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Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less extended scenario of blockchain radio access network (B-RAN); meanwhile, the decentralization of B-RAN makes it suitable for MANETs. In the framework of B-RAN, we propose a blockchain-based multi-hop routing protocol, namely Data Broker, for non-cooperative MANETs. To incentivize the collaboration among selfish peers, we record the identity information of participating brokers on a ledger list. However, blockchain cannot guarantee the integrity of such a routing ledger directly. Therefore, we design a ledger safeguard mechanism, along with reward policies, to avoid the ledger list being tampered with or modified by dishonest brokers. The experimental results show that the proposed Data Broker can significantly improve the network performance of non-cooperative MANETs regarding latency and loss rate.

Shikonin (Shik), a natural pigment, has received growing interest in various biomedical fields due to its anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and antioxidant ability. However, some inherent characteristics of Shik, such as its virulence, low bioavailability, and poor solubility, have limited its biomedical applicability. Here, we reported a facile synthetic method to produce the Shik-iron (III) nanoparticles (Shik-Fe NPs), which could overcome these limitations of Shik. The synthesized Shik-Fe NPs possessed a uniform size range of 110 ± 10 nm, negative surface charges, good water dispersity, and high safety. Iron distributed uniformly inside Shik-Fe NPs, and iron constituted 20% of total mass in PEGylated Shik-Fe NPs. When interacting with activated macrophages, Shik-Fe NPs significantly reduced the level of cellular inflammatory factors, for example, iNOS, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Furthermore, the Shik-Fe NPs demonstrated synergistic anti-inflammation and anti-bacterial properties in vivo, since they could release Fe

The continually rising demand for wireless services and applications in the era of Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence ( AI ) presents a significant number of unprecedented challenges to existing network structures. To meet the rapid growth need of mobile data services, blockchain radio access network (B‐RAN) has emerged as a decentralized, trustworthy radio access paradigm spurred by blockchain technologies. However, many characteristics of B‐RAN remain unclear and hard to characterize. In this chapter, we develop an analytical framework to model B‐RAN and provide fundamental analysis. Starting from the block generation process, we establish a queuing model based on a time‐homogeneous Markov chain. Through the queuing model, we evaluate the performance of B‐RAN with respect to latency and security considerations. We further uncover a more comprehensive picture of the achievable performance of B‐RAN by connecting latency and security. At last, we present experimental results via an innovative prototype and validate the proposed model.