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This paper analyses the master station redundancy technology in the POWERLINK network. Through the monitoring network and data refresh to achieve the master station redundancy function. The Managing Node redundancy ensures the POWERLINK cycle production continuance after the failure of the current master station, the switch-over time (recovery time) of the POWERLINK system is in the two POWERLINK cycle time at least. That ensures a very fast restoring of normal operation without any downtime for the control system.

Aiming at the axle material 30CrMoA high speed cylindrical grinding force calculation problems, a consideration of plowing force grinding force model is established based on the Werner’s theory model of grinding force, and the friction force and plowing force coefficient is defined as variable parameters. On the basis of the finite element analysis software DEFORM-3D, a high speed cylindrical grinding simulation model method is presented.Through the theoretical value and simulation value contrast, a mutual authentication of grinding force model is proposed. According to the simulation analysis results of grinding force and grinding wheel speed, grinding depth and the relationship between the workpiece speed, theoretical and technical guidance for the grinding force calculation and the selection of grinding process parameters are provided.

Objective To evaluate the effects of Xuebijing (XBJ) injection in heat stroke (HS) rats and to investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects. Methods Sixty anesthetized rats were randomized into three groups and intravenously injected twice daily for 3 days with 4 mL XBJ (XBJ group) or phosphate buffered saline (HS and Sham groups) per kg body weight. HS was initiated in the HS and XBJ groups by placing rats in a simulated climate chamber (ambient temperature 40°C, humidity 60%). Rectal temperature, aterial pressure, and heart rate were monitored and recorded. Time to HS onset and survival were determined, and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) were measured. Hepatic tissue was harvested for pathological examination and electron microscopic examination. Kupffer cells (KCs) were separated from liver at HS initiation, and the concentrations of secreted TNF-α, IL-β and IL-6 were measured. Results Time to HS onset and survival were significantly longer in the XBJ than in the HS group. Moreover, the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ALT and AST were lower and liver injury was milder in the XBJ than in the HS group. Heat-stress induced structural changes in KCs and hepatic cells were more severe in the HS than in the XBJ group and the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-β and IL-6 secreted by KCs were lower in the XBJ than in the HS group. Conclusion XBJ can alleviate HS-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome and liver injury in rats, and improve outcomes. These protective effects may be due to the ability of XBJ to inhibit cytokine secretion by KCs.

This study investigates how Internet self-efficacy helps students to transform motivation into learning action, and its influence on learning performance. In this study, the effects of Internet self-efficacy on motivation and the learning performance of online college students were examined using social cognitive theory. The subjects of this study were 87 college students participating in an online course. We applied quantitative analysis to elucidate the relationship between student-perceived Internet self-efficacy and learning performance. The effects of Internet self-efficacy on student motivation and learning performance were evaluated through the analysis of variance. Students with high Internet self-efficacy outperformed those with low Internet self-efficacy on the final exam and were more confident in their ability to complete an online course. Significant gender differences were noted, in which males had a higher degree of Internet self-efficacy and confidence than females; whereas, females had hi...

Starting from the investigation on the detailed flow pattern, finite analytic numerical method is developed to solve the two-dimensional fluid flows in heterogeneous porous media. It is shown that only for some specific permeability distributions the pressure has the piecewise linear distribution, where harmonic average scheme works very well. In general case, the pressure will have the power-law behavior and its gradient will diverge as approaching the node joining the different permeability areas. The nodal flow effects cause the flow fingering into the high permeability region. It is a challenge problem to numerically describe the nodal fingering effects. With the help of the specific properties of pressure and its gradient around the node, a local analytical nodal solution is derived and then applied to construct a finite analytic numerical scheme. Numerical examples show that the detailed flow pattern can be reconstructed with the proposed numerical scheme under few grid refinements. Only with 2x2 or 3x3 subdivisions, the proposed numerical scheme can provide rather accurate solutions. The convergent speed of the numerical scheme is independent of the permeability heterogeneity. In contrast, the refinement ratio for the grid cell needs to be increased dramatically to get an accurate result when the traditional numerical method is used for strong heterogeneous cases.

Hybrid solar cell based on copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) and textured Si has been fabricated. Influence of silicon texturization on the photovoltaic properties of CuPc/n-Si hybrid solar cell was studied by current-voltage characteristic curves in the dark and under illumination conditions. As a result, it is found that textured Si can improve significantly the performance of hybrid solar cell. It exhibits a three times increase in the short-circuit current density with respect to that of the standard hybrid solar cell, and the short-circuit current density reaches up to 5.4 mA/cm2. In addition, the open-voltage and fill factor are almost constant. The solar-energy conversion efficiency is increased by about three times by the textured Si and achieved about 0.8% under “one Sun” illumination. Furthermore, the possible reasons for this result have been discussed.

Heat stroke often leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) with a neurological morbidity of 30%. Current studies suggested that pathophysiological responses to heat stroke may be due to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and a series of peptidergic nerve reactions. The mechanisms underlying the high neurological morbidity in heat stroke have remained largely elusive. In recent years, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been considered to have a positive role in central nervous system injury. The present study investigated the influence of CGRP on brain injury induced by heat stroke. A rat model of heat stroke was established in a pre-warmed artificial climate chamber with a temperature of 35.5±0.5°C and a relative humidity of 60±5%. The rectal core temperature (Tc) was monitored. Heat stress was halted at a Tc of no more than 41°C A bolus injection of CGRP was administered to each rat in the HS+CGRP group and a bolus injection of CGRP8-37 was administered to each rat in the HS+CGRP8-37 group after heat stress. After 2 h, electroencephalograms were recorded and the pathological morphology of brain tissue as well as brain cell apoptosis and caspase-3 protein levels in the brain were measured. The EEG of rats in the HS+CGRP group was characterized by a short- to long-term α-wave and low-voltage β-waves as well as a large amount of intermittent δ- and θ-waves. Compared with the HS group, the θ-wave decreased and the α-wave increased significantly (P

The effects of salinity on survival, growth, special activity of digestive enzymes, nonspecific immune response, and muscle fatty acid composition were evaluated in the American shad (Alosa sapidissima). Juveniles of 35 days after hatching were reared at 0 (control), 7, 14, 21, and 28 ppt for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, juvenile American shad presented higher survival and specific growth rate (SGR) in salinity group (7, 14, and 21 ppt) than control group (P

Pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMECs) injury including apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury during sepsis. Our recent study has demonstrated that calpain activation contributes to apoptosis in PMECs under septic conditions. This study investigated how calpain activation mediated apoptosis and whether heat stress regulated calpain activation in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated PMECs. In cultured mouse primary PMECs, incubation with LPS (1 μg/ml, 24 h) increased active caspase-3 fragments and DNA fragmentation, indicative of apoptosis. These effects of LPS were abrogated by pre-treatment with heat stress (43 °C for 2 h). LPS also induced calpain activation and increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Inhibition of calpain and p38 MAPK prevented apoptosis induced by LPS. Furthermore, inhibition of calpain blocked p38 MAPK phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated PMECs. Notably, heat stress decreased the protein levels of calpain-1/2 and calpain activities, and blocked p38 MAPK phosphorylation in response to LPS. Additionally, forced up-regulation of calpain-1 or calpain-2 sufficiently induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation and apoptosis in PMECs, both of which were inhibited by heat stress. In conclusion, heat stress prevents LPS-induced apoptosis in PMECs. This effect of heat stress is associated with down-regulation of calpain expression and activation, and subsequent blockage of p38 MAPK activation in response to LPS. Thus, blocking calpain/p38 MAPK pathway may be a novel mechanism underlying heat stress-mediated inhibition of apoptosis in LPS-stimulated endothelial cells.

Semiconductive property of elementary substance is an interesting and attractive phenomenon. We obtain a breakthrough that fibrous phase red phosphorus, a recent discovered modification of red phosphorus by Ruck et al., can work as a semiconductor photocatalyst for visible-light-driven hydrogen (H2 ) evolution. Small sized fibrous phosphorus is obtained by 1) loading it on photoinactive SiO2 fibers or by 2) smashing it ultrasonically. They display the steady hydrogen evolution rates of 633 μmol h(-1) g(-1) and 684 μmol h(-1) g(-1) , respectively. These values are much higher than previous amorphous P (0.6 μmol h(-1) g(-1) ) and Hittorf P (1.6 μmol h(-1) g(-1) ). Moreover, they are the highest records in the family of elemental photocatalysts to date. This discovery is helpful for further understanding the semiconductive property of elementary substance. It is also favorable for the development of elemental photocatalysts.

Various mechanical forces are used to promote the waste thermosetting phenol resin to produce the physical decomposition process. The molecular structure and physicochemical properties change, thus it obtains the reversible thermos plasticity and restore the processing performance. The paper proposes the regeneration principle based on physical methods, and smashing and regeneration experiments have been carried out. The optimized design for important factors of rotational speed, crushing time, feed, feed size and other parameters which impact crushing and regenerating effects has been carried out after experiments. Multivariate quadratic simulation equations are established and the order of significantly affecting the regeneration is determined.

Based on software GaBi4.3, life cycle assessment method is used to analyze the abiotic depletion, energy consumption and environmental emissions of recycling process of 1kg waste thermosetting phenolic laminated plastic. This paper also takes advantage of CML2001 provided by GaBi to assess the environmental impacts through the recycling process. The result shows that the rank of environmental impact is: Regeneration> Molding > Crush; the main environmental impacts are global warming potential, acidification potential and eutrophication potential.

Semi-rigid base asphalt pavement has well load-bearing capacity if no cracks occur. But cracks appear inevitably at the weak part of the structure. Models under different working conditions are set up with the finite element method (FEM) to analyze the stress distribution in the structure while the cement-stabilized macadam-base asphalt pavement encounters different crack states and interface conditions. The analysis indicates that the interlayer cohesion is the key factor affecting the spread of cracks. When the cohesion between the surface and base is weak, the tensile and shear stresses at the bottom of the surface course increase rapidly and both transverse cracks from the bottom to the top and longitudinal cracks in traffic direction come into being in the asphalt surface even though the base doesn’t crack; those transverse cracks which haven’t spread through the base in depth direction will reflect to the surface course under load. The reflected cracks can be reduced and stayed if the surface course is covered after the shrinking cracks in the base course have fully spread and been cured.

Recently online discussion forums have become alternative information resources for student learning. This paper investigated the influences of the quality of online discussion forums on students’ discussion behaviors and learning performance. The statistical results revealed that students would have better learning performance and more discussion behaviors when an elaborated online discussion forum was provided as a learning resource.

Formate ion and formic acid are linked in water by the equilibrium for the acidic dissociation of formic acid, which as the simplest carboxylic acid is an important model system. In this study, the microscopic details of the solvation around a formate ion and around a formic acid molecule in aqueous solution are explored by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, at 300, 500, 700, and 900 K. The formate ion exerts a strong influence on the surrounding solvent molecules by hydrogen bonding, which restricts the access of other water molecules. With rising temperature, the hydrogen bonds are disrupted, and the space around formic acid becomes more accessible. Solvation of the formic acid is marked by its partial dissociation to produce a proton, and the hydrogen bond interaction around a formic acid is not as strong as that around a formate ion. The acidic dissociation becomes less favorable as temperature rises, which indicates a lesser catalytic role for the water molecules in the thermal dissociation of formic acid.

Virtual Reality, Automobile Model, Ergonomics, Aesthetics Abstract. In the process of design development for vehicles, Virtual Reality (VR) technology is the inevitable trend in future. The paper explores the foundation of automobile model based on VR technology. The automobile ergonomic analysis in virtual environment and the aesthetic utilization of VR technology in automobile design are also discussed in paper.

Through the combined mechanical forces of sheer, friction and squeezing, the rigid polyurethane powder particles get certain plasticity. Based on the principles of mechanical and physical methods, an orthogonal test is designed, and then characterization analysis under conditions of different parameters is carried out through ATR-FTIR. The test indicates that when the rotate speed is 2400r/min, test time is 120min and inlet amount is 24g, the carbamic acid ester groups break down at the place of C-O bond and the cross-linked network structure is destroyed, then the best degradation effect is gained. This article provides theoretical basis for the recycle of thermosetting plastic.

In this study we explored the indicators that attract users to engage in online question and answer (Q&A) discussion forums. Our strategy of recruiting users as a source of information to generate user-centered indicators was a new approach. We conducted in-depth interviews with 41 users to gain a perspective on 2 popular online Q&A discussion forums. To establish a theoretical framework, we employed the personal, environmental, and behavioral components proposed by Bandura (1986). Our findings revealed that 15 indicators are associated with the popularity of online Q&A discussion forums. The indicators identified in this study could be used in future research to guide users in the selection of appropriate online Q&A forums.

In view of the problem that the remanufacturability evaluation index is imperfect in current study, the evaluation index system and the quantitative methods including environment, resource, energy, economy and technology is established. The evaluation method of the remanufacturability based on fuzzy AHP is proposed for the electromechanical products. Finally, an evaluation example of a type of automobile engine is provided to verify the feasibility and practicality of this method.

The paper introduces the effects of virtual reality (VR) technology on product development and product design for improvement. By analyzing the design and development of baby stroller, the paper demonstrates the preparation of product design and its optimization, product exhibition and experience, the product process and manufacture by utilizing VR technology.

Propose a recycling technology of waste thermosetting phenolic resin based on mechanical and physical method,use the range and variance analysis of orthogonal test of four factors at three different levels, obtain the affection of speed ,time, feeding material weight ,feeding particle size on degradation efficiency of thermosetting phenolic resin. According to the affection ,the influencing factors could be arranged as follows : speed>feeding particle size> time>feeding material weight,and optimal technology parameters are determined as follows: speed is 3000 r / min, time is 90 min, feeding material weight is 50 g, feeding particle size is 0.425 mm.

A novel property of red phosphorus for visible light driven photocatalytic H 2 formation from water by photogenerated electrons has been discovered. The detection of hydroxyl radicals and results from photoconductivity measurements confirmed the photogeneration of electrons and holes. Theoretical calculations also indicated that the reduction of water by photogenerated electrons would be energetically possible. A P-type semiconductor behavior of red phosphorus was observed. Our findings may provide insights for developing phosphorus-based photocatalysts.

Introduction An important recent trend in education has been towards the integration of different technologies, such as digital games (Chen, Chen & Liu, 2010; Chiang, Lin, Cheng & Liu, 2011; Lee & Chen, 2009; Lin & Liu, 2009; Liu & Lin, 2009) and educational robots (Chang, Lee, Chao, Wang & Chen, 2010a; Chang, Lee, Wang & Chen, 2010b; Wei, Hung, Lee & Chen, 2011), and the learning and teaching about design and implementation of educational robots (Liu, Lin & Chang, 2010). The development of educational robots, such as Topobo and LEGO Mindstorms NXT, gives students more chances to learning to build their own robots (Feng, Lin & Liu, 2011; Liu, 2010). Liu (2010) found that students perceived that educational robots were a useful learning technology and considered that learning to construct robots could help them develop important technological skills. Many researchers investigated the effect of integrating educational robots into educational fields, and they found that educational robots not only can enhance students’ learning motivation (Chang et al, 2010a; Liu et al, 2010) but also can improve students’ learning (Chang et al, 2010b). The findings from past studies showed that educational robots have become an important learning technology and a subject for students to study. The support and confidence of parents to help their children to learn with or learn to build robots are important for promoting the use of educational robots. The previous study (Liu, 2010) explored the students’ perceptions of educational robots, but the further investigation of parents’ perceptions towards educational robots has been lacking.

The aim in this study was to integrate the flow experience and instructional design by incorporating digital games into the school curriculum using the following 7 principles: 1) analyze learners, 2) set clear teaching objectives and select appropriate gaming materials, 3) design teaching instructions according to teaching objectives and game content, 4) consider teaching as the primary goal and use games as supplementary tools, 5) make good use of the characteristics of computer games, 6) place students at the center of the process and help them enjoy studying, and 7) periodically assess students' learning and constantly improve teaching. Ultimately, digital games in which appropriate instructional design principles are incorporated will facilitate the development of educational digital games and related investments.

Using adjustable speed crushing regeneration test device for the recovery experiment of thermosetting phenolic plastic waste, this paper analyses the principle of recovery process. Through particle size analytical technique, FTIR, XRD and SEM etc. various testing method is analyzed mechanochemical effects of crushing process. Research the speed, time, temperature process parameters of the influence of recycling process conditions. According to the experimental results, it established the mechanochemical model and analyzed the degradation and regeneration mechanism of thermosetting phenolic plastic waste.

The characteristic of product’s life-cycle customer environment requirements is analyzed. A customer clustering methode for green design is proposed. Conjoint analysis method is used to obtain individual customer’s environment requirements and system-clustering method is used to cluster customers in accordance with their environment requirements preference. Green product customer clustering is realized. Thus, successive development of green product can be supported. Green design oriented customer clustering of soybean milk maker is illustrated to exemplify the method.

Personal and consumer electronics products facilitate and enrich our life, however consume lots of energy and resources. Synthetically considering a product's quality, functions, cost, schedule and user experiences, this paper systematically discusses how to design energy saving product and lists some methods and actions in practice from three aspects, hardware design, user interface design and software design. It is of guidance and reference for energy saving design of personal and consumer electronics products on certain aspects.

The mesopic vision theory is used to study illumination properties of series of light sources, through the test of luminous spectrum and derivation based on the MOVE model, the results show that spectral luminous efficiency function Vmes(λ) is between traditional V(λ) and V′(λ) when the background brightness under mesopic vision condition, and the function of Vmes(λ) is changed with the different of light sources and background brightness. Based on human visual perception, the mesopic vision equivalent brightness can be calculated, which of HPS is lower than test brightness corrected by V(λ), but white LEDs and FL show opposite phenomena, and the different value between mesopic and photopic brightness presents reduce trend with rising of background brightness.

The product life cycle energy consumption model was established considering the impact of remanufacturing on the product lifecycle, and the energy consumption quantitative method was given. In order to optimize the life of a product, a method to calculate its life cycle critical point was proposed. The energy consumption model was applied to two types of gearboxes, new and remanufactured, to compare their life cycle energy, and the energy-saving design scheme optimization was achieved.

This study investigates the attitudes of a group of low‐status women towards computers through a deliberately designed computer training programme. Four aspects of the women’s attitudes were examined, including computer anxiety, confidence, liking and usefulness. Data sources consist of pre‐ and post‐surveys and interviews with the participants. The results show that the participants’ attitudes towards computers improved greatly after attending the training course, especially in terms of the aspect of anxiety. It was also found that the instructor’s patience, repeated step‐by‐step demonstrations, detailed notes presented with screen‐image snapshots, stand‐by tutors and a friendly learning environment were the main elements that effectively helped the learners increase their positive feelings towards learning to use computers. The study reveals that once women have opportunities to use computers and once they are adequately instructed, the majority will be connected to the digital world in no time.

This study examines the life stories of Hakka mothers by a systematic approach in a classroom. In order to grasp a vivid portrait of the so-called “Hakka Mother”, a series of courses that allow every student to revisit the life stories of mothers are proposed. This investigation explores the life stories in two different scopes: the food habit and dressing style. Throughout the dialogues among children and mothers, the life stories embedded in those two scopes have been discovered and the parent-child relationship of each family has been revealed. The results are archived on a social network platform called Ning which enables the Web 2.0 interactions and sharing processes among different users at different platforms such as Facebook and Youtube. This feature enhances the understanding of the cultural aspect of Hakka mothers and invites more people to care about the life story and to contribute their own stories in a similar manner on the social networks.

This study focuses on the phenomenon of adolescent bloggers’ creativity from adolescent peers’ viewpoints. The participants are five twelve- to eighteen-year-old adolescent bloggers who continue managing their blogs. Online questionnaire and semi-structure interviews have been conducted to get participants’ ratings on their perceptions of creativity about themselves and peers. The results suggest that (1) the definition of creativity among adolescent bloggers is novel, useful, and valuable; (2) creativity can be enhanced from doing learning activities and practicing; and, (3) blog serves as a place where adolescents can present their works and also communicate with peers.

On the basis of a carbon nanotube intramolecular junction and a C60, a molecular sieve for H2 is proposed. The small interspace formed between C60 and the junction provides a size changeable nanochannel for the permselectivity of H2 while blocking Ne and Ar. The sieving mechanism is discussed in terms of soft repulsion of H2 and the size of the nanochannel.

When using shape memory materials into active disassembly of actual electronic products, because the elastic modulus of shape memory materials is affected by the temperature is relatively large, therefore, the main difference of environmental reliability between active disassembly products and common products is the impact of collision and vibration under different temperature. Establishing three-dimensional analysis model, comparing the impact of collision and vibration of mobile phone shells which are made up of PVC materials after casting & radiation and PC/ABS materials under different temperature. Analyzing the reliability of mobile phone under different temperature and optimizing its structure according to data of testing.

Jiaozhou Bay is located in the south of Shandong province, and is around by economic developed cities such as Qingdao, Jiaozhou and Jiaonan etc. Previous studies showed that this bay had been polluted by mercury ( Hg) in certain level. This paper is a summary of previous studies, in order to reveal the transfer process of Hg, including 1) the variation of Hg content, 2) the pollution sources of Hg, 3) land transfer process of Hg, 4) aquatic transfer process of Hg, and 5) settling process of Hg. The results of this paper were meaningful to the control of Hg pollution.

We report the conceptual construction of a one-way nanovalve based on a carbon nanotube intramolecular junction and a C60. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate the flow behavior of helium through the nanovalve as controlled by the pressure balance around C60. The van der Waals interaction between C60 and carbon nanotube keeps C60 close to the junction, while the pressure balance around C60 can juggle it between two adsorption sites, which in turn closes or opens the nanovalve.

Test paper problem is a typical multi-constrained objective optimization problem. By using genetic algorithm, this paper analyzes the initial population generation, the chromosome coding and its genetic manipulation, control parameters. Solving that by natural-coded genetic algorithm, improves test paper success rate and convergence rate. This genetic algorithm is applied successfully on NHibernate architecture, and developed "automatic test paper" Online Examination system.

The characteristics of aerobic granules for wastewater treatment are greatly related to their complex internal structure. However, due to the limitation of characterizing methods, information about the granule internal morphology and structure is very sparse, and mechanism of mass transfer process is yet unclear. In this work, the internal structure of aerobic granules was explored using nitrogen adsorption method and confocal laser scanning microscopy technique. It was found that aerobic granules had multiporous structure with cross-linked gel matrix structure. With a consideration of the hydrodynamic regime and the porous structure of granules, a two-dimensional percolation model was established to describe the mass transfer in granules. With the approaches, interesting and useful results regarding the pore distribution and mass transfer in aerobic granules have been obtained. The results demonstrate that the intragranule convection could enhance mass transfer, hence ensure an efficient and stable operation of aerobic-granule-based reactors. Such approaches might also be applicable to characterizing the multiporous structure and mass transfer of other microbial aggregates for wastewater treatment.

Taking bridge pile of high speed railway as background, resistance to chloride ion penetration of high performance concrete is studied. Theoretical analysis and experimental research of chloride ion penetration are carried out for double-doped mineral (fly ash and slag powder) concrete, C35 single mineral and preservative double-doped concrete, and C35 two kinds of minerals and preservative composite concrete. In addition, the test results are compared and analyzed. Study results show: chloride ion penetration grade of double-doped mineral concrete (C35, C40, C45 and C50) is very low. Resistances to chloride ion penetration of C35 single mineral and preservative double-doped concrete are all poor overall, so the scheme is infeasible. By performance comparison of resistance to chloride ion penetration, C35 two kinds of minerals and solid preservative composite concrete is obviously better than C35 two kinds of minerals and liquid preservative composite concrete , meanwhile obviously better than C35 double-doped mineral concrete, and very close to C50 double-doped mineral concrete. And, it can meet resistance to chloride ion penetration requirement under the corrosion environments along the high speed railway line and can be used as high performance concrete to resist chloride salt.

The electronic products continue to upgrade at present, how to recycle the discarded electronic products is one of the key research of green design. The method of active disassembly using smart material (ADSM) has acquired widespread concerns. For some products, there is a long distance between the internal active disassembly structure and shell, it needs a long time to reach to the stimulation temperature of internal active disassembly structure, and therefore, it is difficult to completely disassemble these discarded electric products by one step. Moreover, it is not conducive to recycling the material if the components and parts of the disassembly products are mixed together, and the efficiency of disassembly is very low. This paper puts forward multi-step active disassembly method of products, it gives specific procedures of classifying steps according to the principle of division, and it proves the feasibility and superiority of the multi-step active disassembly method of products by referring to mobile model.

The State of Charge (SoC)-Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) curve and the quality of estimation algorithm are two important factors that infect the accuracy of SoC estimation for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. The purpose of this study is to improve the accuracy of SoC estimation for the lithium-ion battery. The battery management system is established to monitor the state of lithium-ion batteries to ensure the safety and reliability of the battery system. Firstly, the specific experiments were designed to analyze the relationship between the SoC-OCV curve and experimental conditions (e.g., ambient temperature and current rate) and battery states (e.g., State of Health and positive materials). A series of conclusions was found and used to correct the process of SoC estimation. Secondly, by analyzing the reasons that the SoC estimation error increased in the low-capacity period and the late-stage of estimation using the extended Kalman filter (EKF), an improved estimation algorithm was proposed. In the improved estimation algorithm, the ampere-hour counting was used in the low-capacity period, and the EKF was used in the rest. The accuracy of the improved estimation algorithm was verified by two experiments. Verification results show that the improved estimation algorithm makes up for the drawback of the EKF, the estimation error in constant current discharge experiment is less than 2 %, and the estimated error under dynamic conditions is less than 3 %. Therefore, the improved estimation algorithm has a higher accuracy than the EKF for the SoC estimation and can meet the operation requirements of a lithium-ion battery. This study contributes to the improvement of the safety and reliability of battery systems in electric vehicles by improving the accuracy of SoC estimation for lithium-ion batteries.

The internal structure of aerobic granules has a significant impact on the hydrodynamic performance and mass transfer process, and severely affects the efficiency and stability of granules-based reactors for wastewater treatment. In this study, for the first time the granule complex structure was correlated with the hydrodynamic performance and substrates reactions process. First, a series of multiple fluorescence stained confocal laser scanning microscopy images of aerobic granules were obtained. Then, the form and structure of the entire granule was reconstructed. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics study was carried out for the hydrodynamic analysis. Two different models were developed on the basis of different fluorescence stained confocal laser scanning microscopy images to elucidate the roles of the granule structure in the hydrodynamic and mass transfer processes of aerobic granules. The fluid flow behavior, such as the velocity profiles, the pathlines and hence the hydrodynamic drag force, exerted on the granule in a Newtonian fluid, was studied by varying the Reynolds number. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of dissolved nutrients (e.g., oxygen) was acquired by solving the convection-diffusion equations on the basis of the reconstructed granule structure. This study demonstrates that the reconstructed granule model could offer a better understanding to the mass transfer process of aerobic granules than simply considering the granule structure to be homogeneous.

In this study, LEGO robotics and cooperative learning were integrated into the design of a course. In the course, preservice teachers had to complete their assignments by cooperating, solving problems, and conducting team discussions. After the course, questionnaires were used to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the design of the robotics course, student satisfaction with the course, and changes of the preservice teachers' confidence in learning LEGO robotics. The satisfaction questionnaire covered three dimensions: teaching environment, teaching content, and teaching method. Results showed that by the end of the semester, students' satisfaction with the cooperative robotics course had improved. Furthermore, the results showed positive effects on preservice teachers' perceived self-efficacy when learning LEGO robotics.