Search

This study used two theoretical perspectives—coercive power and gender norms—to examine how gender affects victims' decisions to report physical assaults to the police. The coercive power perspective attributes gender differences in reporting to sex-linked physical coercive power differences that affect the harm of the crime and victims' personal safety. The gender norm perspective attributes gender differences in reporting to specific gender norms that influence crime reporting decisions. Using a sample of 18,627 nonintimate partner physical assaults from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1993–2015), crime reporting models demonstrated significantly better fit when they included the interaction between the victim's gender and the offender's gender than when they included only the main effects. In the sample, (a) female victims were 21.9% more likely to report to the police when the offender was male (vs. female) and (b) male victims were 45.8% more likely to report to the police when the offender was female (vs. male). Victims' tendency to report an opposite-sex offender to the police was strongest in simple assaults and absent in aggravated assaults. We conclude that male and female victims' reporting behaviors were most consistent with gender norms that encourage the use of self-help violence and discourage police reporting in intragender assaults. Consistent with this explanation, self-help violence was negatively related to crime reporting in assaults. Victims were more likely to use self-help violence and avoid reporting to the police against a same-sex offender than an opposite-sex offender. Finally, the offender's gender had a relatively stronger influence on assault victims' decisions to use self-help violence than on victims' decisions to take no action against the offender (i.e., not reporting to the police or using self-help violence). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Emergency medicine clinicians are excellent at identifying and treating physical trauma as a chief complaint, but are often unaware of patients' previous experiences of trauma. The purpose of this study was to describe emergency department (ED) patients' lifetime experiences of trauma. Methods: The investigative team used framework analysis to examine 1,282 participants' open‐ended responses to the Vera Institute's Trafficking Victim Identification Tool questions. Of these, 204 participants were found to have experienced at least one form of trauma; none of these participants were assessed positive for a human trafficking experience. Results: From 204 participants, 343 instances of trauma were recorded and analyzed. Of the 204 patient‐participants who reported trauma, 96 experienced one form of trauma and 108 experienced two or more. Three major themes emerged: work trauma (experiences of trauma originating in the workplace), coercion (being manipulated into activities), and trauma connections (some forms of trauma were commonly experienced with other kinds of trauma). A fourth, less prominent, theme was disclosure as witness (participants witnessing trauma). Conclusion: ED patients have experienced many forms of lifetime trauma and, in this study, were willing to share about their experiences while in the acute care setting. Given the common experience of trauma among the ED patients in this investigation, more work is needed to examine if and how trauma‐informed care principles should be employed in the ED. Additionally, the ED may be an underutilized data source for researchers seeking participants with experiences of trauma and/or a point of connection for trauma survivors to be linked to trauma care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological trauma primarily affects children and adolescents; it mostly results from physical and sexual maltreatment. In the Medico-Judicial Unit Center for Sexual Violence Victims in Tours, France, which I joined in 1992 for research and to give treatment, underage patients represented about three-quarters of patients. At the same time, a national survey was conducted in collaboration with Marie Choquet’s “Adolescent Health” group (INSERM), which targeted several thousand adolescents representing the general population. It revealed that almost one out of five adolescents had experienced physical or sexual assault, and that although the number of sexual assaults probably does not exceed that of physical assaults, most of the time their psychological consequences do considerably exceed those of physical assaults. Several symptoms appear after experiencing rapes or assaults. They have a distinct semiology and independent evolutions. We isolated three of them: dissociative and phobic traumatic syndrome, re-experiencing traumatic syndrome, and borderline-like traumatic syndrome. They are generally triggered all at the same time or in close succession. Re-experiencing traumatic syndrome is profound, but the other two are often more worrying, particularly in relation to children and adolescents, because they generate disorders in their psychological development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Injury-causing events are not randomly distributed across a landscape, but how they are associated with the features and characteristics of the places where they occur in Arizona (AZ) remains understudied. Clustering of trauma events and associations with areal sociodemographic characteristics in the greater Phoenix (PHX), AZ region can promote understanding and inform efforts to ameliorate a leading cause of death and disability for Arizonans. The outcomes of interest are trauma events unrelated to motor vehicle crashes (MVC) and the subgroup of trauma events due to interpersonal assaults. Methods A retrospective, ecological study was performed incorporating data from state and national sources for the years 2013–2017. Geographically weighted regression models explored associations between the rates of non-MVC trauma events (n/10,000 population) and the subgroup of assaultive trauma events per 1000 and areal characteristics of socioeconomic deprivation (areal deprivation index [ADI]), the density of retail alcohol outlets for offsite consumption, while controlling for race/ethnicity, population density, and the percentage urban population. Results The 63,451 non-MVC traumas within a 3761 mile2 study area encompassing PHX and 22 surrounding communities, an area with nearly 60% of the state’s population and 54% of the trauma events in the AZ State Trauma Registry for the years 2013–2017. Adjusting for confounders, ADI was associated with the rates of non-MVC and assaultive traumas in all census block groups studied (mean coefficients 0.05 sd. 0.001 and 0.07 sd. 0.002 for non-MVC and assaultive trauma, respectively). Alcohol retail outlet density was also associated with non-MVC and assaultive traumas in fewer block groups compared to ADI. Conclusion Socioeconomic deprivation and alcohol outlet density were associated with injury producing events in the greater PHX area. These features persist in the environment before and after the traumas occur. Ongoing research is warranted to identify the most influential areal predictors of traumatic injury-causing events in the greater PHX area to inform and geographically target prevention initiatives.

Background: Violence-related injuries top the list as a cause of mortality in the 15–40 years' age group in India. In contrast to the West, the spectrum of assault injuries in Southeast Asian countries is different. Our main aim was to profile intentional injuries due to interpersonal violence treated in the emergency department (ED) and to describe the severity, pattern, etiology, and outcome in such patients. Materials and Methods: We conducted a case-series analysis of assault victims who presented to the ED of Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India, from January 2017 to December 2018. Data were retrieved electronically from the clinical workstation. Categorized variables were summarized using counts and percentages. Quantitative variables were summarized using mean and standard deviation (SD). Results: During the study period, a total of 381 patients with a mean age of 36.16 (SD: 13.9) years presented to the ED. Male (81.9%) predominance was noted among these victims. A majority of them, i.e., 257 (67%) victims, were assaulted by people that were known to them, of which 66 (17.3%) victims were reported as domestic violence. Blunt objects were used in most, i.e., 234 (61.4%) cases. A spike in the incidence of assault, in general, was noted in the month of September during the South Indian festival season. Approximately one-fourth (21.3%) of the victims required hospital admission. Overall, 15.74% of the victims had to undergo major surgical procedures. There were no mortalities recorded among these study participants. Conclusions: Violence and its consequences lead to severe injuries and levy a heavy burden on health care. There is an urgent need to address the social and emotional needs of adolescents and young adults who are most at risk of being the victims of assault.

Introduction: The prevalence, pervasiveness, and minimization of sexual harassment and sexual assault (SHSA) within the Western Australian mining industry has been revealed in recent Australian reports and inquiries. However, there remains a gap in scholarship focusing on SHSA within the mining sector, specifically that engages with mining employees to understand this issue., Methods: This study aimed to fill this gap by exploring the experiences and perspectives of Western Australian mining employees in relation to SHSA. Through qualitative research methods, stakeholders ( n = 30) from various industry roles (e.g., front-line operations, administrative staff) participated in semi-structured interviews. A deductive thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the data., Results: The study revealed diverse perspectives of SHSA among participants, highlighting how this issue is understood, addressed, and discussed within the workplace. While some participants recognized positive shifts in workplace culture, it became apparent that additional efforts are needed to tackle the underlying and persistent factors that contribute to sexism, misogyny, and, ultimately, SHSA. Participants shared their perspectives regarding strategies and initiatives that could effectively combat SHSA within the industry., Discussion: This study constitutes a significant contribution to the limited body of research on SHSA in the Western Australian mining sector, offering valuable insights and recommendations for future prevention initiatives., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Vrankovich, Burns, Yam, Parker and Hendriks.)

Background The article intends to compare the efficacy of detecting fractures of facial bones in terms of the number of fractures detected, single or multiple involvement, displaced or undisplaced, segmental involvement, and comminuted or non-comminuted using 2D computerized tomography (CT) versus 3DCT for planning optimum treatment. Methodology One hundred patients with suspected facial bone fractures sustained either by assault, road traffic accident, or self-fall on arrival to casualty were examined clinically. Subsequently, palpation was done to detect facial bone fractures. On suspicion, they were subjected to a CT scan of the face in both coronal and axial views. The results were interpreted in the form of bones involved and detection of fractures of the same on both 2D and 3D scans. The acquired images of fractures obtained by 2D scan were reconstructed using software to obtain virtual images of the same by 3D scan to help further delineate which fractures or combination of them are better appreciated on both scans.  Result Out of 100 patients, 52 had maxilla fractures, which were better delineated by 3D scans. The detection of zygomatic arch fractures was almost equal on both scans. Mandibular and orbital fractures were better delineated by 3D scans. Conclusion To conclude, we believe that in maxillofacial trauma, 3DCT provides better information than 2DCT, especially with regard to the delineation of fractures and the involvement of single or multiple bones, as it gives a real-time picture of the same. This helps in planning the management of patients, whether surgical intervention is required or can be managed conservatively., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. SS Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre issued approval 85-2017. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, KV et al.)

Background and Purpose: We aimed to examine epidemiological data and identify risk factors for sexual assault. This study included women seeking care at the Geneva University Hospitals emergency obstetrics and gynaecological unit.Method: Retrospective, sociodemographic, and clinical data were collected from the medical reports.Results: We reviewed 836 medical charts and registered 92.8 women and girls per year who consulted the emergency department after sexual assault. The average age was 26 (±12) years, with a median of 23 years. Body lesions were reported in 525 patients (63%) and genital traumatic lesions were reported in 230 (28%) patients. Sexual assault by a stranger was reported in 436 cases (52%). Thirty percent of patients knew their aggressor. Aggressions were predominantly committed on the weekend, accounting for 367 cases (46%), with nearly two-thirds (65%, n = 474) occurring between 10 pm and 6 am. In total, 399 (48%) patients who were sexually assaulted reported having consumed alcohol and 102 (12%) reported having taken drugs prior to the aggression; 80 (10%) patients had consumed both and 286 (34%) had amnesia. Half of the sample sought and received medical care within 24 h from the time the aggression took place.Conclusion: Sexual assault risk factors in our study population in Geneva included use of drugs and alcohol, with amnesia. Future prevention and education interventions should target these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of COVID-19 has prompted Governments around the world to impose draconian restrictions on business activity, public transport, and public freedom of movement. The effect of these restrictions appears to vary from country to country and, in some cases, from one area to another within a country. This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 restrictions imposed in New South Wales (NSW) by the State Government. We examine week-to-week changes in 13 categories of crime (and four aggregated categories) from 2 January 2017 to 28 June 2020. Rather than using the pre-intervention data to make a forecast and then comparing that with what is actually observed, we use a Box–Jenkins (ARIMA) approach to model the entire time series. Our results are broadly in accord with those of other studies, but we find no effect of the lockdown (upward or downward) on domestic assault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many criminologists have considered the role of groups in the commission of crime to gain insight into offender decision-making. Additional research is needed, however, that examines the likelihood of arrest as a function of whether an offense is committed by a group of offenders (two or more offenders in a criminal incident) or a lone offender, as well as the number of offenders in the group. Using 3 years of data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System for robbery incidents, assault incidents, and sexual offenses, the study finds that the relative likelihood of arrest for group-offender incidents, compared with lone-offender incidents, varies by incident type. For robbery incidents, the likelihood of arrest increases when committed by a group of offenders. Yet, for assault incidents and sexual offenses, the likelihood of arrest decreases when committed by a group of offenders. Further analysis looks more closely at incidents committed by a group of offenders and how the number of offenders in the group affects the likelihood of arrest. A consistent finding is that for each incident type, the likelihood that all offenders in a group will be arrested is lower as the number of offenders increases, which may justify offenders' perceptions of "safety in larger numbers." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Casualty department of any hospital is an important area, because most of the medical emergencies and almost all medico legal cases report first to causality of hospital. The prime duty of doctor is to treat and save the life of patient, however once stabilizedthe same doctor has to carry out exhaustive documentation of medico legal cases. This puts on extra burden on duty Doctor. The present study is carried out with a view to understand the pattern and magnitude of Medico legal cases in this region. Two years retrospective data was collectedbetween 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2019 from the casualty, Basaveshwara Medical College, Chitradurga. Study revealed that Poisoning (40.04%) constituted majority of medico legal cases followed by road traffic accidents (31.12%) with male preponderance (3.32:1); majority of victims were between 21-30 years (32.5%); large number of victims were urban inhabitants (57.4%); most of the cases were from Hindu community (90.4%); majority of cases (58.9%) reported to casualty within 1 hour from the time of incidence;maximum number of cases (40.50%) were reported between 6 pm - 12 am of the day; maximum number of cases was treated on the IPD basis (64.30%);more number of MLC was reported in month of August (48 cases). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Victimization is associated with worse social and clinical outcomes of individuals with severe mental illness (SMI). A relapse of SMI may be one of the clinical consequences of assaultive trauma. As far as we know, there is no published study that analyzes nationwide health registers to assess the risk of SMI rehospitalization following assault. Aim: We aimed to assess whether exposure to assault is associated with an increased risk of psychiatric hospitalization in those with SMI. Methods: We utilized data from the Czech nationwide registers of all-cause hospitalizations and all-cause deaths. We defined exposed individuals as those discharged from a hospitalization for SMI between 2002 and 2007, and hospitalized for serious injuries sustained in an assault in the subsequent 7 years. For each assaulted individual, we randomly selected five counterparts, matched on SMI diagnosis, age and sex, who were not assaulted in the examined time period. We used mixed effect logistic regression to assess the effect of assault on the risk of SMI rehospitalization within the following 6 months. We fitted unadjusted models and models adjusted for the number of previous SMI hospitalizations and drug use disorders. Results: The sample consisted of 248 exposed and 1 240 unexposed individuals. In the unadjusted model, assaulted individuals were almost four times more likely to be rehospitalized than their non-assaulted counterparts (odds ratio (OR) = 3.96; 95% CI 2.75; 5.71). After adjusting for all covariates, the OR remained threefold higher (OR = 3.07; 95% CI 2.10; 4.49). Conclusion: People with a history of SMI hospitalization were approximately three times more likely to be rehospitalized for SMI within 6 months after an assault than their non-assaulted SMI counterparts. Soon after a person with SMI is physically assaulted, there should be a psychiatric evaluation and a close follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Covid19 pandemic challenged the global healthcare system and both developed and developing countries responded with their might to fight this global pandemic. Road traffic accidents are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India and we studied the impact of lockdown on neurosurgery trauma patients in a tertiary care centre in India. Methods: Indian government announced complete lockdown on 25th march 2020 and India remained in complete lockdown till 31st May 2020. We included the patients admitted from 1st January 2020 to 24th March 2020 in pre lockdown period and25th march to In this cross-sectional study we divided the patients into two groups of pre lockdown and lockdown period and incidence of neurosurgery trauma patients was assessed for Road Traffic Accident, assault, hit by animal and fall from height. Result: In our study 491 patients were admitted in pre lockdown and 369 patients were admitted in lockdown period. Road traffic accident patients were more in pre lockdown 39.5% (n=194) as compared to lockdown period 31.2% (n=115). However, cases of assaults were more in the lockdown period (14.6%, n=54) as compared to pre lockdown (3.9%, n=19). The death rate in neurosurgery trauma patients reduced significantly in lockdown (7.3%, n=27) as compared to pre lockdown (21.8%, n=107). Conclusion: The COVID19 pandemic induced lockdown resulted in a decrease in motor vehicle movements which further decreased the incidence of RTA and related trauma however incidence of assault-related trauma and cases increased significantly in this period. The overall outcome of such patients improved probably due to better utilization of available health care facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ecuador, domestic violence is the government’s priority as this affects the emotional balance of the injured people, leading them to the appearance of behavioral alterations. Therefore, any physical or psychological aggression damages the family nucleus. In the Constitution of the Republic of 2008, the right to personal integrity was established. However, there is still a social ignorance of the main elements that originate it and its effects on society. The incidence of violence against women, children, and adolescents reaches alarming global and national levels. According to the World Health Organization, 35% of women worldwide have been victims of physical and/or sexual violence by their partner or sexual violence by people other than their partner. It is worth mentioning that with the origin of COVID-19, it has increased problems in homes such as in the economic, family, and emotional sphere. This study's objective is to define the origin of domestic violence and its interrelation as a neutrosophic group and its modeling using neutrosophic statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medical and biomechanical assessment of injuries from blows to the head is a common task in forensic medicine. In the context of a criminal justice process, the injury potential of different striking weapons is important. The article at hand compares the injury potential of assaults with a 0.5-l beer bottle and a 0.33-l Coke bottle, both made of glass. The research team hit 30 used empty 0.5-l beer bottles and 20 used empty 0.33-l Coke bottles manually on an aluminum dummy skull set on a force measuring plate, using acrylic and pork rind as a scalp surrogate. There was no significant difference in fracture threshold and energy transfer between the examined beer and Coke bottles. Both glass bottles are able to cause fractures to the facial bones while cranial bone fractures are primarily not to be expected. Blows with a 0.5-l beer bottle or with a 0.33-l Coke bottle to the head can transfer up to 1.255 N and thus are able to cause severe blunt as well as sharp trauma injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firearm-related injuries (FRI) are an important public health crisis in the US. There is relatively less city level data examining the injury-related trends in Tucson, Arizona. Our study aims to examine FRI, in Southern Arizona's only Level I trauma center. We conducted a (2014-2019) review of our Level-I trauma center registry. We selected all patients who were evaluated for a FRI. We collected patient and center related variables. Our outcomes were the trends of FRI, injury-related characteristics, and mortality. Cochran–Armitage trend analysis was performed. A total of 1012 FRI patients were identified. The majority of patients were teenagers (32%) and young adults (30%), and 88% were male. Greater than 80% of patients belonged to the low/low-middle socioeconomic class, and 18.5% completed college. The most common firearm utilized was the handgun (45%). The prevalence of FRI increased significantly (2014:15%; 2019:21%; P < 0.01). The most common injury intention was assault (75%). The median ISS was 17(9-25) with most injuries sustained to the extremities (23%). Also, 25% required emergent operative intervention. There is a significant rise in the number of severely injured patients (ISS≥25) (2014:12.1%, 2019:20%; P < 0.01), self-inflicted injuries (2014:10%, 2019:17%; P < 0.01), unintentional injuries (2014:6%, 2019:12%; P < 0.01), and mortality (2014:11%; 2019:19%; P < 0.01). A high prevalence of substance abuse was noted (73% alcohol, 64% drugs). The prevalence of FRI at our center has been rising over the past decade with a shift towards more severe injuries and higher mortality rates. Addressing these alarming changes requires targeted interventions on multiple frontiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports findings on men's exposure to extreme pornography, impersonal sexuality, and sexual aggression from the National Survey of Porn Use, Relationships, and Sexual Socialization, a U.S. population‐based probability study. Despite Malamuth's confluence model (CM) of sexual aggression positing that an impersonal approach to sex interacts with exposure to pornography to predict the likelihood of committing sexual assault, only a few studies have actually tested this prediction. Additionally, the data from the only previous nationally representative study were gathered more than 30 years ago. Results of the present study generally supported the CM. Extreme pornography exposure and impersonal sexuality were both associated with a higher probability of sexual aggression. Although impersonal sex was a robust predictor in and of itself, men who were more exposed to pornography and impersonal in their approach to sex were more likely to be sexually aggressive than men who were impersonal in their approach to sex but less exposed to pornography. Results maintained when indicators of sex drive were included in analyses. The only finding inconsistent with the CM was that the association between pornography exposure and sexual aggression was stronger among men lower rather than higher in impersonal sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual and physical assaults have many serious and persistent negative impacts on individual health. There is now a considerable literature base identifying and discussing these health outcomes. Less is known about the mediating mechanisms that link these types of assault with later outcomes. This study examines the role of sexual and physical assaults in self-perceptions of individual health on missing or cutting back on work responsibilities. In particular, perceptions of both mental and physical health are investigated to further refine understanding of the different impacts of assault on survivor health and behavior. Using a sample of 3,791 adults aged 30 to 84 from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, results of the analyses indicate that sexual and physical assaults do not have a direct effect on missing/cutting back on work responsibilities but do have an indirect effect through perceptions of health. The results can inform academic research, as important impacts of assault may be masked if mediating mechanisms are not investigated. In terms of policy, adults who have difficulty carrying out work responsibilities should be assessed for their overall health and survivors of violence should be offered health-related services following a victimization experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Covid19 pandemic challenged the global healthcare system and both developed and developing countries responded with their might to fight this global pandemic. Road traffic accidents are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India and we studied the impact of lockdown on neurosurgery trauma patients in a tertiary care centre in India. Methods: Indian government announced complete lockdown on 25th march 2020 and India remained in complete lockdown till 31st May 2020. We included the patients admitted from 1st January 2020 to 24th March 2020 in pre lockdown period and25th march to In this cross-sectional study we divided the patients into two groups of pre lockdown and lockdown period and incidence of neurosurgery trauma patients was assessed for Road Traffic Accident, assault, hit by animal and fall from height. Result: In our study 491 patients were admitted in pre lockdown and 369 patients were admitted in lockdown period. Road traffic accident patients were more in pre lockdown 39.5% (n=194) as compared to lockdown period 31.2% (n=115). However, cases of assaults were more in the lockdown period (14.6%, n=54) as compared to pre lockdown (3.9%, n=19). The death rate in neurosurgery trauma patients reduced significantly in lockdown (7.3%, n=27) as compared to pre lockdown (21.8%, n=107). Conclusion: The COVID19 pandemic induced lockdown resulted in a decrease in motor vehicle movements which further decreased the incidence of RTA and related trauma however incidence of assault-related trauma and cases increased significantly in this period. The overall outcome of such patients improved probably due to better utilization of available health care facilities.

One would think, at a time where healthcare workers are the frontline warriors against the COVID 19 pandemic, the violence against them would subside; however, this is far from the truth. This commentary article addresses the underlying causes and implications of such acts of violence against health professionals, particularly those involved in primary healthcare, in India, and barriers to implementation of laws protecting these professionals from violence. Recommendations for administrative and on ground interventions, with a proposed collaboration with government and private medical establishments, have been discussed, as a probable solution to the problem of violence at hand.

Introduction: Trauma has been the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. However, there are changes in pattern of trauma and their outcomes with time. Aim: To study the mode and nature of injury and mortality associated with trauma of head, chest and abdomen. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 1000 individuals that presented to emergency surgery ward from 2014 to 2019. Patients presented to emergency surgery of Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India were observed for various characteristics i.e., age group, mode of injury, site of injury, outcomes and management. Results: The mean age of patients was 33.91±16.29 years with significant male predominance (n=794, 79.4%) (p-value 0.00001). Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) were the most common mode of trauma affecting 490 patients (49%). Head injury was the most common of all injuries (n=834). Overall mortality was 3.6% (n=36). Mortality was higher in males (p-value 0.00933) and mortality rate of 25% was seen in age group of 61- 70 years. Conclusion: RTIs followed by assaults are the most common cause of trauma and it significantly affects young male population. However, mortality rate increases with increase in age group with higher rates in older age groups.

Background: Food insecurity, as an indicator of socioeconomic disadvantages and a determinant of health, may be associated with injury by increasing risk exposure and hampering risk mitigation. We examined the association between food insecurity and common causes of injury in the general population.Methods: Linking the Canadian Community Health Survey 2005-2017 to National Ambulatory Care Reporting System 2003-2017, this retrospective cohort study estimated incidence of injury-related emergency department (ED) visits by food insecurity status among 212,300 individuals 12 years and above in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Alberta, adjusting for prior ED visits, lifestyle, and sociodemographic characteristics including income.Results: Compared to those in food-secure households, individuals from moderately and severely food-insecure households had 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07-1.25) and 1.35 (95% CI 1.24-1.48) times higher incidence rate of ED visits due to injury, respectively, after confounders adjustment. The association was observed across sex and age groups. Severe food insecurity was associated with intentional injuries (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] 1.81; 95% CI 1.29-2.53) including self-harm (aRR 1.87; 95% CI 1.03-3.40) and violence (aRR 1.79; 95% CI 1.19-2.67) as well as non-intentional injuries (aRR 1.34; 95% CI 1.22-1.46) including fall (aRR 1.43; 95% CI 1.24-1.65), medical complication (aRR 1.39; 95% CI 1.06-1.82), being struck by objects (aRR 1.43; 95% CI 1.07-1.91), overexertion (aRR 1.31; 95% CI 1.04-1.66), animal bite or sting (aRR 1.60; 95% CI 1.08-2.36), skin piercing (aRR 1.80; 95% CI 1.21-2.66), and poisoning (aRR 1.65; 95% CI 1.05-2.59). Moderate food insecurity was associated with more injuries from violence (aRR 1.56; 95% CI 1.09-2.21), falls (aRR 1.22; 95% CI 1.08-1.37), being struck (aRR 1.20; 95% CI 1.01-1.43), and overexertion (aRR 1.25; 95% CI 1.04-1.50). Moderate and severe food insecurity were associated with falls on stairs and being struck in non-sports settings but not with falls on same level or being struck during sports. Food insecurity was not related to transport injuries.Conclusions: Health inequity by food insecurity status extends beyond diseases into differential risk of injury, warranting policy intervention. Researchers and policymakers need to address food insecurity as a social determinant of injury to improve health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary Objective Established literature demonstrates that homeless individuals experience both greater disease burden and risk of experiencing traumatic brain injury (TBI) than the general population. Similarly, shared risk factors for both homelessness and/or TBI may exacerbate the risk of repetitive neurotrauma within homeless populations. Research Design We leveraged a state-wide trauma registry, the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study (PTOS), to characterize 609 patients discharged to homeless (58% TBI, 42% orthopedic injury (OI)) in comparison to 609 randomly sampled adult patients discharged to home. Methods and Procedures We implemented Chi-square tests to examine preexisting health conditions (PECs), hospital course, and injury mechanisms for both patient groups. Main Outcomes and Results Homelessness affects a greater proportion of nonwhite patients, and homeless patients present for care with increased frequencies of psychiatric and substance use PECs, and alcohol-positive TBI. Furthermore, assault impacts a larger proportion of homeless patients, and the window for overnight assault risk resulting in TBI is extended for these patients compared to patients discharged to home. Conclusion Given the shifting conceptualization of TBI as a chronic condition, identifying homeless patients on admission to trauma centers, rather than retrospectively at discharge, can enhance understanding of the challenges facing the homeless as they age with both a complex neurotrauma history and multimorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Trauma has been the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. However, there are changes in pattern of trauma and their outcomes with time. Aim: To study the mode and nature of injury and mortality associated with trauma of head, chest and abdomen. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 1000 individuals that presented to emergency surgery ward from 2014 to 2019. Patients presented to emergency surgery ward were observed for various characteristics i.e., age group, mode of injury, site of injury, outcomes and management. Results: The mean age of patients was 33.91±16.29 years with significant male predominance (n=794, 79.4%) (p-value 0.00001). Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) were the most common mode of trauma affecting 490 patients (49%). Head injury was the most common of all injuries (n=834). Overall mortality was 3.6% (n=36). Mortality was higher in males (p-value 0.00933) and mortality rate of 25% was seen in age group of 61- 70 years. Conclusion: RTIs followed by assaults are the most common cause of trauma and it significantly affects young male population. However, mortality rate increases with increase in age group with higher rates in older age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hotter weather is associated with aggressive crime. However, it is not well known if similar relationships apply to online aggression. This study uses anger counts derived from Twitter posts (tweets) and assault counts in New South Wales, Australia, to investigate if they share a similar relationship with temperature, and to determine if online anger is a predictor of assault. Results indicated that the relationships were largely inverse—assault counts were higher in summer than winter, while angry tweet counts were lower. As daily maximum temperatures rose, assault counts increased while angry tweet counts decreased. Angry tweet counts were inversely associated with assaults, with an increase in tweets signaling decreasing assaults. There are several plausible explanations for the dissimilarities including the impact of temperature on behavior, socio-demographic differences, and data collection methods. The findings of this study add to the growing literature in social media emotion and its relationship with temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to identify the epidemiological characteristics and co-morbidities of eyelid injuries among Filipino patients seen at the Emergency and Out-patient Clinics of a single, tertiary, government, urbanbased hospital from June 2014 to June 2015. Methods: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive single-center study. Medical records of 85 patients who consulted at the Emergency or Out-Patient Clinics of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences of the Philippine General Hospital, Manila due to eyelid injuries that resulted to skin breaks with or without tissue loss or other ocular co-morbidities were reviewed. Information collected included: demographic data of the patient; the offending object; mechanism, place, date and time of injury; date and time of consult; possible risk factors and predisposing conditions such as alcohol intoxication and lack of use of protective gears. Complications associated with eyelid injuries were also noted. Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of patient demographics, epidemiologic characteristics of eyelid injuries and its associated complications. Results: Of the 85 cases, 78% were males. Most of the patients were below 50 years of age with a range of 1-79 and a mean age of 25 years old. There is male preponderance across all age groups except in the pediatric group below 10 years of age. The right eye was involved in 58% of cases. The most common area affected was the right lower lid as seen in 36 cases. Most of the eyelid injuries were severe: 21 (25%) were margin-involving, 17 (20%) had canalicular transection and 34 (40%) had both. Other co-morbidities included some degree of tissue loss or avulsion (16%) and globe involvement (29%). Majority were accidental (36%). Public places (33%) and the home (33%) were the most common places of injury. Most of the injuries that happened at home were accidents (82%) while those that occurred in public places were mostly assault cases (71%). The most common offending objects that caused the eyelid injuries included metal (33%), pavement/cement (18%), and wood (16%). The most common mechanism of injury was blunt trauma (67%). There were 18 cases of vehicular crash, 89% of the patients were not wearing helmets. All work-related injuries reported absence of protective gear. Alcohol intoxication was reported in 30% of assault cases and 72% of vehicular crash. Conclusion: Eyelid injuries continue to pose as a public health concern. Campaigns organized toward educating the public can stress on the importance of increased vigilance regarding safety especially in children and young adults. Use of protective gear and eyewear while driving or working in hazardous environments should also be emphasized. Monitoring of public places for any disturbance can prevent violent acts from escalating. The Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013 should also be strictly enforced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a concern in many countries about violence from late‐night alcohol sales and appropriate regulatory responses. However, economic losses arising from this activity rarely feature in public debate. Credible estimates are lacking because economic evaluations have not taken a 'societal perspective', costing health, policing and criminal justice outcomes. Our aims were to: (i) develop an analytic model capable of informing cost–benefit analysis of policy changes; and (ii) estimate costs of alcohol‐related assault (ARA) in a major city. Methods: We employed decision‐analytic cohort models of health and judicial consequences of ARA in Sydney, Australia. We constructed two 6‐branch decision‐analytic models of patient and offender pathways through the health and judicial systems. We produced overall estimates and analysed their sensitivity to key assumptions. Results: Combining results from a Health model comprising 40 pathways and 137 cost events, and a Justice model comprising 20 pathways and 48 cost events, yielded an overall cost estimate of $85 093 per ARA, of which 64% was health‐related, while 36% was justice‐related. Estimates were sensitive to values assigned for 'pain, suffering, morbidity and wellbeing', and to costs of incarceration. Health service‐related costs accounted for 1.3% of the total. Discussion and Conclusion: The costs of ARA are significant and dominated by incidents in which a victim does not necessarily receive acute medical care but suffers loss in quality‐of‐life, and where a perpetrator is processed through the criminal justice system. Being derived transparently, within a theoretical framework, the estimates are adaptable to inform cost–benefit analyses of policy options in Australia and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Night‐time entertainment precincts (NEP) are the site of a disproportionate amount of alcohol‐related violence, injuries and anti‐social behaviour. To combat this the Queensland government introduced patron bans in October 2014, giving police the power to exclude individuals from NEPs and preventing patrons from remaining in or entering the designated area or from designated premises for the ban duration. Mandatory identification scanners within licensed venues were also introduced, which are used to enforce patron bans. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of police‐issued 10‐day patron bans for preventing alcohol‐related violence or anti‐social behaviour occurring within NEPs during high‐alcohol hours. Methods: Queensland's largest NEPs; Brisbane central business district, Fortitude Valley and Surfers Paradise central business district; were examined. Time‐series autoregressive integrated moving average analyses were used to estimate the influence of 10‐day patron bans on police‐recorded serious assaults, common assaults and good order offences. Analyses controlled for the introduction of relevant policy and identification scanners. Results: The number of police‐issued patron bans did not significantly predict changes in serious assault, common assault or good order offence trends the weekend following the ban (within the 10‐day period). Discussion and Conclusions: The current study was unable to find evidence indicating that 10‐day patron bans reduced alcohol‐related harms experienced in Queensland's largest NEPs in the short term. Further research needs to be conducted examining other types of patron bans, particularly longer bans issued in other jurisdictions or by licensees, and whether bans change individual's behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aims: In an attempt to reduce alcohol‐related harm in night‐time entertainment precincts, the Queensland state government (Australia) introduced the Tackling Alcohol‐Fuelled Violence strategy in July 2016, including restrictions on late‐night service of alcohol and—later—compulsory ID scanners at venues. In this article, we examined the impact of these changes on emergency department (ED) presentations and hospital admissions for alcohol‐related harm. Design and Methods: We used data on ED presentations (July 2009–June 2019) and hospital admissions (July 2009–December 2018). Interrupted time series models using seasonal auto‐regressive integrated moving average methods were developed to test the impact of the policy change on presentations for alcohol intoxication, any injury or maxillofacial fractures, and admissions for rates of assault‐related injuries or maxillofacial fractures. Analyses were conducted using state‐wide Queensland data with a sub‐analysis focussing on major Brisbane hospitals. Results: The introduction of 3 am last drinks and mandatory ID scanners had no significant impact on most outcome measures, either across the state or within Brisbane. State‐wide, there was a significant decline in ED injury presentations following the introduction of mandatory ID scanners. Discussion and Conclusions: The introduction of the Tackling Alcohol‐Fuelled Violence strategy in Queensland Safe Night Precincts was potentially associated with a small reduction in injury presentations to EDs. The lack of other impacts may relate to the relative lack of specificity in health system data, which challenges in the implementation of the Tackling Alcohol‐Fuelled Violence policies or other local factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This register-based study from Sweden examines mortality risks among young male victims of violence. In total, 8722 men aged 18–24 years who spent at least one night in inpatient care after exposure to violence in the years 1992–2005 were compared with 78,702 age-matched men from the general population. Cox regressions showed that men exposed to violence had a >3 times higher risk of all-cause mortality, a >4 times higher risk of suicide, and about a 20 times higher risk of death from later violence. The risk of suicide remained stable during the follow-up, and the risk of all-cause mortality and death from later violence decreased. Abbreviations: NBHW: The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen); Brå: The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brottsförebyggande rådet) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informed by principles of environmental criminology, this study assesses patterns of sexual victimization among young riders of rail-bound public transportation using a sample of 1,122 university students in Stockholm, Sweden. Exploratory data analysis and logistic regression models underlie the methodology of the study. Findings indicate that the physical and social characteristics of transit environments have an impact on the likelihood of sexual victimization after controlling for individual factors. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case presented is that of an elderly woman found in her home, confused and with multiple body injuries. A forensic assessment was conducted based on the preliminary information that she was found with her pants pulled down to her ankles, an electrical cord laying across her neck, reported genital bruising, and that the back door of her home was open. Police initially treated the matter as a home invasion with physical and sexual assault but this was later considered incorrect. This case highlights that not all women found in a state of partial undress have been sexually assaulted, that initial information should be corroborated from its source, and the value of a multi-disciplinary approach when analyzing information to determine a possible sequence of events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Venue capacity has been proposed as a factor associated with increased number of violent incidents on‐premises, though no specific research has demonstrated this association, and instead has tended to focus on the relationship between crowding and aggression. The aim of current paper is to investigate the association between venue capacity and the number of violent incidents on‐premises. Methods: Venue capacity data (the maximum capacity listed on the liquor license) were obtained for all venues in central Melbourne from 2010 until 2016. These data were then matched with police‐recorded on‐premises assaults that occurred within high‐alcohol hours (Friday and Saturday 8 pm–6 am) inside the venue. Results: Analyses were conducted on 5729 venue‐years (yearly assault counts per venue, per year) across central Melbourne. Compared with venues that have a maximum capacity of between 0 and 100 patrons, venues with higher capacities have increasingly more recorded assaults. Venues with maximum capacities between 501 and 1000 are 6.1 times more likely to have an assault recorded compared with venues with a maximum capacity between 0 and 100. Further, each additional high‐alcohol hour that a venue can be open for is associated with a 72% increase in the number of recorded assaults. Conclusions: Greater venue capacity was found to be strongly associated with an increased risk of violent incidents for any given venue. This was further exacerbated by late‐night trading which substantially adds to the risk of assaults inside the venue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the growing literature of the spatial examination of criminality, this study examines the stability of crime related to mass gathering events over time. Specifically, we examine the impacts of baseball games on assault patterns in the Bronx and Queens, New York, using a nonparametric permutation approach to examine the spatial distribution of point patterns at the neighborhood level over multiple seasons. Findings demonstrate that Mets and Yankees game days have significant impact on the number of assaults when compared to a sample of similar non–game days providing further support for environmental criminological theories. Implications for practitioner use of the tool as well as its use as a method for researchers who seek to compare crime event patterns across several temporal bandwidths are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Assault or prejudice to the independence of states from the most serious political and legal issues that could threaten its stability, security and international standing, in view of the coverage of this crime and its expansion to include all crimes that affect the security of the State from the outside. The images of the attack on the independence of states are divided into an attack on their regional independence through occupation, colonization, control or fragmentation of all or some of their territories. Therefore, it is noted here that this type or images of aggression is a tangible physical assault on the ground. A second image is the attack on the political independence of the state, which concerns the non-material aspects such as political and sovereign rights related to its ability to exercise its political nature and legal personality before political units or international organizations. Therefore, States are keen to put these types of threats and attacks directed at their existence at the top of the crimes that seek to constantly and continuously to shed light on them in terms of legal and legislative, and continuously seeks to develop their legislation to keep up with everything related to them because of their overlap with those developments in the environment International politics.

Background: The human eye is vulnerable to various external injuries. This is in spite of the seemingly adequate protection offered by the bony orbit. Ultrasound, as a non-invasive and safe imaging modality, is very useful in evaluating the orbit as the globe provides a perfect acoustic window. There is a need for an update on the sonographic patterns of ocular trauma in Nigeria. Objective: To sonographically assess the features of ocular trauma at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Methods: Eighty patients with ocular injuries were studied over an 8-month period. After detailed history taking, using a closed eye technique, each patient was scanned with a 5-12MHz linear array probe of a SONOACE X4 Machine. Results: The 18-35 years age group was most affected and the right eye was more frequently involved. The most common sources of injury were intraocular foreign bodies (26; 32.5%), assault (20; 25%) and road traffic accidents (18; 22.50%). Mechanical injuries were more common, comprising 44 (56.4%) cases of blunt trauma and 34 (43.6%) cases of penetrating trauma. The most common sonographic findings included vitreous haemorrhage, intraocular foreign bodies and retinal detachment. Conclusion: Posterior chamber findings (vitreous haemorrhage and retinal detachment) were more frequent than anterior chamber findings in ocular trauma.