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Purpose. the study aimed to compare the players' and coach's individual perception of tactical competence before and after an intervention based on imagery techniques and a multimedia resource (Sphero™). Methods. Sphero™, a teleguided miniature ball rolling in any direction, was applied to teach tactics before and during training sessions and games over a 5-week specific training program. the ball was used to represent a game ball, and cones were placed on a miniature soccer pitch to simulate the play and explain the coach's directives. the execution and the understanding of pre-game directives were respectively evaluated by the coach and the players themselves, before and after the training program. An empirical pre-post treatment was used to compare 245 rates provided by 14 players of an under-14 amateur soccer team in Canada. Descriptive analysis was performed and the t-test or Wilcoxon test (z) were used for paired comparison (pre- vs. post-training). the statistical significance of the results was set at p < 0.05. Results. After 5 weeks of training with the use of Sphero™, results showed that the players appreciated their ability to play in accordance with directives, and that the coach was able to observe his directives through how they played, although the assessment scores of understanding remained the same. Conclusions. A teaching setup involving Sphero™ allowed a good understanding but training was necessary to reach better assessment scores for the actual application of the directives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify variations in external load measures between sets (3 x 4'/2' rest) of small-sided and conditioned game formats (goalkeeper + 5 vs. 5 + goalkeeper with specific tactical demands). Methods. Overall, 10 male professional soccer players (age: 28.1 ± 3.8 years, experience: 7.9 ± 2.9 years, height: 180.3 ± 5.8 cm, weight: 76.5 ± 6.3 kg) from a team competing in the first Portuguese league and in the UEFA Europa league participated in the study. Distance covered, high intensity running (HIr), maximal velocity (MV), high speed running (HSr), very high intensity running (VHIr), and player load (PL) were monitored by using global positioning system units. Results. Very large decreases in HIr (-62.6, effect size [ES]: -2.04) were found from set 1 to set 3. Large decreases in distance covered (-12.8%, ES: -1.28) and MV (-19.4, ES: -1.95) were observed from the first to the third set. Large decreases in HSr (-80.2%, ES: -1.78), moderate decreases in PL (-7.6%, ES: -0.64), and large decreases in VHIr (-83.0%, ES: -1.88) were reported between the first and the third set. Conclusions. The results of the present study indicate a significant drop in external load performance when comparing the first and the second sets with the third set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were: (i) to compare the external and internal load during a 6-a-side small-sided game (6v6-SSG) according to age-group; (ii) to relate these parameters between the 6v6-SSG and official matches; and (iii) to test the reliability of the 6v6-SSG. A total of 51 Brazilian youth soccer players participated in this study (U11 [n = 16]; U13 [n = 10]; U15 [n = 9]; U17 [n = 8]; U20 [n = 8]). Three experiments were conducted. Experiment A: fifty-one U11 to U20 players were submitted to 6v6-SSGs (n = 10 games; two for each age-group). Experiment B: thirty-two players were randomized to also play official matches (n = 6 matches). Experiment C: thirty-five youth players played the 6v6-SSG twice for test and retest reliability analysis. External load was obtained using Global Positioning Systems and the internal load parameter was calculated through mean heart rate. Statistical approaches showed progressive increases in all parameters according to categories (U11< U13< U15< U17< U20; p < 0.05; ES = 0.42˗23.68). Even controlling for chronological age, all parameters showed likely to almost certain correlations between 6v6-SSG and official matches (r = 0.25˗0.92). Collectively, the proposed protocol indicates good reliability (CV% = 2.0˗12.6; TE% = 2.3˗2.7%; ICC = 0.78˗0.90). This research suggests that the 6v6-SSG is an alternative tool to indicate match-related physical performance in youth soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study on the 2018 Russia FIFA World Cup examined: i) the potential variations of ball possession, match running performance, player prominence, team network properties according to match outcome and playing formation; and ii) the relationships between player prominence and total distance covered according to team ball possession. Sixty-one matches were analysed (n = 988 player observations). Running performance was examined using total distance covered in (TDIP) and out of possession, and that travelled in different speed-range categories. Player prominence (micro) and team network properties (macro) were obtained using social network analysis where completed passes between teammates were counted (n = 28,019 passes). Main findings were: i) with the exception of clustering coefficients which indicate the level of interconnectivity between close teammates (win = draw > loss), match outcome was unaffected by ball possession, running and network measures; iii) teams employing a1‒4‒2‒3‒1 formation reported greater values for ball possession, TDIP, and micro/macro network measures compared to those playing 1‒4‒4‒2 and 1‒4‒3‒3 formations; iv) TDIP tended to be related to most player prominence variables, even though the magnitude of coefficients varied considerably according to network measures and playing positions. This study has provided additional insights into elite soccer match-play performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern sports and their terminologies in European and other languages have been strongly influenced by English. The reason is that some of the most popular sports originating in Anglophone countries have been exported to other countries together with established terminology. There are several possibilities of how to transfer terminology into recipient languages: to borrow and adapt original English terms, to use vernacular terms, or to do both. For the purposes of the study, 100 essential terms were selected for three different Anglophone sports, association football, tennis and golf, and all their Czech equivalents were gathered using available sources. It was assumed that a typical development involves the adoption of an Anglicism which is subsequently either replaced or supplemented by a vernacular term or terms. It was found that the 300 English terms are matched by the total of 540 equivalents. Thus, the results confirm the Anglicism-to-vernacular shift as a potent source of synonyms, though other intervening factors such as the length of time since the introduction of the sport, the general and social media popularity and accessibility of the sport for the general public play an important part and explain alternative patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common practice amongst coaches and analysts to search for key performance indicators related to attacking play in football. Match analysis in professional football has predominately utilised notational analysis, a statistical summary of events based on video footage, to study the sport and prepare teams for competition. Recent increases in technology have facilitated the dynamic analysis of more complex process variables, giving practitioners the potential to quickly evaluate a match with consideration to contextual parameters. One field of research, known as machine learning, is a form of artificial intelligence that uses algorithms to detect meaningful patterns based on positional data. Machine learning is a relatively new concept in football, and little is known about its usefulness in identifying performance metrics that determine match outcome. Few studies and no reviews have focused on the use of machine learning to improve tactical knowledge and performance, instead focusing on the models used, or as a prediction method. Accordingly, this article provides a critical appraisal of the application of machine learning in football related to attacking play, discussing current challenges and future directions that may provide deeper insight to practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A professional English football club with Category 1 academy status was investigated to determine the magnitude of relative age effects (RAE) within the club and explore between-quartile differences for somatic maturity, anthropometry and physical performances. Birth dates of 426 players from Under 9 to First Team were categorised into four birth quartiles (Q) and examined for relative age effects. Additionally, data on 382 players (Under 11 to First Team) were obtained for somatic maturity, anthropometry, countermovement jump, sprint (10 and 30 m), agility T-test and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 or 2 performance to determine between-quartile differences. Odds ratios revealed Q1 players were 6.0 times more likely to be represented than Q4 players. Multilevel modelling demonstrated between birth quartile similarities for each variable across all age groups, though there was a tendency for Q4 players to outperform Q1 players between Under 11 and Under 18 groups. Strong relative age effects exist within this club as well as a tendency to select players demonstrating advanced growth and/or maturity, with some indication that higher categorised academies in England may be at risk of amplified selection biases. Talent identification strategies in elite youth football should actively seek to adopt novel approaches to reduce selection biases and avoid wasted potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The participants were 80 Premier League Academy outfield players (8-16 years old). Biological maturity was determined by calculating estimated chronological age at peak height velocity. The U9 and U10 squads played 6-a-side and the U11-U16 squads played 11-a-side interacademy matches. All matches were analyzed using a 1-Hz global positioning system (SPI Elite™, GPSports, Canberra, Australia) with squad-specific speed zones, which were calculated based on 5-m flying sprint speed in the last 5 m of 10-m sprint test. In the U9/U10s, earlier maturers were given a longer pitch time by coaches (~4 minutes per match; p = 0.029) and covered a greater total distance (~9%; ~400 m; p = 0.037) and a greater distance by walking (~13%; ~100 m; p = 0.024) and jogging (~12%; ~200 m; p = 0.014) during a match compared with later maturers. In the U13/U14s, earlier maturers covered a greater distance per hour of a match by high-speed running compared with later maturers (~25%; ~130 m; p = 0.028) and spent a longer percentage of time in high-speed running during a match compared with later maturers (3.4% vs. 2.7%, p = 0.034). Thus, coaches should take care to provide all players with a similar pitch time and should be aware in the talent identification and development process, particularly with the U13/U14 age group, because maturity can influence high-speed match running performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is little evidence regarding the benefits of caffeine ingestion on cognitive function and skillful actions during sporting performance, especially in sports that are multifaceted in their physiological, skill, and cognitive demands. Purpose: To examine the influence of caffeine on performance during simulated soccer activity. Methods: Twelve male soccer players completed two 90-min soccer-specific intermittent running trials interspersed with tests of soccer skill (LSPT). The trials were separated by 7 days and adhered to a randomized crossover design. On each occasion participants ingested 6 mg/kg body mass (BM) of caffeine (CAF) or a placebo (PLA) in a double-blind fashion 60 min before exercise. Movement time, penalties accrued, and total time were recorded for the LSPT. Physiological and performance markers were measured throughout the protocol. Water (3 ml/kg BM) was ingested every 15 min. Results: Participants accrued significantly less penalty time in the CAF trial (9.7 ± 6.6 s vs. PLA 11.6 ± 7.4 s; p = .02), leading to a significantly lower total time in this trial (CAF 51.6 ± 7.7 s vs. PLA 53.9 ± 8.5 s; p = .02). This decrease in penalty time was probably attributable to an increased passing accuracy in the CAF trial (p = .06). Jump height was 2.7% (± 1.1%) higher in the CAF trial (57.1 ± 5.1 cm vs. PLA 55.6 ± 5.1 cm; p = .01). Conclusions: Caffeine ingestion before simulated soccer activity improved players' passing accuracy and jump performance without any detrimental effects on other performance parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goalkeepers play an important role in soccer, often influencing match outcome. Soccer goalkeepers have superior jumping ability compared with their outfield counterparts and research has highlighted the importance of this ability. While there is evidence that whole body vibration training (WBVT) can improve explosive power in various populations, there is no data focusing on how this training modality may benefit soccer goalkeepers. With institutional ethics approval, 20 professional male soccer goalkeepers (age = 24 ± 6 yrs.; mass = 84 ± 10.3 kg; height = 1.84 ± 0.1 m) from the English Football League Division One were randomly assigned to either a WBVT or control group. The WBVT group performed static squats from their individual ready position, which is utilised by goalkeepers prior to performing any dynamic movements, on a vibration platform twice-a-week over a five-week period. The control group followed the same exercise programme without the application of vibration. Vertical jump performance, initiated from the goalkeepers’ individual ready position, was measured prior to, and on completion of, the five-week study. A 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed an improvement in the experimental group’s jump performance from 49.2 ± 4.4 cm pre-training to 53.8 ± 3.5 cm post-training, while the control group’s performance remained stable from 47.02 ± 4.8 cm pre-training to 46.6 ± 4.5 cm post-training, resulting in a significant time-by-group interaction (P lt;0.001). Findings of the current study provide evidence supporting WBVT’s incorporation into goalkeepers’ training regimes.

The generation and availability of football data has increased considerably last decades, mostly due to its popularity and also because of technological advances. Gaussian mixture clustering models represents a novel approach to exploring and analyzing performance data in sports. In this paper, we use principal components analysis in conjunction with a model-based Gaussian clustering method with the purpose of characterizing professional football players. Our model approach is tested using 40 attributes from EA Sports' FIFA video game series system, corresponding to 7705 European players. Clustering results reveal a clear distinction among different performance indicators, representing four different roles in the team. Players were labeled according to these roles and a gradient tree boosting model was used for ranking attributes regarding to its importance. We found that the dribbling skill is the most discriminating variable among the different clustered players’ profiles. Resumen En las últimas décadas se ha visto un incremento considerable en la generación y disponibilidad de datos de fútbol, esto se debe fundamentalmente a la popularidad de este deporte así como a los avances tecnológicos realizados en este campo. Los modelos de agrupamiento basados en mixturas Gaussianas representan un enfoque novedoso para explorar y analizar datos de desempeño deportivo. En el presente trabajo, se lleva a cabo una caracterización de jugadores profesionales de fútbol utilizando técnicas de análisis de componentes principales y agrupamiento basados en mixturas Gaussianas. El modelo presentado es comprobado utilizando datos del sistema de videojuegos FIFA de EA Sports, dichos datos representan 40 atributos correspondientes a 7705 futbolistas europeos. Los resultados del agrupamiento revelan una clara distinción entre algunos indicadores de desempeño, los cuales corresponden a cuatro roles diferentes en el equipo. Consecuentemente, los jugadores fueron etiquetados de acuerdo a estos roles y un modelo de árboles de gradiente ampliado fue utilizado para ordenar los atributos de acuerdo a su importancia. Como resultado se identificó a la habilidad de driblear como la variable que mejor discrimina entre los diferentes perfiles de jugadores.

The purpose of this study is twofold: (i) analyze the variations of network centralities between close (difference of goals equal to one) and unbalanced (difference of goals equal to or greater than two) scores; and (ii) compare the centrality levels between playing positions. The passing sequences that occurred during the 64 matches played by the 32 national teams that participated in the 2018 FIFA World Cup were analyzed and coded. The network centralities of degree prestige and degree centrality were calculated based on the weighted adjacency matrices built from the passing sequences. The results reveal that higher degree centralities of midfielders occurred in unfavorable (lost) unbalanced scores (p = 0.046; ES (effect size) = 0.472). Moreover, in favorable (won) matches the higher values of degree centrality of central defenders (p = 0.014; ES: 0.458) and defensive midfielders (p = 0.004; ES: 0.715) were also found in unbalanced scores. The comparisons between positions revealed that the highest and significant degree prestige levels were found in defensive midfielders in both close (12.10%) and unbalanced scores (10.95%). In conclusion, it is possible to observe that winning by an unbalanced score significantly increased the centrality levels of the wingers and forwards in comparison to close scores. Moreover, it was also found that independent of the final score or the unbalanced score level, the defensive midfielders were the most prominent or recruited players during the passing sequences.

The aim of this study was to test associations between accumulated external load and changes in body composition, isokinetic strength, and aerobic capacity of soccer players. Twenty-three professional soccer players (age: 24.7 ± 2.8 years; height: 179.2 ± 6.3; experience: 9.7 ± 2.1 years) participated in this study. This pre-post study design was performed during 10 weeks from July to August of 2017 (4 weeks of pre-season and 6 weeks during the early season). Players were monitored daily by GPS technology and were assessed before and after a 10-week period in terms of body mass (BM), fat mass, lean mass, isokinetic strength at 60°/s, VO2max, and HRmax. Large-to-very large positive correlations were found between the sum of sprinting distance and % differences of BM [0.70, (−0.09;0.95)], HRmax [0.51, (−0.37;0.91)], agonist (quadriceps)/antagonist (hamstrings) left ratio [0.84, (0.27;0.97)] and agonist/antagonist right ratio [0.92, (0.58;0.99)]. Large positive correlations were found between the acceleration sum and % differences of VO2max [0.58, (−0.29;0.92)], quadriceps left peak torque [0.66, (−0.16;0.94)], hamstrings left peak torque [0.68, (−0.13;0.94)] and hamstrings right peak torque [0.62, (−0.22;0.93)]. Sprinting load was largely and positively associated with changes in knee strength asymmetries. Acceleration sum was largely and positively correlated with variations at VO2max and peak torques at hamstrings. In addition, dose-response relationships using external load variables were identified in professional soccer players.

The aims of the present study were to (a) examine recovery time-course and (b) analyze the usefulness of the Hooper-Index (wellness index) and resting heart rate variability (HRV) in professional soccer players during an in-season phase. The Hooper-Index and resting HRV were collected on matchday and on the four following days in three consecutive in-season weeks in nine players (25.2 ± 4.3-years). The usefulness of monitoring variables was assessed by (a) comparing noise (typical error, TE) to the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) (TE/SWC) and (b) comparing match-related changes (i.e., signal) to TE (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio). Between-days standardized differences in the changes of Hooper-Index and HRV were compared to the SWC using magnitude-based inferences. The magnitudes of TE were small and moderate for the Hooper-Index and HRV, respectively. The Hooper-Index showed to be more useful than HRV for monitoring match-induced fatigue as having a lower TE/SWC (3.1 versus 4.4) and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (5.5 versus 1.5). Small-to-very large [range of effect sizes, 0.48; 2.43, confidence limits (0.22; 2.91)] and moderate-to-large [-1.71; -0.61 (-2.44; -0.03)] detrimental changes in Hooper-Index and HRV, respectively, were observed on the days following matchday. While group analyses showed a similar pattern for recovery time-course, more individual players responded, similarly when tracked using the Hooper -Index compared to when they were tracked using HRV. An inverse moderate within-individual relationship was observed between changes in the Hooper index and HRV [r = -0.41, (-0.60, 0.18)]. The Hooper index is an easy-to-use, no-cost, and non-invasive monitoring tool and seems promising for tracking match-induced fatigue during in the season in professional soccer.

This study aimed to identify the strongest predictive variables of winning and losing in the highest Belgian soccer division. A predictive machine learning model based on a broad range of variables (n = 100) was constructed, using a dataset consisting of 576 games. To avoid multicollinearity and reduce dimensionality, Variance Inflation Factor (threshold of 5) and BorutaShap were respectively applied. A total of 13 variables remained and were used to predict winning or losing using Extreme Gradient Boosting. TreeExplainer was applied to determine feature importance on a global and local level. The model showed an accuracy of 89.6% ± 3.1% (precision: 88.9%; recall: 90.1%, f1-score: 89.5%), correctly classifying 516 out of 576 games. Shots on target from the attacking penalty box showed to be the best predictor. Several physical indicators are amongst the best predictors, as well as contextual variables such as ELO -ratings, added transfers value of the benched players and match location. The results show the added value of the inclusion of a broad spectrum of variables when predicting and evaluating game outcomes. Similar modelling approaches can be used by clubs to identify the strongest predictive variables for their leagues, and evaluate and improve their current quantitative analyses.

This study aimed at examining the suitability of a standard treadmill test (TT), popular intermittent field tests, and small‐sided football matches to induce maximal heart rate (HRmax) in recreational football players. Sixty‐six inactive untrained male subjects (age: 39.3 ± 5.8 years, VO2max: 41.2 ± 6.2 mL kg−1 min−1, body mass: 81.9 ± 10.8 kg, height: 173.2 ± 6.4 cm) were evaluated. On separate occasions, the players were randomly submitted to a progressive VO2max TT, to the Yo‐Yo intermittent endurance level 1 (YYIE1) and level 2 (YYIE2) tests, to the Yo‐Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (YYIR1) test, and to 7v7 (43 × 27 m pitch, 83 m2/player) football matches (45 minutes; 2‐4 matches/player). To ensure data consistency, exercise HR was recorded using the same HR monitors in all the experimental conditions. A total of 73%, 24%, 18%, 17%, and 30% of the players achieved their HRmax during the YYIE1, YYIE2, YYIR1, TT, and the small‐sided football matches, respectively. The probability of achieving HRmax increased proportionally to test duration, with 7.8 minutes as the cutoff time. Variations in HRpeak of ±2 b min−1 should be regarded as of practical relevance. YYIE1 HRpeak provided the most accurate estimation of a subject's individual HRmax and much higher probability of reaching HRmax. Nevertheless, the results of this study suggest caution in considering a reference test for HRmax assessment in this population. The use of confirmation tests is still highly advisable when the test duration is shorter than 7.8 minutes. In this regard, field tests seem to be suitable and accurate for individual HRmax assessment in recreational football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to compare combined small‐sided game (SSG) and high‐intensity interval training (HIT) with different order. Twenty‐one semi‐professional soccer players were divided into two groups: SSG+HIT (n = 10) and HIT+SSG (n = 11), and underwent similar four‐week training programs. Players completed the 30‐15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30‐15IFT) before and after the experiment; maximum speed (VIFT) was recorded. During the experiment, seven sessions of SSG (3 vs 3) and HIT (15ʺ‐15ʺ with 95‐100% VIFT) were implemented. Weekly accumulated training loads for both groups during the experiment were similar. Moderate improvements in VIFT were observed in both SSG+HIT (+6.2%, 90% confidence limits, [CL] 4.6; 7.7 and Effect Size, [ES] +0.96) and HIT+SSG (+6.9%, 90% CL 4.6; 9.3 and ES +0.97) groups. Between‐group difference in changes of VIFT was trivial (+0.7%, 90% CL ‐1.8; 3.3 and ES +0.11). Combining SSG and HIT in different order elicited the same enhancement in high‐intensity intermittent performance in soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is twofold: (i) analyze the variations of network centralities between close (difference of goals equal to one) and unbalanced (difference of goals equal to or greater than two) scores; and (ii) compare the centrality levels between playing positions. The passing sequences that occurred during the 64 matches played by the 32 national teams that participated in the 2018 FIFA World Cup were analyzed and coded. The network centralities of degree prestige and degree centrality were calculated based on the weighted adjacency matrices built from the passing sequences. The results reveal that higher degree centralities of midfielders occurred in unfavorable (lost) unbalanced scores (p = 0.046; ES (effect size) = 0.472). Moreover, in favorable (won) matches the higher values of degree centrality of central defenders (p = 0.014; ES: 0.458) and defensive midfielders (p = 0.004; ES: 0.715) were also found in unbalanced scores. The comparisons between positions revealed that the highest and significant degree prestige levels were found in defensive midfielders in both close (12.10%) and unbalanced scores (10.95%). In conclusion, it is possible to observe that winning by an unbalanced score significantly increased the centrality levels of the wingers and forwards in comparison to close scores. Moreover, it was also found that independent of the final score or the unbalanced score level, the defensive midfielders were the most prominent or recruited players during the passing sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare technical variables by playing positions in football during the 2015 Asian Cup. Top-level male football players (n = 202) that completed the full 90-min game were considered. Match-analysis data were collected using OPTA Sportsdata (). Kruskal–Wallis H non-parametric test revealed that external midfielders (EM) scored more goals than fullbacks (FB) (p = 0.042), and that FB had less attempts (to score a goal) than central midfielders (CM), EM and forwards (FW), whereas central defenders (CD) had less attempts than FW (p < 0.05). CM performed more passes than CD, EM and FW, while FW performed less passes than CD, FB and CM. CD and CM performed more successful passes than FB and FW (p < 0.05), and CM also had more passes than EM (p < 0.05). Moreover, FW had more aerial duels (50–50 contests) than CM, FB and EM (p < 0.05). Similar numbers of aerial duels occurred for CD and FW. Ground duels occurred less (p < 0.05) frequently for CD compared to FB, CM, EM and FW. In conclusion, differences in technical events were observed between the various playing positions during competitive elite football matches, making it valuable considering the technical demands of players during group training as well as individualised training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision-making is a critical aspect of soccer referees' performance. Yet current training methods that simulate the refereeing task are limited. Skilled soccer referees (N = 22, M age = 27.14 years, SD = 6.40) were tested on a new decision-making simulator during the active part of the season. They ran on a treadmill for 60 min at varying paces while watching two video sections depicting real matches, in context and in mixed order, and called their match decisions out loud. They completed pre- and post-test assessments of their feelings and perceived exertion, and a post-test assessment of their performance. The referees reported positive feelings prior to and following the test, and rated their performance favourably. They felt the simulator was moderately representative of a real match, and their perceived exertion increased progressively during the test. Decision accuracy levels were higher for simple decisions, such as out of play (73.81%), than for careless fouls (62.86%) or yellow/red cards (25.97%). Decision accuracy levels for yellow/red cards decisions were significantly higher in the in-context section (28.91%) than in the mixed section (20.83%). Decision accuracy levels peaked in the third quarter and decreased during the final quarter. Self-control during the test correlated moderately with overall accuracy. Careless foul decision accuracy was on par with previous studies, supporting the simulator's validity. The findings support the use of the simulator as a potentially innovative method for training referees in sequential decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of styles of play in soccer and the influence of contextual variables (i.e. match status, venue and quality of opposition). Team possessions (n = 68,766) from the 380 matches of the 2015–2016 English Premier League season were collected for this study. The Possession Effectiveness Index, based on Expected Goals and Ball Movement Points metrics, was used to measure the effectiveness of team possessions. Linear mixed models were applied to analyse the influence of contextual variables on the effectiveness score for each style. Results showed that the effectiveness of Direct Play, Counterattack, Maintenance and Crossing significantly increased when teams were winning by two or more goals. Counterattack increased its effectiveness when teams were winning by one goal and reduced its effectiveness when losing by one goal. The effectiveness of Direct Play increased when losing by two goals or more. Playing away negatively affected the effectiveness of Direct Play, Maintenance and High Pressure. In addition, playing against a stronger opposition reduced the effectiveness of all styles of play. The results suggest that the effectiveness of styles of play changes under specific circumstances and that not all contextual variables affect them in the same way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elite sport can be stressful, which increases the risk for burnout symptoms to develop, especially when not balanced with sufficient recovery. To study the burnout–recovery process, eight elite soccer coaches were followed for 10 years. All eight were active elite coaches at the inception of this study and reported elevated emotional exhaustion scores on Maslach's Burnout Inventory Educators Survey (MBI-ES). The coaches completed MBI-ES three additional times (year 3, 7, and 10), and they were also interviewed on the same occasions. At the 3-year follow-up, seven of the eight coaches reduced their exhaustion scores. The coach presenting with unchanged scores both at the 3 - and 7-year follow-up was the only one still coaching at the elite level. All coaches revealed during the interviews that they struggled to manage their work–life balance well; some worked too many hours, some experienced difficulty in managing conflicting role-demands, and some wrestled with external pressures. Their approach to recovery was, however, similar. Apart from moving away from coaching at the elite level, they unanimously mentioned that they changed their approach to coaching to make recovery possible. They achieved the latter by, for example, increasing control and delegating responsibility. According to our longitudinal results, burnout frequently regarded as an end-state can decrease over time, provided that decisive action is taken to change situational factors and personal demands. This frequently meant withdrawing from coaching, which in turn explains why coach retention remains a serious challenge for most organizations with teams/athletes competing at the elite level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to establish the perceived importance that academy soccer practitioners placed on technical/tactical, physical, psycho-social player attributes during player selection and explore whether perceptions change according to Elite Player Performance Plan phase. Seventy academy practitioners working within Elite Player Performance Plan programs (Category 1: n = 29; Category 2: n = 13 and Category 3: n = 28) completed an online survey. Psychological factors were rated significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher than sociological, technical/tactical, and physical factors, with recruitment staff specifically valuing psychological factors significantly (p ≤ 0.01) more than medical staff. Youth Development phase practitioners valued sociological factors significantly (p < 0.05) more than in the Foundation phase, which was also true for physical factors. Practitioners indicated significant positional differences for most physical and technical/tactical attributes. There was no playing position effect for relative age effect or maturity. Between playing position variance of outfield players for most technical and physical attributes increased according to advancing Elite Player Performance Plan phase. Attitudes to holistic talent identification criteria likely change according to practitioner role. Therefore, this study provides evidence to suggest that Elite Player Performance Plan practitioners place less perceived importance on enhanced maturity status and relative age of players but does indicate an enhancing and significant positional preference for physical and technical/tactical attributes. Suggesting that practitioners are less likely to (de)select players based on transient, maturity-related attributes and instead place greater emphasis on specialist physical/technical position-specific attributes as players navigate the Elite Player Performance Plan pathway towards professional status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to reveal the effects of positioning on decision-making performance in top-level refereeing in association football. To this end, for all 64 matches of the FIFA World Cup 2014, potential foul-play situations were videometrically analysed in terms of the referee's position relative to the infringement. Contrary to earlier studies, viewing angles were analysed in addition to viewing distances and error rates were considered for not only falsely whistled but also falsely non-whistled events. Moreover, direct logistic regression analysis was applied to detect position-dependent differences. For the total of 1,527 potential foul play situations, an overall low error rate of 6.9% was found. The similar numbers of total whistle (n = 52) and non-whistle errors (n = 54) reflect referees' ability to balance both types of errors. Regarding the overall viewing-distance effect, referees were 2.58 times (95% CI 1.47–4.54) more likely to commit a whistle error at 10–15 m and 5.51 times (95% CI 1.35–22.47) more likely to commit a non-whistle error at 0–5 m, corresponding to the position ranges occurring with the highest (10–15 m: 30.3%) and lowest (0–5 m: 5.8%) frequencies. In contrast, no significant effects of viewing-angle on decision-making accuracy could be revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification and development of talent is an essential component of modern professional football. The recognition of key physical characteristics of such footballers who successfully progress through talent development programs is of considerable interest to academics and those working in professional football. Using Football Yearbooks, we obtained the height, body mass and ages of all players from the English top-division over the seasons 1973–4, 1983–4, 1993–4, 2003–4 and 2013–4, calculating body-mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) and reciprocal ponderal index (RPI) (cm/kg0.333). The mean squad size increased over these decades from n = 22.4 (1973–4) to n = 27.8 (2013–4). Height also increased linearly by approximately 1.2 cm per decade. Body mass increased in the first four decades, but declined in the final season (2013–4). Regression analysis confirmed inverted "u" shape trends in both body mass and BMI, but a "J" shape trend in RPI, indicating that English top-division professional footballers are getting more angular and ectomorphic. We speculate that this recent decline in BMI and rise in RPI is due to improved quality of pitches and increased work-load required by modern-day players. Defenders were also found to be significantly taller, heavier, older and, assuming BMI is positively associated with lean mass, more muscular than other midfielders or attackers. The only characteristic that consistently differentiated successful with less successful players/teams was age (being younger). Therefore, English professional clubs might be advised to attract young, less muscular, more angular/ectomorphic players as part of their talent identification and development programs to improve their chances of success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 1921, two representative women's teams played association football (soccer) on the Brisbane Cricket Ground in Queensland, Australia. The crowd size, approximately 10,000, was not commensurate with those attending matches featuring Dick, Kerr Ladies in England during the same period, but it was nonetheless a significant crowd at a match now widely acknowledged as Australia's first public game of women's association football. New evidence suggests it may have been the first between representative female association football sides, with players selected from local teams. Contemporary accounts note the match as a single event. Regular organised competition did not occur until the early 1970s, but led to the formation of a national association in 1974. An overview of current literature and new archival research highlights the emergence of a strong culture around woman's association football that begins before the Brisbane Cricket Ground match. The evidence presents a possible imbalance between what occurred and what has been recorded, and suggests a much more prolonged, if somewhat fragmented, engagement with association football between 1921 and 1933 in southern Queensland. The emergence of competition in Brisbane in the 1920s foregrounds the city's – and, with it, Queensland's – contribution to the history and development of Australian women's football. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated-sprint ability in Division I collegiate male soccer players: positional differences and relationships with performance tests. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1 3 6 2 -1 3 7 0 , 2 0 1 9 - Repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in essential for soccer. Important considerations when assessing RSA is whether there are d ifferences between positions (defenders, midfielders, and fo rwards), and what physiological characteristics may contribute to RSA. This has not been assessed in collegiate male players. Eighteen Division I male field players from one school performed several performance tests. The RSA test involved 7 X 30-m sprints completed on 20-second cycles. Measurements included total time (TT), and performance decrement (percent change in time from the first to last sprint; PD). Subjec ts also completed tests of lower-body power (vertical [VJ] and standing broad jump [SBJ]); linear (30-m sprint; 0 - 5 m, 0 -1 0 m, 0 -3 0 m intervals) and change-of-direction (505) speed; and soccer-specific endurance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2; YYIRT2). A one-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05) determined between-position differences, and effect sizes were calculated. Pearson's correlations (p < 0.05) calculated relationships between RSA TT and PD with the other tests. There were no significant between-position differences for any test. There were large effects for the faster rightleg 50 5 and greater YYIRT2 distance for midfielders compared with defenders and forwards. Nonetheless, no between-position differences in RSA TT and PD were documented. There were relationships between RSA TT and the VJ (r = -0 .5 9 ) , SBJ (r= -0 .6 1 ) , 0 -1 0 m ( r= 0.64) and 0 -3 0 -m (r = 0.83) sprint intervals. There were no significant correlations for RSA PD. Male field players from one collegiate soccer team can demonstrate similar RSA across different positions. Greater lower-body power and sprinting speed could augment RSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to test associations between accumulated external load and changes in body composition, isokinetic strength, and aerobic capacity of soccer players. Twenty-three professional soccer players (age: 24.7 ± 2.8 years; height: 179.2 ± 6.3; experience: 9.7 ± 2.1 years) participated in this study. This pre-post study design was performed during 10 weeks from July to August of 2017 (4 weeks of pre-season and 6 weeks during the early season). Players were monitored daily by GPS technology and were assessed before and after a 10-week period in terms of body mass (BM), fat mass, lean mass, isokinetic strength at 60°/s, VO2max, and HRmax. Large-to-very large positive correlations were found between the sum of sprinting distance and % differences of BM [0.70, (−0.09;0.95)], HRmax [0.51, (−0.37;0.91)], agonist (quadriceps)/antagonist (hamstrings) left ratio [0.84, (0.27;0.97)] and agonist/antagonist right ratio [0.92, (0.58;0.99)]. Large positive correlations were found between the acceleration sum and % differences of VO2max [0.58, (−0.29;0.92)], quadriceps left peak torque [0.66, (−0.16;0.94)], hamstrings left peak torque [0.68, (−0.13;0.94)] and hamstrings right peak torque [0.62, (−0.22;0.93)]. Sprinting load was largely and positively associated with changes in knee strength asymmetries. Acceleration sum was largely and positively correlated with variations at VO2max and peak torques at hamstrings. In addition, dose-response relationships using external load variables were identified in professional soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research about soccer defensive phase shows many limitations regarding the procedures and operational definitions. The aims of this paper are to create an observational instrument based on Dynamic Systems concepts and evidence sufficient content validity to adequately and reliably recode defensive soccer behaviours. For these, a five-stage development process for validity was followed: (1) an initial literature review, instrument development, observation training; (2) adapting an existing systematic observational instrument; (3) pilot study with non-experts; (4) content validity with experts (coaches and researchers) and (5) inter- and intra-observer reliability. Using Aiken's V coefficient and its cut-off value to determine validity content, consensus was found (V > 0.67, n = 32, p < 0.05) for all items answered by participants in pilot study and for almost all subjects in the experts' study (V > 0.69, n = 12, p < 0.05). Also, Cohen's Kappa shows inter- and intra-reliability values of 0.87 and 0.90, respectively. The final model, entitled Theoretical Dynamic Model of Soccer Defence, and the observational instrument, named Soccer-Defence, with 14 criteria and category systems, and 106 categories, seems to be suitable for analysing the defensive process in soccer and could be used to find strengths or weaknesses of tactical–technical defensive patterns of play and to help coaches to better prepare their teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To analyse how the quality of opposition, match location, and match status affect the positioning of the team during ball recovery. Methods. Overall, 510 ball recovery situations from a professional soccer team were analysed with a tracking system (AmiscoPro). Five compound positional variables (team compactness [TC ], compactness behind ball location [CB ], compactness forward ball location [CF], team width [TW], and game centre index [GC]) and three situational variables (match location, quality of opposition, and match status) were considered in this study. Data were examined with the use of a linear regression model. Results. The GC was reduced by 1.391 meters (p < 0.05) and TW was advanced by 2.204 meters (p < 0.05) when the team was winning and losing, respectively, as compared with when the scores were even. Playing against strong opposition increased CF by 3.055 meters (p < 0.05). No effects were detected on TC or CB. Conclusions. The team modifies the tactics as a consequence of the match conditions. Different field positions emerge in relation with situational variables. This information can be used to better understand the positional behaviour during ball recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Res 33(3): 793-800, 2019-The longitudinal tracking of performance indicators is lacking during the training of young female soccer players. Therefore, changes in 5-m acceleration, 20-m speed, change-of-direction (COD) speed, and repeated-sprint ability (RSA) were quantified during a 3-year period in an English Football Association Center of Excellence. Fourteen players (mean age = 12.1 years, SD = ±0.9) were recruited, and their best performance scores from preseason and in-season testing were averaged. Players were typically exposed to soccer (2 x 90 minutes per week) and strength and conditioning training (1 x 70 minutes per week) and played 20 soccer matches (50-80 minutes) during 35-week seasons. Mean (±90% confidence limits (CL)) overall improvements over the 3 years were 5.9% (1.3) (most likely large) for speed, 4.0% (1.0) (most likely large) for RSA, 8.8% (1.1) for acceleration, and 8.3% (1.4) for COD speed (both most likely very large). Improvements between years one and 2 ranged from most likely moderate to very large. Further small improvements in COD speed and 20-m speed (both likely) were observed between years 2 and 3. Individual differences in response were apparent only for COD speed, which were moderate and small between years 2 and 3. Most likely very large to near-perfect within-player correlations were observed between maturation and sprint measures. These data from a single-arm longitudinal study indicate that systematic exposure to training, which includes one dedicated strength and conditioning session each week, is associated with improvements in sprint-related physical qualities in girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every week, millions of dollars are pumped into the sport of football (Association Football). The transfer value of football players proliferates each year and transfer records get shattered every other transfer window. Players are signed with a certain transfer fee which is determined during the transfer of that player. However, it is noteworthy to have a metric or economic valuation signifying the price tag on a player throughout the season rather than only during the transfer. This paper introduces the contribution of consistency, popularity, crowd estimation and performance parameters on top of the factors used in previous studies in predicting market value of the player using machine learning algorithms. The results show that the predicting accuracy is enhanced when these parameters are considered for evaluating market value of the football player. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the present study were to (a) examine recovery time-course and (b) analyze the usefulness of the Hooper-Index (wellness index) and resting heart rate variability (HRV) in professional soccer players during an in-season phase. The Hooper-Index and resting HRV were collected on matchday and on the four following days in three consecutive in-season weeks in nine players (25.2 ± 4.3-years). The usefulness of monitoring variables was assessed by (a) comparing noise (typical error, TE) to the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) (TE/SWC) and (b) comparing match-related changes (i.e., signal) to TE (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio). Between-days standardized differences in the changes of Hooper-Index and HRV were compared to the SWC using magnitude-based inferences. The magnitudes of TE were small and moderate for the Hooper-Index and HRV, respectively. The Hooper-Index showed to be more useful than HRV for monitoring match-induced fatigue as having a lower TE/SWC (3.1 versus 4.4) and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (5.5 versus 1.5). Small-to-very large [range of effect sizes, 0.48; 2.43, confidence limits (0.22; 2.91)] and moderate-to-large [-1.71; -0.61 (-2.44; -0.03)] detrimental changes in Hooper-Index and HRV, respectively, were observed on the days following matchday. While group analyses showed a similar pattern for recovery time-course, more individual players responded, similarly when tracked using the Hooper -Index compared to when they were tracked using HRV. An inverse moderate within-individual relationship was observed between changes in the Hooper index and HRV [ r = -0.41, (-0.60, 0.18)]. The Hooper index is an easy-to-use, no-cost, and non-invasive monitoring tool and seems promising for tracking match-induced fatigue during in the season in professional soccer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment within professional football is characterised by high levels of staff turnover, uncertainty, vulnerability and insecurity. This paper aims to investigate the experiences of James, Head of Foundation Phase within an English professional youth academy, during a period of organisational change. Data were collected through field notes, informal observations and meetings, formal academy team meetings, co-worker interviews and four semi-structured in-depth participant interviews, which were subjected to an iterative process of inductive and deductive analysis. Theorising regarding the influence of professional self-interests upon the actions and strategies of the social actors was utilised to make sense of James' narrative. The findings highlighted how James strategically managed his relationships with others to further his own professional self-interests. Finally, following the findings of this study, we propose that the ability to develop micro-political literacy and a repertoire of micro-political actions and strategies would benefit coaches working within professional football during such periods of instability and change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the relative physical demands of official matches and sided games (medium and large) in professional soccer players by means of a global positioning system. Twenty-three professional male soccer players (24.632.84 years old; 180.946.49 cm; 77.196.46 kg; 52.995.01 VO2max) participated in the study. Total distance, running distance, sprinting distance, number of sprints, and acceleration sum were quantified per minute to compare the different games. Running distance in full match was greater than in 5vs5+GK (d = 2.303, moderate effect), 6vs6+GK (d = 1.719, moderate effect) and 9vs9+GK (d = 1.084, minimum effect) sided games. Greater values for sprinting distance were found in the full match compared to 5vs5+GK (d = 3.673, strong effect), 6vs6+GK (d = 2.606, moderate effect) and 9vs9+GK (d = 1.903, moderate effect) sided games. However, the load was greater in the 5vs5+GK game compared to the 6vs6+GK (d = 1.323, moderate effect) and 9vs9+GK (d = 1.030, minimum effect) games and the full match (d = 1.478, moderate effect). This study revealed that medium-sided games are not appropriate for simulating the sprinting conditions of official full matches. However, medium-sided games are more intense than full matches in that accelerations are made more often in medium-sided games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the development of association football at grassroots' level in County Donegal, a peripheral county lying in the north-west of the Republic of Ireland. Despite the foundation of the County Donegal Football Association in 1894, soccer organisers there were unable to develop a permanent competitive structure for the game until the late 20th century and the more ambitious teams were generally forced to affiliate with leagues in nearby Derry city. In discussing the reasons for this lack of a regular structure, this paper will also focus on the success of the Donegal League, founded in 1971, in providing a season long calendar of games. It also looks at soccer administrators' rivalry with those of Gaelic football there, and the impact of the nationalist Gaelic Athletic Association's 'ban' on its members taking part in what the organisation termed 'foreign games'. In particular, the extent to which the removal of the 'ban' in 1971 helped to ease co-operation between organisers of Gaelic and Association football will be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1980 there has been an abundance of research into the history of association football in England most of which has focused on the elite professional game and its followers. Recreational football has been relatively neglected, though participant numbers suggest that it constituted -- as it still does -- a highly significant social and cultural phenomenon. For many thousands in the mid-20th century it was "their most important social activity" (Nicholas Fishwick: English Football and Society 1910 -1950, Manchester, 1989, p.1). Yet why did so many people play football for small clubs in local leagues, or simply come together for an informal 'kickabout' when an opportunity presented itself? The scant historiography on English football at the grassroots suggests that this is a question that sports historians have yet to address systematically. Constructing a satisfactory response involves exploring the archival and newspaper sources already available to historians imaginatively while giving due consideration to the possibilities of previously overlooked autobiographical and literary texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes Dolores, a model designed to predict football match outcomes in one country by observing football matches in multiple other countries. The model is a mixture of two methods: (a) dynamic ratings and (b) Hybrid Bayesian Networks. It was developed as part of the international special issue competition Machine Learning for Soccer. Unlike past academic literature which tends to focus on a single league or tournament, Dolores is trained with a single dataset that incorporates match outcomes, with missing data (as part of the challenge), from 52 football leagues from all over the world. The challenge involved using a single model to predict 206 future match outcomes from 26 different leagues, played from March 31 to April 9 in 2017. Dolores ranked 2nd in the competition with a predictive error 0.94% higher than the top and 116.78% lower than the bottom participants. The paper extends the assessment of the model in terms of profitability against published market odds. Given that the training dataset incorporates a number of challenges as part of the competition, the results suggest that the model generalised well over multiple leagues, divisions, and seasons. Furthermore, while detailed historical performance for each team helps to maximise predictive accuracy, Dolores provides empirical proof that a model can make a good prediction for a match outcome between teams x and y even when the prediction is derived from historical match data that neither x nor y participated in. While this agrees with past studies in football and other sports, this paper extends the empirical evidence to historical training data that does not just include match results from a single competition but contains results spanning different leagues and divisions from 35 different countries. This implies that we can still predict, for example, the outcome of English Premier League matches, based on training data from Japan, New Zealand, Mexico, South Africa, Russia, and other countries in addition to data from the English Premier league. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the associations between wellness and internal and external load variables during two intermittent small-sided games (SSGs). Ten male amateur soccer players (age: 19.8±1.6 years; experience: 8.3±2.1 years; height: 177.4±3.8 cm; weight: 71.7±4.2 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. The 5 × 5 format was played in 3 × 6 min and 6 × 3 min regimens. Muscle soreness (DOMS), stress, fatigue, and sleep quality were rated before each session. Perceived exertion (RPE); mean heart rate (HRmean); total (TD), jogging (JD), running (RD), and sprinting (SD) distances; player's training load (PTL); and total accelerations (TAc) were monitored during SSGs. In the case of the 3 × 6′ regimen, large negative correlations between DOMS and TD (−0.68, [−0.89; −0.20]), JD (−0.66, [−0.89; −0.17]) and SD (−0.63, [−0.88; −0.12]) were found, and very large negative correlations between DOMS and PTL (−0.84, [−0.95; −0.53]) were found. Very large (−0.73, [−0.91; −0.30] and large (−0.61, [−0.87; −0.09]) negative correlations between DOMS and HRmean and PTL, respectively, were observed during the 6 × 3′ regimen. Regarding the associations between load variables, during the 6 × 3′ regimen, RPE was very largely correlated with TD (0.77, [0.37; 0.93]), JD (0.70, [0.25; 0.90]) and largely correlated with TAc (0.67, [0.19; 0.89]). In the 3 × 6′ regimen, large correlations were found between RPE and SD (0.62, [0.10; 0.87]) and TAc (0.61, [0.09; 0.87]). Overall, PTL was nearly perfectly correlated with TD (0.96, [0.86; 0.99]) and JD (0.94, [0.81; 0.98]), very largely correlated with TAc (0.87, [0.61; 0.96]), and largely correlated with RD (0.72, [0.29; 0.91]). The results of this study suggest that wellness status may influence workload in SSGs; in particular, DOMS may be moderately-to-largely detrimental to both internal and external load variables. Moreover, it was confirmed that RPE is moderately-to-largely correlated to objectively measured external load variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to test the relationships between performance outcomes and network measures of the teams that participated in FIFA World Cup 2018 matches. It was also an aim to compare the performance outcomes and network measures of winners and losers and to compare them for both close and unbalanced scores. A total of 64 matches and 32 teams were observed and coded during this study. Matches were observed and coded, based on the following performance outcomes: scored goals, goals against and shots. Passing distribution was also collected. The network measures were calculated based on passing distribution matrices. Clear large correlations were found between shots and total arcs (0.53, [0.16;0.77]) and density (0.54, [0.18;0.77]) in drawn matches. Clear moderate correlations were found between shots and total arcs (0.42, [0.22;0.59]) and density (0.43, [0.23;0.60]) in won matches. Comparisons between winners and losers during unbalanced scores revealed very likely moderate increases in scored goals (88.7%, [13.8;213.0]; ES: 1.15, [0.23;2.07]) and dyad reciprocity (36.5%, [9.5;70.1]; ES: 0.69, [0.20;1.18]) in winners during unbalanced matches. This study concludes that general network measures studied are not too sensitive to variations in final score. However, some of them can be associated with performance outcomes, such as shots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptualized by youth soccer players, parents, and coaches, the fun integration theory’s FUN MAPS identify 11 fun-factors and 81 fun-determinants. The purpose of this study was to conduct a secondary analysis of those data to explore the extent to which the parents (responsible for supporting) and the coaches (tasked with delivering soccer programs) perceived importance of the factors and determinants were congruent with the players’ self-reported importance. We produced pattern-match displays and go-zone displays, which are innovative, visual representations of group comparisons that are unique to concept-mapping methods, to determine the overall consensus between the groups, in addition to identifying exact points of agreement and disagreement. Results indicated congruence between parents and players was extraordinarily high (r = 0.89–0.93) and significantly more congruent than coaches and players (r = 0.75–0.84). Results also indicated consensus was significantly lower among adolescent players and coaches (r = 0.66–0.71) compared to younger players and coaches (r = 0.77–0.90). Disparities in the perceived importance of specific fun-factors and fun-determinants between groups are discussed. In addition, transformative learning theory is introduced as an immersive approach to developing fun schemas consistent with the youth athletes' fun ethos that will enable coaches to be athlete-centric when creating fun, positive sport experiences for youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]