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Ozan-baksı geleneğini devam ettiren ve yaşadığı çağa tanıklık eden saz şairleri, korona virüs konulu şiirlerini yeni icra zeminlerinde paylaşarak günceli takip etmeye çalışmışlardır. Birer bellek mekânı olan şiirlerini Türk kültür ve medeniyetinin yüzlerce yıllık birikimden yararlanarak oluşturan ve bu şiirlerinde güncel konulara değinen saz şairleri, kimi zaman mizahın inceliklerini kullanarak dinleyicileri güldürmüş, eğlendirmiş ya da düşündürmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı 2020 Mart-Aralık zaman aralığı içerisinde saz şairlerinin Youtube’dan paylaştıkları korona virüs konulu şiirlerde mizahın kullanımını tespit etmek ve bu kullanımın işlevleri üzerine bir çözümleme yapmaktır. Bu amaçla toplamda on iki saz şairinin on dört videosu incelenmiştir. Söz konusu videolarda mizah, korona virüs ve onun yarattığı sosyoekonomik etkiler üzerine kuruludur. Mizahın güldürme, iğneleme, alaya alma, rahatlatma ve eğitme işlevlerinin tespit edildiği örneklerde saz şairleri salgın günlerinde toplumun sesi olmaya çalışmıştır. Şairler salgın döneminde mizahın imkânlarını kullanarak dinleyici kitlesinin bir yandan kıssadan hisse almasını diğer yandan da hoşça vakit geçirmesini sağlamıştır., The Bards, who continued the Ozan-Baksı Tradition and witnessed the age in which he lived, tried to follow the current status by sharing their poems about the Coronavirus on new performance platforms. The Bards, who created their poems, which are the places of the memory, by using hundreds of years of experience of the Turkish culture and civilization and touching on current issues in these poems, sometimes used the subtleties of humor and made the listeners laugh, think or be amused. The purpose of the present study is to determine and is to make an analysis on the functions the use of humor in the poems about the Coronavirus shared by the Bards on YouTube between March-December 2020. For this purpose, fourteen videos of twelve bards were examined. These videos, humor is based on the Coronavirus and its socioeconomic effects. In the examples where humor, sarcasm, ridicule, comforting, and educating functions were found, the Bards tried to be the voice of the society during the pandemic days. These poets also made use of the possibilities of humor during the pandemic period, allowing the audience to have a share of the story on the one hand, and have a good time on the other.

The relationship between women and classical antiquity, its texts, artefacts, and study, has been fraught to say the least; the discipline of Classics has often been defined by the exclusion of women, in terms of their education and their ability to contribute to debates more generally. However, we are currently in the middle of an astonishing period when women are laying more of a claim to the discipline than ever before. This article examines three recent novels by women which take on the cultural weight of the Homeric epics, Iliad and Odyssey, to explore the possibilities of a ‘new song’ that foregrounds female characters. The novels experiment with different narrative voices and are self-conscious about the practices of story-telling and of bardic song. Their awareness of their challenge to and contest with Homeric tradition renders their ‘new songs’ fragile as well as precious.

AšuƗ/aşık/aşıq (from the Arabic `āshiq, or lover) is a skilled bard's composite performing art-- a unity of prose narrations, songs, instrumental accompaniment, and appropriate gesture. Of sixteenth-century Turkic origin, the art spread over a vast area covering modern Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, and further. In the mid-eighteenth century Sayat`-Nova, the best-known Armenian ašuƗ, was active in Tiflis (modern Tbilisi), the capital of Eastern Georgia. His songs were written in at least three languages--Armenian, Georgian and Azerbaijani--and won praise for their ardent emotion and artistic perfection. But despite his importance in Near Eastern culture, two issues in Sayat`-Nova studies have rarely been studied. First, fully appreciating Sayat`-Nova requires contextualizing his work within the developing Armenian ašuƗ tradition and the international ašuƗ/aşık/aşıq tradition in the Near East. Second, the history of Sayat`-Nova studies as a field and its growing popularity in relation to twentieth-century Armenian nationalism and Soviet cultural policies demands attention as well. Focusing on these neglected issues will enable a richer understanding of Sayat`-Nova's place in the history of the ašuƗ/aşık/aşıq tradition as well as his relation to the elevated poetic traditions in South Caucasia, the Armenian ašuƗs’ contribution within the broader matrix of the early modern Turkic aşık/aşıq tradition, and the evolution of a distinct ašuƗ tradition in the Armenian language. At the same time, exploring his posthumous adoption as a cultural icon will provide insight into the history of scholarship and of mass culture both in South Caucasia and for Armenians worldwide.

BACKGROUND Non-invasive fibrosis scores are not yet validated in the newly defined metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). AIM To evaluate the diagnostic performance of four non-invasive scores including aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4), body mass index, aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio, diabetes score (BARD), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS) in patients with MAFLD. METHODS Consecutive patients with histologically confirmed MAFLD were included. The discrimination ability of different non-invasive scores was compared. RESULTS A total of 417 patients were included; 156 (37.4%) of them had advanced fibrosis (Metavir ≥ F3). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of FIB-4, NFS, APRI, and BARD for predicting advanced fibrosis was 0.736, 0.724, 0.671, and 0.609, respectively. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of FIB-4 and NFS was similar (P = 0.523), while the difference between FIB-4 and APRI (P = 0.001) and FIB-4 and BARD (P < 0.001) was statistically significant. The best thresholds of FIB-4, NFS, APRI, and BARD for diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in MAFLD were 1.05, -2.1, 0.42, and 2. A subgroup analysis showed that FIB-4, APRI, and NFS performed worse in the pure MAFLD group than in the hepatitis B virus-MAFLD group. CONCLUSION APRI and BARD scores do not perform well in MAFLD. The FIB-4 and NFS could be more useful, but a new threshold is needed. Novel non-invasive scoring systems for fibrosis are required for MAFLD.

В докладе автор анализирует «Парландо» — сборник оригинальных текстов М. Чижикевича, предназначенных для исполнения на сцене под аккомпанемент гитары или в сопровождении бόльшего числа инструментов. Лингвистическая форма стихов-песен не позволяет рассматривать их как типичные продукты поп-культуры [1]. Сборник стихов, дополненный оригинальными рисунками, полон антиномий на лингвистическом уровне и в то же время оказывается связным на уровне представляемого мира. Это парадокс существования: погруженный в собственное творчество М. Чижикевич балансирует между разрушительным образом жизни и спасительной силой искусства. Анализ «Парландо» направлен на то, чтобы показать богатство литературных средств, использованных автором, и последовательность поэтической программы автора. В соответствии с этим будет проанализирована издательская концепция сборника. In the article the author analyzes “Parlando” — a collection of original texts by Miroslaw Czyzykiewicz, intended for stage performance with guitar accompaniment or accompanied by more than one instrument. The linguistic form given to poems-songs by the author does not allow them to be treated as typical products of pop culture [1]. The collection of poems accompanied by original drawings, full of antinomies on the linguistic level, is at the same time coherent on the level of the presented world. It is the par­adox of existence: immersed in his own work, Czyzykiewicz seems to balance between a self-destructive lifestyle and the saving power of art. The analysis of “Parlando” aims to show the wealth of literary means used by the author and the coherence of the poetry programme that has been consistently implemented for many years. Accordingly, the publishing concept of the collection will be analyzed.

The purpose o the article is to analyze the phenomenon of the author's song 50-60s of the twentieth century, as a means of cultural expression. The research methodology consists of the application of systemic, semiotic chronological, historical, and cultural methods for the most specific and reliable coverage of the features of cultural expression of the 50-60s with the help of the figurative and symbolic content of the author's song. The scientific novelty of the work consists in an attempt to analyze the means of cultural expression of the performers of the author's song of the 50-60s and their influence on the culture as a whole. Conclusions. The author's song from the beginning of its existence is a means of self-expression by means of a figurative and symbolic response to environmental events or irritants that disturb not only the author but also affect the interests of the broad masses of society. Thus, the performer of the author's song appears as the spokesman for not only his experiences but also the delegate of cultural, public opinion about those or other events., Мета роботи. Проаналізувати явище авторської пісні 50-60-х років ХХ ст, як засіб культурного самовиявлення. Методологія дослідження полягає у застосуванні системного, семіотичного, хронологічного, культурно-історичного, компаративного методів, для максимально конкретного і достовірного всебічного висвітлення особливостей культурного самовиявлення 50-60-х років за допомоги образно-символьного змісту авторської пісні. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в спробі аналізу засобів культурного самовиявлення виконавців авторської пісні 50-60-х років та їх впливу на культуру в цілому. Висновки. Авторська пісня від початку широкого побутування являє собою засіб самовиявлення шляхом образно-символьного відгуку на події оточуючого середовища, та/або подразники, котрі турбують не лише автора, а стосуються широких мас соціуму. Так, виконавець авторської пісні постає в якості виразника думки не лише своєї, але і є ретранслятором культурного відгуку широкої громадськості. Отже, авторська пісня є засобом забезпечення потреби поза цензурного виявлення власної думки і є явищем закодованого виявлення однією людиною суспільної думки.

[Background & Aims] Non-invasive scoring systems (NSS) are used to identify patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) who are at risk of advanced fibrosis, but their reliability in predicting long-term outcomes for hepatic/extrahepatic complications or death and their concordance in cross-sectional and longitudinal risk stratification remain uncertain., [Methods] The most common NSS (NFS, FIB-4, BARD, APRI) and the Hepamet fibrosis score (HFS) were assessed in 1,173 European patients with NAFLD from tertiary centres. Performance for fibrosis risk stratification and for the prediction of long-term hepatic/extrahepatic events, hepatocarcinoma (HCC) and overall mortality were evaluated in terms of AUC and Harrell’s c-index. For longitudinal data, NSS-based Cox proportional hazard models were trained on the whole cohort with repeated 5-fold cross-validation, sampling for testing from the 607 patients with all NSS available., [Results] Cross-sectional analysis revealed HFS as the best performer for the identification of significant (F0-1 vs. F2-4, AUC = 0.758) and advanced (F0-2 vs. F3-4, AUC = 0.805) fibrosis, while NFS and FIB-4 showed the best performance for detecting histological cirrhosis (range AUCs 0.85-0.88). Considering longitudinal data (follow-up between 62 and 110 months), NFS and FIB-4 were the best at predicting liver-related events (c-indices>0.7), NFS for HCC (c-index = 0.9 on average), and FIB-4 and HFS for overall mortality (c-indices >0.8). All NSS showed limited performance (c-indices, [Conclusions] Overall, NFS, HFS and FIB-4 outperformed APRI and BARD for both cross-sectional identification of fibrosis and prediction of long-term outcomes, confirming that they are useful tools for the clinical management of patients with NAFLD at increased risk of fibrosis and liver-related complications or death., [Lay summary] Non-invasive scoring systems are increasingly being used in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to identify those at risk of advanced fibrosis and hence clinical complications. Herein, we compared various non-invasive scoring systems and identified those that were best at identifying risk, as well as those that were best for the prediction of long-term outcomes, such as liver-related events, liver cancer and death., This study has been supported by the EPoS (Elucidating Pathways of Steatohepatitis) consortium funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Program of the European Union under Grant Agreement 634413 and the Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The authors are contributing members of The European NAFLD Registry. The study was also supported by the Italian Ministry of Health, grant RF-2016-02364358 (Ricerca Finalizzata, Ministero della Salute), and the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research (Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca - MIUR) under the programme “Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018 – 2022” Project code D15D18000410001.

US intelligence analysts must weigh up relevant evidence to assess the probability of their conclusions, and express this reasoning clearly in written reports for decision-makers. Typically, they work alone with no special analytic tools, and sometimes succumb to common probabilistic and causal reasoning errors. So, the US government funded a major research program (CREATE) for four large academic teams to develop new structured, collaborative, software-based methods that might achieve better results. Our team's method (BARD) is the first to combine two key techniques: constructing causal Bayesian network models (BNs) to represent analyst knowledge, and small-group collaboration via the Delphi technique. BARD also incorporates compressed, high-quality online training allowing novices to use it, and checklist-inspired report templates with a rudimentary AI tool for generating text explanations from analysts' BNs. In two prior experiments, our team showed BARD's BN-building assists probabilistic reasoning when used by individuals, with a large effect (Glass' Δ 0.8) (Cruz et al., 2020), and even minimal Delphi-style interactions improve the BN structures individuals produce, with medium to very large effects (Glass' Δ 0.5–1.3) (Bolger et al., 2020). This experiment is the critical test of BARD as an integrated system and possible alternative to business-as-usual for intelligence analysis. Participants were asked to solve three probabilistic reasoning problems spread over 5 weeks, developed by our team to test both quantitative accuracy and susceptibility to tempting qualitative fallacies. Our 256 participants were randomly assigned to form 25 teams of 6–9 using BARD and 58 individuals using Google Suite and (if desired) the best pen-and-paper techniques. For each problem, BARD outperformed this control with very large to huge effects (Glass' Δ 1.4–2.2), greatly exceeding CREATE's initial target. We conclude that, for suitable problems, BARD already offers significant advantages over both business-as-usual and existing BN software. Our effect sizes also suggest BARD's BN-building and collaboration combined beneficially and cumulatively, although implementation differences decreased performances compared to Cruz et al. (2020), so interaction may have contributed. BARD has enormous potential for further development and testing of specific components and on more complex problems, and many potential applications beyond intelligence analysis.

This article attempts to analyze translational errors observed in Polish translational of Vladimir Vysotsky’s selected works by Maciej Maleńczuk. These pieces were included on the musician’s 2011 music album, under the title Wysocki Maleńczuka. Analyzing the material I tried to indicate the reasons for the errors and their consequences for the reception of discussed works.

Alexander Galich is a representative of “The Third Wave” of the Russian emigration, who, however, is less well-known in Poland than other emigrants of this period, like Joseph Brodsky, Sergei Dovlatov or Eduard Limonov. Moreover, in Poland there are no publications devoted entirely to the works of this bard, which cannot be said about other bards – Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava among others. That is why scientific researches in this area are so important. The main purpose of this article is to show the effects of the forced migration which influence on the poet’s mental condition, his life, the beliefs and, as a result, on the subjects of his works. It should be also noted that Galich’s living in Norway, Germany or France has resulted in the enrichment of the culture of these countries and has influenced on the knowledge of their inhabitants about the realities of life in the Soviet Union. Galich’s songs, mentioned in this article, are about the forced emigration, the life on emigration, the patriotism, the willingness to stay in the homeland, the hope for coming back to the homeland, the dreams of the homeland. All of this has prompted to think about poets and writers who have had to leave their country because of political reasons in Soviet times, nevertheless, theirs lives, development of creative and works are proofs of what is the patriotism of emigrants and how it is possible to raise awareness about the homeland being abroad. Moreover, it is important to note that living abroad has resulted in the idealization of the homeland as well as living on memories only. These issues have been very often raised in Russian works, and the basic dilemmas arising from them are undoubtedly still relevant today.

Tras la fallida expedición de Kinsale en 1601-1602, los irlandeses comenzaron a definir su identidad de comunidad exiliada en la península ibérica. Como forma de legitimación, su retórica se fundamentó en una tradición arraigada sobre un origen «español». Generalizada a través de las crónicas medievales y los bardos, este discurso y la presentación del mítico rey Milesio como antepasado común fueron el recurso fáctico empleado por las élites para justificar su presencia e incorporación en las distintas estructuras de la Monarquía de España. La intrínseca polarización social quedó representada en este relato, utilizado como aspecto definitorio y elemento diferenciador. La historicidad de tal construcción ideológica fue recogida por autores castellanos y acentuada por eruditos irlandeses. Sus plumas y la instrumentalización de recursos como las genealogías sentaron las bases de una idiosincrasia compartida que culminaría con su naturalización castellana, After the failed expedition of Kinsale (1601-1602), Irish exiles began to define their identity in the Iberian Peninsula. To legitimize their position, they based their rhetoric on the tradition surrounding a “Spanish” origin. Spread by means of medieval chronicles and bards, this discourse and the introduction of their common ‘ancestor’, the mythical King Milesius were the devices used by elites to justify their presence and incorporation within the structures of the Spanish monarchy. Intrinsic social polariza tion was represented in this account and used as a defining and differen tiating aspect. The historicity of this ideological construction was reflected by Castilian authors and accentuated by Irish scholars. Both these writing strategies and the instrumentalization of resources such as genealogies laid the foundations for a shared idiosyncrasy culminating in their Castilian naturalization, Este trabajo se ha realizado al amparo del programa Tomás y Valiente de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-MIAS (Madrid Institute for Advanced Study), y es resultado del proyecto FAILURE: Reversing the Genealogies of Unsuccess, 16th-19th Centuries (H2020-MSCA-RISE. Grant Agreement, no. 823998), respondiendo a las líneas de actuación del WP 4 «Unsuccessful polities, from empire to nations, and international relationships», financiado por The European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme