± 3. After ensuring that the data were normal, through the variance analysis, two in-group factors of anxiety and reaction time were analyzed for each of the variables individually. The results indicated that there was a negative relationship between state anxiety and choice reaction time of hands (r = 0.112, p = 0.398) and between trait anxiety and simple reaction time of feet (r = 0.209, p = 0.154). In addition, there was a positive relationship between state anxiety and simple reaction time of feet (p = 0.0625, r = -0.072) and between trait anxiety and choice reaction time of hands (p = 0.874, r = -0.024). The results of this study support the Inverted U hypothesis. RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente estudio es investigar el efecto de la an- siedad y el tiempo de reacción en estudiantes de la Universidad de Tabriz. Participaron 48 estudiantes (24 mujeres y 24 hombres) de Educación Física de la Universidad de Tabriz. Los estudiantes fueron evaluados mediante el cuestionario de escala de Spielberger y la prueba del tiempo de reacción para determinar el nivel de ansiedad. El muestreo se realizó de manera aleatoria en estudiantes de Educación Física de la Universidad de Tabriz, con una edad de 22 ± 3 años. Después de comprobar la normalidad de los datos, a través del análisis de varianza, se analizaron dos factores (ansiedad y tiempo de reacción) en cada grupo para cada una de las variables individualmente. Los resultados indicaron que hubo una relación negativa entre la ansiedad- estado y el tiempo de reacción de las manos (r = 0.112, p = 0.398) y entre la ansiedad-rasgo y el tiempo de reacción simple de los pies (r = 0.209, p = 0.154). Además, hubo una relación positiva entre la ansiedad-estado y el tiempo de reacción simple de los pies (p = 0.0625, r = -0.072) y entre la ansiedad-rasgo y el tiempo de reacción de las manos (p = 0.874, r = -0.024). Los resultados de este estudio respaldan la hipótesis de la U invertida.

In the study of the electrophysiological correlates of attention, a phasic change in alertness has been classically related to a negative frontal-central shift called Contingent Negative Variation (CNV). Studies investigating the effects of meditation on the CNV in participants reporting frequent transcendental experiences (TE) reported reduced CNV in choice reaction time task (CRT), and increased CNV in simple reaction time task (SRT), suggesting that meditation can induce a more balanced attentional state. In the current study, we tested whether a similar effect could be obtained in healthy non-meditators using a single session of a specifically structured sensorimotor training (Quadrato Motor Training-QMT). In addition, in contrast to previous studies, we further examined the P3 component, reflecting cognitive load and novelty detection. We found that similar to previous studies, following a QMT session, CNV amplitude reduced in CRT and increased in SRT. Conversely, the P3 amplitude increased in CRT and decreased in SRT. Taken together, these results support the idea that QMT has attentional benefits in normal healthy participants, similar to those observed in experienced meditators.

Attention in the “real world” fluctuates over time, but these fluctuations are hard to examine using a timed trial-based experimental paradigm. Here we use film to study attention. To achieve short-term engagement, filmmakers make use of low-level cinematic techniques such as color, movement and sound design to influence attention. To engage audiences over prolonged periods of time, narrative structure is used. In this experiment, participants performed a secondary auditory choice reaction time (RT) task to measure attention while watching a film. In order to explore the role of narrative on attention, we manipulated the order that film segments were presented. The influence of narrative was then compared to the contribution of low-level features (extracted using a computer-based saliency model) in a multiple regression analysis predicting choice RT. The regression model successfully predicted 28% of the variance in choice RT: 13% was due to low-level saliency, and 8% due to the narrative. This study shows the importance of narrative in determining attention and the value of studying attention with a prolonged stimulus such as film.

The broad construct of impulsivity is one that spans both personality and cognitive ability. Despite a common overarching construct, previous research has found no relationship between self-report measures of impulsivity and people's ability to inhibit pre-potent responses. Here, we use evidence accumulation models of choice reaction time tasks to extract a measure of “response caution” (boundary separation) and examine whether this correlates with self-reported impulsivity as measured by the UPPS-P questionnaire. Response caution reflects whether an individual makes decisions based on more (favouring accuracy) or less (favouring speed) evidence. We reasoned that this strategic dimension of behaviour is conceptually closer to the tendencies that self-report impulsivity measures probe than what is traditional measured by inhibition tasks. In a meta-analysis of five datasets (total N = 296), encompassing 19 correlations per subscale, we observe no evidence that response caution correlates with self-reported impulsivity. Average correlations between response caution and UPPS-P subscales ranged from rho = −0.02 to −0.04. While the construct of response caution has demonstrated value in understanding individual differences in cognition, brain functioning and aging; the factors underlying what has been called “impulsive information processing” appear to be distinct from the concept of impulsivity derived from self-report.

Extending work by Montare, visual simple reaction time, choice reaction time, discriminative reaction time, and overall reaction time scores obtained from college students by the simplest chronoscope (a falling meterstick) method were significantly faster as well as significantly less variable than scores of the same individuals from electromechanical reaction timers (machine method). Results supported the existence of dual reaction time systems: an ancient primary reaction time system theoretically activating the V5 parietal area of the dorsal visual stream that evolved to process significantly faster sensory-motor reactions to sudden stimulations arising from environmental objects in motion, and a secondary reaction time system theoretically activating the V4 temporal area of the ventral visual stream that subsequently evolved to process significantly slower sensory-perceptual-motor reactions to sudden stimulations arising from motionless colored objects.

The ability to coordinate the simultaneous movements of our arms is limited by a coalition of constraints. Some of these constraints can be overcome when the task conceptualisation is improved. The present study investigated how the movement preparation of bimanual reaching movements was affected by integrated visual feedback of the responses. Previous research has shown that the preparation of bimanual asymmetric movements takes longer than bimanual symmetric movements. The goal of the present study was to determine whether integrated, Lissajous feedback could eliminate this bimanual asymmetric cost. Fifteen participants made unimanual and bimanual symmetric and asymmetric reaches with separate feedback, where there was a cursor and a target for each hand. Participants also made bimanual symmetric and asymmetric movements with integrated feedback; a single cursor and a single target represented the locations and goals of both arms in this condition. The results showed a bimanual asymmetric cost with separate feedback, and that this cost persisted with integrated feedback. We suggest that integrated feedback improved continuous and discrete bimanual movements in other experiments by facilitating error detection and correction processes. We hypothesise that the bimanual asymmetric cost persisted in the present experiment because the uncertainty associated with choice reaction time prevented the facilitated error processing from improving the preparation of the next trial.

Attachment is related to behaviors, including contact maintenance/proximity seeking, and to the keeping of the attachment figure physically, visually, or mentally accessible. In a series of experiments, we observed an analogous behavior in a simple laboratory task in the absence of any stress-related manipulations. Participants performed an easy, choice reaction time (RT) task (often emotionally neutral) on pictures (or names) of significant others versus other persons, both familiar and unfamiliar to them. Results showed that participants took longer to press the key, which started the next trial, when the current trial involved the picture (or name) of their significant other. This effect was observed among parents who responded to their children's pictures, people who are in a romantic relationship, and young adults who responded to the name of a parent; it was only eliminated when participants adopted an analytic approach (i.e., judged the person's age). These results indicate that attachment-related behavioral tendencies, associated with keeping the representation of the significant other active, may be easily invoked in a simple task, even without any apparent stress manipulation. (PsycINFO Database Record

In this paper we study the effect of fat content on visual attention and choice of red meat, as well as differences across gender. In an eye-tracking study, conducted with 105 Portuguese meat consumers, we find that fat content has an impact on visual attention, choice reaction time and choice of red meat products. Consumers pay more attention and choose more often meat products with lower fat content. This impact is further gender specific, with female consumers paying more attention and requiring less time to choose meat products with lower fat content. In contract, male consumers pay more attention to red meat products with higher fat content, but spend more time to choose red meat products with lower fat content. We discuss managerial and theoretical implications in relation to marketing of red meat products. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

In toddlers, exercise stimulation affects neurodevelopment. Neurodevelopment is very important at the time of risk avoidance because it also affects the quality of cognitive decision making. Here, this study aims to develop a new test to evaluate cognitive decision making in toddlers; based on the results, it aims to propose an effective exercise play to promote risk avoidance. To develop a highly practical and valid evaluation method for a test procedure that toddlers can easily understand, a measuring instrument (Takei Scientific Instruments-original model) for a game-like rock-paper-scissors test was produced. This instrument displays images of the hand signals for rock, paper, or scissors above a monitor and is able to measure the reaction time for toddlers to press a button on a monitor to the hundredth of a second. Cognitive decision making was evaluated based on the selection-reaction time. The selection-reaction time in toddlers (win condition, tie condition) and a seven-item physical fitness test were evaluated. The results showed a significant correlation between selection-reaction time (win condition) and basic motor skills (running, jumping, throwing).Risk-aversion behavior requires the development of cognitive decision making. Therefore, it is important to have an effective exercise that promotes risk avoidance and contains elements such as running, jumping, and throwing. Thus, we have proposed a paper-rock-scissors basket-goal game that includes the skills of running, jumping, and throwing, and it is presently being implemented at nursery schools and promoted via public awareness.

The current studies examined the processes involved in response sequencing and timing initiation for complex, multiple-component movements. Participants performed a 3 key-press sequence in simple and choice reaction time (RT) paradigms (Experiment 1), or a study time paradigm that allowed the participants to control the foreperiod delay, which is thought to reflect advance preparation duration (Experiment 2). Sequencing complexity was manipulated by using either the same hand and effector for all key presses (low complexity) or different hands/effectors across key presses (high complexity) while timing initiation complexity was manipulated by using either an isochronous (low complexity) or nonisochronous (high complexity) timing pattern. Increasing sequencing complexity had little effect on simple RT but increased participant-controlled foreperiod delay (i.e., study time). Conversely, increasing timing initiation complexity had no effect on foreperiod delay but increased simple RT. These results provide compelling evidence that in a simple RT paradigm, sequencing preparation is performed during the foreperiod while preparation of timing initiation is delayed until the RT interval. Furthermore, choice RT increased with sequencing complexity and was relatively unaffected by timing initiation complexity, indicative of sequencing preparation occurring during the choice RT interval and preparation of timing initiation occurring online. Collectively, the data indicate a dissociation and independence of the preparation of timing initiation and sequencing for complex movements. (PsycINFO Database Record

Introduction: Reaction Time has been widely used as one of the measures of mental chronometry since very long. Most of the work has been done with visual and auditory reaction time. Till now reaction time has never been measured by giving tactile stimuli. Hence we have designed a new device to provide different tactile stimuli and to simultaneously measure the time taken by the subject to respond to it. Probably for the first time in the history of mental chronometry Tactile Choice Reaction Time has been compared between males and females. Methods and Materials: The study was conducted among 53 male and 34 female healthy subjects who were between the age group of 18- 24 years. A new instrument has been designed by the author of this article to deliver tactile stimuli on the skin of the subject and to measure the reaction time for that particular sensory modality. Result: All the reaction times were found to be significantly faster in males than in females except for fine touch. For fine touch although the RT is faster in males but the difference is not statistically significant. Conclusion: Present study has reconfirmed the gender differences in case of tactile choice reaction time also. It is going to be really interesting with the use of this new device to find out the relationship of various Tactile Choice Reaction Times with these conditions.

Resumo Na capoeira uma capacidade fundamental é o tempo de reação, pois exige a seleção rápida de uma resposta correta para a variedade de estímulos que se apresentam. O presente estudo verificou o efeito da prática da capoeira sobre o tempo de reação. Participaram 20 adultos praticantes de capoeira divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo de prática. O tempo de reação foi medido com a Unidade de Determinação do Sistema de Testes de Viena (versão 6.0). Os resultados apresentaram diferença significativa (p < 0,05) para o número de respostas corretas, respostas erradas e para o tempo de reação de escolha a favor dos capoeiristas experientes em comparação com os iniciantes. Concluiu-se que a prática da capoeira pode melhorar o TR de escolha de seus praticantes. Abstract In Capoeira, good reaction time is that to provide rapid and correct answer for stimuli prestentioned, consist of in ability very important for success or not event. The purpose this study was to verify effect of the practice of Capoeira on choice reaction time. Participated of the study 20 practitioners Capoeira, adults, divided in two groups according to time practice. Reaction time went measured used a Unit Determination of the Viena's System Tests (version 6.0). The results showed a significant difference (p < .05) for the numbers of correct answers, wrong answers and choice reaction time in favor of capoeiristas experienced in comparison with beginners. It was conclude that the practice of Capoeira could improve choice reaction time of the practitioners. Resumen En Capoeira, tiempo de reacción es una capacidad fundamental, requiere una selección rápida de una respuesta correcta a la variedad de estímulos que se presentan. Este estudio examinó el efecto de la práctica de Capoeira en el tiempo de reacción. Los participantes fueron 20 adultos que practican Capoeira dividido en dos grupos de acuerdo con el momento de la práctica. El tiempo de reacción se midió usando la unidad de determinación del Sistema de Prueba de Viena (versión 6,0). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) para el número de respuestas correctas, respuestas incorrectas y el tiempo de reacción de elección a favor de capoeiristas experimentado en comparación con los principiantes. Se concluyó que la práctica de la capoeira puede mejorar TR elección de sus practicantes.

Using experimentally validated tests to measure the vigilance/alerting, orienting and executive control attention networks, we have developed a novel, theoretically driven battery for measuring attentional abilities, called the Dalhousie Computerized Attention Battery (DalCAB). The current study sought to examine the factor structure of the DalCAB as preliminary evidence for its validation as an assessment tool for the above-named attention networks. One hundred young, healthy adult participants (18 to 31 years) completed the DalCAB (simple reaction time, choice reaction time, dual task, go/no-go, visual search, vertical flanker, and item memory tasks). Exploratory factor analysis of task performance with promax rotation highlighted a 9-factor model, accounting for 54.66% of the shared variance. Factors 1, 2, and 5 are associated with measures reflecting the vigilance/alerting network (response speed, maintenance/preparation and consistency, respectively), Factor 3 is associated with the orienting network (searching measures). Factors 4, 6, 7, and 8 are associated with different aspects of the executive control network including: inhibition, working memory, filtering, and switching. The final factor is associated with vigilance/alerting (fatigue) and executive control (proactive interference). Our model provides preliminary evidence for the validation of our interpretation of the DalCAB as a measure of vigilance/ alerting, orienting, and executive control attentional abilities, and contributes to the previously reported evidence for the validation of these tasks for measuring different aspects of attention. We also demonstrate the importance of each of the specific measures derived from the DalCAB tasks, and our results provide further behavioral evidence of the existence of multiple attention-related networks.

Research indicates that natural environments induce restorative effects on cognitive capacity and autonomic arousal. The present study investigates differences in choice reaction time (CRT) and heart rate responses in students (n = 9) resting with or without a window view of a modest natural environment after a physical exertion. Subjects performed a CRT-task before pedaling a spinning bike, followed by resting in a chair with either a window view of a natural environment, or no view. Heart rate was obtained during the rest-period, and the CRT task was performed again immediately after resting. Results indicated that subjects elicited significantly larger improvement in CRTs and more efficient heart rate restoration after resting with a window view, compared to resting without a view. Resting with a modest view of a natural environment after brief exercise demonstrated both a greater effect of cognitive enhancement and more efficient physiological restoration compared to resting without a view. These findings advance prior research by demonstrating both cognitive and physiological benefits from resting in a modest natural environment.